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THE 


WESTERN  FRUIT  BOOK,; 


OR, 


l^merican  ^xmi-§xtibtfs  §mk 


FOR   THE 


ORCHARD  AND  FRUIT-GARDEN. 


BEING  A  COMPJWP  OP  THE  HISTORr,  MODES    OF  PROPAGATION,  CULTURE,  *0.,  OF 

FRUIT  TREES  AND  SHRUBS,  WITH  DESCRIPTIONS  OP  NEARLY  ALL  THB 

VARIETIES  OP  FRITITS  CULTIVATED  IN  THIS  COUNTRY  I  llOTEg 

or   THEIR   ADAPTATION  TO  LOCALITIES  AND   SOII«» 

AND    ALSO   A  COMPLETE    IJST    OF    FRUITS 

WORTHY  OP  CULTIVATION. 


BY     F.     R.    ELLIOTT. 


NEW    EDITION — BEVISEO,    ENLARGED,   AND  IXPROVBD. 


NEW-YORK: 
ORANGE    JUDD    &    COMPANY, 

245    BRO^DTV-A.Y, 


MRY 


ifiMTBBKD,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  xiDtr, 

By    a.    O.    MOOEE    &    CO, 

b  the  Clerk'*  Offlr«  ^£  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  and  for  the  Southern  Di^ 
trlct  of  Kew  York. 


^  ^*  v.  ^ 


TO 


PROF.    JARED    P.    KIRTLAKD, 

is  i0lum^  is  gtMtKt^Jr, 


BY    HIS    FRIEND, 


THE    A.TJTI3:OXl. 


/"  f;>t^/i.tx 


Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Arciiive 

in  2007  witii  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


littp://www.arcliive.org/details/amerfruitgrowersgOOellirich 


PKEFACE. 


It  was  my  original  intention  to  prepare  only  a  email  work, 
giving  descriptions  of  new  Western  fruits,  or  those  only  that 
succeeded  in  the  West.  As  I  progressed,  my  friends  urged  me 
to  extend  it,  and  make  a  work  for  the  whole  Union ;  at  the  same 
time,  it  was  desired  to  have  the  work  issued  previous  to  the  Spring 
of  1854,  consequently,  I  was  compelled  to  prepare  sOme  of  it 
hastily.  The  first  Edition  was,  therefore,  sent  out  mider  circum- 
stances very  unfavorable  to  its  successful  reception  by  the  public ; 
but,  as  it  has  been  generally  well  received,  I  have  thought  it  due 
to  myself,  as  well  as  to  the  public,  to  revise  and  correct  it ;  and, 
so  far  as  possible,  make  it  the  most  complete  of  its  kind.  In  doing 
this,  I  have  availed  myself  of  Uberal  and  generous  notes  and  com- 
ments made  for  me  by  a  large  number  of  the  best  pomologists  in 
the  United  States ;  of  the  published  transactions  of  all  large 
pomological  conventions,  public  journals,  etc.,  and  of  an  extensive 
and  careful  examination  of  trees  and  fruits. 

The  present  Edition  has  had  a  careful  revision,  and  the  addition 
of  all  important  knowledge  relating  to  cultivation,  diseases,  insects, 
&c. ;  revision  of  synonyms ;  notes  of  adaptation  to  localities, 
embodied  in  the  text  descriptive  of  varieties,  and  descriptions  of 
over  one  hundred  additional  varieties.  I  have  endeavored  to  add 
all  new  sorts  worthy  of  notice.  I  may  have  omitted  some,  but 
not  intentionally. 

From  what  has  been  previously  written  upon  the  subject  of 
fruits  and  their  culture,  it  may  be  said  to  be  nearly  impossible  to 
embody  much  of  originality  with  correct  teachings.  It  has  not, 
therefore,  been  so  much  my  aim  to  be  original,  as  to  present,  in  a 
comprehensive  and  practical  form,  the  entire  knowledge  of  fruits 
and  their  culture,  from  the  earliest  writers  down  to  the  present 

y 


VI  PREFACE. 

day.  My  designs  and  illustrations  of  fruits,  with  their  cores  and 
seeds,  concentric  lines,  etc.,  have  been  very  generally  approved 
by  horticulturists  throughout  the  Union.  I  have  ever  considered 
these  features  essential  to  a  scientific  description,  and  my  only 
regret  is,  that  the  public,  as  yet,  are  unwilling  to  pay  a  sum  war- 
ranting the  pubUcation  of  a  work  wherein  every  variety  of  fruit 
should  be  fully  figured  and  described. 

It  will  be  found,  on  examination,  that  I  have  credited  every 
author  with  whatever  I  have  extracted  from  his  works :  that  all 
descriptions  of  fruits,  made  by  others,  have  attached  thereto  the 
initials  of  the  author's  name,  or  abbreviations  of  the  title  of  the 
work  from  which  they  were  taken. 

I  have  continued  my  classification  mainly  as  in  previous  Editions, 
simply  changing  the  terms  designating  their  classes.  Of  the 
descriptions  of  fruit,  some  explanation  may  be  necessary.  First, 
is  given  the  standard  name  in  capitals.  Below  this  are  placed,  in 
smaller  type,  the  various  syjionyms^  or  local  names,  by  which  the 
*dme  fruit  is  known  in  various  countries,  or  parts  of  the  country. 

The  text,  descriptive  of  nearly  every  valuable  variety,  will  be 
ibund  to  explain  in  what  section  of  country,  and  in  what  soil,  it 
succeeds  best.  Having  given  more  attention  to  Southern  fruits, 
and  their  seasons,  than  formerly,  and  finding  many  to  succeed 
well  South,  that  have  been  superseded  North  and  East,  I  have 
introduced  them  throughout  the  work ;  hence,  I  think  it  will  be 
found  as  well  adapted  to  that  as  to  other  portions  of  the  United 
States. 

It  would  have  given  me  satisfaction  to  append  to  each  and  every 
variety  its  habit  of  growth,  color  of  wood,  form  of  buds,  leaf, 
&c.,  &c.,  but  I  have  been  compelled  to  omit  this,  except  wiih  the 
most  popular  sorts,  from  the  fact  that  such  additional  laatter 
would  swell  the  volume  beyond  the  intended  Umits  of  the  work, 

F.  R   £. 

St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Jan.  1859. 


2:?£^3^ 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 


In  the  difficult  task  of  obtaining  correct  and  adequate  specimens  of  fruit  to 
correspond  with  the  varieties  named  and  described — in  preparing  my  texts  of 
the  value  of  fruits,  as  modified  by  locaUties  and  soils — in  supplying  descriptions 
and  specimens  of  new  varieties — I  have  been  greatly  assisted  by,  and-  my 
thanks  are  due  to,  various  pomologists,  nurserymen,  &c.,  especially  to  Charles 
Downing,  Esq.,  Newburg,  N.  Y.  (from  whom  I  received  descriptions  of  many 
new  kinds  of  fruit) ;  also  Hon.  M.  P.  Wilder,  Boston ;  W.  D.  Brinckle,  Phila. ; 
Robt.  Buchanan,  Esq.,  A.  H.  Ernst,  Esq.,  W.  Heaver,  Esq.,  and  Prof.  J.  A. 
Warder,  Cincinnati ;  C.  H.  Havens,  St.  Louis ;  M.  B.  Bateham,  Esq.,  Columbus ; 
Chag.  Carpenter,  Esq.,  Kelly  Island ;  J.  P.  Kirtland,  and  Thos.  Brown,  Esq., 
Cleveland ;  Jno.  C.  Teas,  Raysville,  Ind. ;  Doct.  J.  A.  Kannicott,  West  North- 
field,  Cook  Co.,  IlL 


ASBI^E-VT-A.TT01SrS     .AJSTID     BOOKIS     GiTTOTEI^. 


Of  these,  we  enumerate  here  those  only  that  we  have  used 
most  fi-eely,  either  by  extract,  or  as  serving  for  authority  to  our 
decisions. 

Allen.    A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Culture  and  Treatment  of  tli«  Grape  Vine.    By  J.  Fisk 

Allen.    1852. 
Arboretum  BrUtanicum ;  or,  the  Trees  and  Shrubs  of  Jsntain,  pictorially  and  botanically 

delineated,  and  scientifically  and  popularly  described.    By  J.  C.  Loudon.    London. 

1845. 
Annales  de,  la  Somcte  W  HorUcultatre  de  Paris.    Paris.    In  monthly  numbers,  8vo.,  from 

1827  to  1845. 
Adlum.    A  Memoir  on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Vine  in  America,  and  the  best  Mode  of  Making 

Wine.    By  John  Adlum.    Washington,  1828. 
Berchmana'  Cat.    Catalogue  of  L.  C.  Berckmans  «fe  Son. 
Buchanan.    A  Treatise  on  the  Grape.    By  E.  Buchanan.    Cincinnati,  1854 
Bon  Jard.    Le  Bon  Jardinier,  pour  TAnnee  1844.    Contenant  des  principes  generaux  de  cul» 

ture,  etc.    Par  A.  Poiteau  et  M.  Vilmorin.    Yearly  volume.    Paris. 
Bridgeman.    The  Young  Gardener's  Assistant    By  Thomas  Bridgemaa,    Tenth  ed.    New 

York,  1844. 
Baumanai's  Cat.    Catalogue  des  Vegetaux  en  tout  genre  disponible  dans  TEtablissement  de» 

Freres,  a  Bolwiller,  1842. 
Cole.    American  Fruit-Book.    By  S.  W.  Cole,  1851. 
Coxe.    A  View  of  the  Cultivation  of  Fruit  Trees  in  the  United  States,  and  of  the  Management 

of  Orchards  and  Cider.    By  William  Coxe.    Philadelphia,  1817. 
Cha^tal.    Chemistry  Applied  to  Agriculture.    By  John  Anthony  ChaptaL    American  ed. 

Boston,  1835. 
Cohbett,    The  American  Gardener.    By  Wm.  Cobbett.    London,  1821. 
Colenujun.     Eeports  on  the  Agriculture  of  Massachusetts.    By  Henry  Coleman.    Boston, 

1840-41. 
CvMi/cator.    The  Cultivator,  a  monthly  Journal  of  Agriculture,  &c,  edited  by  Luther  Tucker. 

Albany ;  continued  to  the  present  time. 
Downing.    Downing's  Fruit  and  Fruit  Trees  of  America.    1845. 
Dom.  Card.    The  Domestic  Gardener's  Manual.    By  John  Towers.    London,  1889. 
Duhamel.    Traite  des  Arbres  Fruitiers,  par  M.  Duhamel  Dumonceau.    2  vols.,  Paris,  1768. 
Dec.    Physiologie  vegetale,  ou  Exposition  des  Forces  et  des  Fonctiona  vitales  des  V6g6taux. 

Par  A.  P.  De  Candolle.    8  vols.,  Paris,  1832. 
Ernst  Mans.    Manuscript  Notes  on  Fruits.    By  A.  H.  Ernst,  Esq.    Cincinnati. 
Forsyth.    A  Treatise  on  the  Culture  and  Management  of  Fruit  Trees.    By  William  Forsyth, 

7th  ed.    London,  1824. 
floy.    Lindley's  Guide  to  the  Orchard.     American  ed.,  with  additions  by  Michael  Floy. 

New  York,  1845. 
Fessenden.    New  American  Gardener;  containing  Practical  Directions  for  the  Culture  of 

Fruits  and  Vegetables.    By  Thos.  E.  Fessenden.    Boston,  1828. 
Gard,  Mag.    The  Gardener's  Magazine,  conducted  by  J.  C.  Loudon,  in  monthly  nambonu 

19  vols.,  to  1844.    London. 


X  ABBREVIATIONS,    ETC. 

Ga.  Pom,  8.  Rep.    Eeport  of  Pomological  Society  of  Georgia. 

Sort.    The  Horticulturist,  a  monthly  Journal  of  Horticulture,  Etc,    Published  by  Luthe? 

Tucker,  and  edited  by  A.  J.  Downing,  from  1846  to  1852,  and  continued  to  the  present 

time.    J.  Jay  Smith,  editor. 
Eoare.    A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Grape  Vine  on  open  walls.    By 

Clement  Hoare.    London,  1840. 
nort.Soc.  Cat.    See  Thompson. 
Harris.    A  Eeport  on  the  Insects  of  Massachusetts  injurious  to  Vegetation.    By  Dr.  T.  W. 

Harris.    Cambridge,  1852. 
JTov.  Mag,  or  E.  M.    The  Magazine  of  Horticulture,  Botany,  and  Rural  Affairs.    Conducted 

by  C.  M.  Hovey.    Boston,  8vo.,  monthly  numbers,  1834  to  the  present  time. 
Johnston.    Lectures  on  Agricultural  Chemistry  and  Geology.    By  James  "W.  F.  Johnston 

American  ed.    2  vols..  New  York,  1842. 
Jard.  Fruit.    Le  Jardin  Fruitier,  par  Louis  Noisette,  2  ed.    2  vols.,  Paris,  1839. 
Xn4ght,    Various  Articles  in  the  London  Horticultural  Society's  Transactions.    By  Thoma« 

Andrew  Knight,  its  late  President. 
Kenrick  or  Ken.    The  New  American  Orchardist.    By  "William  Kenrick.    Boston,  1844. 
KoUar.    A  Treatise  on  Insects  Injurious  to  Gardeners,  Foresters,  and  Farmers.    By  Vincent 

Kollar ;  notes  by  "Westwood.    12mo.,  London,  1840. 
Loudon.    An  Encyclopedia  of  Gardening.    By  J.  C.  London.    One  thick  vol.,  London,  1885. 

■  —    An  Encyclopedia  of  Plants.    By  the  Same.    1  thick  vol.,  London,  1836. 

■  An  Encyclopedia  of  Agriculture.    By  the  Same.    1  thick  vol.,  London,  1831. 

•  Hortus  Brittanicus.     A  Catalogue  of  all  the   Plants  in  Britain.    By  the  same. 

London. 
— — —    The  Suburban  Horticulturist.    By  the  Same.    London,  1842. 
The  Suburban  Gardener  and  Villa  Companion,    By  the  same.    London,  1838  to 


1842. 
—    Arboretum  et  Frnticetnm  Britannicnm.    By  the  same,    London, 


Ziebig.    Organic  Chemistry,  in  its  Application  to  Agriculture  and  Physiology.    By  Jostui 
Lieblg.    American  ed.,  Cambridge,  1844. 

JAnd.    A  Guide  to  the  Orchard  and  Kitchen  Garden ;  or,  an  Account  of  the  Fruito  and  Vege- 
tables Cultivated  in  Great  Britain.    By  George  Lindley.    London,  1831. 

JAndley.    An  Introduction  to  Botany.    By  John  Lindley.    London,  1832. 

An  Introduction  to  the  Natural  System  of  Botany.    By  John  Lindley.    London, 

1836,  2d  ed. 
■  British  Fruits.    See  Pomological  Magazine ;  it  is  the  same  work. 

•  The  Theory  of  Horticulture ;  or,  an  Attempt  to  Explain  the  Operation  of  Garden- 

ing upon  Physiological  Principles.    By  John  Lindley,    London,  1840. 

■  The  same  work,  with  Notes,  by  A  Gray,  and  A,  J.  Downing.    New  York,  1841. 


Z.  or  ZinncBUS.    Species  Plantarum,  5th  ed.    Berlin,  1810,  5  vols. 

Mass.  Jlort.  Society.    Transactions  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society.    1842  to  the 

present  time. 
Ma/n.    The  New  England  Fruit  Book.    By  E.  Manning,  2d  ed.,  enlarged  by  John  M.  Ives. 

Salem,  1844. 
Man.  in  IF.  M.    Manning's  articles  In  Hovey's  Magazine. 
Me.  P.  S.  R.    Maine  Pomological  Society's  Eeport 
Michatix.    The  North  American  Sylva,  or  Descriptions  of  the  Forest  Trees  of  the  United 

States,  Canada,  &c.    By  A.  F.  Michaux.    Paris,  new  edition.    Philadelphia,  1852. 
MTntosh.    The  Orchard  and  Fruit  Garden.    By  Charles  M'Intosh.    London,  1819. 
If.  T.  Trans.    Transactions  of  the  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society,  from  1842  to  the 

present  time. 
2fois.    See  Jardin  Fruitier. 
New  England  Farmer.     A  weekly  periodical   devoted  to  Agriculture,  HorticTiltxire,  Jbo 

Boston,  continued  to  tke  prcsoQt  time. 
0,I>uk.    SeeDuhanxel 


ABBREVIATIONS,   ETC.  XL 

Pvnu  Mag.  or  P.M.    The  Pomological  Magazine ;  or,  Figures  and  Descriptions  of  the  moat 

Important  Varieties  of  Fruit  cultivated  in  Great  Britain.    London,  1828. 
Pom.  Man.    The  Pomological  Manual.    Ey  William  K.  Prince.    2  vols..  New  York,  1881. 
Prince.    A  Treatise  on  the  Vine.    By  William  R.  Prince.    New  York,  1830. 
Prince.    A  short  Treatise  on  Horticulture.    By  William  Prince.    New  York,  1828. 
PoU.  or  Poiteau.    Pomologie  Francaise.    Eecueil  des  plus  beaux  Fruits,  cultives  en  France. 

Par  Poiteau.    Paris,  1838,  and  continued  in  4to  numbers. 
Pivers.    A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Pears,  cultivated  by  T.  Eivers.    Bawbridgeworth. 
Pon.  or  Bonalde.    Pyrus  Mains  Brentfordienses ;   or,  a  Concise  Description  of  Soiected 

Apples,  with  a  figure  of  each  sort.    By  Hugh  Konalds.    London,  1831. 
Revue  Horticole.    Journal  des  Jardiniers  et  Amateurs.    Audot,  Editeur.    Paris,  1844^  et 

chaque  mois. 
Torrey  dk  Gray.    A  Flora  of  North  America :  containing  abridged  deseriptions  of  all  th© 

known  plants  growing  North  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.    By  John  Torrey,  M.D.,  and  Asa 

Gray,  M,  D.     New  York. 
T^iomp.    A  Catalogue  of  the  Fruits  Cultivated  in  the  Garden  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of 

London.    3d  ed.,  London,  1845.    [Prepared  with  great  care,  by  Robert  Thompson,  th« 

head  of  the  Fruit  Department.] 
Thacher.    The  American  Orchardist.    By  James  Thacher,  M.  D.    Boston,  1822. 
Wilder.,  MSS.    Manuscript  Notes  on  Fruits.    By  M.  P.  Wilder,  Esq. 

W.  D.  B.  Doct.  W.  D.  Brinckle,  in  ad  interim  Reports  of  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society. 
W.  P.  P.  Articles  and  Descriptions,  by  Wm.  R.  Prince,  in  various  Horticultural  JoumalSk 
Warder  Review.    Western  Horticultural  Review.    J.  A.  Warder,  editor  and  publisher.    A 

Monthly  Journal  of  Horticulture,  &c.    Cincinnati,  1850,  to  the  present  time. 
WUdor  in  JTori.    Articles  and  Descriptions  written  by  Hon.  M.  P.  Wilder,  and  pubUshed  ts 

Horticulturist. 


CHAPTER  I. 

INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS — HISTORY  AND  ADVANCEMENT  OF  FRUI73 
IN    OHIO   AND    THE    WEST — VALUE   AS   FOOD. 

In  almost  every  country,  fruits  are  regarded  as  necessaries  of  life, 
and  have  been  gradually  transferred  from  the  wilds  of  nature  to  the 
cultivated  portions  of  the  earth,  around  the  dwellings  of  man. 

Many  of  the  original  fruits  were  unpalatable,  but,  in  the  course 
of  cultivation,  they  have  become  ameliorated.  Superior  varieties 
have  been  obtained  from  time  to  time,  to  requite  the  industry  and 
care  of  the  cultivator,  until  domesticated  fruits  are  not  only  improved 
in  size  and  flavor,  but  increased  in  number  almost  innumerable. 

In  their  cultivation,  they  are  affected  by  soil,  situation,  and  seasons. 
The  Winter  of  1855-56  destroyed,  by  extreme  cold,  nearly  every 
variety  of  fruit,  the  apple  only  excepted,  throughout  the  entire 
Western  States. 

When  a  fruit  tree  is  to  be  planted,  the  object  is,  to  enable  it  to 
grow  up  a  healthy  and,  at  the  same  time,  a  fruitful  tree ;  and, 
whether  planted  in  an  orchard  or  in  a  garden,  as  a  standard  or  as  a 
dwarf,  a  certain  space  is  contemplated,  that  it  will,  in  its  maturity, 
occupy.  In  order  that  this  may  be  apportioned  properly,  the  natural 
habit  of  ihe  kind  must  be  considered  ;  also,  whether  it  is  worked  on 
a  free  or  dwarf-growing  stock,  whether  it  is  a  delicate  or  hardy  sort, 
and  what  aspect  will  be  most  favorable.  All  these  circumstances 
must  be  duly  weighed  by  the  fruit-grower,  in  order  to  ensure  success. 

A  tree  may  have  too  much  or  too  little  space.  If  too  much,  a 
part  of  the  intended  space  is  lost ;  and,  if  too  little,  the  branches 
soon  interfere,  and  the  trees  become  crowded,  to  the  manifest  injury 
of  each  other. 

Aspect  is  a  very  material  circumstance,  and  should  be  modified 
by  the  climate  and  the  variety  of  fruit  to  be  grown.  But  the  nature 
of  the  soil,  its  composition,  and  depth,  requires  far  the  greatest  share 
of  the  planter's  attention.  According  as  this  is  adapted  to  the 
growth  of  the  variety  planted,  will  be  his  success.  Many  cultivators 
imagine  that  if  they  can  make  their  trees  grow  luxuriantly,  they  will 
certainly  be  fruitful.  This  is  a  mistake,  to  prove  which,  we  have 
only  to  consider  where  the  most  prolific  orchards  are  found,  and 
what  are  the  circumstances  which  render  them  so.  We  find  a  light, 
dry,  sandy  loam,  reposing  on  a  subsoil  of  gravel  or  rock,  invariably 

13 


14  INTRODUCTOKY   REMARKS. 

most  congenial  to  the  kindly  growth  and  fruitfulness  of  the  trees. 
Perfectly  thorough  drainage  is,  in  all  cases,  absolutely  essential  to 
productiveness. 

Some  of  the  most  valuable  orchards  we  have  ever  seen,  stood  on  a 
thin,  light,  loamy  soil,  on  a  basis  of  rock,  and  constantly  pastured. 
An  elevated  situation,  with  a  light,  loamy  soil,  will  produce  the  most 
healthy  and  fruitful  trees,  as  all  fruit  trees  are  more  prolific  when  their 
growth  is  moderate  ;  but  it  will  not  grow  trees  as  rapidly  as  the 
more  level,  deeper,  and  richer  soils,  and  would,  therefore,  be  unsuited 
to  the  commercial  nurseryman. 

The  increase  of  the  curculio,  aegeria,  codling  moth,  and  other  insects, 
which  are  treated  of  under  their  appropriate  heads,  is  a  subject  which 
has  called  forth  more  of  ingenuity,  practical  tact,  and  scientific  experi- 
ment, than  perhaps  any  other  connected  with  fruit-growing.  The 
early  settlements  of  the  Western  States  were  comparatively  exempt 
for  a  few  years,  but  the  transit  of  insects  is  so  rapid,  that  they  are 
soon  overrun.  This  may,  perhaps,  be  termed  the  "  dark  side,"  in 
fruit  culture,  and  is  to  be  met  only  by  a  general  diffusion  of  know- 
ledge. 

The  Eastern  States  being  possessed  of  great  advantages  and  faci- 
lities for  obtaining  trees,  with  various  treatises  upon  fruits,  and 
numerous  journals,  devoted,  in  part,  to  this  branch  of  horticulture, 
have,  until  within  a  few  years,  been  looked  to  by  the  South  and 
West  for  such  information  and  knowledge  as  was  requisite  to  the 
successful  culture  of  fruit  trees.  Experience  has  proved  that  such 
knowledge  was  often  erroneous,  when  applied  in  a  different  climate 
and  soil.  It  is  presumed  that  this  has  induced,  in  the  new  States, 
much  more  attention  and  discussion  than  would  have  occurred  under 
other  circumstances. 

At  this  time,  horticulturists  number  in  their  ranks  some  of  the 
most  intelligent  and  devoted  men  from  nearly  every  State  in  the 
Union,  and  their  annual  and  biennial  assemblings  are  diffusing  the 
knowledge  acquired  by  the  practice  of  skillful  persons,  rendering  it 
accessible  to  all. 

Previous  to  1796,  there  was  very  little  other  than  the  natural 
fruit  of  the  soil  cultivated  in  Ohio  ;  and  not  until  about  1820  or 
'22  was  there  any  considerable  introduction  and  planting  of  "  grafted 
fruits"  in  the  north  part  of  the  State.  At  that  time,  the  nursery  of 
William  Coxe,  Esq.,  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  seemed  the  nearest 
from  which  to  obtain  trees,  and,  therefore,  from  thence  came  most  of 
the  first  plantations  of  good  fruits.  Later,  the  nurseries  of  Prince, 
Kenrick,  and  Buel,  supplied  our  Northern  pioneers;  and  from  these, 
with  the  liberal  hand  which  always  characterises  a  fruit-culturist, 
grafts  were  distributed  freely  to  whoever  would.  As  early  as  1796, 
or  1797,  Israel  Putnam  introduced  and  propagated  many  of  the  older 
and  best  Eastern  varieties  on  the  borders  of  the  Ohio  river,  and 


ADVANCEMENT   OF   FRUITS,    ETC.  15 

there  cultivated  both  trees  and  fruits,  from  whence  most  of  the  older 
orchards  of  southern  Ohio,  and  probably  Indiana,  were  procured. 
Governor  Worthington,  at  an  early  day,  1803,  or  previous,  intro- 
duced many  fine  varieties  of  fruits  into  central  Ohio.  In  1824, 
Prof.  Kirtland  imported,  from  New  Jersey  to  Trumbull  County, 
Ohio,  some  two  hundred  sorts  of  the  best  fruits  then  known  ;  and 
in  1827,  or  '28,  George  Hoadley,  Esq.,  sent  about  one  hundred  kinds 
to  Cleveland.  Alfred  Kelly  also  introduced  many  fine  Eastern 
varieties  ;  and,  as  before  mentioned,  grafts  from  all  these  were  libe- 
rally distributed,  followed  by  additional  introductions  of  new  varie- 
ties in  succeeding  years.  Add  to  these,  that  nearly  every  pioneer 
brought  with  him  seeds  of  the  best  fruits  known  in  the  vicinity  of  his 
former  residence  East,  which  he  planted  and  grew  with  care,  and  we 
have  the  heads  of  the  principal  introduction  of  varieties  up  to  about 
1832.  Since  that  period,  not  only  have  importations  of  extended 
varieties  been  largely  made  from  Eastern  nurseries,  but  the  nurseries 
of  trees  grown  for  sale  have  so  multipled  in  the  whole  West,  that 
millions  of  trees  are  now  annually  grown  and  planted. 

For  the  history  that  follows,  relating  to  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  we 
are  indebted  to  the  zeal,  enthusiasm,  and  courtesy  of  Doctor  J.  A. 
Kennicott : 

"The  first  permanent  settlements  in  Illinois  were  made  by  the 
French  about  1682,  in  and  about  Kaskaskio  and  Cahokia;  and  it  is 
said,  that '  the  first  generation  of  fruit  trees,  there  planted,  had  done 
good  service,  and  gone  the  way  of  all  the  living,'  long  before  the 
advent  of  the  present  race  who  people  *  Lower  Egypt.'  The  Kev. 
John  M.  Peck  (whom  I  quote  from  memory)  affirms,  that  he  ate 
most  luscious  fruits,  some  twenty  or  thirty  years  ago,  the  product  of 
the  second  generation  of  these  old  French  trees,  even  then  of  almost 
forest  size. 

"  From  many  sources  I  gather  the  fact,  that  among  these  old  trees 
w^ere,  and  still  are,  perhaps,  individuals  producing  very  desirable 
fruit ;  all,  doubtless,  of  mature  growth,  though  some  may  have  been 
brought  from  Canada,  whence  the  seeds  very  evidently  came,  in  their 
route  from  the  old  world. 

"  From  this  you  perceive  that  Illinois  is  one  of  the  oldest  fruit- 
growing states  ;  and  it  is  very  certain,  that  our  seedling  trees  gener- 
ally yield  better  fruit  than  the  mass  of  chance  varieties  in  the  East ; 
though,  good  sooth,  I  have  been  unable  to  trace  any  of  our  celebrated 
varieties  in  cultivation,  to  these  glorious  old  trees,  so  graphically 
described  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Peck  ;  and  yet,  I  am  by  no  means  certain, 
that  some  of  our  most  valuable  local  varieties  did  not  originate  in 
that  classic  fruit-land  of  Southern  Illionois. 

"  It  is  very  probable,  also,  that,  in  Central  and  Northern  Illinois 
there  may  now  be  native  varieties,  surpassing  in  value,  for  local  cul- 
tivation, at  least,  a  large  majority  of  the  sorts  named  in  the  bocks. 


16  INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS. 

Analogy  would  lead  to  such  a  conclusion  ;  for,  as  a  general  rule  here, 
of  fifty  seedling  trees,  in  almost  any  orchard,  at  least  five  will  be 
found  worthy  of  notice,  and  worth  preserving  in  their  natural  state, 
though  not  desirable  for  propagation. 

"From  personal  observation,  you  are  already  aware  that  some 
fruits  of  high  repute  East,  are  nearly  worthless  here  ;  and  that  others 
are  wonderfully  improved  by  the  peculiarities  of  our  soil  and  climate. 
It  is  thought,  too,  that  many  old  fruits  have  become  so  changed  as  to 
be  no  longer  easily  recognized ;  and,  as  their  history  has  been  lost, 
and  several  local  synonyms  have  been  used  to  designate  them,  much 
difficulty  and  doubt  attend  our  Western  nomenclature. 

"  Perhaps  these  difficulties  will  soon  be  removed,  and  the  doubts 
cleared  up,  as  in  Ohio,  by  the  re-fruiting  of  our  celebrated  varieties 
at  the  East,  from  scions  obtained  here,  or  by  further  observation  on 
the  fructification  here,  under  the  true  names. 

"  Many  of  our  varieties,  of  the  first  trees  transplanted  in  Western 
Illinois,  and  Southern  Wisconsin,  were  disseminated  by  tree  pedlars 
from  the  region  of  the  Wabash,  in  Indiana,  and  central-eastern  Illi- 
nois ;  and  I  am  only  aware  that  some  of  their  sorts  came  from  Ohio, 
and  others  from  Kentucky,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  and  North  Carolina, 
and  a  few,  doubtless,  from  the  Eastern  States ;  though  what  propor- 
tion, or  what  varieties  of  those  brought  us  by  these  tree  pedlars,  I  am 
unable  to  determine.  Very  few  were  sold  under  eastern  names, 
however,  and,  now  and  then,  a  variety  is,  doubtless,  of  native  origin. 

"  Among  these  pedlars'  trees,  the  Red  June  is  decidedly  the  most 
valuable,  and  the  Milam  the  most  abundant. 

"  Here-away,  I  know  the  origin  of  four-fifths  of  the  trees  planted 
out  in  the  last  ten  or  twelve  years,  apart  from  the  pedlars'  trees, 
which  continued  to  arrive  up  to  three  or  four  years  ago.  The  Buffalo 
nurseries,  and  the  Cleveland  dealers,  have  furnished  the  most.  The 
nurseries  of  Chatauque  County  sent  some  early,  and  the  Rochester 
establishments  a  great  many  more  recently,  and  a  few  ten  or  twelve 
years  ago.  The  Flushing  nurseries  are  also  represented  in  our 
orchards,  and,  quite  lately,  those  of  Michigan  and  Northern  Indiana ; 
and,  in  fact,  there  is  scarce  an  eastern  establishment  which  has  not 
sent  trees  to  the  lake  region  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin." 

Similar  to  those  named,  is  that  of  most  Western  States,  in  the  his- 
toric introduction  and  origin  of  fruits.  Chance  seedlings,  of  value 
sufficient  to  retaining  of  the  original  tree,  are  abundant,  while  those 
meriting  a  first  place  are  rare.  The  character  of  "  very  good  "  will 
apply  to  probably  one-tenth  of  the  fruit,  while  that  of  "best"  will 
hardly  apply  to  one-thousandth. 

Of  the  value  of  fruits  as  food,  and  the  tendency  to  promote  health 
of  system  and  morality  of  character,  much  has  been  written;  but  the 
following,  by  Doctor  Kennicott,  sums  up  all  in  few  words ; 


ORIGINATING   OF  VARIETIES.  17 

"The  free  use  of  ripe  fruits  not  only  preveiits  disease,  }Sut  their 
regulated  enjoyment  helps  to  remove  that  which  already  exists.  All 
ripe  fruits  are,  also,  more  or  less  nutritious.  Professor  Salisbury 
has  clearly  demonstrated  that  the  apple  is  superior  to  the  potato, 
in  the  principles  that  go  to  increase  the  muscle  and  the  brain  of  man, 
and  in  fattening  properties,  it  is  nearly  equal,  when  cooked,  for  swine, 
or  fed  raw  to  other  domestic  animals." 

Ripe  grapes  have  cured  epidemic  dysentery.  Physicians  have, 
occasionally,  advised  the  use  of  "  cooling  acid  fruits  ;"  and  the  earliest 
writers  have  directed  the  sugary  ones,  as  "  figs,"  for  food  in  conval- 
escence. Families,  where  fruits  are  most  plentiful  and  good,  and 
prized  as  an  article  of  daily  food,  are  most  free  from  disease  of  all 
kinds,  and  more  especially  from  fevers  and  "bowel  complaints." 
Most  fruits  aid  digestion,  some  directly,  some  indirectly,  and  lessen 
the  desire  for  alcoholic  or  stimulating  drinks.  The  juicy  ones  act  as 
"  diluents,"  and  all  as  "  diuretics ;"  the  free  acids  neutralizing,  or 
rendering  soluble  the  earthy  matters  in  the  blood,  and  carrying  them 
off  rapidly  through  the  natural  channels. 


CHAPTER   II. 


ORIGINATING    OP   VARIETIES THEIR  PROPAGATION,   BY   BUDDING, 

GRAFTING,   LAYERS,    CUTTINGS,   RUNNERS,   AND    SUCKERS. 

"  Our  garden  varieties  of  fruits  are  not  natural  forms.  They  are 
the  artificial  productions  of  culture.  Seedlings  from  them  have 
always  a  tendency  to  improve,  but  they  have  also  another  and  a 
stronger  tendency  to  return  to  a  natural  or  wild  state"  Of  this,  we 
have  a  strong  evidence,  in  the  production  of  seedling  cherries  by 
Prof.  Kirtland,  where  from  several  hundred  grown  from  seed 
gathered  from  the  same  tree,  only  about  one-tenth  have  surpassed, 
and  two-tenths  equaled,  the  parent ;  the  remainder  mostly  failing 
back  toward  the  original  Mazzard. 

Most  of  our  choice  varieties  cultivated,  are  from  seeds  of  chance 
cross-impregnation ;  few  have  been  the  result  of  artificial  skill  and 
care ;  cross  breeding  and  hybridizing  are  too  often  confounded,  and 
while  we  are  constantly  in  the  production  of  new  varieties  from  cross 
breeding,  none  are  known  in  fruits  from  hybridizing,    Lindley  says : 


18  PROPAGATING   OF   VARIETIES. 

"  If  the  pistils  of  one  species  be  fertilized  by  the  pollen  of  an,  thcr 
species,  which  may  take  place  in  the  same  genus,  or  if  two  distinct 
varieties  of  the  same  species  be  in  like  manner  intermixed,  the  seed 
which  results  from  the  operation  will  be  intermediate  between  its 
parents,  partaking  of  the  qualities  of  both.  In  the  first  case,  the 
progeny  is  hyhrid  or  male ;  in  the  second,  it  is  simply  cross-bred.'* 
Although  of  the  same  genus,  no  hyhrid  has  ever  yet  been  created 
between  the  apple  and  the  pear,  or  the  gooseberry  and  currant. 
These  cross-breds,  when  closely  resembling  the  female  parent  are 
termed  sub-varieties. 

This  practice  of  producing  new  varieties  by  cross  fertilization  was 
advocated  by  Thomas  Andrew  Knight,  a  distinguished  horticultur- 
ist of  England :  while  that  of  Dr.  Van  Mons,  of  Belgium,  was  the 
re-production  of  seedlings  from  seedlings  in  succession  ;  selecting 
each  time  those  of  the  seedlings  to  procure  the  seed,  which  proved 
the  best  in  the  fruit.  At  the  eighth  generation,  in  growing  from  the 
pear,  his  seedlings  produced  fruit  at  four  years  old,  while  at  the  com- 
mencement it  required  twelve  to  fifteen  years.  This  he  regarded  as 
the  correct  course  to  pursue  in  the  amelioration  of  varieties.  The 
Frederic,  of  Wurtemburg,  originated  by  him  in  this  way,  it  is  well 
known,  produces  its  fruit  often  in  the  nursery  at  two  years  from  the 
bud ;  while  the  Dix,  a  seedling  from  we  know  not  what  variety, 
requires  twelve  or  fifteen  years.  This  process,  however,  if  taken,  as 
by  Van  Mons,  from  the  commencement,  ^.  e.,  a  wildling,  would  require 
a  life-time  ;  but  our  people  have  all  around  them  seedlings  which  at 
an  early  age  are  producing  fruit ;  if,  therefore,  seed  be  taken  from 
the  best  of  them,  and  the  choicest  again  selected,  it  is  not  probable 
that  more  than  ten  years  would  elapse  without  producing  something 
very  superior. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  process  of  Mr.  Knight,  of  producing  by 
^    crossing,  gives  the  grower  the  choice  of  selecting  and  growing  to 
whatever  form,  size,  or  character  he  may  desire,  and  this  with  an 
almost  absolute  certainty  of  success.     This  process  being  fully  de- 
scribed by  Thomas,  in  his  Fruit  Culturist,  we  extract  therefrom  : 

"  A  familiar  instance  of  cross-impregnation  in  plants  occurs  in  the 
Indian  corn.  The  pistillate,  or  seed-bearing  flowers,  covering  the 
young  ear,  are  remotely  situated  on  the  plant  from  the  staminate,  or 
fertilizing  flowers,  on  the  summits,  or  tassels.  Hence,  from  this  re- 
mote position,  the  pollen,  or  fertilizing  dust,  from  the  summits  may 
not  certainly  fall  on  the  ear ;  and,  if  different  sorts  grow  near,  a  mix- 
ture will  probably  result.  It  is  well  known  to  farmers,  that  if  dif- 
ferent sorts,  as  white,  yellow,  and  purple,  are  planted  in  the  same 
field ;  or,  if  common  and  sweet  corn  are  planted  together,  each  sort 
no  longer  remains  distinct,  but  each  ear,  the  second  year,  is  speckled 
with  a  promiscuous  assemblage  of  white,  yellow,  and  purple,  and  of 
common  and   sweet  corn,  of  various   grades.      In  fruit  trees,  the 


PROPAGATION  BY  BUDDING,   GRAFTING,   ETC.  19 

stamens  and  pistils  are  in  the  same  flower,  and  the  chances  of  acci- 
dental mixture  from  other  trees,  become  very  small  unless  affected  by 
insects,  which,  becoming  thickly  dusted  with  powder  from  one  flower, 
plunge  into  the  recesses  of  another,  and  affect  a  cross  fertilization. 
Where  many  varieties  grow  in  one  garden,  in  close  proximity,  cases 
of  promiscuous  intermixture  are  constantly  occurring,  which  can  be 
developed  only  by  raising  fruit  from  the  seedlings. 

"In  the  annexed  figure  of  the  pear  blossom  (Fig.  1),  the  five  cen- 
tral organs  a,  are  the  pistils  ;  the  upper  extre- 
mity of  each  is  the  stigma.  The  surrounding 
thread-like  organs,  h,  are  the  stamens,  surmount- 
ed by  the  anthers.  The  anthers  are  little  bags 
or  cases,  filled  with  the  pollen,  or  fertilizing 
dust.  When  the  flowers  open,  the  anthers 
burst,  and  discharge  the  pollen  on  the  stigma, 
Fig.  1.  which  operates  on  the  embryo  fruit  at  its  base. 

"  The  production  of  new  varieties  is  greatly  facilitated  by  cross-im- 
pregnation, or  by  fertilizing  the  pistil  of  one  variety  with  the  pollen 
of  another.      This  was   performed  with  great  success   by  Knight. 
Selecting  two  varieties,  while  yet  early  in  flower,  and  before  the 
anthers  had  burst  and  discharged  the  pollen,  he 
cutout  with  a  fine  pair  of  scissors  all  the  stamens, 
leaving  the  pistils  untouched  (fig.  2).     When  the 
stigma  became  sufficiently  mature,  which  was  in- 
dicated by  its  glutinous  surface,  he  transferred  the 
pollen  of  the  other  sort  on  the  point  of  a  cameFs- 
Fig.  2.  hair   pencil.     The  fruit,  thus  yielded,  was  un- 

changed ;  but  its  seeds  partook  variously  of  the  nature  of  both 
parents,  and  the  trees  growing  from  them  bore  new  and  intermediate 
varieties. 

"  For  the  success  of  such  experiments,  several  precautions  are  requi- 
site. The  flower  must  be  deprived  of  its  stamens  before  it  has  fully 
expanded,  or  before  the  anthers  have  already  burst  and  scattered  their 
dust  ;  the  pollen  must  be  procured  from  a  bursting,  or  fully  matured 
anther,  when  it  will  be  dry  and  powdery  ;  the  stigma  must  be  inocu- 
lated as  soon  as  it  becomes  adhesive  or  glutinous,  otherwise  it  may  be 
fertilized  from  another  source,  and  then  the  intended  pollen  cannot 
possibly  take  effect.  For  a  stigma  once  inoculated,  cannot  be  inocu- 
lated again.  It  is  safest,  where  practicable,  to  force  the  trees  by  artifi- 
cial heat  into  flowering  a  few  days  earlier  than  others,  so  as  to 
be  secure  from  accidental  inoculations  of  pollen  floating  in  the  air ; 
and  to  prevent  its  spread  by  bees,  to  apply  a  temporary  covering  of 
gauze.  A  want  of  attention  to  these  minutiae,  has  led  some  experi- 
menters to  fancy  they  had  obtained  crosses,  when  they  had  only 
natural  seedlings." 

Budding. — This  process  of  propagation,  as  well  as  that  by  grafts 


20 


OEIGINATING  OP   VARIETIES. 


layers,  and  cuttings,  is  performed  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the 
number  of  trees  or  plants  of  any  variety ;  and  is  performed  on  stocks 
of  the  same,  or  closely  allied,  species.  These  are  designated  under 
each  particular  head  of  Apples,  Pears,  &c.,  on  other  pages.  The 
process  is  also  one,  which,  although  well  and  truly  described,  in  all 
fruit  works,  and  most  of  the  leading  journals,  is  nevertheless  so  often 
attended  with  failure,  that  while  we  here  repeat  descriptions,  we,  at 
same  time,  advise  every  new  beginner  to  visit  the  leading  nursery- 
man, or  successful  amateur  grower,  in  his  immediate  neighborhood, 
and  learn  more  in  half  a  day  from  practical  example,  than  could  be 
told  him  were  one  to  write  a  month.  In  order  to  be  successful,  it  ia 
requisite  that  the  stock  on  which  it  is  intended  to  operate  should  bt 
in  a  thrifty,  healthy  state,  not  too  early  or  late  in  the  season,  but  the 
best  time  is  just  when  the  terminal  bud  is  forming,  in  August  or 
September.  Various  modes  of  budding  are  known  and  described ; 
but  that  most  successful,  most  rapid,  and  in  common  use,  is  the  one 
termed  incorrectly,  American  shield  budding,  described  by  Forsyth  in 
1802 — which  differs  from  the  common  shield  budding,  only  in  leaving 
a  small  piece  of  wood  at  base  of  the  bud  inserted,  instead  of  taking 
all  out.  An  incision  is  made  lengthwise  through  the  bark  of  the 
stock,  and  a  small  cut  at  right  angles  at  the  top,  the  whole  somewhat 

resembling  the  letter  T  (fig.  3).  A  bud 
is  then  taken  from  a  shoot  of  the  present 
year's  growth,  by  shaving  off  the  bark  an 
inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length, 
with  a  small  part  of  the  wood  directly 
beneath  the  bud  (fig.  4).  The  edges  of 
the  bark,  at  the  incision  in  the  stock,  are 
then  raised  a  little  (fig.  5),  and  the  bud 
pushed  downward  under  the  bark  (fig.  6). 
A  bandage  of  bass-bark,  woollen-yarn, 
or  other  substance,  is  then  wrapped  around,  commencing  at  the  bot- 
tom and  passing  the  bud,  returning  again  and  tying  just  below,  cover- 
ing all  but  the  bud  (fig.  7).  The  pressure  should  be  just  sufficient  to 
keep  the  inserted  portion  closely  to  the  stock,  but  not  such  as  to 
bruise  or  crush  the  bark.  In  about  ten  days,  or  two  weeks,  after  in- 
sertion, the  strings  will  require  to  be  loosened,  and  at  expiration  of 
three  weeks  removed  altogether.  The  ensuing  Spring,  as  soon  as 
the  buds  begin  to  swell  strongly,  cut  off  the  stock  about  six  inches 
above  the  bud  ;  and  as  the  shoot,  or  bud,  grows,  tie  it  to  the  piece  of 
stock  above  its  insertion  until  about  midsummer,  when  it  will  be  time 
to  cut  away  the  piece  of  stock  above  the  bud,  leaving  a  sloping  cut 
downward  from  the  top  of  insertion  of  bud.  An  improper  practice 
with  some  is,  to  place  the  buds  in  water ;  this  so  saturates  them  with 
moisture,  that  they  have  no  attractive  force  left  to  imbibe  the  sap  of 
©f  the  stock,  and  hence  often  fail  to  grow.      In  cutting  the  shoot 


Fig.  8.  Fig.  5.  Fig.  4.  Fig.  6.  Fig.  T. 


PEOPAGATION   BY  BUDDING,   GEAFTING,   ETC.  21 

containing  buds  intended  to  be  inserted,  the  leaf  should  immediately 
be  cut  off  to  within  half  an  inch  of  the  bud,  otherwise  the  evaporation 
will  exhaust  and  injure  its  vitality.  If  buds  are  to  be  kept  a  number 
of  days,  they  should  be  wrapped  in  damp  moss,  or  wet  cloths  ;  or  if 
to  be  sent  to  a  distance,  the  whole  wrapped  in  oiled  silk.  In  this 
way  they  will  keep  without  injury  ten  days  or  more. 

"  Annular  budding  is  applicable  to  trees  of  hard  wood,  or  thick 
rigid  bark,  as  the  walnut  and  magnolia.  A  ring  of  bark 
is  removed  from  the  stock,  and  another  corresponding 
ring,  containing  the  bud,  §lit  open  on  one  side,  is  made 
to  fit  the  denuded  space.    (Fig.  8.) 

"  Trees  which  have  been  girdled  in  winter  by  mice,  may 
be  preserved  by  a  process  similar  to  annular  budding, 
by  cutting  away  evenly  the  gnawed  portions,  and  apply- 
ing one  or  more  pieces  of  bark  peeled  from  the  branch 
of  another  tree,  so  as  to  restore  the  connection  between 
the  two  severed  portions.  This  is  done  as  soon  as  the  bark  will 
separate ;  the  same  end  may,  however,  be  accomplished  early  in 
Spring,  by  cutting  away  portions  of  the  sap-wood  with  the  bark,  and 
connecting  the  two  parts  by  several  pieces  of  a  branch,  care  being 
taken  that  they  coincide  accurately,  as  in  grafting.  The  whole,  in 
either  case,  is  then  covered  with  wax." 

Grafting,  like  budding,  has  numerous  modes  and  forms,  all  resolv- 
ing into  the  same  thing — that  of  transferring  one  variety  on  to  ano- 
ther.    Such  methods  as  are  in  most  common  practice,  we  describe. 

Whip  or  tongue  grafting.  This  is  most  generally  practiced  when 
the  stock  and  scion  are  nearly  of  equal  size.  The  whole  gist  of  it 
lies  in  so  forming  the  graft  and  stock  that  the  two  outer  surfaces  of 
albumen,  or  wood  of  last  year's  growth,  match  one  with  the  other,  or 
if  the  stock  is  too  large  that  they  match  on  one  side.  (See  fig.  10.) 
The  tongue  is  a  notch  cut  in  the  stock  corresponding  with  one  cut  in 
the  graft,  and,  when  put  together,  to  serve  as  support  in  steadying  the 
graft,  until  the  circulation  of  the  sap  has  united  it  with  the  stock. 
This  is  practiced  to  a  large  extent  by  nursery-men  on  pieces  of  roots, 
and  is  then  termed  "  root-grafting." 

Splice  Grafting  is  similar  to  tongue  grafting,  except  that  no  slit  is 
made  in  either  stock  or  graft.     (See  fig.  11.) 

Crown  Grafting  is  performed  in  the  same  manner,  only  that  it  is 
done  on  small  stocks  standing  in  the  ground,  at  a  point  near  the  upper 
rootlet  or  fibre.     (See  fig.  12.) 


22 


ORIGINATING   OF  VARIETIES. 


Saddle  Grafting.  In  saddle  grafting,  the  stock  is  pared  obliquely 
on  both  sides,  till  it  becomes  an  inverted  wedge,  and 
the  scion  is  slit  up  the  centre,  when  its  sides  are  pared 
down  till  they  fit  the  sides  of  the  stock,  (See  fig.  13.) 
This  is  the  best  mode  to  pursue  with  the  cherry  and 
other  stone  fruits. 

Side  Graftivg,  as  seen  in  the  cut  (fig.  9),  is  per- 
formed by  cutting  a  notch  or  slit  of  about  one  inch 
long  in  the  side  of  the  stock,  paring  the  outer  por- 
tion, splitting  the  graft,  and  paring  the  inner  portion, 
then  inserting  it  so  as  to  give  a  union  of  the  bark 
and  wood — leaving  meanwhile  the  top  of  the  stock 
to  carry  on  the  circulation  of  sap  until  the  graft 
becomes  united,  when  it  is  to  be  cut  away.  This  is 
tht,  best  for  the  magnolia  and  for  the  hickory,  ash,  &c. ;  and  also 
when  scions  may  have  been  received  late  in  the  Spring,  or  the  work 
of  grafting  unavoidably  delayed. 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.  10. 


Fig.  11. 


Fig.  12. 


Fig.  13. 


Cleft  Gi'ofting  is  an  easy,  though  clumsy  mode,  rarely  practiced, 
except  on  limbs,  or  branches,  too  large  for  whip  grafting.  In  this  the 
scion  is  cut  like  a  wedge,  sloping  on  both  sides.  The  stock  is  split 
with  a  grafting  chisel,  or  large  knife,  which  is  drawn  to  one  side,  and 
holds  open  the  split  while  the  scion  is  pressed  in,  so  that  the  albumen, 
or  inner  barks,  match,  when  the  chisel  or  wedge  is  drawn  away. 

Wrapping  or  Tying.  After  the  operation  of  grafting  is  performed, 
bass-bark,  or  bass  matting,  or  soft  woolen  or  cotton  yarn,  is  then 
wrapped  around  to  retain  them  perfectly  in  their  places.  Where 
small  trees  or  roots  are  engrafted,  and  to  be  planted  in  nursery-rows, 
this  is  all  that  is  necessary ;  but  when  grafting  is  performed  on  stand- 
ard trees,  it  is  better  to  cover  the  matting  with  a  wax,  made  in  the 
following  manner; 


PROPAGATION   BY   B [TIDING,   GRAFTING,   ETC. 


23 


Grafting  Wax.  4  parts  rosin,  3  parts  beeswax,  3  parts  lard.  This 
should  be  well  incorporated  together  while  warm,  strips  of  cotton 
cloth  dipped  into  it,  and  when  cold,  cut  to  the  length  and  width  re- 
quired for  the  size  of  limbs  you  are  to  engraft,  will  facilitate  the  labor  ; 
and  when  this  is  done,  the  first  tying  of  bass  mat  or  woolen  string, 
may  be  dispensed  with. 

Grafts  which  have  become  dry,  may  be  restored  if  the  moisture  is 
applied  so  gradually,  that  its  absorption  may  require  several  weeks. 
In  one  instance,  shoots  cut  early  in  Autumn,  and  subjected  to  thorough 
drying,  were  restored  to  perfect  freshness  by  the  next  Spring,  by 
wrapping  them  well  in  moss,  and  burying  them  in  the  ground  ;  and, 
being  set,  they  all  grew. 

Scions  for  sending  to  a  distance,  are  usually  packed  in  damp  moss, 
saw-dust,  or  fibrous  peat.     They  may  be  sent  by  mail,  within  a  very 
small  compass,  with  great  safety,  by  enwrapping  them  with  oil-silk,  or 
thin  oil-cloth,  drawing  it  closely  round  them,  to  include  the  moisture 
by  means  of  small  thread.     Partially  decayed  wood  from  the  fores*^ 
is  also  used  successfully  for  keeping  scions. 


Layering.  This  is  practiced  in  low  shrubs  and  vines,  as  the  quince 
and  grape.  It  consists  in  bending  down  carefully  without  breaking  a 
branch,  cutting  a  notch,  or  slit,  on  the  under  side,  immediately  below 

a  bud,  and  pegging  it  securely, 
so  that  the  centre  will  be 
about  four  inches  under 
ground  (see  fig.  14).  With  the 
grape,  trailing  the  vine  on  the 
surface,  as  shown  in  fig.  15, 
and  after  buds  have  started  a 
few  inches,  cover  with  soil  the 
Fig.  14.  vine  ;  each    bud  will  throw 

out  roots,  and  if  the  operation 
be  performed  in  Spring,  they  may  be  taken  up  and  separated  in  the 


24 


ORIGINATING   OF  VABIETrES. 


Cuttings.  Propagation  by  cuttings  is  the  simplest  mode  of  multi- 
plying a  variety.  It  consists  simply  in  the  insertion  of  a  shoot  of 
one  year's  growth  into  the  soil  ;  the  moisture  of  the  soil  renews 
the  supply  of  sap,  the  buds  swell,  the  leaves 
expand,  and  the  descending  juices  expend  them- 
selves in  the  production  of  new  roots,  which  shoot 
downwards  into  the  soil  (fig.  16).  Under  ordinary 
circumstances^  or  in  open  ground,  this  mode  is 
only  applicable  to  such  species  as  readily  throw 
out  roots,  as  the  currant,  gooseberry,  quince,  and 
grape.  The  cutting  should  be  made  from  eight 
inches  to  a  foot  long,  and  have  all  the  lower 
buds  cut  out,  in  order  to  prevent  its  throwing 
up  suckers.  Wood  of  the  last  year's  growth  is 
used,  and  the  lower  end  cut  square  across  at  the 
base  of  a  bud.  They  should  be  inserted  perpen- 
dicularly, or  when  long  enough,  curved,  as  see, 
under  the  head  of  Grapes  ;  the  earth  should  be 
pressed  securely  at  the  bottom,  and  lightly  at  the 
top,  and,  when  possible,  a  mulch  of  two  inches 
of  tan  bark,  saw-dust,  etc.,  thrown  over  them  to  preserve  mois- 
ture. 


Fig.  16. 


Runners,  are  the  mode  of  self-propagation  in  the  strawberry ;  as 
soon  as  well  rooted,  they  are  suited  to  be  removed. 

Suckers,  are  underground  runners— often  the  result  of  careless 
cultivation  in  breaking  off  roots.  They  should  always  be  destroyed, 
but  never  replanted.  The  Frost  Gage  plumb,  from  having  been 
propagated  thus,  has  become  so  diseased,  as  to  be  nearly  discarded^ 
and  this  in  the  short  space  of  about  fifteen  years. 


CHAPTER  m 

TRANSPLANTING   TREES HOW,   WHEN;    PACKING,    CARE    OF   WHEW 

RECEIVED  ;  PRUNING — TIME  WHEN,  HOW  ;  THE  TOPS,  THE  ROOTS  ; 
LABELS  FOR  ;  PROTECTION  FROM  SHEEP,  RABBITS,  ETC.  ;  TRAIN- 
ING ;   FORM  OF  YOUNG  TREES. 

The  first  care  in  the  removal  of  trees,  should  be  not  to  destroy  the 
roots  in  digging.  Small  trees  are  less  liable  to  injury  from  such 
cause  than  large  ones,  but  too  often  have  we  seen  them  wrenched  out 
of  the  ground,  by  the  strong  arm  of  man,  apparently  not  to  injury 
of  roots,  but  really  they  were  cracked  through  every  portion,  and 
all  the  tissues  through  which  the  circulation  of  sap  is  had,  broken  and 
injured,  often  more  to  injury  of  tree,  than  if  one-half  the  roots  had 
been  cut  off.  Again,  have  we  seen  trees  cut  out  with  spades,  leaving 
only  about  four  to  six  inches  of  main  root,  and  a  few  small  fibres. 
Such  trees  require  a  whole  year's  nursing,  with  severe  shortening-in 
of  limbs,  to  recover  anything  like  their  native  vigor,  and  are  not 
worth,  to  the  planter,  over  one-half  as  much  as  trees  well  and  care- 
fully dug,  with  roots  nearly  entire. 

Preparing  the  soil.  If  an  orchard  is  to  be  planted,  on  soil  reten 
live  of  moisture,  or,  in  other  words — level  clayey  soil — it  should  first 
be  thoroughly  subsoiled,  at  least  twenty-two  inches  deep ;  it  should 
then  have  sufiicient  number  of  under-drains,  so  that  no  surplus  water 
would  ever  remain  on  it  over  forty-eight  hours.  Digging  deep  holes 
should  never  be  practiced,  but  the  whole  soil  should  be  made  of  fine 
tilth,  and  if  the  ground  is  well-drained,  or  naturally  dry,  dig  broad 
spaces,  four  feet  diameter,  and  one  foot  deep.  If  the  ground  is  not 
drained,  and  naturally  wet — a  location  and  condition  which  should 
never  be  adopted— let  the  planting  be  made  by  placing  the  tree  on  the 
level  ground,  and  earthing  up  around  it.  Upon  the  level  prairies  this 
course  has  been  found  most  successful,  and  at  times,  without  even 
removing  the  sod  beneath  the  tree. 

Many  suppose,  that  a  tree  grown  in  the  nursery  on  sandy  soil,  will 
not  succeed  on  clay,  and  so  the  reverse  ;  this,  if  they  will  only  use 
reason,  and  study  the  nutritive  process  in  the  tree,  they  will  see,  at 
once,  has  no  foundation  in  fact ;  but  a  tree  taken  from  the  rich  ground 
of  a  well-kept  nursery,  and  placed  in  a  barren,  half-starved  soil, 
amid  grass  and  weeds,  has  no  more  chance  of  continuing  in  vigor  and 
2 


26 


TRANSPLANTING   TREES. 


health,  than  an  animal  raised  upon  the  rich  pastures  of  our  Western 
country  would  have,  transplanted  to  some  of  the  bleak,  barren  hills, 
of  New  England.  Food  for  the  plant  is,  therefore,  requisite,  and 
this  should  be  prepared  in  a  well,  and  previously  cultivated  and  en- 
riched soil,  and  not  expected  to  be  supplied  in  a  raw  state  by  appli- 
cation of  animal  manures  immediately  to  the  roots.  Prof.  Lindley 
says,  "  that  a  small  quantity  of  super-phosphate  of  lime,  as  it  is  called, 
that  is  to  say,  a  mixture  of  oil  of  vitriol  and  burnt  bones,  mixed  with 
dry  mould,  and  thrown  in  around  the  roots  of  a  newly-transplanted 
tree,  will  generally  aid  in  the  formation  of  root  fibres,  and  consequently 
assist  very  much  in  establishing  the  plant  in  its  new  situation  ;  or,  if 
scattered  over  the  soil  next  the  roots,  the  rains  will  distribute  it  to  the 
places  where  most  required." 

Ifow  to  Plant.     Having  prepared  the  place  and  the  soil,  we  next 

proceed  to  plant  the  tree. 
Supposing  that  the  roots, 
in  removing,  have  been 
carefully  preserved,  our 
tree  will  present,  when 
placed  in  the  hole  pre- 
pared for  it,  the  appear- 
ance represented  in  our 
figure  17,  the  upper  root 
being  about  four  inches 
lower  than  the  level  of 
the  surrounding  soil.  If 
the  roots  are  broken,  prune, 
by  a  cut  from  the  under 
side  of  each  end.  Now, 
one  man  should  scatter 
in  carefully  the  fine  earth, 
while  another  holds  the 
body  of  the  tree  with  one  hand,  and  with  the  other  carefully  presses 
the  earth  around  and  beneath  every  root,  taking  care  to  keep  the 
small  roots  and  fibres,  each  in  its  place,  lifting  them  as  the  work  pro- 
gresses to  a  nearly  horizontal  position.  Leave  the  earth,  if  the  plant- 
ing be  done  in  Spring,  level  around  the  tree,  and  with  the  surround- 
ing surface ;  if  planted  in  the  Fall,  earth  up  a  little  mound  around  the 
stem-end,  and  over  the  entire  circle  of  roots,  to  be  drawn  away  again 
in  the  Spring.  Avoid  treading  or  other  pressure  around  the  tree, 
other  than  that  made  by  the  hand,  in  firmly  placing  the  earth  around 
the  roots  in  the  process. 

Ti7ne  to  Plant.  With  nearly  all  trees  and  all  locations.  Fall  is 
the  best  time  to  transplant ;  new  granulations  have  to  ^o  made,  ere 
the  roots  broken  by  removal  can  again  supply  themselves,  or  the 
plant,  with  food.     This  process,  if  trees  aro  removed   in  Fall,  will 


/  /  ////// 


PACKINGS,   PKITNING,   PEOTECTION,   ETC.  27 

often  be  found  to  have  taken  place  during  winter,  and  ere  the  ex« 
haustion  by  the  leaves  from  growth  in  Spring,  of  their  food  laid  up 
in  bud  and  bark  the  year  previous,  and  the  roots  are  again  furnishing 
their  support.  If,  however,  trees  are  removed  in  Spring,  it  often 
happens,  especially  with  cherries,  that  the  supply  of  food  previously 
laid  up  is  exhausted  ere  new  rootlets  are  formed.  Mulching,  and 
other  cares,  are  often,  therefore,  more  requisite,  in  order  to  keep  the 
roots,  and  prevent  too  rapid  exhaustion  in  Spring-planted  trees. 

Packing.  Amateurs,  as  well  as  nurserymen,  often  have  occasion 
to  forward  trees  to  a  distance,  and  it'  is  desirable  that  they  be  so 
packed,  as  to  ensure  success  when  received.  In  order  to  do  this, 
they  should  be  made  into  a  bundle,  with  damp  moss  liberally  mingled 
among  the  roots,  the  larger  trees  upon  the  outside  of  the  bundle,  and 
the  small  within ;  tie  securely  with  twisted  straw  bands,  then  take 
long  straw,  lay  it  down  about  two  inches  thick,  with  its  butts  near 
the  centre  of  the  roots  of  the  bundle ;  lay  another  layer,  with  the 
butts  four  inches  below  the  tops  of  the  last,  and  so  on,  until  you  have 
the  length  of  the  bundle.  Now,  lay  down  the  bundle,  and  carefully 
lay  straw  over  it,  in  same  manner  as  underneath,  only  commencing 
at  the  top,  so  that  when  the  cords  are  around  it,  all  will  be  covered  j 
proceed  with  one  end  of  the  cord,  first  lashed  to  a  strong  root,  t« 
bind  it  around,  once  in  about  ten  inches,  all  the  way  to  the  top.  If 
intended  to  go  any  considerable  distance,  with  risk  of  rough  handling, 
a  stout  stick  should  be  packed  in  the  centre  of  each  bundle,  extend- 
ing about  four  inches  beyond  the  tops  of  the  trees.  Next,  lay  down 
a  strong  bass  matt,  or  strong  cloth,  scatter  on  it  straw,  then  moss, 
and  placing  the  roots  of  the  bundle  upon  it,  draw  it  up  carefully 
over,  and  secure  it  by  strong  pack-thread.  If  moss  is  not  obtainable, 
let  the  roots  be  well  puddled,  as  it  is  termed,  that  is,  dipped  in  a 
thick  clayey  mud,  but  avoid  packing  leaves,  grass,  etc.,  among  them. 

Care  of  Trees  when  received.  Trees  are  often  lost  by  not  knowing 
how  to  care  for  them  when  received  after  long  voyages.  If  dry, 
withered,  or  frozen,  they  should  be  unpacked  and  immediately  bur- 
ied, roots  and  tops,  underneath  the  earth,  and  there  left  for  some 
days ;  or,  if  late  in  the  Fall,  and  they  are  buried  where  the  water 
drains  off  readily,  let  the  roots  be  buried  deep,  while  the  tops  have 
only  a  couple  of  inches  upon  them.  Trees  received  dry  in  Spring,  may 
be  immediately  immersed  in  a  running  stream  of  water,  and  after 
the  buds  are  swollen,  planted  out  in  some  location  for  the  season, 
where  the  mid-day  sun  will  not  strike  them,  and  where  the  earth  can 
be  always  kept  moist  by  mulching,  etc. 

Pruning.  That  certain  principles  of  the  nature  and  habits  of  a 
tree,  must  ever  be  borne  in  mind  in  pruning,  to  ensure  success,  is 
evident ;  but  that  the  cutting  away  of  small  branches,  or  twigs,  if 
correctly  made,  will  materially  affect  the  health  and  longevity  of  a 
tree,  whether  made  in  Spring,  just  before  midsummer,  in  Fall  or  Win- 


28 


TRANSPLANTING  TREES. 


ter,  we  do  not  believe.  In  pruning  an  old  tree,  long  neglected, 
where  it  is  requisite  to  cut  away  many  large  branches,  attention  to  the 
circulation  of  sap,  the  new  formation  of  wood,  &c.,  fcc,  should,  by 
all  means,  be  the  guide.  Experience,  as  well  as  theory,  teaches, 
that  the  most  healthy  formation  of  wood  commences  in  July ;  that 
all  growth  previous  is  imperfect,  and,  were  it  not  for  that  and  ensu- 
ing months,  would  rapidly  decay ;  that  while  wood  is  not  made  as 
rapidly  at  that  time,  and  afterward,  as  previous,  it  is  of  a  firmer, 
closer,  and  more  healthy  character.  If,  therefore,  large  limbs  are  to 
be  removed,  let  the  time  from  July  to  September,  inclusive,  be  se- 
lected. A  subject  so  liberally  treated  upon  as  this  has  been  from 
the  earliest  authors  down,  it  would  seem  should  be  better  understood 
than  appears  from  the  quantity  of  ill-shapen,  malformed  trees,  to  be 
seen  in  almost  every  orchard.     Barry  says  : 

"  It  is  not  only  necessary  to  know  what  and  why,  but  also  how  to 
prune.     Theory  is  only  useful  as  it  serves  to  guide  in  practice. 

"  The  great  point  to  be  observed  in  making  incisions  on  the  stems 
and  branches  of  trees,  is  to  provide  for  the  speedy  and  perfect  heal- 
ing of  the  wounds  or  cut  surfaces.  In  removing  a  portion  of  a  branch 
or  stem,  if  we  cut  between  two  joints,  so  as  to  leave  a  portion  of 
y^  •.  wood  above  the  bud, 

//n/A  y^sK     /^lk\       Wi/\^  intended  to  be  cut  to, 

i(Y\  /llln  lrJf\     \      m  rtO    as  in  fig.  is,  this  wood 

dies,  and  we  have 
the  trouble  of  another 
pruning  to  remove  it. 
If  we  cut  too  close  to 


Fii 


Fi 


F1G8.  TO  Pruning. 
Ig.  18,  cutting  too  far  above  the  bud. 

close.  Fig.  20,  the  cut  as  it  should  be.  Fig.  21,  removal  of 
a  branch,  the  cross  line  indicating  the  proper  place  lor 
the  cut. 


ig..  19,  cutting  too 
Fig.--  -     - 


the  bud,  and  thus  re- 
move a  portion  of  the 
wood  with  which  it  is 
connected,  as  in  fig. 
19,  the  bud  will  either 
die  or  disappoint  us 
by  producing  a  very 
feeble  growth.  The 
proper  way  is  to  take 
the  branch  to  be  operated  on  in  the  left  hand,  place  the  edge  of  the 
knife  on  it,  opposite  the  lower  part  of  the  bud  to  be  cut  to,  and  then 
make  a  firm,  quick,  smooth  draw-cut,  sloping  upwards,  so  that  the 
knife  will  come  out  on  a  level  with  the  point  of  the  bud,  as  in  fig. 
20.  In  soft-wooded,  pithy  plants,  like  the  grape  vine,  for  example, 
half  an  inch  of  wood  ought  to  be  left  above  the  bud.  The  cut  should 
also  be  made,  as  much  as  possible,  on  the  lower  side  of  the  branch, 
to  prevent  rain  from  lodging  in  the  centre.  The  position  of  the  bud 
cut  to,  is  also  worthy  of  consideration  in  pruning,  to  produce  or  mod- 
ify certain  forms      When   we    wish  the   new   shoot   of  a  lateral 


PACKING,   PRUNING,   PROTECTION,   ETC.  29 

branch  to  take  as  much  as  possible,  an  upright  direction,  we  prune 
to  a  bud  on  the  inside  ;  and  if  we  wish  it  to  spread,  we  choose  one 
on  the  outside.  In  the  annual  suppression,  or  cutting  back  of  young 
trees,  the  bud  selected  to  form  the  leader  is  chosen  on  opposite  sides 
every  successive  year,  in  order  to  maintain  the  growth  in  a  straight 
line.  If  cut  every  year  to  a  bud  on  the  same  side,  it  would,  in  two 
or  three  seasons,  show  an  inclination  to  that  side  injurious  to  the  sym- 
metry of  the  tree. 

"2%e  Removal  of  Large  Branches,  vihevQ  they  are  to  be  entirely 
separated  from  the  tree,  is  often  very  clumsily  performed.  In 
orchards  it  is  not  at  all  uncommon  to  see  them  chopped  off  with  a 
common  axe ;  and  even  in  gardens  there  seem  to  be  few  persons 
who  take  the  proper  care  in  this  matter.  They  are  either  cut  so  that 
a  portion  of  the  base  of  the  branch  remains,  and  sends  out  vigorous 
shoots,  defeating  the  objects  of  the  pruning,  or  they  are  cut  so  close 
that  a  portion  of  the  wood  of  the  main  branch  or  stem  is  taken  with 
them,  and  a  wound  made  that  years  are  required  to  heal  up.  Both 
these  extremes  ought  to  be  avoided. 

"  The  surface  of  the  cut  made  by  the  removal  of  a  branch,  should 
in  no  case  be  larger  than  the  base  of  the  branch.  Where  a  branch 
is  united  to  another,  or  to  the  main  stem,  we  notice,  both  above  and 
below  the  point  of  union,  a  small  projection  or  shoulder,  as  at  the 
cross  line  in  fig  21.  The  knife  must  enter  just  below  that  shoulder, 
and,  by  being  drawn  upwards  in  a  straight  line,  the  base  is  so  com- 
pletely removed  that  no  shoots  can  be  produced  there ;  and  yet  the 
cut  surface  on  the  stem  is  no  larger  than  the  base  of  the  branch. 
When  the  saw  is  used,  the  surface  of  the  cut  should  be  pared  smoothly 
with  the  knife,  to  prevent  water  lodging  on  it,  and  facilitate  the  heal- 
ing of  the  wound." 

Pruning  at  the  time  of  Transplanting.  This  is  performed,  not 
only  to  remove  bruised  and  broken  roots  and  branches,  but  to  re- 
store the  tree  to  a  proper  balance.  As  trees  are  ordinarily  taken 
from  the  ground,  the  roots  are  bruised,  broken,  or  mutilated,  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent.  This  obviously  destroys  the  natural  balance 
or  proportion  that  existed  between  the  roots  and  stem,  and  in  such 
a  condition  the  tree  is  unable  to  grow.  The  demand  upon  the  roots 
must,  therefore,  be  lessened,  by  reducing  the  stem  and  branches  in 
length  or  number,  or  both ;  and  the  more  the  roots  have  suffered, 
the  greater  must  be  the  reduction  of  the  stem  and  branches,  to  bring 
them  to  a  corresponding  condition. 

Disbudding.  When  a  tree  is  unfruitful  by.  reason  of  its  rampant 
growth,  and  the  cultivator  desires  to  bring  it  into  a  bearing  state,  the 
best  and  easiest  way  is  by  the  simple  method  of  disbudding  during 
the  months  of  April,  May,  and  June.  This  we  consider  preferable 
to  "  pinching  in,"  of  which,  extended  directions  are  to  be  found  on 
future  pages.    At  the  commencement  of  the  Spring  growth,  the  mana- 


30  TRANSPLAJSTTma    TEEES. 

ger  has  only  to  mark  tlie  swelling  buds,  preserving  all  those  which 
he  wishes  developed  for  the  formation  of  spurs,  or  for  extending  the 
leaders,  and  rubbing  off  all  the  rest.  This  will  check  the  demand 
upon  the  roots,  consequently  stop  their  extension,  and  they  will  send 
up  a  diminished  supply  of  sap.  Thus,  a  check  upon  the  vigor  of  the 
whole  system  will  be  induced. 

In  the  course  of  a  month,  more  or  less,  another  set  of  young  buds 
will  be  produced  ;  and  yet  another,  some  four  to  six  weeks  ensuin^^. 
These  must  be  rubbed  closely  off,  checking  the  growth,  and  causing 
the  production  of  fruitful  spurs  and  buds. 

"  Pruning  the  Roots.  This  is  practiced  as  well  to  promote  fruit- 
fulness  as  to  lessen  the  dimensions  of  trees.  The  roots  are  the  organs 
that  absorb  from  the  ground  the  principal  food  of  the  tree,  and  in 
proportion  to  their  number,  size,  and  activity,  other  things  being  equal, 
are  the  vigor  and  growth  of  the  stem  and  branches.  Hence,  when  a 
tree  is  deprived  of  a  certain  portion  of  its  roots,  its  supply  of  food 
from  the  soil  is  lessened,  growth  is  checked,  the  sap  moves  slowly  in 
its  channels,  is  better  elaborated  in  the  leaves,  and  the  young 
branches  and  the  buds  begin  to  assume  a  fruitful  character. 

"Roots  are  also  pruned  to  prevent  them  from  penetrating  too  deeply 
into  the  earth,  and  induce  the  formation  of  lateral  roots  near  the  sur- 
face, similar  to  the  cutting  back  of  a  stem  to  produce  lateral  branches. 
The  principle  is  the  same. 

"  The  work  is  performed  by  opening  a  trench  around  the  tree,  the 
distance  from  the  tree  will  depend  on  its  size,  and  the  spreading 
character  of -the  roots.  The  trench  should  be  the  width  of  a  common 
garden  spade,  and  deep  enough  to  reach  all  the  roots  of  the  tree.  If 
the  lateral  roots  are  to  be  shortened,  this  is  done  first.  The  knife 
should  be  placed  on  the  lower  side  of  the  root,  and  the  part  separated 
with  a  clean  draw  cut,  such  as  would  be  performed  on  a  branch.  If 
the  tree  has  vertical,  or  tap  roots,  they  are  most  easily  operated  on 
with  a  sharp  spade,  prepared  and  kept  for  the  purpose.  A  smart 
stroke  with  such  a  spade,  in  as  nearly  a  horizontal  direction  as  possi- 
ble, will  separate  a  pretty  strong  root.  The  extent  to  which  root 
pruning  may  be  performed,  depends  on  the  character  of  the  species, 
the  condition  of  the  tree  as  regards  growth,  and  the  object  aimed  at. 
Those  practicing  it  for  the  first  time  should  go  to  work  with  great 
caution.  It  will  be  better  to  operate  too  lightly  than  too  severely. 
As  regards  the  season,  it  may  be  performed  either  at  the  end  of  the 
first  growth,  in  July  or  August,  or  in  the  Autumn  or  Winter,  when 
vegetation  is  quite  suspended.  We  have  operated  on  cherry  trees, 
with  complete  success,  in  August,  in  a  dry  time  when  little  growth 
was  going  on.  At  this  season,  a  copious  watering  should  be  given 
after  the  pruning  is  performed." 

Pruning,  to  form  particular  shapes,  to  promote  the  formation  of 
blossom  buds,  to  enlarge  the  fruit,  to  cure  disease,  to  increase  or  les- 


PACKING,    PRUNING,    PKOTECTTON,    ETC.  31 

sen  bulk,  are  all  treated  of  at  length  by  Loudon  and  others  ;  but  all 
seems  to  us  summed  up  in  the  following,  written  by  M.  Dubreuil,  in 
France,  and  first  published  in  this  country  in  Barry's  "  Fruit  Gar- 
den." It  is  more  especially  applicable  to  training  of  trees  in  gardens, 
than  of  standards  in  orchards.     He  says  : 

"  The  theory  of  the  pruning  of  fruit  trees  rests  on  the  following 
six  general  principles  : 

"  I.  The  vigor  of  a  tree,  subjected  to  pruning,  depends,  in  a  great 
measure,  on  the  equal  distribution  of  sap  in  all  its  branches. 

"  In  fruit  trees  abandoned  to  themselves,  the  sap  is  equally  distri- 
buted in  the  different  parts  without  any  other  aid  than  nature,  be- 
cause the  tree  assumes  the  form  most  in  harmony  with  the  natural 
tendency  of  the  sap.* 

"  But  in  those  submitted  to  pruning,  it  is  different ;  the  forms  im- 
posed on  them,  such  as  espalier,  pyramid,  vase,  &c.,  change,  more 
or  less,  the  normal  direction  of  the  sap,  and  prevent  it  from  taking 
the  form  proper  to  its  species.  Thus  nearly  all  the  forms  given  to 
trees  require  the  development  of  ramifications,  more  or  less  nume- 
rous, and  of  greater  or  less  dimensions  at  the  base  of  the  stem. 
And,  as  the  sap  tends  by  preference  towards  the  summit  of  the  tree, 
it  happens  that,  unless  great  care  be  taken,  the  branches  at  the  base 
become  feeble,  and  finally  dry  up,  and  the  form  intended  to  be  ob- 
tained disappeafs,  to  be  replaced  by  the  natural  form — that  is,  a 
stem  or  a  trunk  with  a  branching  head.  It  is  then  indispensable,  if 
we  wish  to  preserve  the  form  we  impose  upon  trees,  to  employ  cer- 
tain means,  by  the  aid  of  which  the  natural  direction  of  the  sap  can 
be  changed  and  directed  towards  the  points  where  we  wish  to  ob- 
tain the  most  vigorous  growth.  To  do  this,  we  must  arrest  vegeta- 
tion in  the  parts  to  which  the  sap  is  carried  in  too  great  abundance, 
and,  on  the  contrary,  favor  the  parts  that  do  not  receive  enough. 
To  accomplish  this,  the  following  means  must  be  successively  em- 
ployed : 

"  1.  Prune  the  branches  of  the  most  vigorous  parts  very  short,  and 
those  of  the  weak  parts  long.  We  know  that  the  sap  is  attracted  by 
the  leaves.  The  removal  of  a  large  number  of  wood-buds  from  the 
vigorous  parts  deprives  these  parts  of  the  leaves  which  these  buds 
would  have  produced  ;  consequently,  the  sap  is  attracted  there  in  less 
quantities,  and  the  growth  thereby  diminished.  The  feeble  parts 
being  pruned  long,  present  a  great  number  of  buds,  which  produce 
a  large  surface  of  leaves,  and  tliese  attract  the  sap,  and  acquire  a 
vigorous  growth.  This  principle  holds  good  in  all  trees,  under  what- 
ever form  they  may  be  conducted. 

*  This  is  not  in  all  cases  true.  Peach  trees,  we  know,  left  to  themselves,  exhibit  a  very 
striking  example  of  the  unequal  distribution  of  the  sap.  The  ends,  of  the  branches  attract 
nearly  the  whole,  leaving  the  lateral  shoots  and  lower  parts  to  die  out.  In  other  species, 
similar  instances  might  be  quoted,  and,  as  a  general  thing,  the  proposition  is  unsound,  except 
In  a  comparative  sense. 


S^  TRANSPLANTING    TREES. 

"  2.  Leave  a  larje  quantity  of  fruit  on  the  strong  part^  and  rC" 
wove  the  whole,  or  greater  part,  from  the  feeble.  We  know  already 
that  the  fruit  has  the  property  of  attracting  to  it  the  sap  from  the 
roots,  and  of  employing  it  entirely  to  its  own  growth.  The  necessary 
result  of  this  is,  what  we  are  about  to  point  out — viz.,  that  all  the 
sap  which  arrives  in  the  strong  parts  will  be  absorbed  by  the  fruit, 
and  the  wood  there,  in  consequence,  will  make  but  little  growth, 
while  on  the  feeble  parts,  deprived  of  fruit,  the  sap  will  all  be  ap- 
propriated by  the  growing  parts,  and  they  will  increase  in  size  and 
strength. 

"  3.  Bend  the  strong  parts,  and  keep  the  weak  erect.  The  more 
erect  the  branches  and  stem  are,'the  greater  will  be  the  flow  of  sap 
to  the  growing  parts ;  hence,  the  feeble  parts  being  erect,  attract 
much  more  sap  than  the  strong  parts  inclined,  and,  consequently, 
make  a  more  vigorous  growth,  and  soon  recover  their  balance.  This 
remedy  is  more  especially  applied  to  espalier  trees. 

"  4.  Remove  fro7n  the  vigorous  parts  the  superfluous  shoots  as  early 
in  the  season  as  possible,  and  from  the  feeble  parts  as  late  as  pos- 
sible. The  fewer  the  number  of  young  shoots  there  are  on  a  branch, 
the  fewer  there  are  of  leaves,  and,  consequently,  the  less  is  the 
sap  attracted  there.  Hence,  in  leaving  the  young  shoots  on  the 
feeble  parts,  their  leaves  attract  the  sap  there,  and  induce  a  vigorous 
growth. 

"  5.  Pinch  early  the  soft  eodremities  of  the  shoots  on  the  vigorous 
parts,  and  as  late  as  possible  on  the  feeble  parts,  excepting  always  any 
shoots  which  may  be  too  vigorous  for  their  position.  By  thus  pinching 
garly  the  strong  parts,  the  flow  of  sap  to  such  point  is  checked,  and 
naturally  turns  to  the  growing  parts  that  have  not  been  pinched ; 
this  remedy  is  applicable  to  trees  in  all  forms. 

"  6.  Lay  in  the  strong  shoots  on  the  trellis  early,  and  leave  thi 
feeble  parts  loose  as  long  as  possible.  Laying  in  the  strong  parts 
obstructs  the  circulation  of  the  sap  in  them,  and,  consequently, 
favors  the  weak  parts  that  are  loose.  This  is  only  applicable  to 
espaliers, 

"  7.  In  espalier  trees,  giving  the  feeble  parts  the  benefit  of  the  lights 
and  confining  the  strong  parts  more  in  the  shade,  restores  a  balance, 
for  light  is  the  agent  which  enables  leaves  to  perform  their  functions 
and  their  actions  on  the  roots,  and  the  parts  receiving  the  greater 
proportion  of  it  acquire  the  most  vigorous  development.  . 

"  II.  The  sap  acts  with  greater  force,  and  produces  more  vigorous 
growth  on  a  branch  or  shoot  pruned  short,  than  on  one  pruned  long.  This 
is  easily  explained.  The  sap  acting  on  two  buds  must,  evidently, 
produce  a  greater  development  of  wood  on  them  than  if  it  were 
divided  between  fifteen  or  twenty  buds. 

"  It  follows  from  this,  that  if  we  wish  to  obtain  wood  branches, 
we  prune  short,  for  vigorous  shoots  produce  few  fruit-buds.     On 


PACKING,   PRUNING,   PROTECTION,   ETC.  33 


o> 


the  contrary,  if  we  wish  to  obtain  fruit  branches,  we  prune  long, 
because  the  most  slender  or  feeble  shoots  are  the  most  disposed  to 
fruit. 

"  Another  application  of  this  principle  is,  to  prune  short  for  a  year 
or  two  such  trees,  or  parts,  as  have  become  enfeebled  by  over-bear- 
ing. (This  principle  deserves  especial  attention,  as  its  application  is 
of  great  importance.) 

"  III.  The  sap  tending  always  to  the  extremities  of  the  shoots,  causes 
the  terminal  bud  to  push  with  greater  vigor  than  the  laterals.  Accord- 
ing to  this  principle,  when  we  wish  a  prolongment  of  a  stem  or  branch, 
we  should  prune  to  a  vigorous  wood-bud,  and  leave  no  production 
that  can  interfere  with  the  action  of  the  sap  on  it. 

"  IV.  The  more  the  sap  is  obstructed  in  its  circulation,  the  more 
likely  it  will  be  to  produce  fruit-buds.  This  principle  is  founded  on  a 
fact  to  which  we  have  already  had  occasion  to  refer — viz.,  that  the 
sap  circulating  slowly,  is  subjected  to  a  more  complete  elaboration 
in  the  tissues  of  the  tree,  and  becomes  better  adapted  to  the  forma- 
tion of  fruit-buds. 

"  This  principle  can  be  applied  to  produce  the  following  result : 
When  we  wish  to  produce  fruit-buds  on  a  branch,  we  prevent  a 
free  circulation  of  the  sap  by  bending  the  branches,  or  by  making 
annular  or  circular  incisions  on  it ;  and,  on  the  contrary,  when  we 
wish  to  change  a  fruit  branch  into  a  wood  branch,  We  give  it  a  ver- 
tical position,  or  prune  it  to  two  or  three  buds,  on  which  we  con- 
centrate the  action  of  the  sap,  and  thus  induce  their  vigorous  devel- 
opment. 

"V.  The  leaves  serve  to  prepare  the  sap  absorbed  by  the  roots  for 
the  noiii'ishment  of  the  tree,  and  aid  the  formation  of  buds  on  the 
shoots.  All  trees,  therefore,  deprived  of  their  leaves  are  liable  to 
ferish.  This  principle  shows  how  dangerous  it  is  to  remove  a  large 
quantity  of  leaves  from  trees,  under  the  pretext  of  aiding  the  growth, 
or  ripening  of  fruits,  for  the  leaves  are  the  nourishing  organs,  and 
the  trees  deprived  of  them  cannot  continue  to  grow,  neither  can  the 
fruit ;  and  the  branches  so  stripped  will  have  feeble,  ill-formed 
buds,  which  will,  the  following  year,  produce  a  weak  and  sickly 
growth. 

"  VI.  Where  the  buds  of  any  shoot  or  branch  do  not  develope  before 
the  age  of  two  years,  they  can  only  be  forced  into  activity  by  a  very 
close  pru7iing,  and,  in  some  cases,  as  the  peach,  this,  even,  will  often 
fail.  This  last  principle  shows  the  importance  of  pruning  the  main 
Lranches  of  espaliers  particularly,  so  as  to  ensure  the  development 
of  the  buds  of  their  successive  sections,  and  to  preserve  well  the 
side  shoots  thus  produced,  for,  without  this,  the  interior  of  the  tree 
will  become  naked  and  unproductive,  and  a  remedy  will  be  very 
difficult. 

"  If  these  principles  and  practices  of  pruning  be  carefully  studied 
2* 


M 


TRANSPLANTING    TREES. 


in  connection  with  the  habits  of  growth  and  bearing  of  the  different 
fruit  trees,  pruning  will  be  comparatively  an  easy  matter.  The 
mode  of  obtaining  any  particular  form  or  character  cannot  fail  to  be 
perfectly  plain  and  simple  :  yet  no  one  need  hope  to  accomplish,  in 
all  things,  the  precise  results  aimed  at,  for  even  the  most  skillful 
operator  is  sometimes  disappointed ;  but  those  who  give  constant 
attention  to  their  trees  will  always  discover  a  failure  in  time  to  apply 
a  remedy." 

Training.  We  give  the  accompanying  (fig.  22),  taken  from 
"  Loudon's  Encyclopaedia  of  Gardening,"  merely  as  illustrative  of 
the  varied  modes  of  training  trees  in  England.  Our  more  favored 
land  requiring  no  such  practice  to  enable  trees  to  produce  abundantly, 
the  forms  are  only  seen  in  some  small  gardens,  or  when  the  useful 
and  ornamental  are  attempted  to  be  combined,  in  training  a  tree  to 
hide  some  out-building  or  unsightly  prospect.  As  the  foregoing 
principles  are  sufficient,  connected  with  the  illustration,  to  enable 
almost  any  one  to  practice,  we  add  only  the  terms  by  which  each 
form  is  known :  a,  the  herring-bone  fan  ;  b,  the  irregular  fan  ;  c,  the 
stellate  fan  ;  d,  the  drooping  Ian  ;  e,  the  wavy  fan  ;  }\  the  horizontal ; 
g,  the  horizontal,  with  screw  stem  ;  /i,  the  vertical,  with  screw  or 
wary  shoots ;  *',  same,  with  upright  shoots. 


Labels,  For  nursery  rows,  the  best  are  stakes  of  red  cedar  or 
pine,  about  eighteen  inches  long,  and  four  wide,  having  one  side 
smooth,  painted  with  white  paint,  or  even  oiled,  and  written  on  with 
a  soft  lead  pencil,  before  the  oil  or  paint  has  dried,  and  driven  down 
one  foot  into  the  ground,  at  the  commencement  of  each  variety. 

For  standard  trees,  slips  of  wood,  three  inches  long,  and  half  an 
inch  wide,  and  either  painted  and  written  on  as  above — or,  having 
the  name  burned  in  with  iron  type,  which  is  better— then  secured  to 


PACKING,    PRUNING,   PROTECTION,  ETC.  35 

a  side  branch  by  strong  copper  wire,  are  those  most  in  use.  Labels 
are  also  made  of  sheet  zinc,  written  upon  with  a  mixture  of  two  parts 
(by  -weight)  of  verdigris,  two  of  sal-ammoniac,  one  of  lamp-black, 
and  thirty  of  water.  The  ingredients  are  to  be  mixed  in  a  mortar, 
with  a  small  portion  of  water  at  first,  and  the  whole  added  after- 
wards. Preserve  the  mixture  in  a  well-corked  bottle,  shaking  it 
repeatedly  at  first,  and  keep  the  cork  downwards,  to  prevent  the 
escape  of  ammonia,  and  it  will  remain  fit  for  use  for  years. 

If  the  pieces  of  zinc  are  suspended  by  copper  wire,  it  should  be 
firmly  twisted  round  the  zinc,  so  as  not  to  remain  loose,  or  else  the 
constant  motion,  from  wind,  will  soon  wear  off  the  wire.  The  wire 
should  be  nearly  as  large  as  a  small  knitting-needle,  to  prevent 
cracking  off  by  long  use.  The  loop  should  be  large,  and  passed  round 
a  side-shoot,  instead  of  a  main  branch,  to  prevent  the  danger  of  cut- 
ting in  by  the  growth  of  the  tree,  and  should  be  attached  below  a 
small  fork,  to  prevent  its  blowing  off  the  end  of  the  branch. 

The  wire  may  be  wholly  dispensed  with  by  the  following  contriv- 
ance :  cut  the  zinc  "into  long  triangular  strips,  half  an  inch  wide  and 
six  to  ten  inches  long.  Draw  the  narrow  or  slender  end  round  the 
twig,  bring  it  through  a  hole  punched  mid-way  between  the  ends,  and 
clinch  or  twist  it  with  the  fingers  or  a  small  pair  of  pincers.  These 
labels  may  be  punched  by  a  tinman  at  a  cheap  rate. 

Sheet  tin  may  be  used  instead  of  zinc,  using  a  sharp  awl  to  write 
the  name,  and  being  particular  to  cut  through  the  tin  coating.  Oxyda- 
tion  soon  renders  the  letters  distinct.  Common  pasteboard  printed 
with  printers'  ink  has  recently  been  introduced. 

Protection.  It  often  happens  that  young  orchard  trees  are  injured 
by  sheep  and  rabbits.  A  simple  method  for  protection  is  to  take 
three  strips  of  common  lath,  set  them  up  around  the  tree,  and  with 
strong  wire  secure  them  one  to  another.  If  closely  placed,  they  will 
also  serve  to  protect  in  a  great  measure  from  mice ;  but  for  protec- 
tion from  the  latter,  strung  "hardware  paper,"  as  it  is  termed, 
secured  around  the  tree  by  fine  wire,  and  coated  with'  coal  tar, 
is  best. 

The  form  of  young  trees  most  desirable  for  planting,  are  those  so 
grown  as  to  present  a  regular  tapering  form  of  stem  from  the  root  to 
the  terminal  bud.  This  is  only  obtained  by  permitting  the  side 
branches  to  grow,  and  be  regularly  shortened-in  in  the  nursery,  so 
that  not  only  the  stem  but  the  whole  tree  presents  the  form  of  a  pyra- 
mid. One  tree  so  grown  is  worth  more  to  the  planter  than  ten  grown 
with  long  slender  stems  of  uniform  size,  six  or  seven  feet  high.  A 
tree  rightly  grown  (as  first  described)  will  have  double  the  quantity 
of  roots,  and  when  removed  will  need  no  staking,  while  the  latter  will 
require  staking  four  or  five  years,  and  then  never  make  a  fine  tree. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

DEGENERACY   OP   VARIETIES LIMITED    AGE,    ETC. — INFLUENCE    OF 

SOILS CLIMATE STOCKS. 

The  theory  of  degeneracy  of  varieties  at  certain  periods  of  exist 
ence  in  the  parent  tree,  once  had  strong  supporters  ;  but  we  have 
never  been  able  to  reconcile  it  with  any  known  laws  of  vegetable  life. 
That  all  cuttings  taken  from  a  seedling  plant,  no  matter  how  propa- 
gated, are  but  the  continuation  of  a  single  plant,  having  existence  in 
a  healthy  state  only  so  long  as  the  original  exists  in  vigor  and  health, 
although  advocated,  and  with  considerable  reason,  is  a  proposition  we 
cannot  accede  to.  Not  only  is  this  adduced  as  correct,  but  also  that 
no  variety  can  be  procured  of  a  healthy  origin  except  grown  on  the 
principle  of  Van  Mons,  from  seed  of  a  wildling.  The  failure  of  varie- 
ties to  produce  fruit  on  trees  of  an  advanced  age,  and  without  care, 
of  size  equal  to  its  first  appearance  when  the  trees  were  young,  is 
often  cited  as  evidence  of  the  "  running  out "  of  that  variety  ;  those 
BO  citing  seeming  not  to  know  that  fruit  is  being  produced  elsewhere 
on  younger  trees,  under  good  treatment,  fully  equal  or  surpassing  the 
original.  All  seedlings  are  not  equally  vigorous  and  healthy,  whether 
grown  from  a  wildling  or  a  cultivated  variety ;  and  some  varieties 
are  undoubtedly  unhealthy  when  propagated ;  but  that  they  are  more 
so  on  account  of  the  term  of  years  they  have  been  continued,  admits 
of  doubt.  That  every  tree  has  its  natural  limit  of  life,  and  this  natu- 
ral limit  shortened  or  lengthened  as  the  tree  is  over  stimulated  or 
evenly  treated,  we  do  not  question  ;  but  that  every  bud  taken  from  a 
tree,  propagated  in  various  sections  of  soil  and  climate,  on  seedling 
stocks,  or  otherwise,  must  decay  at  or  near  the  time  of  the  original 
tree,  is  a  point  of  belief  to  which  we  have  not  yet  arrived.  The 
white  Doyenne  Pear,  the  Pennock  Apple,  the  Golden  Pippin,  have 
all  been  cited  as  evidence  to  sustain  the  theory,  and  yet  we  have 
grown  all  in  as  perfect  state  as  could  be  desired  by  the  most  critical. 

I'he  influence  of  soils  on  both  tree  and  fruit  is  now  well  known 
♦.aong  horticulturists,  and  the  exhaustion  of  the  soil  is  too  often, 
inwittingly,  made  to  support  the  theory  of  degeneracy  of  varieties. 
We  have  repeatedly  remarked  that  it  is  requisite  for  the  oichardist 
to  fully  understand  the  nature  of  soil  requisite  for  each  distinct  variety. 
We  do  not  believe  a  fruit  originating  in  soil  abundantly  supplied  with 
lime  will  preserve  the  same  character  and  quality  when  grown  in  one 
deficient  in  that  material.     Analysis  has  shown  us  somewhat  of  this, 

36 


FRUIT-ROOM  FOR   KEEPING.  37 

while  practical  experience  is  teaching  it  yearly,  in  the  evidence  of 
rot,  &c.,  exhibited  in  varieties  grown  on  trees  long  unsupplied  with 
aught  but  the  natural  ingredients  of  the  soil.  As  under  the  head  of 
each  variety  of  fruit  we  give  the  analysis  belonging  thereto,  we  shall 
not  extend  remarks  here  on  a  subject  too  well  understood  and  accepted 
to  require  argument  in  its  support.  The  influence  of  climate  on 
varieties  has  the  effect  to  create  more  or  less  rapid  growth  of  both 
tree  and  fruit,  as  we  go  north  or  south,  causing  in  the  tree  a  coarser, 
more  spongy,  soft  wood,  and  more  subject  to  injury  from  sudden 
changes  of  atmosphere,  when  grown  south ;  and  in  the  fruit,  greater 
size,  more  open  and  coarser  texture  of  flesh,  and  corresponding 
depreciation  in  flavor,  with  earlier  maturity  in  the  apple  and  pear ; 
but  the  peach,  apricot,  and  nectarine,  have  additional  character  and 
sweetness,  as  the  juices  are  more  elaborated. 

The  influence  of  Stocks  on  varieties  seems  one  not  easily  explained ; 
for  while  all  know  that  to  propagate  a  strong  growing  variety  upon 
a  slow  growing  stock  has  a  tendency  at  once  to  reduce  its  growth  of 
wood  and  create  a  fruitful  habit,  and  the  reverse,  when  a  slow  grower 
is  placed  on  one  of  vigorous  habit,  yet  the  reason  why  fruit  is  bet- 
ter or  worse  in  quality  when  grown  on  varied  stocks  and  subject  to 
like  soil,  has  not  been  explained.  Seedling  stocks,  as  most  used  by 
nursery-men,  are  not  all  alike  vigorous  or  hardy ;  hence  the  apparent 
difference  in  trees  propagated  on  them  and  removed  to  various  loca- 
tions. Under  each  variety  of  fruits,  we  give  such  information  aa 
we  have  been  enabled  to  gain  of  the  adaptation  of  certain  stocks  to 
the  variety,  and  refer  thereto  for  further  remarks. 


CHAPTEE  V. 

GATHERING  FRUIT — TIME   WHEN — FRUIT-ROOM   FOR   KEEPING  AND 

RIPENING. 

The  gathering  of  hardy  fruits,  such  as  apples,  pears,  quinces, 
grapes,  etc.,  should  be  performed  in  the  middle  of  a  dry  day,  not  in 
the  morning  before  the  dew  is  evaporated,  nor  in  evening  when  it  is 
depositing ;  neither  should  they  be  gathered  immediately  after  a 
lain.  All  fruits  should  be  left  until  the  full  size  is  acquired;  but 
under  our  clear  sun,  most  varieties  of  pears  are  improved  if  they 


38  GATHERING  FRUIT. 

are  gathered  and  permitted  to  mature  their  juices  in  the  house.     If 

on  raising  the  fruit  level  with   the  foot-stalk  it 

separates,  it  may  be  accounted  ripe ;  or,  if  one  be 

cut  open,  and  the  seeds  found  well  colored  brown 

or  blackish,  it  is  time  to  pull  them.     Gathering, 

with  "  fruit  gatherers,"  is  esteemed  most  perfect, 

but  if  we  could  induce  all  our  orchard  farmers 

to  gather  by  the  hand,  we  should  consider  we  had 

accomplished  very  much.     Step-ladders,  as  seen 

in  fig.  23,  are  used  to  facilitate  the  operation. 

n  The  delicate   thin-skinned  varieties  of  winter 

\[    ■  apples  should  be  gathered  some  ten  days  earlier 

Fig.  23.  than  the  thick-skinned  varieties,  if  it  is  intended 

to  have  them  keep  well. 

Of  the  quality  of  pears  being  varied  by  the  process  of  ripening, 

much  has  been  said,  and  often  with  great  reason  and  truth. 

The  following  description  of  a  fruit  room  is  from  a  foreign  jour- 
nal, and  regarded  as  valuable.  Hon.  M.  P.  Wilder,  of  Boston,  has 
a  house  built  after  this  manner,  except,  that  in  place  of  the  cavity 
between  the  inner  and  the  outer  walls,  the  space  is  filled  with  char- 
coal, as  a  non-conductor,  and  deemed  an  improvement,  in  that  it 
produces  a  cooler  temperature  in  Summer. 

"  Experience  has  shown  that  fruit  will  not  keep  well  on  the  tree, 
after  the  latter  has  ceased  to  grow ;  nor  will  its  fiavor  be  so  good, 
because  the  stoppage  of  vegetation  implies  a  corresponding  fall  of 
the  temperature ;  consequently,  the  elaboration  of  the  fluid  in  their 
tissues  cannot  be  effected.  On  the  contrary,  we  commonly  see  fruit 
become  shriveled  and  dry,  if  gathered  too  soon.  Hence,  the  neces- 
sity of  gathering  fruit  at  two  different  periods,  from  one  and  the 
same  tree.  First,  from  the  lower  half  of  the  tree,  where  vegetation 
ceases  first,  and  eight  or  ten  days  later,  from  the  upper  half,  or  ex- 
tremities of  the  tree.  For  this  reason,  fruits  are  sooner  fit  for  gath- 
ering from  espalier  trees  than  from  standards  ;  and  likewise,  sooner 
from  old  trees  than  from  young  and  luxuriant  ones.  The  best  guide 
for  ascertaining  whether  they  are  fit  for  gathering,  is  their  easy  part- 
ing from  the  tree.  The  different  kinds  of  nuts,  walnuts,  chestnuts, 
etc.,  are  better  in  flavor,  and  preserve  best,  if  left  on  the  tree  until  they 
drop  of  themselves.  Grapes,  destined  for  either  immediate  consump- 
tion, or  to  be  preserved,  must  first  have  attained  complete  maturity. 
The  longer  grapes  are  allowed  to  hang,  the  more  their  saccharine 
properties  will  be  enriched.  In  localities  where  grapes  ripen  in  the 
open  air,  they  should  be  kept  from  those  ripened  in  houses  or  on 
espaliers.  In  storing  fruit,  fine  dry  weather  should  be  chosen, 
as  then  it  is  charged  with  less  humidity,  consequently,  in  the  best 
condition  for  being  laid  on  the  shelves  of  the  fruit  room.  The  best 
method  of  gathering  fruit  is  to  pluck  it  off  singly  with  the  hand,  care 


FBUIT-ROOM  FOR  KEEPING. 


39 


being  taken  not  to  cause  the  least  pressure,  which  would  produce  a 
brown  speck,  and,  ultimately,  decomposition.  Various  contrivances 
have  becH  introduced  for  the  purpose  of  gathering  fruit  without  the 
aid  of  a  ladder,  but  practically,  they  require  too  much  time,  and 
therefore,  a  common  ladder  is,  perhaps,  the  most  convenient  after  all. 
Long,  shallow,  and  wide  cross-handled  baskets,  having  a  piece  of  car- 
pet at  the  bottom,  are  in  general  use  about  Montreuil.  In  these 
baskets  the  fruit  is  placed  in  layers — three  layers,  separated  by 
leaves,  being  the  usual  contents  of  each  basket,  which,  as  they  are 
filled,  are  carried  gently  to  the  fruit  room  on  the  head.  The  fruit, 
we  shall  now  suppose,  having  been  gathered  with  due  care,  and  at  the 
proper  time,  the  first  condition  necessary  to  preserve  it  during  the 
winter,  is  perfect  immunity  from  frost.  The  process  of  ripening 
should  also  be  promoted  or  retarded,  according  to  circumstances,  so 
as  to  have  only  a  certain  number  ready  for  dessert  at  one  time,  thus 
keeping  up  a  succession  from  the  time  they  are  gathered  till  the 
succeeding  year's  fruit  come  in.  For  this  purpose,  the  fruit  room 
should  have  the  temperature  uniform  and  equal ;  for  frequent  change 
of  temperature  absorbs  the  fluids,  and  fermentation  soon  follows. 
The  temperature  should  be  from  46  to  48  deg.  Fahr.  A  higher 
temperature  would  accelerate  the  process  of  ripening  too  much,  and 
a  lower  would  retard  it.  If  fruit  is  placed  in  a  room  or  cellar  where 
the  temperature  is  very  low — say  an  ice-house — it  will  keep  a  long 
time,  if  not  destroyed  by  moisture;  but,  before  it  is  wanted  for 
dessert,  it  should  be  exposed  for  some  time  in  a  higher  temperature 
to  attain  complete  maturity.  Light  is  found  unfavorable  to  the 
.keeping  of  fruit,  and  therefore,  it  should  be  excluded.  The  atmos- 
phere should  be  kept 
rather  dry  than  humid, 
and  the  fruit  should  be 
placed  separately,  so  as 
not  to  touch  one  another. 
We  would  select  a 
northern  aspect,  and  dry 
place,  sheltered,  if  pos- 
sible, by  high  evergreen 
trees,  for  the  purpose 
of  building  the  fruit 
room  ;  the  quantity  of 
fruit  to  be  preserved 
must  determine  its  di- 
mension. The  annexed 
plan  is  fifteen  feet  long 

Fig.  24.    Ground  Plan  of  a  Fruit  Eoom.  ^^  ^^,^^^^^  ^^^^  ^.^^^  ^^^ 

nine  feet  high  (inside  measure).     In  a  room  of  this  size,  8,000  fruit 
can  be  conveniently  preserved.     It  is  surrounded  by  two  walls  (fig. 


40 


GATHEKING  FEUIT. 


24,  a  and  h\     A  body  of  air  is  interposed  betw»>en  the  two  walls, 
and  c,  and  which  serves  to  keep  the  interior  from  exterior  atmospheric 
influence.     The  walls  are  one  foot  and  a  half  thick,  and  are  built 
of  wood,  clay,  and  straw,  which  on  account  of  being  bad  conductors, 
are  preferable  to  common  masonry.     The  ground  (or  floor),  both 
in  the  interior,  and  at  c,  are  made  of  the  same  material  as  the 
walls.     The  entrance  door  is  at  the  north  side.     In  the  exterior  wall 
is  a  double  door,  cf,  one  to  open  at  the  outside,  and  the  other  in  the 
inside.     The  door  e,  which  is  a  single  one,  opens  direct  into  the  fruit 
room,  and  in  severe  weather,  it  is  filled  up  with  straw.     Four  >^ooden 
shutters,  y,  two  in  the  interior,  and  two  at  the  exterior  wall,  are 
placed  four  feet  off  the  ground,  and  level,  for  the  purpose  of  clean- 
ing and  airing  the  fruit  room,  before  fruit  is  put  into  it.     The  ceil- 
ing is  composed  of  a  layer  of  moss,  maintained  and  covered  with 
laths ;  the  outside  is  thatched,  projecting  beyond  the  exterior  wall. 
In  the  interior,  benches,  or  shelves,   (fig. 
25),  from  the  bottom  up  to  the  ceilings, 
are  placed  a  foot  above  one  another.     To 
facilitate  the  inspection   of  the  fruit,  the 
shelves  above  four  feet  from  the  ground 
are  placed   at  an  angle  of  45  deg.,  a,  in 
the  form  of  a  stage ;   the  lower  ones  are 
fixed    horizontally,    h.       To    ensure    the 
circulation    of  air    between   the   shelves, 
they    are    divided    in    five    parts,  and   a 
space  of  an    inch   left   between    each    of 
Fig.  25.   Section  showing  the  ar-  them  ;  thosc  in  front,  c,  are  provided  with 
rangement  of  the  Shelves.       ^  ledgeboard.     The  Centre  of  the  fruit  room 
is  reserved  for  a  table  (fig.  24),  of  about  six  feet  long  by  three  feet 
broad,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the  fruit  previously  to  being  ar- 
ranged upon  the  shelves.     Such,  then,  is  the  mode  of  constructing  a 
fruit  room,  by  the  aid  of  which  we  are  eanbled  to  furnish  the  table 
with  an  equal  quantity  of  dessert  fruit  every  day  throughout  the 
year.     "When  the  fruit  is  brought  into  the  fruit  room,  they  are  at 
first  placed  upon  the  central  table,  which  is  provided  with  a  quantity 
of  dry  moss  or  cotton  ;  and  after  having  been  sorted,  all  the  bruised 
ones  are  removed ;  the  sound  ones  are  left  for  three  or  four  days, 
to  throw  off  the  superabundant  moisture  ;  when  this  has  been  effected, 
the  shelves  are  covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  perfectly  dry  moss  or 
cotton.     The  fruit  are  wiped  with  a  piece  of  flannel,  and  placed  one 
by  one  upon  the  shelves,  not  touching  one  another.     Grapes  can, 
also,  bo  preserved  for  a  length  of  time  in  this  place,  having  been 
gathered  as  described  above,  and  taken  to  the  fruit  room.     Every 
branch  is  examined,  and  the  injured  berries  cut  out  carefully  with  a 
pair  of  scissors,  and  fixed  the  reverse  way  to  a  metallic  hook,  of  the 


FEUIT-KOOM  FOR   ^EPING. 


41 


Fig.  27.    Movable  frame  for  sus* 
pendin  g  the  Grapes. 


form  of  an  S.  (Fig.  26.) 
Attached  thus,  they  are 
less  likely  to  rot,  because 
the  berries  are  placed  in  a 
freer  position,  and  do  not 
touch  each  other.  They 
are  hooked  to  one  or  two 
hoops,  as  shown  at  fig.  27, 
and  suspended  with  a  cord 
to  the  ceiling,  and  made 
movable  with  two  pulleys. 
Having  thus  all  the  fruit 
Fig.  26.   Method  of  disposed  in  the  fruit  room, 

Buspen^^ngclustera    ^j^^  ^^^^^.g  ^^^   ghuttcrs  are 

opened  during  eight  or  ten 
days,  to  deprive  the  fruit  of  the  superabundant  moisture  ;  and  after 
this  has  been  done,  a  fine  dry  day  is  chosen  to  close  the  fruit  room 
hermetically.  The  doors  are  no  more  opened,  except  for  the  work 
necessary  to  be  done  in  the  interior.  Until  now,  no  other  mode  was 
known  of  drying-up  superabundant  moisture  in  fruit  rooms  during 
winter,  except  by  permitting  a  greater  or  less  current  of  air  to  pass 
through  the  apartment.  The  inconveniences  this  plan  presents  are 
obvious ;  the  interior  temperature  will  change  according  to  the  ex- 
terior ;  and,  bad  as  this  plan  is,  if  the  thermometer  stands  under 
freezing  point,  no  use  can  be  made  of  it  at  all ;  hence,  the  fruit  must 
be  abandoned  to  chance,  and  disappointment  will  soon  follow.  la. 
this  case,  we  recommend  the  use  of  chlorine  of  calcium.  This 
substance  has  ihe  property  of  absorbing  about  double  its  own  weight 
of  moisture,  when  it  becomes  liquid  after  being  exposed  for  a  certain 
length  of  time  to  a  humid  atmosphere,  produced  by  the  moisture 
emitted  by  the  fruit.  It  is  thus  suited  to  maintain  the  atmosphere 
in  the  best  condition.  To  use  chlorine  of  calcium,  a  wooden  box  is 
made  (fig.  28,  a,)  one  foot  and  a  halt 
square  by  three  inches  deep,  and  placed 
upon  a  table,  b,  which  is  at  the  side,  c,  an 
inch  lower  than  on  the  other.  The  chlo- 
rine of  calcium,  after  having  absorbed  a 
certain  quantity  of  moisture,  becomes 
liquefied,  and  runs  into  the  earthenware 
vase,  dy  placed  underneath  for  the  pur- 
pose. Should  the  chlorine  become  dis- 
solved before  the  total  consumption  of  tho 
Fig.28.Boxforusm^theChloriBe  fj.yi^g^    ^j^^   ^^^^   ^^^^   ^^   renewed;    in 

which  case,  the  liquid  in  the  vase,  if  put 
in  a  pan,  and  placed  above  the  fire,  becomes  again  chlorine  of  calcium, 
and  as  good  for  use  as  before. 


4:2  THE  ALMOND. 

Fruit  in  Cellars. — "A  great  deal  of  winter  fruit  suffers  early  decay, 
in  consequence  of  a  deficiency  of  ventilation,  especially  during  Autumn, 
and  after  the  fruit  is  deposited.  Another  cause  of  decay,  is  the  im- 
proper location  of  the  shelves  or  bins,  which  are  placed  against  or 
around  the  walls.  By  this  inconvenient  arrangement,  the  assorting 
of  decayed  specimens  must  be  done  all  from  one  side,  and  the  shelves 
must  hence  be  very  narrow,  or  the  operator  must  stretch  himself  in 
a  most  irksome  horizontal  position.  The  circulation  of  the  air  is,  at 
the  same  time,  greatly  impeded  by  the  want  of  space  next  the  walls. 
To  avoid  these  evils,  the  shelves  should  be  in  the  centre,  with  a  pas- 
sage all  around.  This  allows  circulation  of  air  ;  and  the  shelves  may 
je  twice  the  width,  with  the  same  conveniences  in  assorting  or  pick- 
ing. If  suspended  from  the  joists  above,  on  stiff  bars,  rats  cannot 
reach  them.  It  is  said,  that  the  Germans  are  very  successful  in  the 
ventilation  of  their  cellars,  by  a  communication  with  the  principal 
chimney,  the  heated  air  in  which  necessarily  maintains  a  current, 
which  sweeps  out  the  noxious  and  stagnant  gases  from  the  vegetable 
and  other  contents." 


THE  ALMOND. 

Amygdalus  communis — Dec.  Hosacece  of  Botanists. 

The  almond  tree  is  a  native  of  the  north  of  Africa,  of  the  moun- 
tains of  Asia,  and  of  Russia.  Linnaeus  places  it  in  the  same  genus 
with  the  peach  and  nectarine,  and  many  botanists  regard  it  as  the 
parent  of  both — the  fruit  of  almond,  peach,  and  nectarine,  it  is  said, 
have  been  found  growing  naturally  upon  the  same  branch.  How 
true  this  may  have  been,  when  so  recorded,  we  do  not  know  ;  but 
we  do  know  that  nature  produces  no  such  variations  in  the  present 
age.  The  tree  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  the  nectarine,  but  is 
easily  distinguished  by  its  more  glossy  leaves,  and  the  peculiar  color 
and  hardness  of  the  wood.  The  flowers  resemble  those  of  the  peach, 
but  are  larger  than  most  varieties,  and  produced  in  greater  profusion. 
It  is  a  fruit  which  has  been  too  much  neglected,  and  especially  in  our 
South- Western  States,  where  it  should  be  grown  in  such  quantities 
as  to  entirely  exclude  importation  from  Europe. 

Propagation.  Easily  grown  from  seed,  which  should  be  placed 
in  sand,  kept  moist  during  the  Winter,  cracked  in  Spring,  and  sown  in 
drills  three  feet  wide,  and  one  pit  every  eight  inches  in  the  drill, 
covered  two  inches  deep.  Varieties  are  continued  by  budding  on  the 
wild  plum  (which  is  best)  the  peach  and  almond.  In  light  soils,  the 
peach  answers  a  very  good  purpose,  but  for  strong,  rich  soils,  the 
plum  is  best. 


SUPERSEDED  BY  BETTEK   SORTS.  43 

Soil,  JUardihood,  and  Cultivation.  The  soil  should  be  well  diained, 
but  in  our  clear,  sunny  clime,  a  warm,  sandy  soil  is  not  essential. 
The  long,  hard  shell  variety  is  hardy,  and  productive  in  the  middle 
and  portions  of  the  Northern  States  ;  while  South,  the  soft  shell,  or 
ladies'  almond,  is  grown  without  difficulty.  The  cultivation  needed 
is  the  same  as  that  of  the  peach. 

Uses.  The  kernel  of  the  sweet  almond  is  esteemed  as  an  article 
of  food,  and  used  in  confectionery,  cookery,  and  perfumery.  Bitter 
almonds  are  used  in  medicine,  furnishing  somewhat  of  the  prussic 
acid  of  the  shops. 

VARIETIES. 

CLASS  I.     Varieties  generally  esteemed. 

Long  Hard  Shell. 
Long  Hard  Shell  Almond,  » |     Amandler  a  gros  fruit,     |     Amandier  a  gros  doux. 
Flowers,  large,  pale  rose  color,  opening  before  the  leaves  ;  stone,  about  as 
large  as  the  soft  shell,  but  the  kernel  larger  and  plumper  ;    very  hardy  ; 
ripens  about  last  September. 

Languedoc. 

Great-fruited  Sweet,     |     Great  Soft  Shell,     |     Large  Persian. 
The  trees  are  hardy,  but  its  fruiting  qualities  we  do  not  know.     It  is  said 
to  be  very  large  and  sweet. 

Soft  Shell  Sweet. 

Soft  Shell  Sweet  Almond,       I     Ladies  Thin  Shell,  I     Amandier  des  Dames. 

Doux  a  coque  tendre,  Sultan  a  coque  tendre,         Ou  Amande  Princesse. 

Amandier  a  coque  tendre,       |  | 

This  is  the  variety  common  in  the  shops  of  the  confectioners,  with  a  shell 
so  thin  as  to  be  easily  crushed  between  the  fingers,  and  the  kernel  of  which 
is  so  generally  esteemed  at  the  dessert.  The  flowers  open  at  the  same  timo 
with  the  leaves,  and  are  deeply  tinged  with  red.  Fniit,  oval,  compressed; 
nut,  oval-pointed,  one-sided,  tender  shell ;  kernel,  sweet ;  ripens  in  August 
or  in  July  at  the  South,  where  it  is  only  adapted. 

CLASS  in.     Varieties  superseded  by  better  sorts. 
Common  Almond. 
Common  Sweet,     |      Amandier  a  petit  Fruit,     |     Amande  Commune. 
A  variety  usually  found  in  nurseries  ;  inferior  to  the  Long  Hard  Shell. 

Sultana  Sweet  Almond. 

Amande  Sultane,      |         Sultan. 

A  tender-shelled  variety ;  inferior  to  the  Soft  Shelled  Sweet. 

PiSTAcniA  Sweet. 

Amande  Pistache. 

Small,  pointed,  inferior  fruit. 

Peaoh  Almond. 

Pecher,      |      Amandier  Pecher. 
A  cross  between  the  peach  and  almond.    Nearly  sweet — often  bitter. 

Bitter  Almond. 
Differing  from  the  oommon  almond  in  its  bitter  kerneL 


THE  APRICOT. 

Armeniaca  vulgaris — Dec.  Rosacece  of  Botanists. 

The  common  apricot  is  a  fruit  tree  in  occasional,  but  not  geneial 
cultivation.  It  is  of  olden  date,  having  been  mentioned  by  Colu- 
mella, and,  afterward,  by  Pliny  and  Dioscorides.  The  latter  describes 
it  as  known  in  Italy  under  the  name  prcecocia  ;  while  the  former 
mentions  that  it  was  introduced  into  that  country  about  the  sixteenth 
year  of  the  Christian  era.  Thunberg  describes  it  as  abounding  in 
Japan,  and  attaining  the  size  of  a  large  spreading  tree.  "  The 
Chinese,"  says  Grossier,  "  have  many  varieties,  which  they  cultivate 
both  for  ornament  and  use."  The  barren  mountains  west  of  Pekin 
are  described  by  the  same  author  as  being  covered  with  these  trees ; 
and  Professor  Pallas  states  it  to  be  "  a  native  of  almost  the  whole 
range  of  the  Caucasus."  It  is  also  stated  to  be  from  Armenia  and 
Arabia,  and  its  name,  derived  from  the  Arabic,  herkoche,  whence  the 
Tuscan,  bacoche  or  albicoco,  and  the  English  apricock^  and,  finally, 
apricot,  about  the  end  of  the  last  century.  Coxe,  in  his  work,  pub- 
lished in  1817,  says  of  the  apricot:  "This  fruit  is  extremely  tender 
in  our  severe  Winters,  in  exposed  or  open  situations,  unprotected  by 
a  wall ;"  and  similar  statements  have  been  made  by  writers,  from 
time  to  time,  until,  on  account  of  this  erroneous  impression,  of  late 
years  its  cultivation  has  been  too  much  neglected.  It  is  not  more 
tender  as  a  tree  than  our  sweet  cherries;  and,  contrary  to  general 
statements,  they  do  not  require  sheltered  southern  positions,  for,  in 
climates  like  ours,  such  situations  are  the  most  objectionable,  tending 
suddenly  to  excite  or  check  the  circulation  of  sap,  expanding  and 
breaking  the  tissue  of  liber,  often  destroying  the  tree  in  an  hour, 
during  the  months  of  February  or  March,  although  not,  perhaps, 
apparent  until  the  flow  of  sap  commences  returning  toward  the  root, 
in  June  or  July  following.  Northern  or  eastern  exposures  are  best, 
but,  in  southern  or  western  positions,  shielding  the  bodies  and  lower 
limbs  with  cotton  cloth  dipped  in  whitewash,  will  often  act  as  a 
preventive.  The  trees  should  be  shortened-in  "  freely,"  as  with  the 
peach  ;  and  standards  should  always  be  grown  more  in  manner  of 
round-headed  dwarfs,  than  otherwise  ;  for,  if  so  grown,  injury  to  the 
fruit  from  late  Spring  frosts  can  often  be  prevented,  by  covering 
them  with  a  cloth. 

Propagation.  The  apricot  is  generally  propagated  by  budding  on 
the  plum.     The  small,  yellow  wild  plum  of  our  Western  States  makes 

4A 


MOST   GENERALLY    ESTEEMED.  45 

one  of  the  best  stocks  for  it.  Some  use  the  peach,  which  answers 
very  well  on  light,  sandy  soils,  but  generally  gives  too  much  ten- 
dency to  wood  growth,  rather  than  producing  fruit.  The  seeds  grow 
readily,  and  pits  from  isolated  trees  often  produce  very  good  sorts ; 
few,  however,  ever  get  into  notice,  from  not  surpassing  the  parent  in 
size,  although  often  proving  more  hardy  and  productive.  Budding 
into  the  limbs  of  a  standard  peach,  or  plum  tree,  has  been  thought 
to  add  hardihood  to  the  apricot. 

Soil  and  Diseases.  Deep,  strong,  loamy,  but  not  wet  soils,  are  best 
adapted  to  successful  fruiting  the  apricot,  although  they  are  often 
grown  readily  and  beautifully  on  light  sand.  In  the  latter  case,  how- 
ever,  it  requires  mulching  or  free  watering,  otherwise  the  tree  ripens 
its  wood  and  drops  its  fruit  before  fully  matured. 

The  diseases  belonging  to  the  apricot  as  a  tree  are  only  the  result 
of  exposure,  as  stated  previously ;  but  the  fruit  is  a  favorite  of  the 
curculio,  and  frequently  destroyed  ere  half  grown.  Trees  trained 
against  buildings  and  near  walks  are  often  exempt  from  attacks  of 
this  insect. 

Uses,  "  A  very  handsome  and  delicious  dessert  fruit,  only  inferior 
to  the  peach,  ripening  about  Midsummer,  after  cherries  and  before 
plums,  at  a  season  when  it  is  peculiarly  acceptable.  For  preserving 
in  sugar  or  brandy,  for  jellies  or  pastries,  it  is  highly  esteemed,  and, 
where  it  is  abundant,  an  admirable  liquor  is  made  from  the  fruit ;  it 
is  also  dried  for  winter  use."  It  is  also  used,  when  partially  grown, 
in  the  preparation  of  tarts. 

VARIETIES. 

CLASS  I.     Most  generally  esteemed. 
Breda. 

Amande  Aveline,     I     Ananas,         I     HasselnussmandeL 
De  llollande,  |     Persique,      j 

This  old  variety  withstands  severe  frosts  in  Spring,  is  hardy  as  a  tree,  a 
good  grower,  productive  although  small,  and  hangs  well,  even  after  ripe. 
Fruity  small,  roundish,  often  approaching  four-sided  ;  suture^  well  marked  ; 
skin^  orange,  becoming  rich,  brownish  orange  in  the  sun ;  jiesh^  deep  orange, 
parting  freely  from  the  stone,  juicy,  rich,  and  high-flavored  ;  stone^  small, 
roundish,  compressed  ;  kernel^  sweet.     Season,  first  of  August. 

Hemskirke. 

A  foreign  variety,  ripening  at  same  time  as  the  peach  apricot.  Tree  very 
ihort-jointed  wood.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish,  compressed ;  skin, 
orange,  with  a  brownish  red  cheek ;  Jlesh,  bright,  clear  orange,  tender^ 
juicy,  rich  flavor ;  stone,  small :  kernel,  partially  bitter.  Season,  last  of 
July. 


*6 


THE   APRICOT. 


Large  Early. 


Gros  Precoce,     j     De  St.  Jean  Eouge,     I     Gros  Freche. 
De  St,  Joan,        |      Gros  D'Alexandrie,      | 

This  proves  to  be  the  finest  large  early  apricot  known,  and  an  abundant 
bearer ;  foliage  large,  leaves  tapering  toward  the  footstalks,  with  little  ear- 
Uke  appendages  in  place  of  glands. 

Fruity  medium  size,  oblong,  compressed  ;  suture^  deep ;  skin^  downy,  pale 
orange  in  the  shade,  fine  bright  orange,  with  a  few  ruddy  spots,  in  the  sun  ; 
jiesh^  pale  orange,  rich,  juicy,  separates  freely  from  the  stone ;  stone,  brown, 
much  flattened,  oval,  perforated  along  the  back  from  base  to  apex;  kerneij 
bitter.     Season,  10th  to  15th  July. 

MOORPARK, 


Anson's, 
Dunmore, 
Sudlow's  Moorpark, 
Oldaker's  Moorpark, 
De  Nancv 


Peche, 
Pecho  Gros, 
Temple's, 
Dunmore's  Breda, 
Hunt's  Moorpark, 


Walton's  Moorpark, 
Peacli, 

Eoyal  Peach, 

Abricot  Peche, 

Wurtemburg. 


J, 
Anson's  Imperial, 

This  variety  has  its  name  from  Moorpark,  the  seat  of  Sir  William 
Temple,  who  began  gardening  in  England  about  1672,  and  previous  to  his 
decease,  in  1698,  this  variety  was  cultivated.  Moderate  bearer.  Fruit, 
large,  roundish,  about  two  and  a  quarter  inches  diameter  each  way,  larger 
on  one  side  of  the  suture  than  the  other ;  skin,  orange  in  the  shade,  but 
deep  orange,  or  brownish  red,  in  the  sun,  marked  with  numerous  carmine 
specks  and  dots ;  Jlesh,  firm,  bright  orange,  parting  free  from  the  stone,  quite 
juicy,  with  a  rich  and  luscious  flavor  ;  stone,  uneven,  peculiarly  perforated 
along  the  back,  where  a  pin  may  be  pushed  through  nearly  from  one  end 
to  the  other  ',  kernel,  bitter.     Season,  early  in  August. 

We  have  been  unable  to  detect  any  difference  between  the  Moorpark 
and  Peach  apricot,  and  have,  therefore,  made  the  Peach  a  synonym  of 
Moorpark. 

MuscH. 
Mosch  Mosch,     |     D'Alexandr  io      |     Gro3  Mnsch. 

This  variety  takes  its  name  from  the  city  of  Musch,  on  the  froDti«jrs  of 
Turkey  in  Asia.  The  Moorpark  is  often  sent  out  for  this  variety,  and  so, 
receiving  it  from  three  diflferent  sources,  we  for  a  long  time  supposed  them 
identical.  The  true  variety  is  not  of  quite  as  strong  growth  as  Moorpark, 
wood  being  very  short-jointed.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  about  one  and  a 
half  inch  in  diameter ;  skin,  rich  yellow,  with  orange  red  spots  and 
marblings  on  the  sunny  side  }  Jlesh,  yellow,  tender,  mdting,  sweet ;  kernel^ 
sweet.     Season,  last  of  July. 

Roman. 

Abricot  Commun,     I     Grosse  Germlne, 
G  ermine,  |     Transparent. 

A  strong  grower,  hardy  tree,  suited  to  cold,  unfavorable  situations ;  good 
bearer;  poor  flavor.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong,  compressed,  pale  yellow, 
dotted  with  a  few  red  spots;  flesh,  dull  yellow,  soft,  dry;  stone,  o'^long; 
kernel,  Ditter. 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC.  47 

CLASS  II.     Embraces  vg-rieties^  of  which  many  are  new  and  untested.^  and 
others  suited  only  to  large  orchards  or  certain  localities. 

Black. 

Purple,  I     Noir,       I     Du  Pape. 

Angoumols,     |     Violet,     | 

Fruit,  small,  resembling  a  plum,  round,  reddish  violet,  or  purple  :  fleshy 
tender,  juicy,  adhering  to  the  stone,  astringent ;  kernel^  sweet.  Season^ 
August.  George  Hoadley,  Esq.,  informs  us  that  this  variety  has  been  brought 
from  Germany  under  name  of  "Hamburg  Apricot/'  probably  from  Booth's 
nursery,  near  Hamburg. 

Brown's  Early. 

Origin,  Chelsea,  Mass.  Fruity  large,  short  oval,  yellow,  bright  red 
cheek  ;  fleshy  yellow,  melting,  rich,  juicy,  luscious  flavor.  Season^  middle 
to  last  July. 

Burlington. 

This  variety  originated  at  Burlington,  N.  J.,  from  a  seed  of  the  peach 
apricot,  planted  by  Mrs.  Sarah  Woolman,  in  1838.  Native  soil,  poor 
gravel.  Tree,  vigorous  ',  young  wood,  reddish.  Fruit,  medium  size,  ob- 
long, somewhat  compressed  at  sides,  with  distinct  suture;  skin,  golden 
yellow,  with  red  spots,  and  a  ruddy  cheek  in  sun;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy, 
fine  flavor;  stone,  rough,  perforated.     Season,  last  of  July. 

Early  Golden. 

Dubois'  Early  Golden,     |     Dubois'  Early  Golden  Apricot. 
Raised  by  Charles  Dubois,  Fishkill  Landing,  N.  Y.     Tree,  thrifty  yet 
close  wood,  hardy,  productive. 

Fruit,  small,  one  and  a  quarter  inch  diameter,  roundish  oval,  narrow 
suture ;  skiii,  smooth,  pale  orange ;  flesh,  orange,  moderately  juicy  and 
sweet,  but  not  high  flavor  ;  separates  from  the  stone  ;  kernel,  sweet.  Sea- 
son, 10th  to  15th  July. 

Kaisha. 

From  Syria,  new,  and  but  recently  introduced  into  this  country.  The 
Journal  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  describes  it  as  "  roundish, 
semi-transparent,  skin  slightly  downy,  pale  citron  color  in  shade,  tinged, 
and  marked  with  red  in  sun.  Flesh,  tender,  juicy,  citron  color,  sugary  and 
delicious,  parting  freely  from  the  stone,  which  is  small  roundish,  with  a 
sweet  kernel.*' 

Lafayette. 

Origin,  City  of  New  York.  Tree,  remarkably  vigorous  ;  fruit,  very  large, 
oval :  skin,  light  yellow,  marbled  with  red  next  the  sun ;  flesh,  high-flavored 
and  excellent.     Ripens  in  August.     (W.  R.  Prince.) 

Large  Red, 

Under  this  name  we  received  a  tree  three  years  since,  but  it  has  not  yet 
f'-n'ted.  Mr.  Downing,  in  the  Horticulturist,  speaks  of  it  as  large,  rouad 
dark  orange  red,  sweet,  and  juicy. 


48  THE   APRICOT. 

Newhall's  Early. 

Origin,  Lynn,  Mass.  Fruity  medium,  short,  oval,  bright  orange,  deep 
red  cheek,  tender,  juicy,  rich  delicious  flavor ;  clingstone.  Season,  last  July, 
early  in  August.     ^Cole.) 

RiNGOLD. 

Originated,  Athens,  Ga.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  a  little  ohlong ;  suture 
slight ;  skin,  light  orange,  darker  in  the  sun,  where  it  is  beautifully  dotted 
with  carmine ;  flesh,  deep  yellow,  juicy  and  excellent.  Ripens  just  after 
the  orange ;  hardy  and  productive.     (Wm.  N.  White.) 

Royal. 

/  Abricot  Eoyale. 

I      A  French  variety,  with  large  leaves,  and  vigorous  habit  of  growth.   Frutty 
'  above  medium,  roundish  oval,  slightly  compressed,  dull  yellow,  with  a  little 
red ;  flesh,  pale  orange,  firm  and  juicy.     Last  of  July. 

Shaker  Para. 

A  variety  not  yet,  to  our  knowledge,  introduced.  'We  have  only  seen  it 
in  the  Journal  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society.  Its  name,  meaning 
"  bit  of  sugar,"  is  the  only  description  given. 

Shipley's. 

Shipley's  Large,     I     Blenheim. 

From  England ;  a  good  grower,  and  productive.  Fruit,  large,  ovaP 
orange  yellow,  juicy,  sweet ;  kernel,  bitter.      Season,  last  July. 

Texas. 

Originated,  Athens,  Ga.  Fruit,  small,  round,  color  dark  maroon,  darker 
in  the  sun ;  suture,  slight,  a  mere  line  ;  flesh,  juicy  and  pleasant,  except 
at  the  stone,  where  it  is  astringent.    Adheres  to  the  stone.    (W.  N.  White.) 

TURKEV. 
Large  Turkey,     |     De  Nancy. 

Fruit,  medium,  round,  deep  yellow  in  the  shade,  mottled  with  brownish 
orange  in  the  surt;  flesh,  pale  yellow,  firm,  juicy ;  kernel,  sweet.  Season, 
middle  August. 

The  Blotched  Leaved  Turkey,  or  Gold  Blotched,  is  a  sub-variety,  in  all 
respects  resembling  the  common  Turkey,  except  having  most  of  the  leaves 
more  or  less  blotched  with  yellow. 

CLASS   III. —  Varieties  superseded  hy  letter  sorts. 

Albeege. 
Albergler. 
Fruit,  small,  roundish,  yellow ;  flesh,  firm,  vinous.    Middle  of  August 

Bettssem. 

Fruit,  medium,  oval,  compressed,  pale  yellow,  wilh  dark  brown  specks ;  flesh,  yelloVf,  fliu^ 
tfrisk  flavor ;  kernel,  bitter.    Middle  of  August, 


THE  APPLE  49 

Obakge. 


Early  Orange,      i     Eoyal  George, 
lioyal  Orange,     j     Persian, 


Eoyal  Persian. 


Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  orange  color,  -with  a  ruddy  tint  in  the  sun;  flegh,  dsrk  orange,  dry, 
insipid ;  kernel,  sweet.    Season,  middle  July. 

Bed  MA8CT7LiirE. 

Early  Masculine,      |     Abricot  Precoce,     I     Abrlcotier. 
Brown  Masculine,    |     Abricotier  HatLf,     | 

Fruit,  small,  round,  yellow,  spotted  with  dark  red  on  the  sunny  side ;  flesh,  yellow,  poot 
Aatoi  ;  kernel,  bitter.    Season,  middle  July. 

■White  MAScrrLiiTE. 

"White  Apricot,     |     Abrlcotier  Blanc,  I     White  Algiers. 

Abricot  Blanc,      j     Early  White  Masculine,     | 

DifTering  from  the  above  only  in  its  color,  and  ripening  a  few  days  later. 


THE  APPLE. 

Pyrus  Malus,  L. — Rosacece  of  Botanists. 

Of  all  fruits  natural  to  temperate  climates  the  apple  has  ever  had 
preference.  The  "  crafte  of  graftynge,  alterynge,  and  plantynge  of 
fruits,"  was  written  on  by  a  British  writer  in  1502,  but  it  had  then 
long  received  the  attention  of  "  wise  men  of  the  East,"  and  had  ar- 
rived at  all  the  perfection  of  the  present  day  ;  the  art  of  producing 
and  propagating  varieties,  probably,  being  then  as  well  understood  as 
now,  except  however,  as  compared  to  the  population,  by  a  less  num 
ber  of  persons.  A  native,  in  its  wild  state,  of  this  country  and  of 
Europe,  it  is  generally  understood  that,  from  the  variety  pyrus  malus 
of  Lindley,  our  cultivated  sorts  have  originated.  Twenty-two  varie- 
ties are  the  number  first  mentioned  and  named  by  Roman  writers  ; 
these  have  increased,  until  now,  probably,  2,000  would  not  include  the 
whole  number  named  and  partially  or  wholly  described. 

To  the  labors  of  Thompson,  Downing,  Thomas,  and  others,  as  well 
as  of  local  and  national  Pomological  Societies,  we  owe  much  for  aid 
in  winnowing  this  immense  number,  the  wheat  from  the  chaff;  and 
yet  such  is  the  extent  of  our  country,  and  the  habit  of  all  our  pioneer 
settlers  to  sow  seeds  of  the  best  apples,  that  we  are  yearly  in  the 
production  of  vast  numbers  of  new  seedlings,  adapted  mainly  to 
their  own  locality  only,  but  occasionally  of  such  excellence  as  to 
warrant  their  general  introduction.  It  is  owing  to  this,  that,  not- 
withstanding pomological  writers  are  daily  condemning,  our  list  of 
esteemed  varieties  is  constantly  swelling,  to   the  almost  utter  con 


60  THE   APPLE. 

founding  of  the  seeker  after  a  knowledge  relative  to  "  what  varieties 
to  plant." 

The  pecuniary  profits  of  the  orchard,  especially  of  apples,  is  well 
understood,  and  no  one,  who  has  land  in  any  way  suitable,  now  hesi- 
tates to  plant.  We  have  no  certain  data,  but  think  we  do  not  over- 
state when  we  say,  that,  besides  large  quantities  imported  from  East- 
ern States,  there  are  propagated  and  planted  annually  over  6,000,000 
trees  in  the  States  of  Ohio,  Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Wiscon- 
sin. The  Western  country  is  already  producing  by  millions  of 
bushels,  and  her  "  orchards,"  so  to  speak,  are  not  yet  planted.  Such 
is  the  value  placed  on  fruit,  such  the  rapid  increase  of  people  in 
cities,  that  no  one  should  be  at  all  deterred  from  continued  planting  ; 
for,  we  have  not  only  the  wants  of  increased  population  of  our  own 
land  to  supply,  but  that  of  foreign  countries.  Already  our  fruits  are 
sent  to  England  and  other  distant  shores,  and  eagerly  sought  for  and 
purchased,  at  what  would  here  be  termed  high  prices.  Although  the 
Newtown  pippin,  as  sent  from  the  Pell  orchard,  on  the  Hudson  river, 
has  done  much  toward  establishing  our  reputation  abroad,  we  antici- 
pate an  advance  in  good  favor,  when  the  same  variety  grown  on  our 
Southern  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  and  Illinois  soils,  shall  be  shown  ; 
for  certainly  they  are,  like  all  our  Western  growths,  when  compared 
ywith  those  of  the  East,  far  superior  in  size. 

/  ,  The  duration  of  the  apple  when  worked  and  grown  on  a  healthy 
/  seedling  stock,  was  regarded  by  Mr.  Knight,  of  celebrity  in  horticul- 
/  ture,  at  200  years  ;  yet  trees  are  recorded  as  being  over  1,000  years 
old,  and  in  annual  healthy  fruiting  condition.  So  also  Mr.  Knight 
regarded  "  many  varieties  "  as  in  his  time  "  already  on  the  decline," 
which  Coxe,  in  his  "  View  of  Fruit  Trees"  published  in  1817,  says 
"  grow  and  appear  more  healthy  than  any  variety  in  the  orchard." 
Trees  of  over  200  years  are  known,  in  this  country,  to  be  healthy 
and  yearly  producing  their  abundance  of  fine  fair  fruit. 

The  puberty  or  fruit-bearing  age  of  the  apple  tree  varies  accord- 
ing to  variety,  climate,  and  cultivation.  In  the  rich  deep  soils,  and 
under  the  clear  sun  of  our  Western  States,  most  varieties  come  into 
bearing  at  about  eight  years  from  the  bud ;  or  about  four  or  five 
years  from  planting  out.  We  speak  here  only  of  the  cultivated  va- 
rieties. Wild  seedlings  would  probably  require  from  twelve  to  fif- 
teen years. 

Propagation — By  seeds.  These  should  be  selected,  if  intended  for 
stocks,  from  native  seedling  trees  of  strong,  vigorous,  healthy  growth. 
The  common  practice  is  to  visit  a  cider  mill  in  the  months  of  October 
or  November,  and  take  therefrom  indiscriminately  such  as  first  come 
to  hand ;  but  he  who  desires  to  grow  fine  healthy  trees  had  much 
better  purchase  the  apples  from  such  trees  as  we  describe,  and,  if  ho 
choose,  take  them  to  the  press  himself.  The  seed  should  be  entirely 
separated  from  the  pumice  or  pulp,  although  much  of  it  will  grow 


BUDDING.  51 

if  spread  immediately  on  the  land  thinly  and  plowed  in  lightly ;  but 
this  is  a  coarse,  unworkmanlike  method.  To  free  it  from  the  pulp, 
take  a  coarse  sieve,  and  after  it  has  lain  upon  boards  for  forty-eight 
hours,  proceed  to  sift  it ;  the  next  process  is  washing  in  tubs,  when 
most  of  the  pulp  which  passed  through  the  sieve  will  rise  to  the  top 
of  the  water  and  may  be  taken  off.  If  the  ground  is  ready  it  may 
now  be  sown,  the  ground  being  made  rich  in  vegetable,  or  partially 
mixed  with  well  rotted  animal  manure,  trenched  or  plowed  twenty 
inches  deep ;  sow  the  seed  in  drills  of  about  one  foot  wide  and  two 
feet  between  each  drill ;  scatter  the  seed  so  that  when  it  grows  there 
will  be  one  plant  to  every  two  inches,  and  cover  with  about  one  inch 
of  earth,  and  one  inch  of  leaf  mould,  or  tan  bark,  or  sawdust.  Fresh 
raw  manure  induces  insects,  and  consequently  diseased  roots.  If  the 
seed  is  intended  for  shipment,  or  keeping  over  until  the  Spring 
planting,  boxes  not  over  six  inches  deep  should  be  procured,  with 
holes  made  in  the  bottom  for  drainage,  and  then  the  seed  packed  in 
shallow  layers  with  sand  or  moss,  and  placed  in  the  open  air  on  the 
north  side  of  some  building  or  fence. 

By  Grafting,  All  of  the  modes  described  in  previous  pages  are 
used  in  propagating  the  apple.  Seedling  stocks  of  a  diameter  at  the 
crown  of  from  one-quarter  to  three-eighths  inch  are  the  best ;  these 
are  generally  obtained  from  seedlings  of  one  year's  growth  in  our 
rich  western  soils ;  they  should  be  dug  up,  have  their  side  roots 
trimmed  to  within  one  inch  of  the  main  root,  and  that  cut  off  to  about 
eight  inches  ;  the  graft  should  then  be  inserted,  in  the  whip  or  tongue 
method,  just  at  the  crown  or  union  of  top  and  root.  The  same  course 
may  be  adopted  with  seedlings  in  the  ground,  with  exception  of 
shortening  the  roots. 

Grafting  on  small  pieces  of  roots,  may  answer  for  the  growing  of 
some  varieties  in  the  nursery ;  but  very  few,  when  removed,  are 
found  to  have  made  much  but  small  fibrous  roots  ;  and  when  planted 
in  the  orchard,  require  staking  for  years,  and  rarely  ever  make  good 
trees.  The  practice  has  been  largely  followed,  but  is  now  condemned 
by  most  nurserymen,  and  that  of  grafting  only  on  the  whole  of  a  root, 
as  first  mentioned,  advised.  Cleft  grafting  is  generally  pursued  on 
trees  of  large  size  in  the  orchard,  and  may  be  done  in  October  or 
November  often  with  as  good  success  as  in  Spring. 

Nurserymen  generally  practice  taking  up  the  seedling  trees  late  in 
Autumn,  and  heeling  them  in,  as  it  is  termed,  viz.,  covering  them, 
when  laid  down  at  an  angle  of  45°,  with  earth.  This  is  done  in  the 
cellar  or  root  house,  from  whence  they  are  taken  and  grafted  in 
February  and  March,  and  repacked  in  boxes  just  deep  enough  to 
allow  one  inch  of  sand  on  the  bottom ;  and  the  stock  grafted  ju^t 
coming  level  with  the  tops,  sand  is  mixed  intimately  among  them, 
covering  all  of  root  and  union  of  graft.  They  are  then  set  away  in 
a  cool  Dlace  but  free  from  frost,  until  the  day  of  planting. 


52  THE  APPLE. 

By  Budding.  This  course,  from  the  immense  demand  for  trees 
and  the  more  ready  and  extended  propagation  by  means  of  roots, 
has  almost  been  discarded  during  the  past  six  or  eight  years.  Bud- 
ding is  now  again,  however,  coming  into  favor.  Stocks  for  budding 
should  be  thrifty,  of  about  half  inch  diameter,  and  the  bud,  inserted 
about  four  to  six  inches  above  the  ground,  and  as  much  on  the  north 
side  of  the  stock  as  possible.  The  time  for  this  is  usually  the  month 
of  August,  varying  from  early  to  late  in  month,  as  the  location  is 
South  or  North,  and  the  season  early  or  late. 

By  layers  and  cuttings.  This  course  is  only  pursued  to  increase 
the  quantity  of  stocks  of  the  Paradise  apple  on  which  to  dwarf  va- 
rieties. Some  growers  West,  however,  have  reputation  for  increasing 
largely,  and  making  fine  saleable  trees  more  rapidly  by  means  of 
layers,  than  otherwise.     We  have  never  seen  them. 

Cutting  of  Scions.  These  may  be  cut  at  any  time  from  the  fall 
of  the  leaf  in  October,  to  the  swelling  of  the  bud  in  Spring — always, 
however,  taking  care  that  there  is  no  frost  in  the  wood  at  the  time  of 
cutting.  We  consider  the  best  time  late  in  the  Fall,  when  they  may 
be  packed  in  moss,  damped,  and  wrapped  in  oil  silk,  laid  in  a  cool 
cellar,  where  they  will  usually  keep  well  until  Spring.  The  wood 
of  the  past  season's  growth  is  that  required,  and  best  to  cut,  if  possi- 
ble, from  bearing  trees.  When  the  cuttings  are  not  made  until 
toward  Spring,  a  black  and  diseased  appearance  at  the  pith  will  oft 
be  seen  in  those  of  vigorous  growth.  This,  while  it  would,  perhaps, 
be  of  no  moment  on  the  original  tree,  sometimes  is  thought  to  lessen 
the  vitality  and  success  of  the  scion. 

Selection  of  Trees  from  a  Nursery.  Trees  of  thrifty,  not  over 
luxuriant  habit,  five  to  seven  feet  high,  three  years  from  bud  or  graft, 
with  branches  from  three  feet  up,  well  formed  into  rounded  heads, 
are  worth  twice  as  much  as  trees  six  years  old,  ten  and  twelve  feet 
high,  without  a  branch  within  eight  feet  of  the  ground.  It  should, 
however,  always  be  recollected  by  the  purchaser,  that  all  varieties 
have  not  the  same  habit  and  regular  form  of  growth ;  that  while  a 
nursery-man  can  supply  a  tree  of  the  Baldwin,  straight,  and  just  to 
the  fancy,  he  may  often  find  it  difficult,  nay,  impossible,  to  do  so  with 
the  Fall  Wine,  American  Pearmain,  and  many  other  varieties,  at  the 
same  age  ;  and  in  his  selection  he  should  be  guided  more  by  the  stocky 
pyramidal  form  of  the  stem,  and  the  position  of  branches,  rather 
than  height  of  tree. 

Influence  of  Climate  and  location.  Climate,  as  we  have  said  on  a 
previous  page,  has  no  farther  influence  than  to  enhance  maturity  an  d 
vigor  as  we  go  South  ;  but  location,  in  its  preventing  of  injury  from 
frosts  or  severe  cold,  is  quite  another  thing,  and  deserving  the  atten- 
tion of  every  planter.  Too  often  do  we  see  orchards  planted  out  in 
the  rich  level  valley  of  a  farm,  when  the  hills  around  are  neglected. 
Too  often  on  small  farms  is  this  done  also,  to  the  loss  comparatively 


TRANSPLANTING.  o3 

of  the  best  piece  of  plow  land,  when,  had  the  planter  known  that 
trees  planted  on  his  hills  would  have  been  more  hardy,  and  have 
produced  fruit  five  years  to  every  three  when  grown  in  the  valley,  he 
would  have,  without  doubt,  made  his  orchard  on  his  hills.  There  are 
some  parts  of  the  West,  and  very  much  at  the  East,  where  the  hills 
are  entirely  unsuited  to  the  plow ;  yet  by  planting  with  trees,  and 
digging  around  until  of  twelve  or  more  years  old,  they  will  make  the 
most  profitable  of  orchards. 

On  the  prairies,  a  belt  of  trees  around  the  orchard  is  considered 
of  great  benefit  in  protecting  from  the  sweeping  winds,  sometimes 
destructive  to  fruit  and  tree.  Here  also  the  selection  of  the  highest 
knolls  and  oak  groves  is  found  best  for  success  in  fruit  growing. 

Influence  of  Stock  on  the  hardihood.  Recently  there  has  beeir 
much  speculation  respecting  the  hardihood  as  well  as  bearing  of 
budded  or  grafted  trees,  all  of  which  has  doubtless  arisen  from  the 
indiscriminate  use  fOr  stocks,  of  small  pieces  of  roots.  That  budding 
will  be  found  in  the  main  any  better  than  the  grafting  process,  when 
the  latter  is  performed  at  the  crown  of  a  seedling  root,  we  are  dis- 
posed to  doubt,  although  many  good  orchardists  now  favor  it.  The 
only  point  we  can  see  in  its  favor,  is  the  hardihood  of  the  stock  as 
compared  with  that  of  the  variety  intended  to  be  grown ;  this  will 
in  some  varieties  make  budding  the  preferable  mode,  as  it  is  now 
well  known  that  some,  indeed  most,  of  the  strong  rapid-growing  sorts, 
of  Northern  or  Eastern  origin,  are  somewhat  disposed  to  "  bark-burst" 
near  the  ground,  and  to  remedy  this,  budding  will  be  adopted.  But 
again,  all  seedlings  are  not  alike  hardy — although  _^s  a  whole,  more 
so  than  worked  varieties ;  and  undoubtedly  cultivated  sorts  may  be 
found,  which,  if  worked  as  grafts  on  whole  roots,  and  again  re- 
worked at  three  feet  from  the  ground,  would  ensure  as  much  hardi- 
hood as  is  in  the  nature  of  trees ;  yet  this  will  never  be  practiced  to 
any  considerable  extent,  on  account  of  its  expense  in  the  growing  a 
tree.  That  the  habit  of  bearing  will  be  increased  or  lessened  by 
budding  or  grafting  as  we  advise,  is  also  another  feature  at  this 
time  in  dispute,  but  we  can  see  nothing  to  favor  it,  excep  the  fact 
that  trees  budded  do  produce  better  than  roots  grcafted  on  the  old 
common  indiscriminate  practice  of  using  anything  in  shape  of  a 
piece  of  root,  depending  on  the  richness  of  soil  to  create  from  it  a 
tree  for  sale.  For  other  remarks  on  influence  of  stock,  see  previous 
pages. 

Transplanting.  Trees  when  taken  from  the  nursery  should  have 
their  roots  immediately  covered  in  the  ground,  on  arriving  at  their 
destination.  Often  trees  are  left  out  over  night  on  wagons,  subject 
to  severe  cold  and  frost,  by  which,  if  not  ruined,  they  are  frequently 
so  far  injured  as  to  check  their  entire  growth  one  season.  We  do 
not  like  the  practice  of  shortening  back  the  tops  of  apple  trees  where 
they  have  been  taken  up  with  care ;  but  as  usually  dug,  it  is  requi- 


54:  THE    APPLE. 

Bite  to  success  that  the  top  be  shortened  back,  to  correspond  with  the 
diminished  root.  One  reason  for  objecting  to  the  shortening-in,  is, 
that  it  has  a  tendency  to  start  the  top  of  the  tree  too  thick,  and  we 
prefer  with  the  apple  to  thin  out,  rather  than  increase  the  number  of 
branches. 

The  mode  of  planting  has  been  written  on  a  previous  page. 

The  distance  apart,  for  an  apple  orchard,  depends  very  much  on 
the  soil  and  the  variety — rich  deep  soils  requiring  a  greater  distance 
than  shallow  ones  of  inferior  quality.  And  of  varieties,  such  as  the 
Harvest,  American  Pearmain,  Lady  Apple,  and  other  stocky  or  up- 
right growing  sorts,  twenty-five  feet  apart  would  be  sufficient;  while 
the  Baldwin,  Gravenstein,  Sweet  Bough,  &c.,  or  those  of  rapid  broad 
growth,  would  need,  on  rich  soil,  forty  feet. 

Soil  and  Manures.  Of  the  soil,  it  is  impossible  to  designate  any 
one  that  will  suit  all  varieties  ;  we  therefore,  in  our  text  descriptive 
designate  the  principal  character  of  the  soil  suited  to  each.  "  All 
deciduous  trees  require  a  considerable  proportion  of  potash  for  the 
elaboration  of  their  juices  in  the  leaves,  and  are  prosperous,  or  other- 
wise, in  proportion  to  the  supply  of  that  substance  in  the  soil.  Liebig 
bsis  shown  that  the  acids  generated  in  plants  are  always  in  union 
with  alkaline  or  earthy  bases,  and  cannot  be  produced  without  their 
presence.  *  *  *  Now,  the  apple  tree  during  its  development,  pro- 
duces a  great  quantity  of  acid ;  and  therefore  in  a  corresponding  de- 
gree, requires  alkaline,  and  probably,  earthy  bases,  as  an  indispensa- 
ble condition  to  the  existence  of  fruit." 

"  It  cannot  be  denied  that  ammonia,  and  also  the  humus  of  decay- 
ing dung,  must  have  some  influence  on  the  growth  of  the  tree  in 
such  soils,  and  also  in  the  development  of  the  fruit ;  but  it  is  most 
certain,  at  the  same  time,  that  these  alone  would  be  inefficient  for 
the  production  of  the  fruit  without  the  co-operation  of  the  alkaline 
bases.  The  size,  and  perhaps  the  flavor  of  the  fruit  may  be  some- 
what affected  by  the  organic  part  of  the  manure,  but  its  very  exis- 
tence depends  upon  the  presence  in  the  soil  of  a  sufficient  quantity 
of  those  inorganic  or  mineral  substances  which  are  indispensable  to 
the  formation  of  acids." 

"  The  analysis  of  the  apple  (fruit)  shows  in  100  lbs.  of  ashes,  de- 
prived of  carbonic  acid,  about  13  lbs.  of  phosphoric  acid,  7  lbs.  of 
sulphuric  acid,  38  lbs.,  of  potash,  and  25  lbs.  of  soda ;  these  four 
bodies  forming  about  83  per  cent,  of  the  whole  ash  :"  while  analysis 
of  the  ash  of  the  wood  exhibits  about  16  per  cent,  of  potash,  19  of 
lime,  and  17  of  phosphate  of  lime ;  and  in  the  ash  of  the  bark,  about 
5  per  cent,  of  potash,  50  pe^  cent  of  lime,  and  3  of  phosphate  of 
lime.  Another  analysis  gives  45  per  cent,  of  lime  in  the  ash  of  the 
wood.  From  these  it  is  apparent  that  on  most  of  our  Western  soils, 
application  of  lime  and  potash  will  be  found  requisite  to  the  produc- 
tion of  healthy  wood  and  fruit.     Upon  much  of  the  heavily  timbered 


ESrSECTS   AND   DISEASES.  65 

lands  of  the  West,  which  have  been  cut  and  burned,  the  ashes  from 
the  burned  wood  has  furnished  all  the  hme  and  potash  requisite 
to  success  for  a  certain  length  of  time ;  but,  already  there  are  or- 
chards in  Ohio,  where  application  of  lime  and  potash  in  the  form  of 
wood  ashes  or  otherwise,  is  required  in  order  to  retain  health  of  trees, 
and  perfection  in  fruit.  The  Western  prairie,  soils  require  these 
only ;  of  all  other  ingredients  they  are  naturally  abundantly  sup- 
plied, and  application  of  animal  manure  is  not  needed. 

Cultivation.  Cultivation  of  the  soil  of  a  young  orchard  is  as  re- 
quisite to  success  as  cultivation  of  a  crop  of  corn  ;  but  while  the  trees 
should  be  kept  free  from  weeds,  suckers,  insects,  and  the  like,  they 
should  not  be  so  stimulated  by  application  of  animal  or  liquid  man- 
ures as  to  induce  rank  growth.  All  such  over-supply  of  stimulus 
induces  a  degree  of  tenderness  in  the  constitution,  early  fruitfulness, 
and  consequent  early  decay.  We  recall  to  mind  as  we  write,  two 
orchards  planted  about  thirty-five  years  since,  one  of  which  has  always 
been  highly,  even  excitingly,  cultivated,  and  is  now  decaying ;  while 
the  other  has  been  more  regularly  and  moderately  grown,  and  is 
now  in  a  healthy  fruiting  state.  All  crops  besides  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
and  clover,  may  be  grown  in  an  orchard.  Potatoes,  peas,  and  corn 
are  most  advisable. 

Pruning.  The  pruning  of  the  apple,  as  an  orchard  tree,  if  an- 
nually attended,  is  but  a  light  task ;  it  should  consist  mainly  of 
cutting  away  all  branches  that  have  a  tendency  to  cross  or  overlap 
one  another — to  stop  back  side  limbs  that  are  apparently  drawing 
too  rapidly  and  creating  irregular  form,  and  to  cut  out  rank  shoots. 
This  is  the  main  of  orchard  pruning,  after  the  heads  are  once  formed, 
as  they  should  be  at  planting,  or  the  first  year  thereafter,  by  cutting 
to  a  regular  rounded  form.  Some  varieties  produce  their  fruit  upon 
short  spurs  on  the  limbs ;  others  on  the  extreme  ends  of  slender 
shoots  of  previous  year's  growth,  and  must  be  pruned  with  reference 
thereto  ;  others,  again,  naturally  grow  upright  and  thick,  these  require 
thinning  out ;  while  others,  are  of  straggling,  rampant  habit,  requir- 
ing only  the  checking  of  branches  at  the  ends  to  maintain  an  evenly 
balanced  tree  ;  these  points  will  be  found  partially  noted  in  our  des- 
criptions of  varieties.  For  the  art  of  pruning,  to  create  particular 
forms  for  the  garden,  and  of  dwarf  trees,  we  refer  our  readers  to  a 
previous  chapter. 

Insects  and  diseases.  Of  insects  injurious  to  fruit  trees.  Western 
cultivators  have,  until  within  a  few  years,  been  comparatively  ex- 
empt ;  they  are  now,  however,  through  the  great  amount  of  importa- 
tions of  trees  from  the  Eastern  States,  becoming  numerous  and 
troublesome. 

I'he  Borer,  [Saperda  hivittata),  is  increasing ;  destroying  yearly 
many  trees,  and  impairing  still  more.  It  is  an  insect  that  should  be 
watched  and  checked  on  its  first  appearance.    It  is  destructive,  not 


56  THE    APPLE. 

only  to  the  apple,  but  the  quince,  thorn,  mountain  ash,  suffer  equally. 
The  perfect  insect  is  a  brown  and  white  striped  beetle,  about  half  an 
inch  long,  which,  flying  at  night,  may  be  destroyed  in  the  month  of 
June  by  building  bonfires  in  the  orchard.  In  its  larva  state,  in  which 
it  does  its  work  of  destruction,  it  is  a  fleshy  white  grub,  which  enters 
the  tree  at  the  collar,  just  at  the  surface  of  the  ground,  girdling  or 
perforating  the  wood  to  such  an  extent  as  often  to  cause  death  before 
its  attack  is  noticed  ;  the  small  round  holes  from  which  dust  is  ejected 
indicate  its  presence.  Some  cut  out  the  worm  with  a  knife,  others 
use  a  barbed  wire,  which  is  either  thrust  into  the  hole  and  destroys 
the  worm,  or  on  withdrawing  brings  it  out.  •  Downing  advises  as  a 
preventive,  washing  the  bodies  of  trees  with  the  following  mixture  : 
"one  pint  of  sulphur,  one  gallon  soft  soap,  and  sufficient  tobacco 
water  to  reduce  to  the  consistence  of  paint." 

The  Caterpillar .f  (^Glisiocampa  Americana^)  or  common  orchard 
caterpillar,  has  been  long  known  as  destructive  of  the  foliage  of 
orchards.  "  This,"  says  Thomas,  "  is  hatched  in  Spring  as  soon  as  the 
leaf  buds  begin  to  open.  At  this  time,  it  is  not  the  tenth  of  an  inch 
long,  nor  so  large  as  a  cambric  needle,  but  it  continues  to  increase 
constantly  in  size  for  several  weeks,  until  two  inches  long,  and  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  It  then  spins  a  cocoon,  and  passes 
to  the  pupa  state.  In  the  latter  part  of  summer,  it  comes  out  a 
yellowish  brown  miller,  lays  its  eggs,  and  dies.  The  eggs  are  de- 
posited in  cylinders  or  rings,  containing  three  to  five  hundred  each, 
encircling  the  smaller  branches,  and  usually  within  a  few  inches  of 
the  extremity.  They  remain  through  Winter,  protected  from  the 
weather  by  a  vesicular  water-proof  varnish,  and  hatch  in  Spring,  as 
just  stated.     Each  collection  of  eggs  makes  a  nest  of  caterpillars." 

A  mode  for  their  destruction,  is  to  cut  off  the  small  branches  which 
hold  the  eggs,  during  Autumn  or  Winter,  and  burn  them.  Those  that 
escape  this  mode,  may  be  destroyed  in  May  and  June,  by  attaching  a 
sponge  or  round  brush  to  a  pole,  and  saturating  the  first  with  spirits 
of  ammonia,  turn  it  around  among  their  nests.  For  this  work,  one 
hour  in  the  morning  early,  is  worth  four  at  any  other  time  in  the 
day.     A  little  care  will  correct  the  evil. 

The  Canker  Worm.  [Anisopteri/x  pometaria.)  Of  this  insect,  there 
are  several  allied  species.  They  are  not  confined  to  the  apple,  but, 
if  anything,  prefer  the  elm  to  all  others. 

"  The  male  is  a  moth,  with  pale,  ash-colored  wings,  with  a  black 
dot,  a  little  more  than  an  inch  across.  Tlie  female  is  wingless,  oval, 
dark  ash-colored  above,  and  gray  beneath. 

"  The  worm  usually  rises  out  of  the  ground  very  early  in  the  Spring, 
as  soon  as  the  ground  is  free  from  frost,  though  a  few  find  their  way 
up  in  the  Autumn.  The  females,  having  no  wings,  climb  slowly  up 
the  trunks  of  the  trees,  while  the  winged  males  hover  about  to  pair 
with  them.    Very  soon  after  this,  if  we  examine  the  trees,  we  shall 


INSECTS  AND  DISEASES.  67 

rsee  the  eggs,  of  which  every  female  lays  some  sixty  or  a  hundred, 
glued  over,  closely  arranged  in  rows,  and  placed  in  the  forks  of 
branches,  and  among  the  young  twigs.  About  the  twentieth  of  May, 
these  eggs  are  hatched,  and  the  canker  worms,  dusky-brown,  or  ash- 
colored,  with  a  yellow  stripe,  make  their  appearance,  and  commence 
preying  upon  the  foliage." 

The  remedies  preventive  of  their  injuries,  are,  a  belt  of  canvas 
saturated  with  tar  and  train  oil,  and  encircling  the  body  of  the  tree. 
Another  is  a  leaden  trough,  encircling  the  body,  secured  by  wooden 
wedges,  between  it  and  the  tree,  and  filled  with  oil.  Another,  is 
spading  up  the  ground  underneath  all  trees  on  which  they  appear,  in 
the  Fall,  and  dressing  liberally  with  lime.  Another,  is  bands  of  straw 
and  cotton-batting  tied  around  the  tree,  and  examined  daily  to  kill 
all  that  have  become  entangled  therein. 

"  Apate  Bicaudatus. — This  is  the  scientific  name  given  by  Mr.  Say 
to  a  little  beetle  whose  injurious  habits  have  lately  been  observed. 
The  insects  are  found  burrowing  in  the  pith  of  the  young  branches 
of  the  apple  tree,  during  the  Spring.  The  branches  above  the  seat 
of  attack  soon  die.  These  beetles  are  from  one-quarter  to  more 
than  three-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical,  4ark  chestnut  brown, 
roughened  like  a  grater,  on  the  fore  part  of  the  thorax,  with  short 
spines  pointing  backwards,  and  armed,  in  the  males,  with  an  incurved 
spine,  near  the  tip  of  each  wing-cover. 

"  The  Palmer  Worm,  a  wanderer,  as  its  name  signifies,  is  a  small 
worm,  about  half  an  inch  in  length,  with  many  legs,  and  extremely 
nimble.  It  appears  at  difierent  times,  in  different  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, and  on  apple,  oak,  cherry,  plum,  and  other  trees.  They  give  the 
trees  the  same  appearance  as  the  canker  worm  does ;  and  not  only 
the  leaves,  but  sometimes  the  fruit  is  injured  or  destroyed  by  them. 
Their  appearance  is  generally  directly  after  the  canker  worm ;  and 
they  differ  from  them  in  having  sixteen  legs,  in  being  much  more 
active  in  their  motions,  and  in  creeping  without  looping  or  arching 
up  their  backs  at  every  step.  They  are  also  smaller  and  differently 
colored.  The  same  remedies  are  applied  to  prevent  their  depreda- 
tions as  with  the  canker  worm."  For  further  information  respecting 
this  insect,  see  N.  Y.  State  Agricultural  Society's  Transactions,  1853. 

"  The  JSfew  York  Weevil,  (  Curculio  Noveboracensis,)  attacks  in  May 
and  June  the  buds  and  young  shoots  of  trees ;  gnawing  them  so 
that  they  break  off  and  die.  They  work  most  in  the  night,  and  still, 
cloudy  weather.  They  may  be  destroyed  or  their  ravages  prevented, 
by  pursuing  the  same  remedies  as  for  the  plum  weevil."  For  further 
description,  see  as  above,  N.  Y.  S.  Transactions,  1853. 

"  7'he  Oak-pruner,  (^Stenocorus  puiator,)  occasionally  attacks  the 
small  branches  of  the  apple  tree ;  and  the  blight  beetle,  Scolytus  or 
Tomicui  pyri,  whose  perforations  blast  and  kill  the  branches  of  the 
3* 


58  THE  APPLE. 

pear  tree,  has  also  been  found  equally  injurious  to  those  of  the  apple 
tree." 

The  Apple  Moth  (Carpocapsa  pomonana),  is  the  insect  which  dis- 
figures so  many  of  our  apples  and  pears,  causing  them  to  fall  prema- 
turely from  the  tree.  The  moth  has  a  head  and  thorax  of  brown 
mingled  with  gray,  four  wings  light  gray  and  brown,  and  a  dark 
brown  oval  spot  on  the  hinder  margin.  In  the  months  of  June  and 
July,  they  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  eye  or  blossom  end  of  the  fruit ; 
these  hatch  in  a  few  days,  and  the  worm,  a  reddish  white  grub,  eats 
its  way  to  the  core,  soon  after  which  the  apple  falls  to  the  ground, 
when  the  worm  leaves  and  seeks  shelter  and  protection  in  the  crevi- 
ces and  underneath  the  rough  bark  of  the  tree,  where  it  spins  a  white 
web-like  cocoon,  and  remains  until  the  next  season. 

Eemedies. — Keeping  the  bodies  well  scraped,  and  annually  washed 
with  lye-water  early  in  Spring,  picking  up  all  the  fruit  as  fast  as  it 
falls,  or  letting  swine  run  in  the  orchard  to  eat  it.  Old  cloths  or 
tufts  of  grass,  laid  in  the  branches  of  the  trees,  attract  them,  from 
whence  the  cocoons  may  easily  be  destroyed. 

The  Bark  Louse^  a  species  of  coccus^  or  scale  insect,  is  of  a  brown 
color,  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in  length,  of  oblong  oval  form,  at- 
taching itself  to  the  branches,  and  injuring  the  tree  by  sucking  the 
sap.  It  is  destroyed  by  strong  lye-water,  by  whale-oil  soap,  or  a 
mixture  of  lime,  soft  soap,  and  water,  of  the  consistency  of  common 
whitewash,  and  applied  to  the  bark  with  a  hard  brush,  in  Winter  or 
early  Spring. 

The  Wooly  Aphis  [Aphis  lamgera),  makes  its  appearance  in  the 
form  of  minute  white  down,  in  the  crotches  and  crevices  of  branches. 
It  is  easily  destroyed  by  washing  the  tree  with  lye-water,  lime  wash, 
or  whale  oil  soap.  A  good  wash  for  all  insects  is  made  of,  say  five 
gallons  of  weak  lye,  one  pound  powdered  sulphur,  and  four  ounces 
soot,  or  *'lamp  black,"  thoroughly  mixed. 

The  Blight,  or  blackening  and  decay  of  terminal  shoots,  we  have 
elsewhere  written  on,  and  refer  thereto.  Boring  holes  in  the  trees, 
and  plugging  them  with  sulphur,  are  about  as  remedial  as  whistling 
to  the  moon. 

Hust  on  the  surface  of  the  leaf  is  a  disease  said  to  affect  some  of 

the  older  plantations  in  Southern  Ohio.     We  have  never  seen  it, 

\  but  suspect  that  it  arises,  from  an  unhealthy  state  of  the  tree,  caused 

by  a  deficiency  of  some  elements  in  the  soil,  and  therefore  a  result, 

not  a  cause  of  disease. 

0/  Terms  used  in  Description  of  Varieties. — Thomas,  in  his  *'  Fruit 
Culturist,"  has  the  most  perfect  explanation  of  terms  in  general  use 
in  the  description  of  fruits,  form  of  trees,  etc.,  as  yet  published.  We 
therefore  adopt  most  of  them,  in  order  to  continue  uniformity.  These 
terms,  as  applied  to  the  growth  of  a  tree,  in  its  shoots,  have  reference 
mainly  to  young  trees,  and  comparatively  as  follows :    £rect  as  in 


FORMS    OF   THE   APPLE.  -  69 

the  Early  Strawberry.  Diverging,  as  in  the  Domine,  or  Ribston 
Pippin.  Spreading,  as  in  Rhode  Island  Greening.  Drooping,  when 
they  fall  below  the  horizontal,  which  many  spreading  trees  do,  as 
they  grow  into  the  larger  branches  of  older  trees.  Ascending,  when 
they  curve  upwards,  as  in  Gravenstein.  Irregular,  as  in  black  Gilli- 
flower.  Straggling,  similar  to  preceding,  but  more  slender  and 
curved,  as  in  Jonathan.  Straight,  as  in  Northern  Spy,  Stout,  as 
in  Red  Astrachan. 

"  The  color  of  the  shoots  varies  greatly  in  the  same  variety  at  dif- 
ferent periods  of  the  year,  as  well  as  with  different  degrees  of  expo- 
sure to  the  sun,  and  with  a  change  of  soil,  climate,  and  season. 
When  fresh,  or  very  young,  all  have  a  greenish  color,  but  gradually 
assume  various  shades  of  yellow,  olive,  brown,  red,  purple,  and 
nearly  black,  as  the  season  advances,  and  as  they  become  bare,  and 
are  exposed  to  the  sun  and  weather.  For  this  reason,  in  describing 
the  color,  the  terms  must  be  relative,  and  can  only  be  correctly  ap- 
plied by  a  comparison,  at  the  time,  with  the  color  of  other  sorts. 
During  Winter,  and  early  in  the  Spring,  the  shoots  of  most  trees  be- 
come so  much  darker  than  at  other  times,  that  it  is  only  practice  and 
by  placing  the  different  sorts  side  by  side,  that  accuracy  may  be  ob- 
tained. Skillful  culturists  will  readily  distinguish,  by  a  glance  at  the 
color  of  shoots,  many  of  the  kinds  they  cultivate ;  but  the  peculiar 
cast  is  hard  to  describe  in  words,  in  the  same  way  that  it  is  impos- 
sible to  describe  the  hand-writing  of  an  individual,  so  as  to  be  known 
from  fifty  others,  although  many  can,  at  a  glance,  know  the  penman- 
ship of  hundreds  of  different  persons.  A  few  of  the  most  strongly 
marked  cases,  however,  present  peculiarities  of  color  which  form  use- 
ful points  of  distinction.  No  one,  for  instance,  could  easily  mistake 
the  yellow  shoots  of  the  Bartlett  and  Dix  pears,  for  the  dark  brown, 
or  purple,  of  the  Tyson  and  Forelle  ;  or  the  light  greenish  cast  of 
the  Bough  and  Sine  Qua  Non  apples,  for  the  dark  color  of  the 
Northern  Spy,  or  dark  brown  of  the  Baldwin  ;  nor  the  downy  or 
grayish  appearance  of  the  Ladies  Sweeting  and  Esopus  Spitzenburg, 
for  the  clear,  shining  brown  of  the  Gravenstein  and  Red  Astra- 
chan." 

The  color  of  the  leaves  may  sometimes  assist  in  description,  as  light 
green  in  the  Yellow  Bell-flower  and  Rambo ;  deep  green,  as  in  the 
Rhode  Island  Greening ;  hluish  green,  as  in  Feck's  Pleasant. 

Forms  of  the  Apple. — In  these  we  follow  the  general  understand- 
ing of  terms  by  most  horticulturists,  and  represented  by  Barry,  from 
whom  we  extract : 

Round  or  Roundish  (fig.  29),  when  the  outline  is  round,  or  nearly 
80,  the  length  being  about  equal  to  the  breadth. 

Flat  (fig.  30),  when  the  ends  are  compressed,  and  the  width  con- 
siderably greater  than  the  length. 


60 


THE   APPLE. 


Conical  (fig.  31),  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  tapering  from  the  base  to 
the  eye. 

Ovate,  or  Egg-shaped  (fig.  32). 

Oblong  (fig.  33),  when  the  length  is  considerably  greater  than  the 
width,  and  the  width  about  equal  at  both  ends,  not  tapering,  as  in  the 
conical. 


'v3*i 


In  addition  to  these  forms  and  their  various  modifications,  some 
varieties  are — 

Angular,  having  projecting  angles  on  the  sides. 

One-sided,  having  one  side  larger  than  the  other. 

Ribbed  (34),  when  the  surface  presents  a  series  of  ridges  and  fur- 
rows running  from  eye  to  stem. 

Of  size — Small,  as  in  Gilpin,  medium,  as  in  Fameuse,  and  large, 
as  in  Khode  Island  Greening. 

Of  many  terms,  as  Calville,  Pippin,  Greening,  &(*.,  there  seems  to 
be  no  certain  definition  beyond  that  of  accepted  usage.  Calville, 
generally  intended  to  convey  the  idea  of  a  fruit  of  light  specific  weight, 
and  somewhat  ribbed  or  furrowed,  especially  about  the  calyx.  Pip- 
pin generally  conveys  the  idea  of  a  firm  brittle  texture  of  flesh,  in  the 
apple ;  while  Greening  is  understood  to  imply  a  breaking,  tendei 
character.  Pearmain,  to  indicate  a  particular,  roundish  conical  form, 
with  an  aromatic  perfume  in  the  flesh. 

Uses. — The  uses  of  the  apple  are  so  generally  known,  that  it  seems 
superfluous  here  to  mention  aught  of  them.  Aside  from  table  use, 
raw  and  cooked,  making  of  cider,  drying,  &c.,  &c.,  the  apple  deserves 
more  attention  as  food  for  animals ;  analysis  having  shown  that  it  is 
about  equal  to  the  potato  in  fattening  properties. 


MOST  GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 


01 


VARIETIES. 

CLASS  I.     Most  generally  esteemed. 

American  Summer  Pearmain. 
■Watkin's  Early,     |     Early  Summer  Pearmain, 


This  variety  rarely  ripens  earlier  than  September,  except  at  the  South. 
In  the  nursery,  the  growth  of  the  tree  is  slow,  and,  as  an  orchard  fruit,  it 
will  not  "  pay."  It  cannot,  however,  be  dispensed  with  for  supplying  home 
wants,  ripening  gradually,  as  it  does,  during  the  whole  of  September.  The 
tree  requires  thinning  out  of  small  branches,  but,  as  it  fruits  mostly  on  the 
ends  of  branches,  should  never  be  shortened  back.  It  requires  a  deep, 
warm  soil,  well  supplied  with  lime  and  potash,  when  it  succeeds  admirably 
in  all  sections. 

Size^  medium;  form^  roundish  oblong,  sometimes  angular;  the  form 
varies,  and  also  size,  as  grown  on  top  or  bottom  limbs,  and  in  good  or  poor 
soil ;  color ^  red,  streaked  and  dotted  with  grayish  yellow ;  stem^  medium, 
projecting  about  even  with  the  surface ;  cavity^  narrow ;  calyx^  open,  erect, 
slightly  recurved ;  hasin^  deep,  round,  smooth ;  fleshy  tender,  sub-acid — ^best  ,* 
core^  small ;  seeds,  ovate  pyriform. 


62 


THE  APPLE. 


Autumn  Strawberry. 

Late  Strawbeny,  ^  I     Strawberry, 


Autumn  Sweet  Bough, 
Summer  Bellflower, 


Autumn  Bwaar, 
Fall  Bough. 


American  :  originated  Western  New  York.  Size,  medium,  or  rather 
below  ;  form,  roundish  ;  color,  light  and  dark  red,  streaked,  and,  in  the  sun, 
the  dark  red  prevailing,  and  with  a  bloom  like  a  plum;  stem,  slender, 
medium  length  ;  cavity,  open,  regular  ;  calyx,  small,  nearly  closed  ;  basirij 
shallow,  slightly  ribbed ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid ; 
core,  medium ;  seeds,  large,  full.     October. 

Autumn  Bough. 

Philadelphia  Sweet,     I 
Late  Bough,  | 

American.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive ;  size,  medium,  or  above ;  form, 
obtuse  conical ;  color,  clear  light  yellow,  with  occasionally  a  russet  blotch, 
and  a  few  small  russet  dots  •  stem,  slender,  curved  to  one  side ;  cavity^ 
deep,  regular;  calyx,  closed  with  long  segments;  basin,  ribbed  or  fur- 
rowed; flesh,  white,  crisp,  tender,  deliciously  sweet;  core,  small;  seed 
cavity,  hollow ;  seed,  plump,  full.     September, 

Autumn  Seek-no-Further. 
American.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  pale  green,  faintly  striped  with  red 
in  sun ;  stem,  slender ;    cavity,  narrow,  deep ;  calyx,  open,  erect  segments 
basin,  round,  medium  depth  ;  core,  medium ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  tender, 
sprightly,  sub-acid ;  "  very  good."     October. 

Autumnal  Swaar. 
Grown  at  the  West.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  conic ;  skin,  yellow,  sprinkled 
with  star-shaped  dots;  stalk,  TRtlier  short;  cavity,  broad,  deep,  slightly 
russetted  ;  calyx,  small  and  closed ;  basin,  deep,  abrupt,  and  corrugated ; 
flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  tender,  with  a  pleasant,  rich,  mild,  sub-acid  flavor. 
September.     (Downing.) 

Autumnal  Sweet  Swaar. 
Sweet  Swaar,     |     Sweet  Golden  Pippin. 
Tree,  spreading ;   shoots,  vigorous,  diverging  ;  fruit,  large,  round,  flat- 
tened, slightly  ribbed,  rich  golden  yellow ;  stem,  long  ;  cav%,  open,  shallow: 


MOST   GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 


63 


calyXj  half  closed;  hasin^  slightly  ribbed,  deep;  fleshy  tender,  yellowish, 
spicy,  sweet,  not  juicy  :  "  very  good."     October. 


Autumn  Pearmain. 


English  Summer  Pearmain, 
Summer  Pearmain, 


Eoyal  Pearmain, 
Parmain  d'Ete, 


Sigler'8  Bed. 


Foreign.  Tree^  slender,  slow  growth,  irregular,  popular  in  Kentucky  and 
South;  fruity  medium,  oblong  conical,  brownish  yellow  and  green,  red, 
blended  with  yellow,  in  sun,  small  brown  specks ;  stalky  short ;  calyx^  in  a 
broad,  shallow  basin,  slightly  plaited  ;  Jlesh^  pale  yellow,  crisp ;  nearly 
*'  best."     September. 

Baldwin. 

Late  Baldwin, 
Pecker, 


American  :  originated  in  Massachusetts.  This  variety  inclines  to  bitter 
or  dry  rot  on  soils  deficient  in  lime  and  potash,  and,  for  the  Western  soils, 
should  be  worked  where  intended  to  have  the  head  commence.  It  has 
proved  tender  on  "Western  prairie  soils,  and,  in  Southern  sections,  is  liable 
to  drop  prematurely.  Trees  fifteen  years  old  do  better  than  while  young. 
Tree,  vigorous,  upright,  dark  brown  shoots,  very  productive.  Our  drawing 
was  taken  from  an  Eastern-grown  specimen,  and  is  not  more  than  one-half 
the  size  of  this  variety  when  grown  in  Illinois. 

Size^  large  ;  form^  roundish,  narrowing  a  little  to  the  calyx  ;  color^  yel- 
lowish, nearly  covered  and  striped  with  red,  dotted  with  a  few  russet  spots, 
and  with  radiating  streaks  of  russet  about  the  stem ;  stem,  three-fourths 
inch  long,  slender ;  cavity^  deep ;  calyx^  closed ;  hasin^  rather  narrow, 
plaited ;  jlcsh^  yellowish  white,  crisp,  tender,  sub-acid ;  core^  small,  com- 
pact ;  capsules,  ovate  hollow ;  seeds^  long  ovate,  pyriform.  December  to 
March. 


64:  THE  APPLE. 

Baltimore. 
Baltimore  Pippin,     |     Cable's  Gilliflower,     |     poyal  Pippin. 


Origin,  unknown.  Tree,  thrifty,  slender,  very  productive,  on  warm,  rich 
soils  ;  size,  medium  to  large ;  form,  round,  or  roundish  ovate ;  color,  light 
yellow,  striped,  and  splashed  with  purplish  red,  a  little  bronzed  russet  about 
the  stem,  large  whitish  dots,  and  often  a  blue  tinge  marbled  toward  the 
stem,  resembling  a  bloom ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  open,  deep,  regular ;  calyx, 
small,  half  open;  basin,  shallow,  Tegn\a.v  :  flesh,  white,  with  a  slight  tinge 
of  yellow,  tender,  crisp,  juicy,  sub-acid,  sprightly  j  core,  medium,  or  small ; 
seeds,  obovate  pyriform.  December  to  March.  This  is  distinct  from  the 
Baltimore  of  Lindley,  which  is  of  pale  lemon  color,  tinged  with  red,  and 
with  large  open  calyx. 

Batcheloh. 
Gross,     I     King,  erroneously. 

From  North  Carolina.  Fruit,  very  large,  roundish,  flattened,  angular, 
lemon  yellow,  washed  with  lively  red  on  sunny  side,  gray  dots,  russet 
around  stem ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep  •  calyx,  small,  open ;  basin,  deep ; 
flesh,  white,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy,  mild,  sub-acid ;  core^  medium. 
October,  November.     Very  valuable  in  Southern  States. 

Benoni. 

From  Massachusetts.  Growth,  vigorous,  erect,  good  bearer ;  .fruity 
medium,  roundish,  narrowing  towards  the  eye,  deep  yellow,  striped  with 
crimson,  dotted  with  white  specks ;  stem,  short,  slender  ;  cavity,  naryo'V  j 
calyx,  large,  open ;  basin,  furrowed ;  flesh,  yellow,  crisp,  tender,  juicy, 
vinous;  "very  good;"  core,  close;  seeds,  pale  brown.  August  and  Sep- 
tember.   Succeeds  finely  on  the  Western  prairies. 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


65 


Bentley's  Sweet. 

From  Virginia.  Tree^  moderately  vigorous,  hardy,  good  bearer,  great 
keeper ;  valuable  South,  in  rich  soils ;  fruity  above  medium,  oblong  irre- 
gular, flattened  at  ends,  red  and  yellow  striped,  or  blotched ;  stem^  long, 
curved ;  calyx^  large ;  hasin^  open,  deep,  furrowed  ]  core,  compact ;  seeds^ 
large,  ovate  pointed;  jlesh^  yellowish,  firm,  tender,  juicy;  "very  good.'' 
January  to  September. 

Belmont, 


Gate, 
Mamma  Beam, 


Golden  Pippin  ofaome^ 
White  Apple, 


KftUy  White, 
Waxen  of  some. 


'  American.  By  some  stated  to  have  originated  in  Virginia,  by  others,  in 
Pennsylvania,  and,  on  the  authority  of  Prof.  Kirtland,  Mr.  Downing,  in  his 
first  edition  of  '••  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees,"  made  it  synonymous  with  the 
"  Waxen"  of  Coxe. 

Tree^  healthy,  vigorous,  spreading,  wood  yellowish,  good  bearer,  does  not 
succeed  on  the  alluvial  soils  of  the  West,  but  on  all  high,  warm,  or  lime- 
stone soils  does  finely,  and  makes  a  large  tree. 

Size,  medium  to  large ;  form,  irregular,  usually  roundish,  sometimes 
oblong  rounded.  South  it  grows  very  large,  and  also  West,  on  new  rich 
soils  in  Wisconsin;  but  grown  South  its  delicacy,  fine  grain,  and  flavor  are 
lost.  Skin,  thin,  smooth,  glossy,  or  oily ;  color,  rich  clear  light  yellow ;  at 
South  with  a  few  dark  brown  specks,  and  North  with  a  clear  Vermillion 
red  cheek,  with  carmine  spots  ;  South  slight  russet  marblings,  and  much  of 
mould  or  fungus ;  stem,  medium  length,  projecting  slightly  beyond  the  sur- 
face, always  slender ;  calyx,  varying  from  small  and  close  to  open  and 
reflexed  ;  basin,  from  shallow  to  rather  deep,  always  furrowed ;  jlesh,  yel- 
lowish white    fine-grained,  very  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  sub-aciJ ;  core 


bb  THE  APPLE. 

rather  large  :  seeds,  ovate  pointed,  abundant,  brownish  red.     November  to 
February,  October  to  January  in  South-Western  States. 

Bellflower. 
Yellow  Bfellflower,     I     Yellow  Belle-flenr,     [     Lady  "Washington. 


American.  Tree,  of  slender,  yet  healthy  growth,  with  yellowish,  rather 
upright  shoots ;  fruit,  on  ends  of  limbs,  very  hardy  ;  grafted  on  pieces  of 
roots,  does  not  bear  well ;  otherwise,  very  productive.  Size,  large ;  form, 
oblong,  a  little  irregular,  tapering  to  the  eye ;  color,  pale  yellow,  with  a 
blush  next  the  sun  ;  stem,  long,  slender,  curved ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx 
closed ;  basin,  plaited,  deep ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  crisp,  sprightly,  sub-acid  , 
core,  large  ;  capsules,  long,  hollow ;  seeds,  large,  ovate  pyriform,  angular 
at  broad  end.     December  to  March.     October  to  February,  South. 

Berry. 

Bed  Hazel,     |     Pound. 

From  Virginia.  Fruit,  above  medium,  oblate  irregular,  red,  striped,  and 
splashed  on  greenish  yellow,  large*  dots  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  broad ;  calyx, 
open:  basin,  shallow;  flesh,  juicy,  vinous;  "very  good;"  core,  small. 
December  to  March.  Esteemed  South,  and  will  probably  prove  valuable 
all  South  West. 


M06T   GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 

Bethlehemite. 


67 


This  is  a  variety  somewhat  resembling  the  Newtown  Spitzenberg,  and  we 
have  testimony  of  one  or  two  who  say  they  know  it  under  that  name.  Thus 
far  all  specimens  we  have  seen  were  from  trees  grown  in  rich,  loamy  soils, 
and  all  we  can  learn  of  its  history  is,  that  it  came  from  Bethlehem,  in 
Ohio.  Size^  medium  ]  form^  roundish,  flattened,  tapering  slightly  to  the 
apex  ;  color,  pale  yellow  ground,  striped  and  stained  with  two  shades  of 
bright  red.  dotted  with  irregular-shaped  brown  dots,  some  russet  about  the 
stem  ;  calyx,  medium,  sometimes  large  ;  basin,  deep,  broad,  irregular,  some- 
what furrowed;  stem,  short;  cavity,  narrow,  irregular;  ^e^A,  yellowish 
white,  tender,  with  a  mild,  sub-acid  juice,  and  exceedingly  pleasant  flavor; 
core,  small,  compact ;  seeds,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform.  November  to 
January,  but  keeps  until  April.     Trees  upright,  strong  growers. 

BOHANON. 

A  variety  probably  originally  of  Virginia,  and  is  highly  esteemed  in 
Kentucky  and  South.  It  much  resembles  Maiden's  Blush.  Fruit,  large, 
roundish  flattened,  narrowing  to  the  eye,  with  inclination  to  the  ribbed  sur- 
face ;  light  pale  yellow,  crimson  blush  on  sunny  side,  russet  about  stem ; 
stem,  slender  ;  cavity,  narrow  ;  calyx,  partly  closed ;  basin,  deep,  expanded ; 
core,  open  ;  seeds,  numerous,  light  brown ;  Jlesh,  yellowish  white,  tender, 
slightly  aromatic,  sub-acid.     September.     An  excellent  regular  bear«r.  * 

Broadwell. 

Broadwell  Sweet. 

American.  Origin,  Southern  Ohio.  Tree,  vigorous,  spreading,  light  yel 
lowish  shoots,  good  bearer.  Size,  medium  to  large  ;  form,  regular,  roundish, 
flattened  at  base,  and  tapering  slightly  toward  the  calyx ;  skin,  thin,  smooth ; 
color  J  light  yellow,  cloudy  flakes,  sunny  side  brownish  bronze;  sterrij  short* 


68 


THE  APPLE. 


cavity^  expanded  ;  calyx,  open  ;  segments,  short;  basin,  na.rrow,  flesh,  white, 
fine-grained,  sweet,  juicy ;  core^  close,  compact ;  seeds,  small,  plump,  light- 
brown.    November  to  March. 


Bullock's  Pippin. 


Araerican  Golden  Eupset, 
Sheepnose, 


ITiint's  EuBBet, 

Fall  Winesap,  erroneously. 


American.  Tree, 
ultimately  of  only 
medium  size,  with  a 
round  regular  head, 
shoots  erect,  rather 
slender,  admirably 
suited  to  rich  soils  of 
Southern  Ohio,  Indi- 
ana, the  South-west, 
etc.,  etc.  Grown 
South,  the  fruit  is 
almost  entirely  cov- 
ered with  russet  ; 
North,  on  sandy  soils, 
it  is  a  warm,  rich 
yellow,  with  only 
marblings  of  russet. 


MOST  GENERALLY    ESTEEMED. 


69 


Size,  small  to  medium  ;  form,  roundish  ovate,  tapering  much  toward  the 
eye ;  color,  generally  rich  golden  yellow,  overspread  with  soft  russet,  and 
in  sun,  a  marbling  of  red;  stem,  slender;  cavity,  narrow,  regular;  calyx. 
small,  closed  ;  basin,  shallow,  sometimes  furrowed  ;  Jlesh,  yellowish,  tender, 
juicy,  almost  buttery,  delicate,  sprightly;  core,  large  for  size  of  fruit;  seeds^ 
full,  ovate  pyramidal.    December  to  March.    November  to  January,  South, 


Canadian  Eeinette, 
Pomme  do  Caen, 
Eeinetto  Grosse  du  Canada, 
De  Bretagne, 


Canada  Reinette. 

Januarea, 

German  Green, 

Eeinette  du  Canada, 

Grosse  Eeinette  d'Angleterre, 


Yellow  Newtown  Pippin,  erroneously. 


Eeinette  du  Canada  Blanche^ 
Eeinette  du  Canada  a'Cortea^ 
Portugal, 
Wahr  Eeinette, 


Foreign.  Tree,  strong,  vigorous,  upright,  spreading,  productive,  very 
hardy.  Size,  large  ;  form,  roundish,  flattened,  irregularly  angular,  much 
ribbed,  sometimes  almost  oblong  and  smooth ;  color,  light  greenish-yellow, 
a  blush  in  sun,  and  small  dark  green  specks,  surrounded  with  light  green, 
Buffused  beneath  the  skin ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  narrow,  slightly  russeted ; 
calyx,  large ;  basin,  deep,  angular,  with  prominent  ribs  ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  sprightly ;  core,  small,  compact ;  seeds, 
dark,  almost  black.    January  .to  May. 


Carnation. 

Fruit,  medium  size ;  a  delicious  sub-acid  apple,  fully  first-rate  ;  color,  dark- 
red,  splashed  with  russet ;  flesh,  white,  brittle,  and  very  juicy ;  both  the  calyx 
and  stem  are  sunk  in  deep  depressions;  no  Autumn  apple  is  superior 
August,  at  South. 


70 


THE   APPLE. 


Carolina  Winter  Queen. 
Ladies  Sweet,  erroneomly,     |     Nix's  Green. 

American.  We  have  seen  but  little  of  this  apple,  but  are  impressed 
with  the  idea  that  it  is  destined  to  be  a  valuable  and  popular  variety 
South,  far  superior  to  Northern  Spy.  Fruity  above  medium,  roundish 
conical ;  greenish  yellow,  streaked  and  stained  with  red  from  the  stem,  a 
little  russet  at  stem,  and  few  small  faint  dots ;  calyx^  open,  segments,  re- 
flexed  ;  basin,  round,  medium ',  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  deep  ;  core,  medium  ; 
seeds,  abundant;  flesh,  yellowish,  sprightly,  crisp,  juicy;  "best."  No- 
vember and  January. 

Challenge. 

American.  Origin,  near  Sandusky,  Ohio.  Tree,  productive,  hardy. 
Size,  large ;  form,  roundish  flattened ;  color,  rich  yellow,  with  many  rus- 
set dots,  and  occasionally  a  russet  patch ;  when  fully  exposed  to  sun,  the 
russet  spots  become  vermillion  red ;  stem,  projecting  even  with  surround- 
ing surface;  cavity,  deep,  regular;  calyx,  with  long  irregular  segments; 
basin,  broad,  open,  medium  depth,  always  furrowed ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
crisp,  juicy,  sweet,  tender;  core,  medium;  seeds,  large,  plump.  October 
and  November.  » 

Cogswell. 


Cogswell's  Pewrmain, 


Ohio  Nonpareil,  incorrectly  of  some. 


American.  Native  of  Connecticut.  It  has  been  grown  in  Mass.  and 
Ohio,  and  thus  far,  where  the  variety  has  been  fruited,  it  has  proved  every- 
thing that  can  be  required  to  class  it  as  a  first-rate  fruit  worthy  of  general 
cultivation.  The  tree  is  a  good  bearer,  producing  always  fair  and  even 
fruit.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  making  rather  long  annual  shoots,  of  a 
dark,  reddish  brown  color.  The  fruit  is  above  medium  size,  roundish 
flattened ,  often  angular ;  and  also  often,  on  the  same  tree,  somewhat  round- 


MOST   GEITERALLT   ESTEEMED.  71 

wh  conical ;  the  color  is  rich  yellow,  covered  with  stripes,  splashes,  and 
dots  of  red ;  some  russet  specks  and  russet  about  the  stem ;  stem^  short ; 
cavity^  open  ;  calyx^  medium,  nearly  closed  ;  hasin^  shallow  j  jiesh^  yellow- 
ish, crisp,  juicy,  sprightly,  aromatic,  sub-acid;  core^  small;  seeds^  medium 
size,  dark  brown.     January  to  March. 

Cooper. 
Beauty  Bed,     j     Lady  "Washington,     |     Seck-no-further,  <j/'«(ww  erron«<M«^. 

An  Eastern  variety,  recovered  at  West,  where  it  was  brought  in  1796; 
its  identity  with  any  variety  now  known  East,  is  not  established  ;  henca 
we  must  continue  under  its  present  name.  Growth,  upright,  stout ;  branches 
at  right  angles ;  wood,  reddish,  "  subject  to  canker ; "  a  good  bearer, 
maturing  its  fruit  nearly  all  at  the  same  time.  Succeeds  best  on  rich 
limestone  clay. 

Fruity  large,  often  very  large  ;  roundish  flattened,  greenish  yellow,  with 
stripes  and  blotches  of  pale  red ;  calyx^  closed ;  hasin^  deep  ;  stem^  slender, 
short ;  cavity^  deep ;  fleshy  yellowish,  not  fine  grained,  crisp,  juicy ;  "  very 
good."     September,  but  often  keeps  to  November. 

Cooper's  Early  White 

Grown  in  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  where  it  is  regarded  as  productive  and 
profitable.  Fruity  medium ;  roundish,  little  flattened ;  pale  yellow,  with 
faint  blush,  greenish  tinge  at  stem  ;  stem^  short ;  cavity^  narrow,  deep  ; 
calyx^  closed ;  basin^  deep,  abrupt,  slightly  furrowed ;  Jlesh^  white,  crisp, 
sprightly.     September  and  October.     Requires  soil  supplied  with  potash. 

Cornish   Aromatic. 


Foreign  :  requires  rich,  warm,  sandy  soil.     Size^  medium  ;  /o/w,  round- 
ish regular,  sometimes  a  little  conical ;  color ^  yellow  ground,  mostly  over- 


72 


THE   APPLE. 


Bpread  with  rich  red,  dotted  with  yellow  russet  spots  ;  stem,  long,  slender ; 
cavity,  regular,  open,  rather  deep  ',  calyx,  small ;  basin,  abrupt,  furrowed  , 
Jlesh,  yellow,  crisp,  juicy,  sub-acid,  of  flavor  closely  allied  to  Esopus  Spit- 
zenberg ;  core,  open,  hollow,  regular  form ;  seeds,  large.  November  to 
February. 

Danver's  Winter  Sweet. 
Epse's  Sweet. 

American.  Tree,  vigorous,  spreading,  shoots  yellowish,  yearly  produc- 
tive ;  valuable  winter  fruit  for  baking  or  stock. 

Size,  medium ;  form,  roundish  oblong ;  color,  dull  yellow,  with  orange 
blush,  and  small  russet  specks  ;  ste7n,  slender,  inclining  to  one  side ;  calyx, 
small,  woolly ;  basin,  shallow,  rather  narrow  •  flesh,  yellow,  firnii,  sweet ; 
core,  large,  open  ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed,  dark  rich  brown.  December  to 
April. 

Drap  D'Or. 

Vrai  Drap  d'Or,  I     Bay  Apple, 

Early  Summer  Pippin,  of  some,     \     Bonne  du  Mat, 


This  is,  by  some,  said  to  be  identical  with  "  Cooper."  We  do  not  yet  so 
recognize  it.  Tree,  strong  grower,  wide,  broad  foliage,  moderate  beaver. 
Size,  large  ;  form,  roundish,  flattened  ;  color,  dull  yellow  or  gold  color,  with 
distinct  brown  or  russet  specks;  stem,  short;  cavity,  v^ide,  open;  calyx, 
small,  half  closed ;  basin,  shallow,  plaited ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  mild, 
sub-acid,  not  fine-grained,  tender,  juicy,  well  flavored ;  core,  with  open, 
hollow  capsules ;  seeds,  short,  ovate,  dark  reddish  brown.  August  t 
October. 


MOST   GENERALLY  ESTEEMED.  73 


DiSHAROON. 

From  Georgia.  Fruit,  large,  regular,  slightly  conical  j  calyx,  small,  in 
a  narrow  basin ;  skin,  yellowish  green,  with  many  roundish  spots  made 
darker  by  minute  specks  ;  flesh,  fine  aromatic,  sub-acid.  Early  Winter,  or 
late  Autumn  at  the  South. 


DOMINE. 

er,  I 

Hogan,     I     Ked  Streak,  o/eome^     \     Wefl  Apple, 


Wella,      I     English  Winter,  |     Striped  E.  J.  Greening, 


Origin,  uncertain.  Tree,  strong,  vigorous  grower ;  shoots,  long,  diverging ; 
early,  good  bearer,  profitable  orchard  sort.  West ;  succeeding  finely  in  most 
soils.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  flat,  greenish  yellow,  with  stripes  ancUsplashes 
of  bright  red  and  large  russet  specks  ;  stem,  long,  slender,  inclining  to  one 
side ;  cavity,  wide ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  broad  j  core,  medium ;  seeds. 
abundant,  purplish  brown ;  fl^sh,  white,  tender,  juicy ;  "  very  good." 
November  to  April. 

Duchess  of  Oldenburgh. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  with  dark,  upright  shoots,  productive,  valued 
for  cooking  and  market.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish  flattened,  light 
red,  striped  and  splashed  on  yellow ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  accuminate  ;  basin^ 
deep  J  flesh,  yellowish  white,  sharp  sub-acid.  August  and  September 
Very  fine  at  the  North  in  Canada. 

Dutch  Mignonne. 

The  Dutch  Mignonne — Darling,  or  Favorite — is  from  Holland,  and  a  fruit 
which  has  proved  valuable  wherever  grown.  Tree,  with  strong,  upright 
shoots,  and  producing  abundantly ;  very  fine  in  South  Ohio.  Size,  large ; 
form,  roundish  regular ;  color,  dull  orange,  mostly  covered  with  rich  dull 
red,  dotted  and  mottled  with  large  yellow  russet  specks,  and  a  dash  of 
russet  about  the  cavity  of  stem ;  stem,  long,  slender,  curved  ;  cavity,  nar- 
row, deep;  calyx,  open;  feasin,  deep,  round,  regular ;  flesh,  whitish,  firm  at 
first,  becoming  tender  when  well  matured,  sub-acid,  aromatic  flavor ;  corCj 

November  to  January. 


Pomme  Eoyal, 
Golden  Spice, 
Tompkins, 
Beard  Burden, 


Dyer. 


Pomme  "Water, 
Bullripe, 
Mygatt's  Bergamot, 


Bard  Apple, 
White  Spice, 
Smithfleld  Spioe. 


American.  Tree,  a  fair  grower,  not  strong,  shoots  spreading  irregular, 
?noderately  productive.  Size,  medium  ;  form,  round,  or  roundish  flattened ; 
color,  clear  yellow,  with  russet  marbled  more  or  less  over  the  surface  ;  stem, 
^ong,  slender;  cavity,  deep,  slightly  furrowed ;  calyx,  with  long,  recurved 
segments;  basin,  medium;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  spicy,  sprightly,  tender, 
wb-acid:  core,  medium ;  seedsj  Bmsll.  October  and  November. 
4 


74 


THE  APPLB. 
Early  Jok. 


American :  origin,  claimed  Ontario  Co.,  N.  Y.  It  is  somewhat  question- 
able if  it  is  not  an  old  Connecticut  variety.  This  apple  has  the  most  of 
delicate-pear  flavor  of  any  variety,  and,  while  it  is  all  unsuited  to  orchard- 
ing, one  tree  should  always  be  planted.  While  young,  it  is  of  slow  growth, 
but,  as  the  trees  get  older,  it  improves,  and  makes  a  tree  of  round  irregular 
spreading  form,  of  medium  size.  It  is  very  hardy,  but  should  have  rich, 
strong  soil.     Shoots,  dark-colored,  and  so  foliage. 

Size^  medium,  or  rather  below ;  form,  roundish  flattened ;  stem,  rather 
slender ;  cavity,  open,  deep,  a  little  russetted  ;  color,  pale  yellowish  green, 
overspread  and  striped  with  deep  and  pale  red  :  calyx,  small,  nearly  closed ; 
basin,  shallow ',  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  very  delicate  ;  core,  medium, 
centre  open;  seeds,  short  ovate  pyriform.     Last  of  August. 

Early  Strawberry. 

American  Eed  Juneating,     |     Eed  Juneatlng. 

American.  Tree,  very  erect  in  growth,  dark  wood,  numerous  leaves  erect, 
with  long  footstalks ;  productive,  and  successful  in  all  localities,  and, 
although  not  best  in  quality,  yet  generally  esteemed. 

Size,  small :  form,  roundish,  varying  to  angular  and  conical ;  color,  yel- 
lowish white,  striped  and  stained  over  with  bright  and  dark  red ;  stem, 
varying  from  long  straight  and  slender,  to  medium,  curved ;  calyx,  small ; 
basin,  narrow  and  shallow ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tinged  with  red,  sub- 
acid, sprightly,  tender;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  small.     July. 


Equinteley. 

Sol.  Carter. 


i 


Origin,  Yancey  Co.,  N.  Carolina.  One  of  the  best  of  the  Southern 
apples. 

Fruitj  large,  oblate,  conic,  angular,  slightly  oblique;  skin,  whitish 
yellow,   mostly  overspread  with  beautiful  bright  crimson,   and    thinly 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED.  75 

Bprinkled  with  whitish  dots;  stalk,  short  and  fleshy,  inserted  in  a  hroad, 
deep  cavity ;  calyx,  closed,  set  in  a  deep,  rather  narrow,  irregular  basin , 
fiesh,  yellowish,  very  tender,  almost  melting,  juicy,  with  a  very  mild,  sub- 
acid  flavor.     November  to  May.     (Downing.) 

Esopus  Spitzenberg. 


American  :  origin,  on  the  Hudson  River.  Tree,  healthy,  slender  shoots  j 
when  in  bearing,  drooping  and  spreading,  making  an  open  head  ;  requires 
a  strong  soil  and  age  to  produce  much  or  good  fruit,  and  much  of  lime  and 
potash,  when  it  is  a  good  bearer. 

Size,  above  medium,  large  when  carefully  grown ;  form,  flattened  a1 
Dase,  oblong,  tapering  roundly  toward  the  eye,  considerably  ribbed  and  irre- 
gular in  its  surface,  and  almost  always  slightly  angular ;  color,  rich,  lively 
red  on  yellow  ground,  dotted  and  marbled  with  yellow  russet;  stem,  vary- 
ing, sometimes  short  and  stout,  at  others  long  and  slender ;  cavity^  deep 
regular,  open;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin,  almost  abrupt,  furrowed;  jlesh 
yellow,  crisp,  a  little  tough,  exceedingly  high  flavored  and  delicious ;  core^ 
regular,  ovate,  rounded  in  form ;  seeds,  large.     January  to  March. 

Faldwalder. 

Fallawater,  I     "Waldenner,  I     Pound,  erron«<mily^ 

Green  Mountain  Pippin,  Tulpahocken,  Mountain  Pippin, 

Dutch  Codlin,  «rrwwott«Zy,     |     Pirn's  Beauty  of  the  "West,     1     Burbacker. 

American:  originated  in  Berks  Co.,  Penn.  Its  name  is  from  a  Mr 
Faldwald,  with  whom  it  originated.  Not  worthy  a  place  in  small  orchards 
or  gardens,  but,  on  rich  limestone  soils,  when  grown  for  distant  market,  it 
is  highly  valuable,  being  of  thick  skin,  fruit  always  fair  and  large,  and 
keeping  a  long  time,  even  in  Southern  latitudes.  Tree,  strong,  vigorous 
grower ;  shoots,  stout,  partially  spreading. 


76 


THE  APPLE. 


Fruit,  large ;  form,  round,  varying  to  roundish,  flattened  and  roundish 
ovate ;  color,  pale  yellowish  green,  dull  red  cheek,  dotted  with  a  few  small 
irregular-shaped  russet  dots,  suffused  or  surrounded  with  a  shade  of  light 


green,  presenting,  at  first  glance,  appearance  as  of  white  specks ;  stem,  short 
cavity,  open,  generally  regular ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ;  basin,  shallow,  open, 
broad,  often  slightly  furrowed  ;  Jlesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse  texture, 
tender,  juicy,  mild,  sub-acid ;  core,  medium,  somewhat  open ;  seeds,  ovate 
pointed.    December  to  May. 

Fall  Pippin. 
Philadelphia  Pippin. 

This  is,  unquestionably,  an  American  seedling,  and  probably  from  the 
*'  White  Spanish  Reinette,"  which  it  closely  resembles  in  all  but  its  period 
of  ripening.  Great  confusion  exists  among  growers  respecting  it,  as  the 
Holland  Pippin  is  often  grown  under  this  name,  as  well  as  its  parent.  It 
is  extensively  grown  at  the  West  and  in  the  Eastern  States,  and  universally 
succeeds  well ;  but,  where  the  soil  is  of  a  clayey  nature,  on  the  alluvial 
bottoms  and  deep  prairies,  it  does  not  answer  as  well.  Tree,  of  growth 
vigorous  ;  shoots,  dark ;  diverging  or  spreading ;  becomes  large  ;  not  always 
productive;  proves  tender  on  prairie  soils. 

Size,  large ;  form,  roundish,  conical,  flattened  at  ends ;  color,  greenish 
yellow  until  fully  ripe,  then  rich  yellow  with  a  faint  blush,  when  grown  in 
good  soil  and  exposed  to  sun ;  stem,  long,  moderately  stout ;  cavity,  deep, 
round ;  calyxj  above  medium,  with  segments  in  divisions ;  basin,  deep,  wide, 


MOST  GENEEAILT  ESTEiaiED. 


7T 


and  open :  fleshy  yellowish  white,  tender,  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  core^  medium, 

October  to  December 


for  size  of  fruit ;  seeds^  ovate 


Summer  Horse, 
Yellow  Horse, 


Fall  Queen. 

Horse  Apple,     I 
Oldfield,  I 


Eed  Gloria  Mundl? 
Fall  Beauty. 


Origin,  unknown.  Valued  highly  South  and  West  for  cooking.  Fruity 
medium  to  large,  roundish  conical,  little  irregular;  greenish  yellow  to 
orange,  blush  in  sun,  russet  lines  about  stem  ;  stem,  short;  cavity,  shallow; 
basin,  narrow ;  core^  large,  hollow ;  jiesh,  yellow,  coarse,  acid.    Last  July. 

Fall  Queen  of  Ky. 

"Winter  Queen,     |     Ladies'  Favorite  of  Tenn. 

Origin,  uncertain.  Much  grown  at  the  South  and  Southwest,  where  it  is 
highly  esteemed.  Tree,  very  vigorous,  upright,  an  early  and  abundant 
bearer.  Fruit,  large,  oblate  inclining  to  conic,  slightly  oblique,  angular ; 
skin,  yellow,  striped  and  marbled  with  crimson,  and  thickly  sprinkled  with 
brown  and  whitish  dots;  stalk,  short,  inserted  in  a  broad,  deep-russetted 
cavity ;  calyx,  large,  partially  closed,  set  in  a  large  open  basin  ;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish, crisp,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  sprightly  mild  sub-acid  flavor.  January 
to  March.    (Downing.) 


78 


THE   APPLE. 


Fall  Wine. 


Sweet  Wine, 
Ohio  Wine, 


Uncle  Sam's  Beet 


American :  its  origin  unknown ;  introduced  West  from  the  garden  Oi 
Judge  Buel,  Albany,  about  1832.  Tree,  of  slender,  slow  growth ;  drooping 
when  in  bearing  state ;  very  healthy ;  producing  moderately,  but  annually, 
large,  beautiful  fruit  on  the  rich  Western  soils,  and  fruit  of  medium  size 
on  soils  of  moderate  quality.  Our  figure  exhibits  from  the  two  soils.  It  is 
now  much  grown  in  Indiana  and  Illinois,  as  "Wine,"  from  which  it  is  quite 
distinct. 

Size,  medium  to  large;  form,  roundish,  flattened  ;  color,  rich  red  marbled 
over  clear  yellow,  and  with  many  spots  or  specks  of  brownish — sometimes 
it  is  faintly  striped  ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  half  closed  ;  basin, 
open,  shallow ;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  delicious,  sub-acid, 
vinous.     September  to  November. 

Although  evidently  an  old  Eastern  fruit,  it  appears  now  unknown  there, 
if  we  except  the  short  description  made  of  it  by  Cole,  and  his  notice  of 
where  grown. 

Fameuse. 

Pomme  de  Neige,     |     Sanguineus,     |     Snow. 

Foreign,  or  rather  Canadian  origin.  It  is  admirably  adapted  to  all 
Northern  sections,  producing  yearly,  and  always  fair,  smooth  fruit.    Tree, 


MOST   GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


79 


of  moderate,  rather  diverging,  habit ;  shoots  dark ;  ani,  as  an  orchard  tree, 
only  of  second  size.  Without  being  a  fruit  of  high  character,  it  is  just  so 
good  that,  taken  with  its  production  of  regular,  handsome  fruit,  it  cannot 
be  dispensed  with.  Tree,  hardy  and  rich;  stronger  heavy  soils  suit  it 
best ;  proves  hardy  West. 

Size,  medium ;  form,  roundish,  somewhat  flattened ;  color,  greenish 
yellow,  mostly  overspread  with  pale  and  dark  rich  red  ;  stem,  slender ; 
cavity,  narrow;  calyx,  small;  basin,  shallow,  narrow;  Jlesh,  remarkably 
white,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  slight  perfume ;  core,  close,  compact ;  seedsj 
light  brown,  long  pointed.    October  to  January. 

Fort  Miami. 

Scandiana  Mala. 


American.  Originated  near  Fort  Miami,  in  Ohio.  In  April,  1846,  wo 
made  our  outline  and  descriptions  from  specimens  sent  us  by  A.  Spafford, 
Esq.,  Perrysburgh,  Ohio.,  since  which  we  have  been  unable  to  obtain  any  of 
^the  fruit.  Trees,  thrifty,  healthy  growth  ;  shoots,  dark  color,  nearly  upright, 
spreading ;  not  an  early  bearer,  but  the  original  tree  said  to  be  very  pro- 
ductive, w 

Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  roundish  oblong,  flattened  at  both  ends, 
widest  at  base,  uneven,  somewhat  ribbed;  color,  brownish  red,  more 
or  less  russeted ;  stem,  medium  size,  three-fourth  inch  long ;  cavity,  deep, 
open,  uneven ;  calyx,  medium  size,  closed ;  basin,  medium  depth,  furrowed ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  breaking,  exceedingly  high,  spicy,  sub-acid 
flavor.     February  to  May. 

Fulton. 

Native  of  Fulton  Co.,  111.  Original  tree,  when  19  years  old,  gave  36^- 
inches  circumference,  3  feet  from  ground,  25  feet  high,  and  28  feet  across 


80 


THE   APPLE. 


top,  and  had  produced  large  crops  ten  years  in  succession.  Fruit,  medium, 
roundish  flattened,  pale  clear  yellow,  bright  red  cheek,  little  russet  in  stem 
cavity,  small  dots  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep ;  cali/x,  short  segments  ;  basin, 
rather  deep ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed  3  Jlesh,  tender,  juicy,  mild 
sub-acid ;  "  very  good."     November  to  March. 


Garden  Royal. 

American.  Originated  in  Mass.  Tree,  slender,  slow  grower  while  young , 
hardy,  and  makes  a  tree  of  medium  size,  annually  productive ;  suited  to 
small  orchards  or  gardens  where  a  delicious  fruit  is  desired  for  table  use. 

Fruit,  rather  below  medium ;  form,  roundish,  inclining  to  flat,  very  regu- 
lar ;  color,  a  yellowish  ground,  with  dull  red  stripes,  becoming  brighter  in 
sun  ;  stem,  short,  slender  ;  cavity,  narrow ;  calyx,  large,  open ;  basin,  shal- 
low ;  Jlesh,  yellowish  white,  fine-grained,  tender,  mild,  sub-acid.  Last  0/ 
August  and  September. 

Golden  Sweet. 

Orange  Sweet. 


American.  Originated  in  Connecticut.  Tree,  free  grower  while  young, 
making,  however,  an  orchard  tree  of  only  medium  size;  spreading,  irregulai 
branches ;  succeeds  well  in  all  soils ;  productive  annually  of  large  crops  of 
fair  fruit. 

Fruitj  medium  to  large ;  form,  roundish,  rather  deeper  than  wide ;  colory 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED.  81 

yellow  on  green,  suffused  slightly  underneath  skin,  and  with  many  small 
greenish  dots  that  become  russety  in  sun ;  stem,  medium  to  long ;  cavity , 
round,  shallow,  regular;  calyx,  closed;  basin,  round,  moderately  deep' 
slightly  furrowed  or  crimped  at  base  of  calyx ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  very 
rich,  sweet,  hardly  tender;  core,  medium,  round  ovate;  seeds,  abundant, 
ovate  pointed.  As  a  baking  fruit,  or  to  grow  for  stock  feeding,  this  is 
unsurpassed.     July  and  August. 

Golden  Pippin. 

American  Golden  Pippin,     I     Eibbed  Pippin, 
New  York  Greening,  |     Newtown  Greening. 

An  old  American  sort,  of  strong  growth,  not  an  early,  but  productive 
bearer.  Fruit,  large  ;  form,  variable,  sometimes  ribbed,  roundish  flattened ; 
golden  yellow,  with  a  few  dots,  sometimes  net  russet ;  stpm,  short,  stout ; 
cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  closed ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  rich,  vinous,  aro- 
matic ;  core,  large.     November,  February. 

GoirEH  Ball. 
Belle  et  Bonnes     |     Coan^cMcat  Applo. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  is  somewhat  in  doubt,  but  it  is  probably  a 
native  of  Connecticut,  from  whence  it  has  b**en  la<-gely  distributed  East. 
The  trees  do  not  bear  well  while  young,  but  improve  o«  they  advance  in 
years.  Tree,  hardy,  forming  a  large  round  head,  with  large,  glossy,  rich 
green  foliage;  exceeding  valuable  for  cooking;  requires  a  rich,  strong, 
heavy  soil. 

Fruit,  large ;  form,  roundish,  narrowing  to  the  eye ;  color,  rich  yellow, 
sometimes  a  faint  blush  near  the  stalk,  and  with  rough  dots  ;  stem,  short, 
stout ;  cavity,  broad  ;  calyx,  half  closed  ;  basin,  shallow  ;  flesh,  yellowish, 
lender,  sub-acid,  nearly  acid,  perfumed ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  large  and 
plump.     October  to  December. 

The  Belle  Bonne  of  Lindley  is  quite  another  fruit,  and  should  not  bo 
confounded  with  this. 

Gravenstein. 
Kingof  Pippins,  «rroneotwZy,     |     Grave  Slije. 

Foreign  .A  variety  indispensable  to  every  collection,  succeeding  finely  on 
all  soils,  annually  productive,  fruit  always  fair,  fit  for  cooking  in  August, 
and  eating  in  September  and  October;  shoots,  strong,  smooth,  upright. 
Tree,  large,  regular,  round  head,  foliage  broad. 

Fruit,  large ;  form,  roundish  flattened,  a  little  irregular,  somewhat  rib- 
bed, on  surface  undulating ;  color,  at  first  pale  greenish,  yellow  ground, 
becoming  rich  yellow,  beautifully  striped,  and  splashed  with  bright  red ; 
exposed  to  sun,  red  prevails,  and  becomes  of  a  dark  hue,  beautiful,  few 
faint  light  green  dots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  open,  deep  ;  calyx,  with  open 
half  reflexed  segments ;  basin,  rather  deep,  irregular,  ribbed ;  flesh,  yellow- 
ish, crisp,  tender,  sub-acid,  with  a  peculiar  aromatic  taste  ;  core,  large,  cap- 
Bules  open,  hollow ;  seeds,  ovate  pyriforra,  reddish  brown. 
4# 


THE  APPLE. 
Gray  Vandervere. 


"Windower, 
Green  Vandervere, 
White  Vandervere, 


Betsey's  Fancy, 
Vanderrere  Pippin,  ofaomt. 


A  great  bearer,  good  keeper,  by  some  preferred  to  the  Vandervere.  This 
is  the  variety  common  in  Philadelphia  market,  and  esteemed  highly  for 
cooking.  Fruity  medium  or  slightly  above,  round  flattened ;  slcin^  rough, 
uneven,  mostly  a  dull  red,  with  gray  bloom,  small  specks  of  russet,  a  little 
bronze  at  the  stem  ;  stem^  long  ;  cavity^  open  ;  calyx,  with  short  segments  ; 
basin,  broad,  open ;  core,  medium ;  flesh,  yellowish,  breaking,  moderately 
juicy.     December  to  March. 

Hawley. 
Douse,     I     Dow's. 

Native  of  Columbia  Co.,  N.  Y.  Much  resembles  Fall  Pippin,  but  larger, 
and  ripens  earlier,  and  is  invariably  affected  with  dry  rot  in  all  soils.  Fruit, 
large,  roundish,  flattened  conical,  yellowish  green  to  yellow,  with  few 
brown  dots  ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  wide  ;  calyx,  small,  partly  closed  ;  basin, 
medium,  slightly  plaited  •  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid. 
October,  sometimes  in  September. 

Green  Sweet. 

Honey  Greening. 

Tree,  hardy,  productive,  half  spreading ;  shoots  rather  slender ;  fruit  valu- 
able for  cooking  and  for  stock ;  wants  deep,  rich,  strong  soil  •  fruit  always 
fair. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  roundish ;  color,  dull  greenish  w^hite  or 
yellow,  with  greenish  white,  or  sometimes  pale  russet  dots  ;  stem,  varying ; 
cavity,  narrow,  russeted ;  calyx,  above  medium  size  for  the  fruit,  closed ; 
basin,  medium,  slightly  furrowed ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  tender,  juicy,  and 


MOST    GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 


quite  sweet ;  core,  medium,  round ;  seeds,  ovate.  December  to  March. 
Grown  in  Indiana,  it  is  large,  has  a  brownish  cheek,  and  matures  in  October 
and  November. 

Early  Harvest. 


Yello-w  Harvest, 
Prince's  Harvest, 
Early  French  Eeinette, 


Bracken, 

Early  June, 
July  Pippin, 


Large  White  Juneatinft 
Yellow  Juneating. 


American.  Universally  esteemed;  requires  a  soil  well  supplied  with 
lime  and  potash,  otherwise  the  fruit  is  unfair.  Shoots,  erect,  straight  J  slow 
growth,  not  successful ;  root-grafted  as  an  orchard  tree. 


84  THE   APPLE. 

Fruitj  medium  ;  form,  roundish,  rarely  a  little  flattened  ;  color,  pale  light 
yellow,  with  a  few  dots  of  white  ;  stem,  medium  length,  rather  slender, 
often  short,  and  a  little  stout;  cavity,  open,  deep,  regular;  calyx,  closed; 
basin,  shallow,  slightly  furrowed  ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  crisp,  sprightly, 
sub-acid ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  abundant,  light  brown,  ovate.     July. 

Herefordshire  Pearmain. 

Winter  Pearmain,  erroneously^     I     Parmin  Eoyal,      I     Boyale  d'Angleterre. 
Eoyal  Pearmain,  ^^^  ^  *. 


Foreign.  Tree,  hardy,  requiring  rich,  strong  soil,  when  the  fruit  is  of 
the  highest  excellence  ;  some  regard  this  as  first-rate,  others  as  only  second  ; 
cultivation,  soil,  and  location,  make  the  difference.  It  is  best  in  Northern 
sections.     Shoots,  diverging,  partially  drooping. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish  conical ;  color,  brownish  red,  mottled, 
and  slighty  striped,  on  a  dull,  rusty  green,  or,  when  fully  matured,  yellow 
ground,  with  stripes  and  marblings  of  russet,  from  the  stem,  dotted  with 
greyish  specks  ;  stem,  slender;  cavity,  acuminate,  russeted ;  calyx,  open; 
basin,  medium ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  mild  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  core,  me- 
dium, laying  nearest  the  stem  end;  seeds,  large,  ovate,  light  brown.  De- 
cember to  February. 

HUBBARDSTON    NoNSUCH. 
Hubbardton  Pippin. 

American  :  originated  in  Mass.  A  superior  fruit,  succeeding  even  better 
when  grown  West  than  in  its  native  locality,  but  not  always  hardy.  Tree, 
vigorous  grower ;  shoots,  rather  slender,  very  different  from  the  Baldwin, 
which  has  often  been  disseminated  as  this  variety ;  spreading ;  very  pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit,  large,  West  very  large ;  form,  roundish  ovate,  very  regular  ;  color, 
yellow  ground,  mostly  overspread,  and  partially  striped  with  rich  red ;  stem, 
short;   cavity,  narrow;   calyx,  with  short  open  segments;   basin,  deep^ 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


85 


round,  rarely  ribbed ;  fiesh^  yellowish,  mild,  sub-acid,  juicy.    October  to 
February. 

High  Top  Sweet. 

Summer  Sweet,  of  Ohio     |     Sweet  June,  of  Illinois. 

From   Plymouth,    Mass.      Tree,    upright,    productive.    Fruit,   medium, 

roundish,  greenish  yellow,  with  greenish  white  dots ;  stem,  slender ;  calyXj 

closed;  Jiesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sweet;  "very  good."     Last  of 

July.     Very  popular  Southwest  and  West. 

Jersey  Sweeting, 


Amerioan.  Succeeds  in  all  localities,  and  produces  abundantly  of  fair 
fruit  in  all  soils — warm,  sandy  ones  giving  a  closer  texture,  and  more  cha- 
racter to  the  flesh.  Shoots,  stout,  short-jointed,  reddish ;  tree,  spreading, 
round  head.  For  dessert,  cooking,  or  stock,  valuable.  Is  said  to  decay 
young ;  we  think  incorrect. 

Fruit,  medium ;  for7n,  roundish  ovate,  tapering  to  the  eye  ',  color, 
greenish  yellow,  marked  and  streaked,  often  nearly  covered  with  stripes  of 
pale  and  dull  red ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  narrow  ',  calyx,  half  closed  ;  basin, 
not  deep,  sometimes  slightly  furrowed ;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  juicy, 
tender,  sweet ;  core,  rather  open,  medium,  round  ovate  j  seeds,  full,  ovate 
pointed.     September  and  October. 

Jefferson. 

Tree,  good  habit,  spreading ;  much  grown  and  esteemed  in  some  parts  of 
Kentucky,  from  whence  we  once  received  specimens  in  April  (after  lying 
in  a  warehouse  during  Winter),  in  fine  condition.  Fruit,  medium  to  large, 
roundish  conical,  dull  red  on  yellow,  splashed  ;  stem,  slender  ;  cavity,  mod- 
erate ;  calyx,  small,  partially  closed  ;  basin,  open  ;  core,  compact  ;  seeds, 
light  brown  :  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid :  almost  "  best." 
October  to  March. 


86 


THE  APPLE. 


Jefferis. 

From  Chester  Co.,  Pa.  Tree,  moderate  grower,  upright  habit,  constaut 
and  abundant  bearer.  Fruit,  roundish  flattened,  pale  yellow,  striped  and 
stained  with  red,  becoming  dark  in  the  sun,  dotted  with  white  spots  and 
russet  at  stem  ;  stem,  half  inch,  slender ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep ,  calyx,  nearly 
closed,  woolly;  basin,  deep,  regular  ;  ^e^A.  white,  crisp,  tender,  juicy; 
best."     September  and  October. 

Jewitt's  Best. 

From  Torybridge,  Vt.  Fruit,  large,  nearly  globular,  irregular,  greenish, 
shaded  with  deep  red  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  closed  :  basin. 
small ;  core,  medium ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  rich,  sub-acid  ;  almost  "  best.'' 
December  to  February. 


Jonathan. 


Philip  Eick. 
King  PMlip; 


Winesap,  erroneotulfft 
Wino,  *♦ 


American :  originated  Kingston,  N.  Y.  Shoots,  light  brown,  slender, 
diverging ;  when  grown  and  fruiting,  tree  has  a  drooping  and  pendent 
habit ;  very  productive  ;  needs  rich,  strong  soil. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish,  conical,  regular ;  color,  light  yellow 
ground,  mostly  overspread,  streaked,  or  stained  with  rich  light  red,  and 
with  few  minute  white  dots ;  stem,  rather  long,  slender ;  cavity,  open,  wide  ; 
calyx,  small,  nearly  closed ;  basin,  shallow,  slightly  furrowed  ;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish white,  tender,  juicy,  slightly  acid  unless  fully  matured,  when  it  is 
sub-acid,  sprightly  ;  core^  medium ;  seeds,  full,  abundant,  dark  browa 
December  to  February. 


MOST  GENEEALLT  ESTEEMED.  8T 

JULIN. 
Jullng. 

Fruit,  medium  size,  roundish,  tapering  somewhat  to  the  eye,  rather  one- 
sided; calyx,  small,  in  a  narrow  basin;  stem,  short,  in  a  moderate  cavity; 
skin,  thin,  yellowish  white,  striped  and  marbled  w;ith  carmine,  of  a  beau- 
tiful waxen  appearance,  sprinkled  sparingly  with  whitish  dots ;  flesh,  white, 
tender,  juicy,  and  fine  flavored ;  indeed,  the  finest  summer  apple  known 
North  and  South.  Ripens  about  the  middle  of  July  at  South  ;  August  at 
North. 

Keswick  Codlin. 

Foreign.  Very  productive.  Tree,  hardy ;  valued  for  cooking,  and  suited 
to  Western  soils ;  one  of  best.  Fruit,  medium  or  above,  roundish  ovate, 
conical ;  greenish  yellow,  with  brownish  cheek  in  sun,  and  light  dots,  one 
or  .two  raised  lines  from  stem  to  apex ;  stem,  slender  ;  cavity,  shallow ; 
calyx,  closed ;  basin,  furrowed  imperceptibly ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  ovate  ; 
flesh,  greenish  or  yellowish  white,  tender,  acid,     September  and  October. 

KiNGSLEY. 

From  Monroe  Co.,  N.  Y.  Tree,  erect,  moderate  grower,  hardy,  profuse 
early  bearer.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval ;  yellowish,  striped  and  splashed 
with  pinkish  red,  white  dots,  russet  near  calyx ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx,  small, 
closed ;  basin,  shallow :  core,  medium,  open  ;  seeds,  small,  dark  brown ;  flesh, 
fine-grained,  juicy,  sub-acid ;  "  best."  November  to  July.  (H.  Wendell  in 
Pom.  Trans.) 

King  of  Tompkins  County. 

Winter  King     j     King. 

This  variety  we  have  had  more  or  less  acquaintance  with  for  the  past 
ten  years.  It  is  really  one  of  the  most  valuable  apples  grown  at  the  North. 
Its  origin  is  uncertain.  Supposed  to  have  been  brought  at  an  early  day 
from  New  Jersey  to  Jacksonville,  Tompkins  Co.,  N.  Y.  It  is  distinct  from 
"  King"  of  Ky.,  and  Newark  King  of  N.  J.     Tree,  annually  productive. 

Fruit,  large,  roundish  oblong,  somewhat  ribbed,  pale  yellow  ground, 
mostly  covered  with  two  shades  of  red,  striped  and  splashed,  brown  dots, 
and  russet  patches  on  sunny  side ;  stem,  stout,  thick  ;  cavity,  open,  regular 
calyx,  with  long  pointed  segments ;  basin,  abrupt,  slight  furrows,  and  pro- 
jecting ribs  surrounding ;/e5A,  yellowish,  crisp,  juicy,  sub-acid.  December 
to  February. 

Lady  Apple. 

Api,  I     Pomme  Eose,  j     Petit  Api  Eonge, 

Petit  Api,  Pomme  d'Api  Eouge,  Gros  Api  Eouge. 

Pomme  d'Api,     |  I 

Foreign.  Trees,  very  upright,  forming  almost  pyramidal  heads,  like  that 
of  a  Pear  tree,  producing  the  fruit  in  clusters ;  require  to  be  ten  or  more 
years  old,  ere  bearing  much ;  after  which,  very  productive.  Shoots,  very 
dark  color,  straight,  erect,  leaves  small ;  appears  to  succeed  in  all  soils, 
and  the  fruit,  though  small,  from  its  beauty,  always  commands  a  high 
price. 

Fruit,  small ;  form,  flat ;  color,  brilliant  red,  on  light,  clear  yellow ;  very 
glossy ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  small  ;  basin,  furrowed  ;  flesh, 
white,  crisp,  tender,  juicy ;  core,  small.    December  to  May. 


88 


THE  APPLE. 


Ladies'   Sweeting. 

American.  We  have  repeatedly  fruited  and  met  with  this  variety  West, 
where  it  seems  generally  to  succeed,  but  varies  much  in  different  soils — 
often  not  more  than  second-rate  quality ;  always  fair,  handsome  fruit ;  pro- 
fitable for  marketing,  or  stock  feeding.  "  Wood,  not  very  strong :  grows 
thriftily ;  bears  abundantly." 

^^  Fruit,  large,  roundish*. ovate,  narrowing  rapidly  to  the  eye  ;  skin^  very 
smooth,  nearly  covered  with  red  in  the  sun,  pale  yellowish  green  in  the 
shade,  with  broken  stripes  of  pale  red.  The  red  is  sprinkled  with  w^ell- 
marked  yellowish  gray  dots,  and  covered,  when  first  gathered,  with  a  thin 
white  bloom.  There  is  also,  generally,  a  faint  marbling  of  cloudy  white 
over  the  red,  on  the  shady  side  of  the  fruit,  and  rays  of  the  same  around 
the  stalk.  Calyx,  quite  small, set  in  a  narrow,  shallow-plaited  basin;  stalky 
half  an  inch  long,  in  a  shallow  cavity ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  exceedingly 
tender,  juicy,  crisp,  delicious,  sprightly,  agreeably  perfumed  flavor  ;  keeps 
without  shelving,  or  losing  its  flavor,  till  May." 

London   Sweet. 

London  Winter  Sw^eet,     |    Winter  Sweet,    I   Heicke's  "Winter  Sweet. 


American.  Much  cultivated  in  Southern  Ohio  ;  often  abundant  in  Cin- 
cinnati  market.  We  have  been  unable  to  connect  it  with  any  other  named 
variety,  though  it  nearest  resembles  Broadwell.  Adapted  to  the  rich  deep 
soils  of  the  West ;  annually  productive. 

Fruit,  medium,  occasionally  large ;  form,  roundish  flattened ;  color,  pale 
yellow,  with  rarely  an  irregular  patch  of  bronzed  russet ;  very  smooth  j 
grown  South,  has  the  fungus  or  mould,  as  we  think,  marring  its  beauty ; 
stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  open,  medium  depth,  round,  regular ;  calyx, 
small,  closed;  basin,  deep,  round,  regular;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy, 
tender,  pleasantly  sweet ;  core,  rather  small ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed.  Novem- 
ber to  January,  but  will  keep  through  February. 


MOST  GENEKALLY   ESTEEMED. 


89 


Lowell. 


Orange,  of  some^ 
Tallow  Apple, 
Tallow  Pippin, 


Greasy  Pippin, 

Queen  Anne, 

Pound  Eoyal,  erroneously. 


American.  The  early  habit  of  productiveness,  with  the  large  fair  fruit, 
will  always  command  a  place  in  large  orchards,  where  this  variety  i* 
known.  Trees,  thrifty,  rather  strong  growers,  spreading ;  most  valuable  on 
rich  heavy  soils. 

Fruity  large  :  form^  roundish  oblong,  slightly  conical ;  color^  green,  be- 
coming rich  yellow;  oily  surface;  stem^  long,  slender;  cavz'^y,  narrow; 
calyx,  small,  nearly  closed;  basin^  deep,  furrowed;  fiesh^  yellowish  white, 
rather  coarse,  sub-acid,  fine  aroma;  core^  medium  or  small;  seeds^  ovate, 
August  and  early  September. 

Maiden's  Blush. 

American.  Tree  a  rapid  grower,  forming  a  fine  spreading  head ;  suc- 
ceeds, so  far  as  producing  annually  and  abundantly,  in  all  soils ;  much  the 
best,  however,  in  those  termed  "  limestone  clay."  Valued  for  cooking,  for 
drying,  and  salable  in  market  on  account  of  its  handsome  appearance. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large  ;  form^  roundish  flattened  ;  cohr,  clear  lemon 
yellow,  with  red  cheek,  varying  from  faint  blush  to  rich  crimson  ;  sterriy 
short ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  medium,  abrupt ;  core,  medium ;  flesh,  white, 
fine-grained,  tender,  sprightly,  rather  sharp  sub-acid  unless  fully  ripened. 
September  and  October 


90 


THE  APPLE. 


Mangum. 

Beago,  I  Maxfleld. 
From  Georgia.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  conical;  yello-vrishj  striped 
and  shaded  with  red ;  whitish  brown  dots ;  stem,  short,  small ;  cavity^ 
broad,  often  russeted ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  medium ;  core,  small ;  fiesh^ 
yellow,  tender,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid,  excellent.  October  and  November 
Valued  South  as  keeping  until  March. 

Maverack's  Sweet. 
Southern  origin.  Fruit,  very  large;  roundish,  irregular,  slightly  conical ; 
striped  with  bright  red,  and  a  few  greenish  dots  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  regu- 
lar ;  calyx,  open ;  basin,  medium ;  skin,  thick :  flesh,  fine-grained,  tender, 
sweet,  excellent.  November  and  December  at  the  South;  December  to 
March  at  the  North. 

Melon. 
Norton''8  Melon,         |        'Watennelon. 


American.  Origin  questioned — ^whether  New  York  or  Connecticut.  It 
proves  jEine  so  far,  wherever  it  has  been  tested.  Tree,  vigorous,  spreading; 
shoots,  reddish  brown ;  requires  deep,  strong  soil. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  roundish  flattened,  regular ;  surface, 
glossy,  uneven  ;  color,  pale  yellowish  white,  much  overspread  with  broken 
streaks  and  stripes  of  reddish  purple,  becoming  rich  and  dark  in  the  sun  ; 
stem,  medium,  slender ;  cavity,  wide,  round,  open,  marked  with  greenish 
russet ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  deep,  finely  plaited  at  bottom ;  flesh,  white, 
fine-grained,  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  sprightly;  core,  rather  small ;  seeds  broad, 
nearly  black.     October  to  December. 

McLellan. 
Martin. 

From  Woodstock,  Conn.  Trees,  moderate  growth,  annual  productive 
bearers.     Fruit,  medium,  round ;  bright  straw  color,  striped  and  marbled 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


91 


"with  lively  red  ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  round  ;  calyXj  nearly  closed  j 
basin,  medium,  slightly  plaited  ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  small ;  flesh,  white, 
fine-grained,  tender,  mild  sub-acid ;  nearly  "  best."     November  to  March. 

Minister. 

From  Massachusetts.  Tree,  productive.  Fruit, .  large,  oblong  conical, 
ribbed  ;  red  striped  on  greenish  yeUow ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx,  small,  closed ; 
hasin,  furrowed ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  coarse,  spongy ;  "  good  j"  showy 
and  salable.     October  to  December. 

Michael  Henry  Pippin. 


American.  Native  of  New  Jersey.  It  is  in  extensive  cultivation 
throughout  the  West,  and  is  very  successful.     Trees  very  productive. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  angular,  roundish  conical ;  color,  light 
yellowish  green,  with  a  flush  of  red,  in  sun,  dotted  with  irregular  formed 
specks  of  russet ;  often  there  is  a  shade  of  rich  yellow,  marbled  or  striped, 
apparently  underneath  the  skin  ;  stem,  usually  short ;  cavity,  narrow,  regu- 
lar ;  calyx,  with  long  segments  in  divisions  ;  basm,  shallow,  narrow,  some- 
what furrowed  ;  flesh,  white  tender,  juicy,  sweet :  much  valued  for  cooking 
and  keeping  well,  being  in  use  from  October  to  March ;  core,  small,  com- 
pact, surrounded  by  a  broad,  coarse  vein,  giving  semblance  of  a  large  core  j 
seeds,  ovate  pointed,  light  brown. 

Mother. 
Queen  Anne,  0/  some,  incorrectly. 
From  Massachusetts,     Tree,  hardy,  moderate   growth,  annual  "bearer. 
Fruit,  large,  roundish  ovate;   yellow,  mostly  overspread,  marbled  and 


92 


THE  APPLE. 


striped  with  shades  of  dark  red,  few  russet  dots  ;  sterrij  slender  ;  calyx^  small, 
nearly  closed  ■  basin,  plaited ;  Jlesh,  yellowish,  tender,  spicy,  sub-sxcid « 
"  best."     October  to  January. 

Monmouth  Pippin. 

Bed  Cheek,  of  some,        |        Bed  Cheek  Pippin. 


American.  Native  of  Monmouth  County,  N.  J.  It  is  stated  as  very 
productive,  and  of  healthy,  vigorous  growth.  We  are  conversant  only  with 
the  fruit. 

Fruit,  large;  form,  roundish  flattened;  sometimes  roundish  conical; 
color,  pale  greenish  yellow,  with  blush-red  cheeks,  small,  raised,  rough, 
brown  specks,  with  a  shade  of  light  green  sufiused  around  them  underneath 
the  skin ;  stem,  rather  short ;  cavity,  deep,  regular ;  calyx,  medium,  seg- 
ments woolly  and  often  nearly  closed;  basin,  wide,  abrupt,  deep,  much 
plaited  ,  flesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse-grained  ;  breaking  tender, 
moderately  juicy,  sub-acid,  with  considerable  aroma,  or  perfume:  core^ 
small,  compact ;  seeds^  oblong  ovate,  abundant.  December  to  February, 
and  often  till  April. 

Myer's   Nonpareil. 

Ohio  Nonpareil,        |         Cattail  Apple. 

The  original  tree,  in  orchard  of  Mr.  Bowman,  Massillon,  0.,  is  over  fifty 
years  old.  It  has  been  claimed  as  identical  with  "  Cogswell,"  but  it  is 
only  a  Fall  fruit,  and  the  tree  a  far  more  upright  grower.  In  our  experience, 
it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  Fall  apples. 

Tree,  straight,  stout  growth,  forming  a  compact  head ;  an  annual  bearer 
of  fruit  uniform  in  size.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened  ;  red  and  yellow 
marbled  and  splashed:  steins  medium;   cavity,  regular;  calyx^  partially 


MOST   GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


open  ;  basin,  not  deep ;  fleshy  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid ; 
"best."     October  to  December. 


Newtown  Pippin. 

ppin,  I         Greei 

American  Newtown  Pippin,         |        Petersburg  PippiK 


Green  Newtown  Pippin,  I         Green  Winter  Pippin, 


y±  THE  APPLE. 

American.  Native  of  Newtown,  Long  Island.  It  requires  a  rich  lime- 
stone clay  soil,  or  a  warm,  sandy,  rich  loam,  well  dressed  with  lime  and 
bone  dust,  in  order  to  secure  healthy  wood,  and  fair,  smooth  fruit.  On 
sandy  soils,  abounding  more  or  less  with  iron,  we  have  never  seen  good 
fruit  grown  of  this  variety.  It  is  distinct  in  fruit  from  the  Yellow  Newtown 
Pippin,  for  which  see  further  pages ;  but  it  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible  to 
detect  one  from  the  other  by  the  wood.  Growth  slender,  slow ;  as  an 
orchard  tree,  a  fine  round  head,  with  branches  diverging,  pendent.  On  the 
rich  limestone  soils  of  Ohio,  and  farther  west,  this  and  the  Yellow  New- 
town Pippin  succeed,  and  produce  fruit  even  superior  to  the  world-renowned 
Pell  Orchard. 

Fruity  medium  ;  fornij  roundish,  oblong  flattened ;  color,  dull  green  when 
first  gathered,  becoming,  when  ripe,  a  yellowish  green ;  small  minute  rus- 
set dots,  with  occasional  spots  or  blotches  of  russet,  and,  grown  on  alluvial 
soils  South,  patches  of  dark  green  mould  ;  stem,  slender  ;  cavity,  acuminate 
regular ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  deep,  abrupt,  hollowed,  and  slightly  wrinkled 
flesh,  greenish  white,  very  fine-grained,  juicy,  crisp,  sprightly,  perfumed 
core,  compact ;  seeds,  dark  brown,  ovate.     February  to  May. 

Newtown  Spitzenberg. 

Spiced  Ox-eye,  I     Matchless,         I     Joe  Berry, 

Ox-eye,  Kountz,  Vandervere  of  New  York,  and 

Burlington  Spitzenberg,     J  1  Eastern  States, 


American.  From  Newtown,  Long  Island.  Originally  described  by 
Coxe,  in  1817.  It  is  extensively  and  successfully  grown  in  the  West  as 
Ox- Eye,  and  highly  estimated.  When  Mr.  Downing  wrote  his  description 
of  Vandervere,  he  evidently  had  this  apple  before  him ;  and  was  not  ac- 
quainted with  the  true  Vandervere. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  round,  flattened ;  color,  yellow  ground,  mostly 
striped  and  splashed  with  red,  which  often  has  appearance  as  of  a  bloom ; 
russet  dots  and  lines  that  near  the  calyx  look  like  the  crests  of  waves  ; 
stem,  long,  slender j  cavity,  narrow,  deep,  regular;   calyx,  small,  segments 


MOST   GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 


05 


erect ;  basin,  open,  regular,  not  deep  j  Jlesk.  yellow,  tender,  slightly  sweet, 
rich,  aromatic;  core,  small ;  seeds,  few,  ovate  pointed.  December  to 
February. 

Northern  Spy. 

American.  Native  of  East  Bloomfield^  N.  Y.  While  the  quality  of 
this  variety  secures  it  a  place  among  first  class  fruit,  it  cannot  be  con- 
sidered a  profitable  variety  until  the  trees  have  acquired  at  least  twenty 
years  of  age,  as  it  is  tardy  in  coming  into  bearing.  It  is  of  thrifty,  vigor- 
ous growth,  requiring  a  rich  soil,  high  state  of  cultivation,  and  as  an 
orchard  tree,  severe  thinning  out  of  the  tops,  as  it  inclines  to  make  an 
upright,  close  head ;  young  shoots,  stout,  dark,  spotted :  blooms  late,  often 
escaping  late  frosts  in  Spring. 


Fruit,  medium  to  large  ;  form,  roundish  conical,  sometimes  ribbed ;  skiUy 
thin  and  tender;  color,  light  yellow,  mostly  overspread  with  light  red, 
striped  and  slashed  with  streaks  of  carmine  red,  and,  when  first  gathered, 
covered  with  a  fine  bloom;  stem,  slender,  projecting  about  even  with  the 
surface ;  cavity,  open,  wide,  deep  ;  calyx,  small,  closed;  basin,  open,  regu- 
lar, other  than  the  furrows  produced  by  ribs  of  the  fruit — not  deep,  but 
rather  abrupt ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  very  tender,  crisp,  juicy,  sprightly  ; 
core,  large,  capsules  open:  seeds,  abundant,  many  of  them  triangular  ovate 
pointed.  January  to  April.  South,  it  will  probably  become  an  early 
Winter  variety. 


36 


Ortley  Pippin 
"Woolman's  Long, 
White  Bellefleur, 
White  Bellflower, 
Green  Bellflower, 
Willow  Leaf  Pippin, 
Ohio  Favorite, 
Detroit, 
White  Detroit, 


the  apple. 
Ortley. 

Van  Dyne, 
Jersey  Greening, 
Davis,  erroneously. 
Hollow  Core  Pippin, 
Greasy  Pippin, 
Melting  Pippin, 
Crane's  Pippin, 
Warren  Pippin, 


White  Pippin,  erroneously/. 
Yellow  Pippin, 
Golden  Pippin,  of  some. 
Woodward's  Pippin, 
Tom  Woodward  Pippin, 
Inman, 

White  Seek-no-further,  q^ 
some,  erroneously. 


American.  Native  of  New  Jersey.  First  described  by  Lindley  as 
Drtley,  and  we  therefore  follow,  as  it  is  as  well  known  by  that  as  any 
other  one  of  its  names.  In  strong  rich  soils,  throughout  the  entire  West- 
ern States,  it  proves  one  of  the  hardiest,  most  productive,  profitable,  as 
well  as  best  varieties  known.  In  size,  it  is  also  largely  increased  over 
specimens  grown  North,  where  the  form  is  more  oblong,  the  texture  some- 
what closer,  and  sprightliness  a  little  enhanced.  Shoots,  slender,  brown- 
ish, yellow,  upright,  long  jointed. 

Fruity  large,  when  grown  on  rich  soils ;  skin^  smooth  ;  form^  oblong 
oval,  occasionally  or  often  roundish  conical ;  color ^  pale  yellowish  white,  at 
the  North — South  it  becomes  a  richer  yellow,  with  specks  of  dark  red,  and 
a  Vermillion  tinge  surrounding  when  exposed  to  sun ;  stem^  varying  from 
short  and  stout  to  long  and  slender;  cavity^  deep,  narrow;  calyx^  small, 


MOST   GENEEALLY   ESTEEMED. 


W 


closed ;   basing  furrowed  or  plaited,  from  the  surrounding  angles  or  nhar 
that  are  often  apparent  in  the  fruit ;  Jlesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  crisp, 
sprightly,  mild  acid ;  core,  large,  open ;  seedsj  abundant,  loose  in  the  cap- 
sules.   January  to  April. 

Peck's  Pleasant. 

"Waltz  Apple. 


American.  Native  of  Rhode  Island.  Shoots,  rather  erect,  slightly  di- 
verging, vigorous,  productive.  If  on  sandy  soils,  it  is  of  firmer  texture 
than  on  clays,  and  keeps  better,  but  is  not  so  large. 

Fruit  J  medium  to  large ;  form,  roundish,  slightly  (sometimes  very  much) 
flattened,  with  an  indistinct  furrow  on  one  side ;  color,  when  first  gathered, 
green,  with  a  little  dark  red — when  ripe,  a  beautiful  clear  yellow,  with 
bright  blush  on  sunny  side,  marked  with  scattered  gray  dots,  which  become 
small  and  almost  indistinct  near  the  apex ;  stem,  varies,  mostly  short  and 
fleshy ;  cavity,  broad,  open,  and  almost  always  with  a  slight  ridge  or  wave 
on  one  side,  connecting  with  stem;  calyx,  medium  size,  usually  segments 
half  open ;  basin,  round,  regular ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine  grained, 
firm,  yet  tender,  juicy,  mild,  aromatic,  sub-acid;  core,  medium;  seeds, 
abundant,  ovate,  dark  reddish  brown.  December  to  February,  often  keeps 
to  April. 

Paradise  Winter  Sweet. 

Honey  Sweet,  of  some. 

From  Columbia  Co.,  Pa.     Tree,  productive .   Fruit,  large,  roundish  flat- 
tened ;  dull  green,  with  a  pale  brownish  blfeh ;  stern,  short ;  cavity,  rather 
deep ;  calyx,  medium ;  basin^  not  deep ;    core,  medium ;   seeds,  ovate  pyri 
6 


n 


THE   APPLE. 


form;  flesh,  white,  fine  grained,  juicy,  sweet;  "very  good."    Novembei 
to  March.    Quality  a  little  variable. 


Peach  Pond  Sweet. 


From  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.  Tree,  moderate  growth,  spreading ;  an- 
nual moderate  bearer.  Fruity  medium,  roundish ;  pale  red,  marbled  and 
striped  on  yellow  j  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  open,  slightly  russeted ;  cali/x, 
with  segments  in  divisions ;  basin,  deep ;  core,  small ;  seeds^  ovate  pyri- 
form }  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  sweet ;  "  very  good."    October, 


MOST  GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 
People's  Choice. 


99 


Origin,  Pennsylvania.  Tree,  hardy ;  shoots,  slender,  diverging ;  fruit 
Dorne  mostly  on  ends  of  limbs ;  requires  rich  soil,  abounding  in  lime  ;  on 
young  trees,  fruit  quite  small ;  improves  and  increases  as  they  advance  in 
years  and  size,  and  under  good  culture. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish,  slightly  flattened ;  color,  yellow  ground, 
overspread  with  warm  yellow  red,  dotted  and  marbled  with  yellow  russet ; 
stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep,  regular ;  calyx,  with  short,  erect  segments  j 
basin,  shallow,  broad,  open;  flesh,  yellowish  crisp,  juicy,  tender,  sub-acid; 
core,  small,  compact ;    seeds,  long;  oval-pointed,  abundant.    January  to 


April. 


PoMME  Grise. 
Grlse,     I     Gray  Apple. 


too  THE  APPLE. 

A  delicious  little  apple  from  Canada,  that  is  especially  adapted  to 
Northern  and  Southwestern  sections,  and  only  to  gardens.  It  is  a  good 
bearer,  of  slender  growth,  forming  a  tree  of  small  size. 

Fruit,  below  medium ;  form,  roundish,  somewhat  flattened ;  color j  yel- 
low, gray,  or  russet,  with  a  little  red  towards  the  eye ;  stem,  slender ; 
,avity,  deep ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  round  ;  flesk,  yellow,  tender,  sprightly ; 
orCj  medium ;  seeds,  abundant.     December  to  February. 

Porter. 
Golden  Pippin  of  MicUgan. 

American:  native  of  Massachusetts.  Tree,  slender,  slow  growth,  a 
tegular,  even  bearer,  requires  strong  soil  in  which  there  is  good  supply  of 
lime  and  phosphates ;  succeeds  wherever  grown — one  of  the  best  at  South  ; 
hardy  all  West. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  oblong  conical ;  color,  bright,  clear  yellow 
— ^when  exposed  to  sun,  a  fine  blush  cheek ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  shallow  j 
calyx,  medium,  closed ;  basin,  narrow,  deep ;  flesh,  fine-grained,  juicy,  firm 
yet  tender,  acid.     September  and  October. 

POUGHKEEPSIE    RuSSET. 
English  Basset,     |     Winter  Basset? 


is  variety,  described  by  Downing  as  the  "  English  Russet,"  is  prob 
ably  an  American  seedling,  and  as  there  are  so  many  sorts  known  under 
the  general  term  of  English  Russet,  we  prefer  to  adopt  the  name  of  Pough- 
keepsie  Russet,  as  commemorative  of  the  section  whence  it  was  first  dis- 
seminated. Growth,  upright.  Shoots,  lively  brown,  profuse  bearer,  and 
although  only  of  medium  size,  its  quality  of  keeping  over  year  renders  it 
very  profitable.  There  is  also  another  called  "  Crow's  Nest,"  sometimes 
sold  under  this  name,  of  which  the  fruit  is  larger,  does  not  keep  as  well, 
and  the  tree  when  grown  makes  a  dense  top. 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


101 


Fruit,  medium  ;  form,  roundish  conical,  or  roundish  ovate,  regular ;  eolor^ 
light  greenish  yellow,  mostly  overspread  with  brownish  russet ;  when  well 
matured,  becomes  yellowish ;  stem,  rather  short ;  cavity  round  ;  calyx,  small, 
close ;  basin,  abrupt,  regular,  round ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine  texture, 
rather  firm,  aromatic;  core,  small;  seeds,  ovate,  reddish  brown.  All  Win- 
ter and  Spring. 

There  is  cultivated  in  Central  Ohio,  a  Golden  Russet  (see  our  figure) 
which  resembles  this,  but  is  larger,  and  with  an  open  calyx,  and  often 
beautifully  bronzed  with  russet  yellow.  We  think  they  may  prove  identi- 
cal, and  the  soil  and  location  make  the  apparent  difierence. 

Primate. 
Eough  and  Keady^     |     Summer  Pippin,  erroneously. 


A  variety  lately  come  into  favorable  notice  in  Central  New  York,  that 
may  yet  prove  an  old  sort  improved  by  soil  and  location.  Fruit,  medium, 
roundish,  tapering  to  the  eye — pale  yellow— occasionally,  blush  red  cheek  ; 
calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  deep  ;  stem,  varying  ;  cavity,  rather  narrow  ;  core,  with 
open  seed-capsules ;  seeds,  pyriform ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  very  tender, 
delicate,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid ;  "  best."     September  and  October. 

Prtor's  Red. 
Prior's  Bed.     1     PitzerHUl,     I     BigHlU. 

This  is  evidently  a  seedling  from  seed  crossed  with  Westfield  Seek-no- 
further  and  Roxbury  Russet,  partaking  most  largely  of  the  Seek-no-further. 
Its  certain  origin  w*e  have  not  learned.  It  is  not  regarded  as  an  early 
bearer,  but  as  very  hardy,  and  the  fruit  keeping  well  when  grown  South, 
and  on  rich  alluvial  soils.  Grown  at  the  North,  the  trees  come  into  bear- 
ing at  about  eight  years,  and  the  fruit  has  very  little  russet  (unless  unusu- 
ally warm  seasons),  except  at  stem  end ;  South,  in  good  culture,  it  attains 


102  THE   APPLE. 

»  size  of  four  inches  diameter,  by  three  inches  from  stem  to  eye,  and  mostly 
•overed  with  russet.     Popular  in  Kentucky,  not  so,  farther  North. 


Fruit,  medium  to  very  large ;  fornij  at  North,  regular  roundish,  tapering 
to  the  eye — South,  always  angular,  sometimes  even  broad  at  apex,  being 
roundish  angular,  flattened ;  color,  pale  yellow,  ground  mostly  overspread 
with  rich,  warm  rea  and  russet,  marbled  and  splashed  with  bronzed  yellow 
near  the  stem,  dark  yellow  russet  spots  surrounded  with  a  lighter  shade  ; 
stem,  short;  cavity,  narrow;  calyx,  small,  segments  erect;  basin,  abrupt, 
pretty  deep,  round  and  even,  occasionally  shallow ;  Jlesh,  yellowish,  tender, 
mild  sub-acid,  much  resemblimg  Westfield  Seek-no-further;  core,  medium, 
marked  at  distance  with  a  line  encircling ;  seeds,  varying,  generally  ovate. 
January  to  April. 

Pumpkin  Sweet. 

Pound  Sweet,  I     French's  Sweet, 

Lyman'a  Pumpkin  Sweet,     \     Yankee  Apple. 

An  old  Connecticut  fruit,  valued  for  baking.  In  wet  soils  or  neavy  clay, 
liable  to  be  watered-cored.  Bears  regularly,  and  evenly  distributed.  Fruit, 
large,  roundish,  ribbed  at  base — yellowish  green,  whitish  dots  and  streaks  ; 
stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep  greenish,  russeted ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  irregular ; 
Jksh,  white  tender,  sweet ;  "  good."     September  to  November. 

Rambo. 

Komanite,  |     Seek-no-further, 

Bread  and  Cheese  Apple,     |     Terry's  Eed  Streak. 

American.  A  native  of  Delaware,  it  succeeds  in  all  soils  and  locations, 
and  has  no  superior,  as  a  whole,  in  the  general  estimation.  It  succeeds  on 
sandy  soils,  but  the  largest  and  best  fruit  is  grown  on  strong  limestone  soils, 
giving  evidence  of  the  food  suited  best  to  it,  clay  or  loam. 

Fruit,  medium;  form,  flat,  or  roundish  flattened,  sometimes  ribbed  or 
angular ;  color,  yellowish  white,  marbled  and  streaked  with  yellow  and 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


103 


red,  ind  with  large  rough  spots ;  stem^  long,  slender,  often  curved ;  basm^ 
acuminate ;  calyx^  nearly  closed  ;  hasin^  broad,  slightly  furrowed ;  fleshy 
greenish  white,  tender,  sprightly,  mild  sub-acid ;  core^  large,  rather  hol- 
low; seeds^  abundant,  ovate  pyriform.  October  to  December,  but  often 
keeps  to  March. 

Raules'   Janet. 


Baafs  €^ennetting, 
Eftwrs  Janet, 
Winter  Genneting, 
Bock  Eemain, 


Jennette, 
Jeniton, 

Raules'  Janette, 
Eawle's  Jennette, 


Eock-Eimmon, 
Neverfail, 
Yellow  Janette, 
Indiana  Jannetting. 


This  variety,  according  to  H.  P.  Byrara,  Esq.,  was  first  brought  to  the 
South-western  sections,  from  Amherst  Co.,  Va.,  near  the  Blue  Ridge,  where 
it  was  originated  by  Caleb  Raules,  who  named  it  Janet,  hence  the  name. 
According  to  Geo.  Hoadley,  Esq.,  Gov.  Worthington  had  it  in  his  orchard 
40  years  since,  and  from  thence  it  was  brought  to  northern  Ohio.  The 
Scriptural  name  of  Rock-Rimmon,  given  it  in  the  Sciota  valley,  Was  prob- 
ably on  account  of  its  sure  bearing,  and  long  keeping  qualities.  The  tree 
is  tardy  in  Spring  in  leaving  out,  and  blossoms  some  ten  days  after  other 
varieties ;  thus  escaping  late  Spring  frosts.  In  quality  it  is  only  second 
rate,  and  at  the  North  is  not  desirable,  but  south  of  Cincinnati  is  highly  so, 
as  it  succeeds  when  many  others  often  fail.  In  Missouri  it  is  regarded  as 
essential  to  every  orchard. 

Fruity  medium  to  large  ;  form^  roundish  conical,  flattened  at  stem  end ; 
skin,  thick,  tough ;  color ^  a  ground  of  light  pale  yellowish  green,  mostly 
overspread,  striped  and  stained  with  dull  red,  and  with  a  blue  or  grayish 
shade  lying  within  as  of  a  bloom  ;  small  russet  dots,  that  show  most  when 
the  fruit  is  high  colored — South,  many  patches  of  mould  or  fungus ;  stem^ 
slender,  rather  long  j  cavity^  deep,  regular ;  calyx^  nearly  closed,  short  seg- 
ments ;  basin^  open,  regular,  not  deep,  sometimes  slightly  furrowed  near 


104 


THE    APPLE. 


the  calyx ;  fleshy  yellowish,  tender,  mild  sub-acid ;  corCj  medium ;  seed$^ 
angular  ovate.    Late  Spring. 

Red  Astrachan, 


Foreign.     Most  valuable  as  a  hardy,  strong  grower,  regular,  moderate 
bearer  of  fruit,  always  fair.    As  a  dessert  fruit,  it  is  rather  acid,  unless 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


105 


fully  ripe ;  but,  for  marketing  or  cooking,  it  has  few  equals,  at  its  time. 
Shoots  stout,  dark  brown,  broad  foliage. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large;  fomiy  roundish,  tapering  toward  the  apex; 
color,  greenish  yellow,  mostly  overspread  with  rich  purplish  crimson,  a 
little  russet  near  the  stem  and  a  white  bloom ;  stem,  varying,  generally 
short ;  cavity,  narrow ;  calyx,  large ;  basin,  shallow,,  uneven  ;  flesh,  white, 
crisp,  juicy,  acid  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate,  dark  browish  black.     August. 

Red  Canada. 
Steele's  Eed  Winter  of  Mich.,     I     Old  Nonsuch,     |     Elchfleld  Nonsuch. 


American :  probably  a  native  of  Massachusetts.  Tree,  slender  growth ; 
shoots  diverging ;  requires  rich,  strong  soil,  when  it  is  productive,  and 
always  fair  and  uniform  size  of  fruit.  One  of  the  most  valuable  for  orchard, 
or  garden. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish  conical,  flattened  at  stem  end ;  coIoTj 
rich,  clear,  yellow  ground;  when  exposed  to  the  sun,  overspread  with  bright, 
handsome  red,  two  shades,  light  and  dark,  intermingling,  or  striped,  many 
light  gray  dots,  presenting  at  first  sight  an  appearance  of  a  somewhat  rough 
exterior  ;  skin,  thin,  tender ;  stem,  varying  from  short  and  stout  to  slender 
and  long,  usually  as  seen  in  our  figure ;  cavity,  deep,  regular,  a  touch  of  light 
russet ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ;  basin,  open,  moderate  depth,  slightly  furrowed, 
or  uneven ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  sub-acid, 
aromatic;  core,  small,  compact;  seeds,  ovate  pyrijform.    January  to  April. 

Red  June. 

CaroMna  Bed  June,     |     Blush  June,     |     Carolina  June. 

A  vigorous  grower ;   early  and  abundant  bearer ;  popular  West  and 

South.     Fruit,  medium,  generally  oblong  conic,  but  occasionally  fiat ;  skin^ 

smooth,  green  in  the  shade,  changing  rapidly  at  maturity  to  a  fine  dark 


106 


THE  APPLE. 


crimson ;  stem  and  cavity,  varying  in  specimenB ;  calyx,  closed,  segments 
long,  reflexed ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  juicy,  brisk 
sub-acid,  not  rich ;  core^  large.  Ripens  in  June  at  the  South  and  South- 
west. 

Red  Russet. 

Origin,  Hampton  Falls,  N.  H.     Tree,  very  vigorous  and  productive. 

Fruit,  large,  roundish  conic ;  skin,  yellow,  shaded  with  dull  red,  and 
deep  carmine  in  the  sun,  and  thickly  covered  with  gray  dots,  with  a  slight 
appearance  of  rough  russet  on  most  of  the  surface ;  stalk,  rather  short  and 
thick,  inserted  in  a  medium  cavity,  surrounded  with  thin  russet ;  calyx, 
nearly  closed,  segments  long,  recurved  in  a  narrow,  uneven  basin;  flesh, 
yellow,  solid,  crisp,  tender,  with  an  excellent  rich,  sub-acid  flavor,  some- 
what resembling  Baldwin.    January  to  April.     (Downing.) 

Rhode  Island  Greening. 
Barlington  Greening,     |     Jersey  Oreening  ?    Coxe^     |      Hampshire  Oreening. 


This  variety  has  been  condemned  in  many  sections,  because  of  not  pro- 
ducing as  fine  fruit  on  the  same  trees  without  care,  as  when  the  trees  were 
young.  Testimony  has  shown  that  it  is  a  gross  feeder,  and  needs  soil  well 
drained,  rich  in  lime  and  phosphates  ;  on  usual  soils,  where  the  variety  is 
defective,  liberal  dressing  with  wood  ashes  will  answer.  On  sandy  soils, 
well  manured,  the  texture  is  closer  than  on  clay.  It  is  unreliable,  South  ', 
drops  too  early. 

Fruity  large  ;  form,  roundish  flattened,  sometimes  a  little  angular  at  the 
base  end  ;  color,  green,  yellowish  green  when  ripe,  with  a  dull  blush,  on 
fiuu-grown  specimens,  near  the  stem ;  stem,  medium ;  cavity^  open ;  calyx^ 


MOST   GENEEALLY   ESTEEMED. 


107 


rather  small,  woolly ;  basin^  medium  depth,  slightly  furrowed ;  fleah,  yel- 
lowish, fine-grained,  tender,  slightly  aromatic,  lively  acid  juice;  core, 
small;  seeds,  ovate  pointed.  December  to  February.  The  best  cooking 
apple  as  yet  known. 

BiBSTON  Pippin. 

Glory  of  York,     |     Travers,     1     Formosa  Pippin. 

Foreign.  Valued  in  Northern  sections  ;  not  esteemed  South  or  Central. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  russet  near  the  stem,  dull  red  in 
pun;  stem,  slender;  calyx,  small  closed;  basin^  open;  core,  small;  seedsj 
flattened  ovate ;  Jlesh,  yellow,  firm,  crisp,  aromatic,  sub-acid.  November 
to  February. 

Richmond. 


We  received  this  fine  variety  from  D,  C.  Richmond,  Esq.,  near  San- 
iusky,  as  a  native  seedling,  and  are  unable  to  identify  it  with  any  known 
sort. 

Fruit,  large  ;  form  roundish  ;  occasional  specimens  have  one  side  a  little 
enlarged ;  color,  light  yellow  ground,  mostly  or  quite  overspread  with  light 
and  dark  red  stripes,  many  dots  or  specks  of  light  russet ;  stem,  varying, 
mostly  short,  slender;  cavity,  deep,  open,  regular,  a  little  brownish  at 
bottom ;  calyx,  large,  segments  long ;  basin,  deep,  open,  uniformly  fur- 
rowed ;  jlesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  delicate  sweet ;  corCj  medium ;  seeds, 
large,  full.     October  to  December. 

Roman  Stem. 

French  Pippin,  of  some. 
From  New  Jersey.     Shoots,  slender,  diverging;  succeeds  finely  on  the 
dry  prairies,  and  on  all  rich  limestone  soils  ;  productive.     Fi'uitj  mediunii 


108  THE    APPLE. 

roundish  oblong,  whitish  yellow,  with  brownish  or  red  russet,  and  patches  ol 
blackish  russet,  unless  well  grown ;  stem,  with  a  fleshy  knob  one  side ; 
tavityy  russeted;  calyx,  small,  closed:  hasin,  narrow;  core,  open,  long 
ovate ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed ;  jiesh,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  sprightly  ;  "  very 
good."     November  to  February.    One  of  the  best  at  the  Southwest. 

Rome  Beauty. 

Eoman  Beauty,     |     Gillett's  Seedling. 


American.  Native  of  Southern  Ohio.  Requires,  to  perfect  good  fniit, 
a  rich,  warm,  loamy  soil.  On  poor  land,  it  is  undersized,  deficient  in  char 
acter,  and  inclined  to  overbear. 

Fruit,  large  ;  form,  roundish ;  color,  rich  light  yellow,  mostly  overspread 
and  striped  with  shades  of  clear,  bright  red  ]  stem,  slender ;  cavity^  open, 
regular ;  calyx,  nearly  closed,  segments  distinctly  separate ;  basirij  round, 
open,  moderately  deep  ;  flesh,  yellow,  crisp,  mild,  sub-acid  ;  core,  medium, 
somewhat  hollow;  seeds,  long  ovate,  large  and  full.    October  to  December. 

Ross  Nonpareil. 

Foreign.  Tree,  productive.  Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish,  dull  red, 
blotched  and  striped,  over  which  is  a  marbling  of  thin  mellow  russet ;  stem, 
slender ;  calyx,  medium ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  sub-acid,  aromatic ; 
*'  very  good,''  nearly  "  best."    October  to  November, 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


109 


Boston  Eusset, 
Marietta  Eusset, 


RoxBURY  Russet. 

Putnam  Eusset, 
Belpre  Eusset, 


Sylran  Basset. 


American.  Origin  uncertain,  either  Connecticut  or  Massachusetts.  It 
was  introduced  to  the  Ohio  Valley,  in  1796  or  "97,  by  Israel  Putnam,  and 
from  thence  distributed  throughout  the  Southwest.  It  is  a  thick-skinned 
fruit,  generally  a  good  keeper,  but  hardly  above  second  rate  in  quality ; 
grown  on  rich  prairie  soils,  it  is  sometimes  liable  to  "  bark  burst "  near  the 
ground,  but  elsewhere  perfectly  hardy,  and  very  productive.  Spreading 
growth,  with  rather  dowTiy  shoots ;  young  trees  often  crooked.  Unreliable, 
West  or  South. 

Fruitj  medium  to  large ;  form,  roundish  flattened,  and  often  angular ; 
color,  dull  green,  overspread  With  brownish  yellow  russet,  occasionally  a 
faint  blush  on  the  sunny  side  ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  medium ;  calyx,  closed ; 
basin,  round,  moderate  depth  ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  moderately  juicy,  mild 
sub-acid ;  core,  compact ;  seeds,  ovate,  defective.    January  to  June. 


Gibbon's  SmatUiouse, 
Millcreek  Vandervere, 


Smokehouse. 

Gibbon's  Smokehouse, 
English  Yandervere, 


Bmathhonse, 
Millcreek, 


Origin,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.  Has  been  in  cultivation  about  twenty  years. 
Tree,  a  free  grower,  bearing  early  and  abundantly.  Fruit,  above  medium; 
flat;  red,  striped  and  mottled  on  greenish  yellow;  stem,  short,  slender; 
Cavity,  narrow ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  long, 
brown;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  juicy,  delicate,  aroma  agreeable 
October,  November. 

Summer  Rose. 


Wolman's  Harvest,     |     "Woolman's  Harvest,     \     Lippincott. 


This  variety  is  not  valuable  for  market  purposes,  but  its  juicy,  sprightly, 
Bub-acid  character  makes  it  very  desirable  for  the  dessert.  Tree,  a  slow 
grower,  diverging  —  shoots  downy;   requires  rich,  strong  soil,  lime  and 


110 


THE  APPLE. 


phosphate  to  perfect  the  fruit,  or  keep  the  tree  healthy.    Moderate,  regular 
bearer. 

Fruity  medium,  or  rather  small ;  form,  roundish,  sometimes  flattened  * 
color,  rich  glossy  yellow,  blotched  and  streaked  with  red ;  stem,  varying 
from  stout  to  slender,  short ;  cavity,  shallow;  calyx,  partially  closed ;  basing 
round,  slightly  furrowed  ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  crisp,  juicy,  sprightly  ;  core, 
medium ;  seeds^  ovate.     Last  of  July  and  August. 

Smith  Cider. 
Oregon  Spitzenberg,  1  Smith's  Superb. 
Origin,  Berks  Co.,  Pa.  Extensively  grown  West.  Fruit,  medium,  round- 
ish flattened ;  bright  red  and  yellow,  mostly  red ;  stem,  varying ;  cavity, 
regular ;  calyx,  half  closed,  long  segments  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  sub-acid  ; 
"  very  good ;"  varies  much  in  soils.  November  to  December.  It  is  a 
variety  more  grown  for  eating  than  for  cider. 


American.  "Produced  by  the  Dutch  settlers,  on  the  Hudson;  its  name 
in  low  Dutch  meaning  heavy."  It  is  one  of  the  very  best  apples,  growing 
well  and  producing  abundantly  on  all  rich,  strong  soils. 

Fruit,  medium,  to  large ;  form,  roundish,  slightly  ribbed  or  unequal  on 
its  surface  and  often  a  little  angular;  color,  greenish  yellow  at  first,  becom- 
ing a  dull  rich  yellow,  dotted  with  distinct  brown  specks,  sometimes  marbled 
with  gray  russet  on  the  side  and  round  the  stem,  and  often  tinged  with  dull 
red ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  round,  deep  ;  calyx,  small,  half  closed ;  basin-, 
shallow,  somewhat  plaited:  flesh,  yellowish,  fine-grained,  juicy,  tender, 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED.  Ill 

spicy  aromatic  perfume  ;  core,  small,  to  modium ;  seeds,  broad  ovate.    Jan- 
uary to  March. 


Sweet  Bough. 

Bough.     I 

Nyack  rippl 


"Washington, 
Pippin. 


American.  First  described  by  Coxe  as  Bough;  we  add  Sweet,  as 
expressive  of  its  character.  Valued  as  a  dessert  fruit.  Young  shoots,  yel- 
lowish, somewhat  irregular,  ascending.  Tree,  a  moderate,  annual  bearer, 
succeeding  in  all  good  soils  not  wet. 

Fruit,  large  (our  figure  hardly  medium) ;  form,  roundish,  conical  ovate, 
color,  greenish,  becoming  pale  yellow  when  fully  ripe ;  stem,  varying  in 
lengtii ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  open ;  basin,  narrow,  deep  ;  flesh,  white,  ten- 
der, crisp,  sprightly,  sweet ;  core,  medium,  open  capsules ;  seeds,  ovate,  light 
brown.    August. 

Sweet  Pearmain. 

Henry  Sweet,     1     Henrick  Sweet,     |     Ladies'  Sweet,  &rrone<ymh/. 

This  variety,  according  to  Downing  and  Thomas,  is  the  "  English  Sweet- 
ing ;"  but,  according  to  Mr.  Manning,  the  "English  Sweeting'*  is  the 
"  Ramsdell's  Sweeting,"  of  Downing.  (See  Hovey's  Mag.  vol.  1 2,  page  150.) 
This  variety  is  extensively  grown  in  central  Ohio,  and  farther  West,  suiting 
well  the  rich  soils  ;  keeping  finely  all  Winter;  highly  valued  for  baking  or 
eating. 

Fruit,  medium  size  or  often  above ;  form,  roundish,  slightly  angular , 
color,  dull  red,  rough  russet  dots  and  bluish  bloom ;  stem,  long,  slender ; 
cavity,  deep,  wide,  and  open  ;  calyx,  woolly;  basin,  medium ;  flesh,  yellow- 


112 


THE   APPLE. 


'sh,  tender,  moderately  juicy,  sweet ;  core,  medium,  with  outer  or  coiisecu- 
iive  lines  ;  seeds^  ovate  pyriform,  dark  brown.     December  to  March. 

Talman's  Sweeting. 
Tollman's  Sweeting,     |     Tolman's  Sweeting,     I     Brown's  Golden  Sweet, 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


113 


American.  Native  of  Rhode  Island;  its  name  from  a  family  T)y  name 
•f  Talman.  Its  value  is  for  baking  and  stock  feeding.  Tree,  great  bearer, 
fruit  keeping  well;  growth,  rapid,  upright,  strong;  wood,  dark. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish,  slightly  conical ;  color,  light  yellow, 
with  a  greenish  line  from  stem  to  apex ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  wide, 
regular ;  calyx,  medium ;  basin,  moderate  depth,  furrowed ;  flesh,  white, 
firm,  very  sweet ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  light  brown,  ovale  pointed.  Novem- 
ber  to  April. 

Tift's  Sweet. 

American.  Tree,  moderate  grower;  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  round- 
ish  flattened,  greenish  yellow  with  slight  net- work  of  russet ;  stem,  slender ; 
cavity,  varying  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  deep ;  segments,  long ;  core,  small ; 
flesh,  yellow,  firm,  sweet,  rich,  very  best  for  baking.  September,  Novem- 
ber. 

Vandervere. 


Vandervere  Pippin, 
Ked  Vandervere, 
Fall  Vandervere, 
Tellow  Vandervere, 


Baltimore,  of  some  incorrecUy^ 
Imperial  Vandervere, 
Pennsylvania  Vandervere, 
Striped  Vandervere, 


Staalclubs, 

Watson's  vandervere, 

White  Wine,  of  some. 


American.  Native  of  Delaware.  For  other  synonyms  heretofore  used  in 
connection  with  this  variety,  see  '•  Newtown  Spitzenberg,"  page  94,  Gray 
Vandervere,  page  82,  and  Smokehouse,  page  109.  We  do  not  think  the  true 
Vander  vere  has  ever  been  grown  to  any  extent  east  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  tree  is  a  free  grower,  productive,  and  early  bearer.  Grown  on  soils 
deficient  in  lime,  like  many  of  our  Western  bottoms,  and  some  of  prairie,  it 
has  always  more  or  less  of  dry  bitter  rot,  but,  when  supplied  with  lime, 
the  rot  disappears,  the  fruit  increases  in  size,  and  improves  in  quality ; 
needs  good  culture.  Grown  North,  it  is  smaller  in  size,  and  much  moro 
conical,  and  less  highly-colored  than  South.     Young  shoots,  spotted. 


114 


THE   APPLE. 


Fruit,  from  medium  to  large ;  form,  round  flattened,  sometimes  angular  ; 
color,  orange  yellow,  striped  and  stained  with  yellow  red,  few  streaks  of 
deeper  red  when  grown  exposed  to  the  sun,  dotted  at  intervals  of  a  quarter 
to  half-inch  with  large  yellow  russet  specks ;  when  grown  North,  these 
specks  are  more  of  gray  and  much  smaller,  often  russeted  about  the  stem ; 
stem,  projecting  about  even  with  surrounding  surface ',  cavity,  deep,  open, 
regular;  calyx,  with  small  segments;  basin,  open,  broad,  sometimes  slight 
waves  or  furrows  '.flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  aromatic,  tender,  sprightly, 
mild  sub-acid;  core,  round,  compact;  seeds,  large,  ovate  pyriforra.  De- 
cember to  February. 

Wagener. 


American:  "origin,  Penn  Yan,  Yates  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  seed  sown  in  1791. 
Tree,  thrifty  :  young  shoots,  pale  green ;  old  wood,  dark  red ;  requires  free 
trimming,  in  order  to  produce  large  sized  fruit  abundantly ;  annual 
bearer." 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish  flattened,  slightly  ribbed  at  base ;  color, 
yellow  ground,  mostly  covered  with  deep,  glossy  red,  with  stripes  and 
splashes  of  light  red,  and  marked  with  irregular  light  russet  specks  ;  stem, 
slender  ;  cavity,  wide,  deep ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  broad,  open ;  flesh,  yellow- 
ish white,  fine-grained,  crisp,  juicy,  sprightly,  vinous,  sub-acid ;  core,  small, 
oblong  ovate ;  seeds  light  brown,  ovate  pyriform.  November  to  March, 
but  will  keep  to  May. 

Westfield  Seek-no-further. 
Connecticut  Seek-no-further,     |     Seek-no-further,     |     Eed  "Winter  Pearmain,  of  some. 
An  old  variety  from  Connecticut.     For  all  qualities  of  tree  and  fruit  has 
no  superior.     Very  popular  in  its  native  State  all  South  and  West.    Grown 


MOST  GENEEALLT  ES'IEEMED.  115 


In  rich  loamy  alluvial  soils  of  the  South,  it  is  much  russeted,  and  about 
the  stem  the  russet  has  appearance  of  rich  bronze  ',  progressing  Northward, 
it  gradually  loses  its  russet,  until,  on  light  sandy  soils,  in  Michigan,  it  be- 
comes a  pale  yellow  ground,  with  stripes  and  splashes  of  clear  red  and 
minute  dots. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  regular,  roundish  conical — Abroad  at  base ;  color, 
light  yellow  ground,  the  sunny  side  striped  and  splashed  with  red,  small 
russet  dots  shaded  around  with  light  russet  yellow;  often  considerable  rus- 
set about  both  stem  and  calyx ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  open,  regular ; 
calyx,  usually  small,  closed,  sometimes  open,  with  short  segments  ;  basin, 
regular  form,  moderate  depth ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  sub-acid,  pearmain 
flavor;  core,  medium;  seeds,  ovate.     November  to  February. 

Wood's  Greening. 
Coate's  Geening,     |     Onstlne. 

American  :  native  of  New  Jersey.  First  described  by  Coxe,  from  whose 
nursery  it  was  introduced  to  the  West  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  about  1820.  This 
variety  has  been  too  little  noticed.  It  should  be  extensively  planted  in  our 
Southwestern  States  and  territories.  Tree,  hardy,  slender  growth,  becoming 
somewhat  spreading.  It  is  well  adapted  to  strong,  heavy  soils,  producing 
abundantly  fruit  of  uniform  medium  size,  and  always  fair  and  of  "  best " 
quality. 

Fruit,  medium ;  form,  roundish  conical,  flattened  ;  dolor,  pale  green,  be- 
coming yellowish,  with  a  few  rough  spots  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  acuminate  ; 
calyx,  rather  large ;   basin,  slightly  plaited ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  fine- 


116 


THE  APPLE. 


grained,  juicy,  tender,  sprightly,  sub-acid  j  corej  small ;  seedsj  ovate.    Jan* 
uary  to  March. 

Wine. 

Wine  Apple,  I  Hay's  Winter,     I  Hollow  Crown  Pearmnin. 

Hay's  Winter  Wine,  |  Winter  Wine,      | 

American  :  native  of  Delaware.  Extensively  disseminated,  and  every- 
where successful.  Strong,  heavy  clay  loams  produce  the  largest  fruit,  while 
best  quality  are  grown  on  sandy  loam.  Tree,  thrifty ;  shoots,  rather  slender, 
spreading  ;  foliage  small. 

Fruitj  medium  to  large  ;  form,  round  flattened  ;  colorj  light  pale  yellow 
ground,  mostly  overspread  and  striped  with  lively  red,  russet  about  cavity 
of  stem ;  sterrij  short ',  cavity,  acuminate  or  narrow,  deep  ;  calyx,  large  ; 
basin,  broad,  open,  slightly  plaited  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp,  vinous,  sub-acid ; 
corCj  small  -j  seeds,  large.     November  to  February. 

White  Seek-no-farther. 

I  Green  Seek-no-farther,  I     Pomme  Royal,  of  some^ 

Flashing  Seek-no-farther,      I     Pound  Eoyal, 
Seek-no-farther  of  Coxe,      J     Bracy's  Seek-no-fiirther. 

From  Long  Island.  Tree  healthy,  not  strong  grower ;  abundant,  not 
regular  bearer.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish  oblong,  conical,  uneven 
or  waived  surface ;  yellowish  green,  rarely  a  faint  brownish  blush,  small 
brownish  dots,  light  shade  of  green  suffused  around  underneath  skin  ;  stem, 
slender ;  cavity,  irregular,  acuminate ;  basin,  broad,  abrupt,  furrowed ; 
core,  open ;  flesh,  fine-grained;  very  juicy,  tender,  sub-acid :  "  best."  No- 
vember to  February. 


MOST   GEinEEALLT  ESTEEMED,  117 

Wine  Sap. 

Wine  Sop. 


Probably  originated  in  New  Jersey.  First  described  by  Coxe.  It  is  one 
of  the  very  best  throughout  the  Southwest,  and  also  in  Oregon  Territory. 
The  tree  is  hardy,  an  early  and  very  productive  bearer,  irregular  in  its 
growth,  not  forming  a  handsome  head,  but  producing  fair,  fine  fruit  in  all 
soils,  from  poor  sand  to  limestone  clay — largest  in  the  latter,  and  finest 
texture  in  the  former — fine  on  dry  prairies. 

Fruity  medium  ;  form,  ovate  conical,  flattened  at  base,  sometimes  round- 
ish conical,  occasionally  angular  and  slightly  ribbed  ;  coIoTj  grown  North, 
a  bright  clear  red,  stained  and  striped  with  darker  shades,  and  with  spots 
of  light  yellow  ;  grown  South,  thje  dark  red  becomes  most  prominent,  while 
the  patches  of  light  yellow  at  base  are  more  often  seen;  it  is  also  more 
irregular  or  angular  in  form,  and  oft  with  russet  about  the  stem  ;  stem,  vary- 
ing in  length,  slender  j  cavity,  narrow,  deep  ;  calyx,  small,  nearly  closed  ; 
basin,  abrupt,  furrowed  ;  Jlesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  tender,  sub-acid,  sprightly  ; 
core,  medium  j  capsule,  hollow ;  seeds,  short,  ovate.  October  to  January 
often  keeps  till  March. 

Wood'§  Sweet. 

i 
Hyde's  Sweet. 

From  Sudbury,  Vt.  Growth,  similar  to  Baldwin ;  productive.  Fruit, 
large,  irregular,  roundish  flattened;  whitish  yellow,  oily,  shaded  and 
striped  with  red  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  broad,  deep,  furrowed  ;  calyx,  small, 
closed ;  basin,  deep ;  Jlesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  rich,  saccharine ;  "  very 
good ''  or  "  best ;"  corej  small.    September  to  November. 


118 


THE  APPLE. 


White  Pippin. 

This  variety  we  have  heretofore  considered  identical  w^ith  Canada  Rei- 
nette ;  probably  it  is  distinct.  It  is  much  grown  in  the  Southwestern  sec- 
tions ;  proves  hardy  as  a  tree,  productive,  and  is  a  good  keeper.  Tree 
strong,  upright,  vigorous  grower.  Fruity  large  ]  form,  roundish  oblong, 
smooth ;  color j  greenish  yellow,  with  dark  green  specks  and  light  green 
surrounding  and  suffused  beneath  skin,  when  fully  ripe,  yellowieh  green ; 
stem,  varying ;  calyXj  medium  j  segments,  long ;  Jlesh,  yellowish  white, 
crisp,  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  sub-acid ;  core^  small,  compact ;  seeds^  dark. 
January  to  May ;  December  to  March  at  South. 

White  Winter  Pearmain. 

This  variety  is  extensively  grown  and  much  esteemed  throughout  the 
Southwest,  and  in  Oregon  it  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  of  apples.  In  our 
first  edition  we  made  it  a  synonym  of  Michael  Henry  Pippin,  from  the  fact 
that  all  the  specimens  we  gathered  from  various  places  were  identical  with 
that  variety.  Having  since  tested  it  on  our  own  grounds,  we  are  confident  of 
its  distinctness.  It  is  undoubtedly  an  old  variety,  but  what  we  are  unable  to 
determine,  therefore  retain  it  under  the  name  by  which  it  is  generally 
known.  Tree,  thrifty,  not  rampant  grower,  young  wood,  dark  speckled,  buds, 
prominent.  Fruit,  above  medium,  oblong  conical,  angular  or  oblique  j 
pale  yellow,  with  slight  blush  cheek  and  minute  brown  dots ;  stem,  short ; 
cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  nearly  closed ;  hasin,  uneven,  surrounded  by  five  prom- 
inences, continued  in  obscure  angles  along  its  sides ;  jtesh,  yellowish,  ten- 
der, crisp,  juicy,  pleasant,  very  mild  sub-acid ;  "  very  good."  January  to 
April. 

Willow  Twig. 
"Willow,        I        "Willow  Leaf? 


Under  these  names  we  have  examined  specimens,  and  although  there  is 


MOST   GENEKALLT   ESTEEMED. 


119 


a  slight  difference,  we  are  inclined  to  think  it  only  from  yaried  location 
and  soil.  The  variety  came  from  New  Jersey.  It  is  esteemed  for  orchard 
ing  on  rich  bottom  lands  or  prairies,  being  a  good  bearer,  great  keeper,  and 
valuable  for  Southern  exportation.  Fniit,  above  medium  to  large,  round- 
ish ;  dull  yellow,  striped,  splashed,  or  mottled  with  light  and  dark  red ; 
calyx  and  basin,  medium ;  stem,  generally  short,  slender ;  cavity,  roundish 
acuminate ;  core,  rather  small ;  seeds,  oblong  pyriform ;  flesh,  yellowish, 
rather  dry,  breaking,  mild  sub-acid ;  not  quite  "  very  good."  December  to 
May. 

Williams'  Favorite. 


"Williams'  Favorite  Eed, 
Williams' Early, 


"Williams'  Red, 
"Williams'- Early  Bed. 


From  Massachusetts.  Tree,  medium  growth ;  shoots,  reddish  bro"vni. 
Fruit  medium  to  large,  oblong ;  fine  clear  red,  very  dark  in  sun ;  calyx^ 
closed ;  basin,  narrow ;  stem,  slender ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender ;  "  very 
good."     August. 

Yellow  Newtown  Pippin. 


This  variety  is  extensively  grown  ;  West  it  becomes  large  ;  keeps  well. 
TreeS;  though  slender  growth,  good  bearers,  are  apparently  perfectly  at 
home  in  rich  limestone  soils.  That  there  are  two  Newtown  Pippins,  we  do 
not  question ;  see  "  Newtown  Pippin  ;"  but  we  have  supposed  there  might 
be  three,  but  whether  the  distinction  is  without  a  difference  we  are  yet  un- 
prepared to  decide.  We  give  here  two  figures,  and  descriptions,  of  which 
the  latter  Newtown  Pippin  of  Lewis  Sanders,  Esq.,  may  possibly  prov« 
identical  with  Y.  N.  P. 


120 


THE   APPLE. 


Fruity  medium,  to  large ;  form^  roundish  flattened,  angular,  or  "broaaer 
than  long;  color^  clear  yellow,  with  considerable  russet  from  the  stem, 
many  small  russet  dots,  and,  where  exposed  to  the  sun,  the  yellow  becomes 
very  rich  and  dotted  with  carmine  dots ;  stem^  short ;  cavity^  deep  ;  calyx^ 
large,  open ;  segments,  short,  stiff,  broad ;  basin^  broad,  irregular  only  from 
the  slight  ribbing  of  the  fruit ;  fiesh^  yellowish,  very  firm,  crisp,  juicy ;  corCy 
medium ;  seedsj  purplish  black,  oblong  pyriform.     Keeps  to  June. 


Newtown  Pippin,  of  Lewis  Sanders,  Ky. 


Fruity  large  ;  form^  angular,  roundish  conical,  prominently  ribbed  ;  cjlor^ 
dull  pale  yellow,  -with  whitish  yellow  marbled  and  splashed,  the  latter  pre- 
vailing mostly  at  stem  end  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity^  acuminate,  somewhat  rus- 
seted;  calyx^  medium,  short  segments;  basm,  pretty  deep,  irregular, 
ribbed ;  Jlesh,  yellowish  white,  firm,  crisp,  vinous,  juicy,  sub-acid,  with 
tinges,  and  lines,  and  specks  throughout,  as  if  decay  had  partially  taken 
place;  core,  medium,  or  rather  large;  seeds,  dark,  rich  reddish  brown, 
9Vate  pyriform. 


mrrESTED  varieties,  etc.  121 


CLASS  II.     Embraces  varieties,  of  which  many  are  new  and  un- 
testedy  and  others  suited  only  to  large  orchards  or  certain  localities, 

Abbott. 
Abbott's  Sweet. 
American.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  slightly  conical,  dull  green,  tinged, 
striped  and  blotched  with  red  ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  wants  flavor.     Decem- 
ber to  March.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

AdAxMs. 
Noll's  No.  1. 
A  Pennsylvanian  seedling  of  White  Deer  Township,  Union  County. 
Large  ;  roundish  oblate ;  faintly  mottled  and  striped  with  red  on  a  greenish 
yellow  ground ;  stem,  half  an  inch  long ;  cavity,  broad,  acute ;  calyx, 
rather  large ;  segments  closed  ;  basin,  wide,  moderately  deep,  plaited :  flesh, 
greenish  white,  of  fine  texture,  rather  juicy ;  "  very  good.^^     (W.  D.  B.) 

Adam's  Pearmain. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  conical,  pale  greenish  yellow,  with  gray  rus 
Bet;    stem,  slender;    flesh,  yellowish,    crisp,    aromatic.      Early  Winter. 
(Lindley.) 

Agnes. 

American.  Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish  flattened;  stem,  short, 
eavity,  deep ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  medium ;  color,  yellowish,  striped  and 
shaded  with  red;  brown  dots;  flesh,  white,  spicy,  sub-acid;  "good." 
August  to  September. 

AlLES. 

From  Chester  County,  Pa.  Tree,  upright,  free  grower,  profuse  bearer. 
Fruit  large,  nearly  globular ;  stem,  in  a  narrow  cavity ;  basin,  round, 
medium ;  yellowish,  shaded  and  striped  with  red ;  flesh,  yellow,  firm,  rich 
vinous ;  "  verv  good ;"  core,  small.  December  to  May.  For  baking  and 
stewing. 

Albemarle  Pippin. 

Fruit,  meaium  or  large,  round,  yellow,  with  brown  specks ;  flesh,  pale 
yellow,  sub-acid.    Grown  in  Virginia;  keeps  well.     (Thomas.) 

Alexander. 
Emperor  Alexander. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  large,  conical,  flattened  at  base,  red  streaked  on  green- 
ish yellow ;    stem,  small ;    cavity,  deep  ;   calyx,  large ;   basin  deep ;   fl'esh, 
coarse,  crisp  ;  showy ;  poor  bearer.    October. 

Allen's  Choice. 
From  Brownsville,  Pa.     Fruit,  medium ;  roundish  flattened ;  red,  shaded 
and  striped,  often  a  dark  cheek  sprinkled  with  small  white  dots ;    stem, 
Bhort :  cavity,  open,  deep ;    calyx,  closed ;   basin,  shallow,  slightly  ribbed ; 
flesh,  white,  coarse,  aromatic ;  "good."     January. 

Allum. 
Hallum,     I     Eockingbam  Red. 

Much  grown  in  northern  N.  Carolina,  valuable  chiefly  for  its  keeping 
6 


122  THE  APPLE. 

properties.  Fruit,  medium,  oblate  irregular;  skin,  deep  red;  flesh,  "whit- 
ish, crisp,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  brisk  acid  flavor.  January  to  April. 
(Downing.) 

American  Beauty. 
Sterling  Beauty. 

Origin,  Sterling,  Mass.,  received  from  0.  V.  Hills.  Tree,  vigorous  and 
productive.  Fruit,  above  medium,  globular,  somewhat  elongated ;  color, 
chiefly  deep  red,  thickly  dotted  with  light  gray ;  stalk,  medium,  inserted  in 
^a^  rather  deep,  round  cavity ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  broad  and  shallow ; 
flesh,  white,  crisp,  and  juicy,  with  a  sweet,  rich,  vinous  flavor.  Decembei 
to  April.     (Downing.) 

Anglo  American. 

From  Canada  West.  Tree,  strong  grower,  productive.  Fruit,  medium, 
roundish  conical,  slightly  angular  ;  yellowish,  marbled,  striped  and  splashed 
with  bright  red  ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity  medium,  a  little  russeted  ]  calyx, 
large,  open ;  basin,  uneven ;  flesh,  white,  very  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  slightly 
aromatic,  excellent ;  core,  medium.     August  to  September. 

ASHMORE. 

Bed  Ashmore,     |     Fall  Wine,  erroneouily. 
Striped  Ashmore. 

American.  A  desirable  variety,  deserving  attention.  Fruit,  above  me- 
dium, regular  roundish,  slightly  conical,  few  white  dots,  bright  clear  red ; 
short,  slender  stem ;  deep  cavity ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  deep,  regular 
basin ;  core,  large ;  capsules  hollow ;  seeds,  plump  j  flesh,  white,  crisp,  ten- 
der, juicy,  sub-acid,  sprightly.  September  and  October.  The  Black  Van- 
dervere,  a  third  rate  fruit,  is  sometimes  grown  as  this  variety.  The  true 
Ashmore  is  one  of  the  most  showy  and  desirable  market  sorts  in  the  Souths 
western  States. 

Ashland. 

American.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened,  slightly  conical,  dull 
greenish  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  dull  red  mingled  with  bluish 
gray,  and  large  russet  dots ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  sweet,  dry ; 
hardly  "  very  good ;"  stem,  short ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep ;  calyx,  small ; 
basin,  shallow;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate  flattened.     November  to  January. 

Aromatic  Carolina. 
From  South  Carolina.     "  Tree,  spreading,  pendent,  short  fruit  wood, 
abrupt  terminal   buds.    Fruit,    large,   oblate    conical,   pale  red,    slightly 
streaked  ;    heavy  bloom  ;    wide  basin  ;  open  calyx ;  flesh,  tender,  melting, 
aromatic.     July.     Abundant  bearer."     (Wm.  Sumner,  in  Hort.) 

Aunt's  Apple. 
Fruit,  medium  to  large,  ovate  flattened,  light  yellow,  streaked  with  red, 
radiating  from  stem,  which  is  short,  stout ;  cavity,  open,  broad,  russeted  ] 
calyx,  closed;  basin,  finely  folded ;  flesh,  yellow,  breaking,  sub-acid,  musky 
perfume,  juicy ;  "  very  good ;"  core,  medium.     November  to  January, 

Aunt  Hannah. 
From  Massachusetts.      Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  light  yellow;    flesh 
tender,  crisp,  sub-acid;  "very  good."     Winter. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  123 

Autumn  Pippin. 
Fruit,  above  medium ;  oblong  conical ;  greenish  yellow,  slight  bronzed 
cheek,  sparse  green  dots;  stem,  short;  cavity  deep;  calyx,  small,  closed; 
basin,  deep,  narrow ;    flesh,  whitish,  juicy,  tender,  mild  sub-acid ;   core, 
medium.     December.    As  yet  little  known  out  of  Vermont. 

AVERILL. 

wolfs  Den. 
Origin,  Pomfret,  Conn.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit  rather  large, 
irregularly  conic,  angular  ;  skin,  greenish,  yellow  striped,  and  shaded  with 
red;  stem,  short  and  stout,  inserted  in  a  narrow  cavity ;  calyx,  closed,  set 
in  a  very  shallow,  slightly  furrowed  basin ;  flesh,  whitish,  tender,  juicy, 
with  a  pleasant  sub-acid  flavor.     February  to  June.     (Downing.) 

Baer. 
American.  From  Berks  County,  Pa.  Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish 
oblong ;  skin,  mottled  with  red,  and  striped  with  dark  crimson  on  a  green- 
ish yellow  ground,  with  numerous  gray  dots ;  stem,  long,  inserted  in  a 
wide,  deep  cavity ;  calyx,  closed,  set  in  a  moderately  wide,  shallow,  plaited 
basin;  flesh,  tender,  pleasant,  "very  good."     April.     (Ad.  Int.  Rep.) 

Bailey  Spice. 
American.  From  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.  Growth,  moderate ;  shoots,  reddish 
brown.  Fruit,  medium,  round  ovate,  tapering  to  eye,  light  yellow,  faint 
blush  in  sun ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  nar- 
row ;  flesh,  yellowish,  greenish  tint,  sprightly,  spicy ;  core,  large,  open ; 
seeds,  light  brown.     October.     "  Very  good." 

Bailey  Sweet. 

Patterson  Sweet,      |     Edgerly  Sweet, 
Howard's  Sweet. 

From  Perry,  N.  Y.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  round,  ovate  flattened,  some- 
times ribbed,  clear  yellowish  red,  with  an  occasional  russet  patch ;  stem, 
slender ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  medium,  abrupt,  often 
plaited;  flesh,  yellow,  rather  dry,  sweet;  "very  good;"  core,  medium; 
seeds,  ovate  pyriforra.     November  to  December. 

Bailey  Golden. 
From  Maine.      Fruit,   medium,    round  flattened,  yellowish    russeted^ 
flesh,  white,  sub-acid;  "good,"     January. 

Baker's  Sweet. 

Long  Stem  Sweet,     |     Late  Golden  Sweet, 
White  Golden  Sweet 

An  old  fruit  of  Tolland  County,  Conn.  Tree,  crooked  grower,  produc- 
tive. Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  elongated ;  golden  yellow,  some 
patches  of  russet ;  stem,  long;  cavity,  shallow  ;  calyx,  closed;  flesh,  yel- 
low, coarse,  sweet ;  baking ;  core,  large.    November  and  December. 

Barbouh. 

Originated  with  J.  Barbour,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.     Size,  medium,  roundish 

oblate,  inclining  to  conical ;  skin,  mottled,  and  striped  with  red  of  different 

hues  on  a  grayish  ground,  with  numerous  gray  specks ;  stem,  rather  short, 

in  a  moderately  deep,  rather  narrow  cavity ;  calyx,  small,  closed,  set  in  a 


124:  THE   APPLE. 

shallow  plaited  basin;    flesh,  yellowishj  white,  tender,  juicy,  flavor  pleji- 
sant,  quality  very  good.     (Ad.  Int.  Rep.) 

Bean  Sweet. 

"  This  fruit  I  procured  of  the  late  Judge  Buel.  Medium  size,  ovate 
oblong.  Color,  nearly  white,  producing  a  splendid  appearance  when  ripe 
on  the  tree  •  crisp  and  juicy ;  ripe  in  October ;  will  keep  till  February  or 
March ;  a  good  baking  apple."     (B.  V.  French,  Esq.,  Ms.) 

Beef  Steak. 

Oftrden  Apple. 

Origin,  Massachusetts  :     Habit,  like  Baldwin.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish 

oval  ;    greenish  yellow,  marbled  and  striped  with  red ;    stem,  medium ; 

cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  open,  shallow ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender, 

mild  sub-acid 3  ".very  good;"  core,  medium.     October  and  November. 

Belden  Sweet. 
American.     Fruit  small,  globular,  light  yellow ;  stem,  medium  ;  cavity, 
deep ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  good  ;  core,  large,  open.     February  and  March. 

Ben  Davis. 
From  Kentucky.  Tree,  vigorous  grower,  constant  and  abundant  bearer. 
Fruit,  large,  roundish,  striped  and  splashed  with  red  and  yellow ;  stem, 
short ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep,  uneven  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  angular  ;  flesh, 
white,  sometimes  tinged  with  red,  mild  sub-acid,  pleasant  flavor;  core, 
medium ;  seeds,  large,  dark  brown.    Winter  and  Spring. 

Belzer. 

American:  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium,  red  striped  on  greenish  yellow; 
flesh,  white,  fine  grained,  juicy,  sub-acid.  August.  (T.  S.  Humrickhouse^ 
in  Hov.  Mag.) 

Better  than  Good. 

Juicy  Bite. 
From  Pennsylvania.     May  prove  identical  with  some  already  described. 
Tree,  slender,  irregular.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  tapering  to  the  eye; 
yellowish  white ;    flesh,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid ;    "  very   good."      Early 
Winter. 

Betsy's  Fancy. 

Origin,  unknown,  a  free  grower,  rather  spreading,  good  bearer. 

Fruit,  scarcely  medium,  oblate ;  skin,  yellowish,  shaded  with  dull  red  ; 
stem,  short,  inserted  in  a  moderate  cavity ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  shallow, 
and  uneven ;  flesh,  compact,  tender,  pleasant,  mild  sub-acid  flavor.  De- 
cember to  March. 

Bevan. 
Bevan  Favorite,     |     Striped  June. 

From  New  Jersey.  .Valuable  as  a  market  fruit,  to  transport  long  dis- 
tances. Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish  flattened,  slightly  conical,  distinct, 
broad  red  stripes  on  yellow ;  stem,  varying  from  short  to  long  ;  cavity,  shal- 
low ;  calyx,  large ;  basin,  plaited ;  flesh,  firm,  tough,  sub-acid ;  seeds, 
plump,  ovate  pyriform.     August. 


UNTESTED  VAEIETIES,   ETC.  125 

Black  Coal. 

Welcome. 

This  is  also  another  of  the  Black  apples  grown  West.  Fruit,  ahove  me- 
dium, round,  regular  smooth,  glossy,  rich  dark  red  striped,  and  mostly  over- 
spreading a  lighter  red,  numerous  specks ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep,  slightly 
russeted ;  calyx,  closed,  woolly  or  downy ;  basin,  open  •  core,  large,  hollow  ; 
seeds,  loose;  flesh,  white,  slightly  tinged  with  red,  crisp,  juicy,  tender, 
rather  acid.     November  to  February. 

Blakely. 

Origin,  Pawlet,  Vermont,  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Blakely.  Vigorous,  up- 
right growth,  regular  bearer. 

Fruit,  large,  regularly  oblate,  slightly  conic;  skin,  yellow,  with  a  sunny 
cheek,  thinly  sprinkled  with  reddish  dots ;  stem,  small  and  short,  inseited 
in  a  broad  cavity  of  moderate  depth  ;  calyx,  nearly  closed ;  basin,  small 
and  shallow ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  very  pleasant,  mild,  sub-acid  fla- 
vor.    January  and  March.     (Downing.) 

Bledsoe. 

Bledsoe  Pippin. 

"  From  Kentucky.  Resembles  White  Pippin.  Fruit,  large,  conical, 
flattened  at  base,  greenish  yellow,  light  bronze  at  base,  brownish  specks , 
skin,  smooth ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ;  basin,  shal- 
low ;  core,  open ;  seeds,  large,  light  brown ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy ; 
'very  good.'  March  and  April.  Claimed  as  a  seedling — ^new."  (A.  H. 
Ernst,  Ms.) 

Blood. 

From  Central  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  occasionally  angular,  dull 
red,  marbled  and  striped  with  shades  of  purplish  red,  occasional  rough  gray 
dots ;  stem,  varying ;  cavity,  funnel  shaped ;  calyx,  half  open ;  broad  seg- 
ments ;  basin,  furrowed ;  core,  small,  compact ;  seeds,  oblong  ovate,  dark 
red ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tinged  with  red  near  the  surface,  breaking  mild,  al- 
most sweet;  "very  good."     December  to  March. 

Blue  Pearmain. 
Tree,  hardy ;  shoots  stout,  dark  color ;  buds,  large,  unsuited  to  exposed 
situations,  the  fruit  being  large  and  heavy  is  easily  blown  off.  Fruit,  very 
large,  roundish,  slightly  conical,  striped  and  blotched  with  purplish  red 
over  a  dull  ground— white  bloom  ;  stem,  short;  calyx,  small;  basin,  deep  ; 
core,  medium ;  flesh,  yellowish,  mild  sub- acid  ;  "  very  good."  Early 
Winter. 

BOALSBURG. 

A  seedling  of  Centre  County,  Pennsylvania.  Large,  oblong,  inclin- 
ing to  conical,  delicately  mottled,  and  striped  with  red  on  a  yellow  ground ; 
stem,  short,  thick ;  deep,  acuminate,  russeted  cavity ;  basin,  deep,  modera- 
tely wide  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  sprightly,  and  refreshing;  "  very  good." 
(W.  D.  B.) 

Boas. 

American:  From  Berks  Co.,  Pa.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oblate, 
crimson  red   stripes  or  greenish  yellow,  whitish  yellow  blotches;  stem, 


1^6  THE  APPLE. 

short,  stout;  calyx,  in  a  plaited  basin;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  plea- 
sant J  "  very  good ; "  core,  small.     February  to  June. 

BONUM. 
Magnum  Bonam. 

From  North  Carolina.  Tree,  hardy  and  vigorous,  an  early  and  abun- 
dant bearer. 

Fruit,  large,  oblate  ;  color,  light  to  dark  red  ;  basin  and  cavity,  shallow ; 
flesh,  yellow,  sub-acid,  rich,  delicious.     (Downing.) 

Bowling's  Sweet. 

Raised  by  Louis  Bowling,  Spottsylvania  County,  Virginia.  A  very  vig- 
orous grower,  and  very  productive. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish  ;  color,  dull  red,  on  a  yellow  ground ;  flesh,  rich, 
juicy,  sweet,  and.  entirely  free  from  acid.  October  to  January.  (H.  R. 
Roby,  Ms.) 

BOWKEA. 

From  Western  New  York.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  flattened,  angular, 
pale  yellow,  with  crimson  in  sun,  small,  brown  gray  dots ;  stem,  slender ; 
cavity,  medium;  calyx,  closed;  flesh,  whitish  tender,  mild  sub-acid; 
*'  good."     October. 

BOURASSA. 


Foreign.  Succeeds  finely  in  Canada  and  northern  sections,  Vermont, 
North  Michigan,  on  poor  soil,  etc.  Fruit,  medium,  ovate  conical,  slightly 
ribbed,  occasionally  irregular ;  color,  rich,  orange  russet  on  yellow,  reddish 
brown  in  sun ;  stem,  long,  slender  ;  cavity,  small,  iregular  ;  calyx,  with 
long  segments  ;  basin,  narrow ;  core,  rather  large  ;  seeds,  few ;  flesh,  white, 
fine  grained,  sub-acid.    October  to  January. 


UNTESTED    VARIETIES,    ETC.  127 

Brabant  Bellflower. 
Brabant  Belle-fleur,  |  Iron  Apple. 
Foreign.  Tree,  strong,  irregular  growth,  making,  however,  a  good  head. 
Valuable  for  cooking.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  oblong,  flattened 
at  ends  ;  pale  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  red,  striped  and  splashed  ;  calyx, 
large ;  basin,  wide  ',  flesh,  firm,  crisp,  sharp  sub-acid.  November  to  Janu- 
ary. 

Brennaman. 

Origin,  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania.  Fruit,  above  medium,  yellow- 
ish, mostly  covered  with  stripes  of  red;  stem,  short :  calyx,  closed  ;  basin, 
deep;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid — good  for  cooking.     August. 

Briggs'  Auburn. 

Origin,  Auburn,  Maine.  Fruit,  large,  oblate,  very  much  depressed  :  skin, 
light  yellow,  with  a  slight  blush  on  the  sunny  side ;  stem,  rather  long,  in 
a  very  large  cavity ;  basin,  broad  and  shallow ;  flesh,  fine,  white,  with  a 
very  pleasant  sub-acid  flavor.  Tree,  hardy  and  productive.  September  to 
October.     (Me.  P.  S.  Report.) 

Brittle  Sweet. 

Origin  unknown — good  grower,  and  very  productive. 

Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish,  approaching  conic,  sometimes  elongated, 
angular ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  shaded  and  splashed  with  crimson,  sprink- 
led with  gray  dots  ;  stem,  short,  inserted  in  a  broad,  shallow  cavity ;  calyx, 
closed,  set  in  a  small  corrugated  basin  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp,  tender,  juicy, 
sweet,  and  excellent.     September,  October.     (Downing.) 

Brooke's  Pippin. 

A  native  of  Virginia.  Large,  roundish,  inclining  to  conical,  obscurely 
ribbed,  greenish  yellow,  with  a  faint  blush ;  stem,  short,  rather  stout,  deep, 
irregular,  russeted  cavity ;  basin,  small,  shallow,  waved,  sometimes  furrow- 
ed ;  seeds,  long,  slender,  acuminate  ;  flesh,  crisp,  juicy,  of  fine  texture,  with 
a  pleasant  aroma:  "best."  Winter;  bearing  abundantly  every  year  in 
localities  where  the  Newtown  Pippin,  to  which  it  bears  some  resemblance, 
does  not  succeed. 

'  Buck's  County. 
Buck's  County  Pippin. 
A  Pennsylvania  Seedling.  Large,  roundish  oblate,  inclining  to  conical ; 
greenish  yellow,  with  sometimes  a  faint  brown  cheek;  stem,  short,  not 
stout,  inserted  in  a  deep,  open  cavity ;  basin,  wide,  deep,  slightly  plaited  ; 
seeds,  small,  short ;  flesh,  tender ;  texture,  fine  :  flavor,  excellent ;  "  very 
good."     (W.  D.  B.) 

Buff. 
Granny  Buff. 
Origin,  uncertain.  Tree,  vigorous,  erect.  Fruit,  very  large,  irregular, 
roundish  flattened,  and  slightly  angular ;  skin,  thick,  yellow,  striped,  and 
shaded  with  red,  very  dark  next  the  sun,  marked  with  a  few  greenish  rus- 
set spots ;  stem,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  in  a  medium  cavity ;  calyx, 
in  a  large,  irregular  basin ;  flesh,  white,  and  when  well  ripened,  tender 
and  excellent,  sometimes  indifierent.  November  to  March.  (White's 
Gard. 


1 


128  THE   APPLE. 

Buffington's  Early. 
A  moderate  bearer — origin  unknown.     Fruit,  below  medium,  flattened, 
little  ribbed,  yellowish  white,  with  faint  blush  ;  cavity  deep  :  basin,  shal- 
low, furrowed;  flesh,  tender,  delicate  sub-acid  ;  "  best."     Last  of  July. 

Burr's  Winter  Sweet. 
Native  of  Higham,  Massachusetts.  Tree,  good  grower,  spreading. 
Early  and  abundant  bearer.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  oblate,  flattened  at 
base,  full  at  crown — smooth,  greenish  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with 
vermilion,  russet  at  stem — small  gray  specks ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity, 
broad,  open  ;  eye,  medium,  closed  ;  segments,  short ;  basin,  open,  ribbed  j 
core,  small ;  seeds,  medium ;  flesh  yellowish,  tender,  sweet,  slight  aroma- 
tic perfume.     December  to  March.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Bush. 

Native  of  Boalsburg,  Pa.  Size,  medium,  oblate  conical ;  greenish  yel- 
low, russet  dots  near  the  crown  ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  deep  plaited  :  flesh, 
"very  good."     (W.  D.  B.) 

Butter  Apple. 

American — probably  from  Pennsylvania.  Fruit,  below  medium,  regu- 
lar roundish,  red  marbling  and  overspreading  yellow,  few  yellow  russet 
dots,  russet  near  and  in  cavity  of  stem  j  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  nar- 
row, deep  ;  calyx,  half  closed  ;  basin,  abrupt,  ribbed  ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds, 
roundish  ovate  :  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  sweet ;  "  very  good."  No- 
vember to  February. 

Blockley. 

Probably  from  Pennsylvania.  Growth  upright ;  fruit,  large,  round  flat- 
tened, occasionally  a  little  uneven,  pale  yellow,  with  occasional  patches  of 
light  thin  russet  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep ;  calyx,  with  short 
segments ;  basin,  broad,  deep ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,'  crisp,  tender,  sub- 
acid ;  core,  large ;  capsules,  open.     October  to  January. 

Buchanan's  Pippin. 
Buchanan's  Seedling. 

Raised  by  Robert  Buchanan,  of  Cincinnati,  0.  Tree,  vigorous,  and  very 
productive. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblate,  very  much  flattened,  slightly  angular;  skin,  yel- 
lowish, somewhat  waxen,  deeply  shaded  with  maroon,  sometimes  very  ob- 
scurely striped  and  thickly  covered  with  light  conspicuous  dots ;  stalk,  very 
short  and  small,  surrounded  by  thin,  scaly  russet,  inserted  in  a  large  cavity ; 
calyx,  partially  closed,  set  in  a  round,  abrupt  basin,  slightly  ribbed  ;  flesh, 
greenish,  very  solid,  crisp,  and  juicy,  with  a  fine,  refreshing,  sub-acid  flavor. 
March,  April. 

Buckingham. 

Fruit,  large,  round  conical,  angular,  greenish  yellow,  shaded  with 
crimson  and  whitish  gray  dots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  broad,  deep ;  calyx, 
closed;  basin,  deep;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  tender,  mild  sub-acid ;  "very- 
good  ;"  core,  medium.     December. 

Buck  Meadow. 
From  Norwalk,  Conn.     Tree,  drooping  habit ;  productive.     Fruit,  above 
medium,  roundish  conical,  angular,  yellow,  marbled  and  streaked  with  red ; 


UKTESTED  VAEIETIES,   ETC.   .  129 

Btem.  short ;  cavity,  deep,  abrupt,  thin  russet ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  open , 
flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  pleasant,  vinous ;  "very  good."  November 
to  March. 

Buel's  Favorite. 

Spotted  Pippin,     |     Gray  Pippin. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow;  stem,  slender;  cavity,  deep, 
russeted ;  calyx,  medium ;  flesh,  a  little  tough.     November. 

BuRNHAP  Greening. 
From   Vermont.     Tree,    a   good  grower   and   regular  bearer.      Fruit, 
medium,  roundish  conical,  flat  at  base,  greenish  yellow ;  stem,  medium ; 
cavity,  deep,  abrupt;  calyx,  closed;  basin,  open;  flesh,  juicy,  crisp,  firm, 
Bub-acid;  "good;"  core,  large,  open.     January,  February. 

Callasaga. 
American  :  from  Macon,  N.  C.     Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish,  dull 
brown  on  greenish  yellow  russet ;   calyx,  large ;    wide  furrowed  basin. 
October,  November.     Valued  highly  South. 

Camack's  Sweet. 

Camack's  Winter  Sweet,     I     Orape  Vine. 

Southern.  Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish  conical,  whitish  green, 
slouded  with  green  russet ;  calyx,  large,  closed  :  flesh,  firm,  slightly  sweet, 
juicy;  "  very  good."  December  to  March.  Will  prove  valuable  through- 
•out  the  Southwest. 

Campfield. 

Newark  Sweeting. 
American.     Tree,  vigorous,  nearly  upright,  spreading.    Fruit,  medium, 
roundish  flattened,  greenish  yellow,  with  dull  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  white, 
dry,  sweet.     Valued  for  stock  and  cider. 

Cann. 
American.     Fruit,  medium,  nearly  conical,  dull  green,  little  red  in  sun 
and  near  the  stem;  flesh,  white,  sweet;  "very  good."     October  to  Decem- 
ber.    Tree,  thrifty,  spreading. 

Cannon  Pearmain. 
American.      Tree,    good  grower,  branches   diverging.      Fruit,   small, 
roundish,  yellow,  with  dull  red  and  large  yellow  specks;  stem,  short; 
cavity,  shallow,  russety ;    calyx,  small,  closed ;   basin,   furrowed ;   flesh, 
yellow,  crisp,  sprightly.     December  to  March. 

C apron's  Pleasant. 
Fruit,  medium  or  above,  roundish  oblate  ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  with  a 
brownish  tinge ;   stem,  rather  stout,  inserted  in  an  open  cavity ;   calyx, 
large  in  a  medium  basin  ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  tender,  mild  sub-acid,  and 
very  agreeable.     September  to  October.     (Downing.) 

Carnahan. 
Cannahan's  Favorite, 
Native  of  Southern  Ohio.     Tree,   vigorous,   spreading.     Fruit,   large^ 
roundish,  tapering  to  the  eye,  yellow,  with  stripes  of  red,  greenish  russe^ 
6* 


IBO  .  THE  APPLE. 

dots ;  stem,  medium ;  cavity,  deep,  open ;  calyx,  large ;  long  segments ,  basin, 
ribbed  j  core,  compact  j  seeds,  brown  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy;  "  very 
good."     December  to  February. 

Caroline. 

Origin,  premises  of  A.  G.  Baldwin,  Hanover,  New  Jersey.  Tree,  vigorous 
and  productive. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblate  angular ;  skin,  yellowish,  mostly  shaded  with 
maroon,  obscurely  striped,  and  thickly  covered  with  light  dots ;  stalk,  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  long,  inserted  in  a  cavity  surrounded  by  green  russet 
with  rays  ;  calyx,  closed,  set  in  a  shallow,  uneven  basin ;  flesh,  greenish, 
tender,  juicy,  with  a  mild,  pleasant,  sub-acid  flavor.  January  to  April. 
(Downing.) 

Carpenter. 

American.  New,  originated  with  Charles  Carpenter,  of  Kelly  Island. 
Tree,  strong,  healthy  grower — an  annual,  abundant  bearer. 

Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  flattened,  oblique ;  skin,  rather  rough, 
rich  lemon  yellow,  deepening  in  sun,  often  with  a  rich  red  cheek,  thickly 
dotted  with  small  gray  dots,  apparently  raised  upon  the  surface ;  stem, 
varying,  sometimes  thick,  short,  and  stout ;  again,  medium  in  length  and 
size ;  cavity,  open,  deep,  regular ;  calyx,  large,  open ',  segments  five,  dis- 
tinct, long,  reflexed ;  basin,  deep,  round,  regular,  slightly  furrowed ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  crisp,  breaking  juicy,  sharp  sub-acid ;  core,  medium  or 
small,  compact ;  seeds,  long,  ovate  pointed.  February  to  May.  Valuable 
for  cooking  from  November  to  May. 

Carter. 
Eoyal  Pippin. 
Southern.     Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish,  yellow  and  red  ;  flesh,  tender, 
mild,  pleasant ;  almost  "  very  good."     October  to  January. 

Cat  Face. 
From  Kentucky.     Fruit,  large,  conical,  flattened  at  ends,  greenish  yellow, 
streaked  with  light  and  dark  red;  stem,  long,  slender;  cavity,  deep,  wide; 
calyx,  prominent;   basin,  deep;    core,  small;   seeds,  light  brown;  flesh, 
white,  tender,  brisk,  sub-acid.     April  and  May.     (A.  H.  Ernst,  Ms.) 

Catooga. 
Large  to  very  large,  irregular,  broadest  at  the  base,  yellow  mottled,  with 
black  dots,  and  sprinkled  with  flecks  of  green  ;  stalk,  of  medium  length, 
slender;  cavity,  deep;  calyx,  open,  in  a  deep  basin;  flesh,  yellowish,  with 
a  mild,  pleasant,  sub-acid  flavor. 

Cat  Pippin. 

West's  Spitzenberg,     I     Honemakcr  Pippin, 
Haymaker,  |     Hommacher  Apfel. 

Western  Pennsylvania.     Tree,  vigorous,  productive, 
large,  greenish  ;  flesh,  greenish,  juicy,  sub-acid.     December  to  April. 

Cayuga  Red  Streak. 

Twenty  Ounce,  I     Twenty  Ounce  Pippin,  erroneously,     I     Colman, 

Eighteen  Ounce,  Gov.  Seward,  Dunlap's  Aurora. 

Twenty  Ounce  Apple,    I  | 

From  Western  New  York.     We  adopt  the  name  •'  Cayuga  Red  Streak," 

to  prevent  «antinued  confusion  with  *'  Twenty  ounce  Pippin."   Fruit,  large, 


UNTESTED    VARIETIES,    ETC.  131 

roundish  conical,  dull  yellowish  green,  striped  and  marbled  with  yellowish 
red  ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  closed ;  core,  large  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  coarse, 
crisp,  sub-acid.     November,  December.     Esteemed  for  cooking. 

Caywood. 

Origin,  Ulster  Co.  N.  Y.,  valuable  only  for  its  late  keeping. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblate ;  skin,  bright  yellow,  with  a  tinge  of  red  on  the 
sunny  side  ;  stalk,  rather  long,  in  a  broad  shallow  cavity ;  calyx,  small, 
closed ;  basin,  broad  and  wrinkled ;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather  firm,  pleasant, 
but  not  juicy  or  rich.     Keeps  until  July  or  September. 

Champlain. 

Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  conic; 
skin,  greenish,  with  a  fine  blush  ;  stem,  long ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  closed ; 
basin,  narrow ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  pleasant,  sub-acid.  September. 
(Downing.) 

Chester. 

Origin,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.  Fruit,  medium,  oblate ;  skin,  whitish  yellow, 
sometimes  with  a  sunny  cheek,  and  sprinkled  with  carmine  dots ;  stalk, 
short;  inserted  in  a  broad  shallow  cavity:  calyx,  closed,  set  in  broad  open 
basin  ;  flesh,  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  pleasant  sub-acid  flavor.  Novem- 
ber, December. 

Christiana. 

Origin,  on  the  premises  of  John  R.  Brinckle,  near  Wilmington,  Delaware. 
Size,  medium,  roundish,  inclining  to  conical ;  skin,  beautifully  striped,  and 
mottled  with  carmine  on  a  yellowish  ground  ;  stem,  half  an  inch  long, 
inserted  in  a  deep,  rather  narrow  cavity ;  calyx,  partially  closed,  set  in  a 
deep,  moderately  wide,  plaited  basin ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine  texture, 
juicy ;  flavor,  pleasant,  delicate,  sprightly,  vinous,  quality  "  very  good.'' 
November.     (Int.  Rep.) 

Churchill  Greening. 

Origin,  uncertain.  Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit,  large,  oblate, 
somewhat  conic,  ribbed,  angular ;  skin,  yellowish  green,  shaded  with  dull 
red,  and  thickly  sprinkled  with  green  dots ;  stem,  rather  long,  slender ; 
cavity,  broad ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  deep,  somewhat  furrowed ;  flesh,  yel- 
low, tender,  granular,  with  a  brisk,  vinous,  almost  saccharine  flavor. 
December  to  February. 

Clarke's  Pearmain. 

Gloucester  Pearmain,      I     Golden  Pearmain. 
American.     From  Virginia.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish ;  yellow-,  mostly 
covered   with   bright   red,  and   sprinkled  with  large  whitish  dots ;  stem, 
medium;  cavity,  narrow;  calyx,  closed;  basin,  shallow,  furrowed;  flesh, 
yellowish,  crisp,  sub-acid ;  •'  good,"  or  "  very  good."     December. 

Clyde  Beauty. 

Mackle^s  Clyde  Beauty. 

From  Clyde,  N.  Y.  Productive.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  conical,  slightly 
ribbed ;  pale  greenish  yellow,  striped  and  mottled  with  light  red,  deep 
crimson  in  the  sun;  stem,  short,  slender;  cavity,  deep;  calyx,  closed; 
basin,  furrowed;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  juicy,  sub-acid.  October  to 
December 


IS2  THE   APPLE. 

Cole. 

Scarlet  Perfume. 

Foreign.  Tree,  slender  growth,  irregular,  diverging  or  spreading,  hardy, 
an  early  bearer  of  a  pleasant  sprightly  fruit.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish, 
little  conical,  bright  red  ;  stem,  long,  slender  ;  calyx,  medium,  partly  closed; 
flesh,  white,  juicy ;  "  very  good."     August. 

Connett's  Sweet. 
Tree,  strong,  upright  grower,  early  and  abundant  bearer.  Fruit,  large, 
roundish  flattened  ;  rich  yellow  ground,  mostly  covered  with  dark  red  ;  stem, 
slender ;  cavity,  wide,  deep  ;  calyx,  closed  ■  basin,  broad ;  flesh,  yellow,  fine- 
grained, tender,  sweet,  excellent;  promises  great  value.  December  to 
March. 

CONWAT. 

American.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  flattened ;  color,  greenish  yellow, 
few  brown  dots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  broad,  shallow ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin, 
furrowed ;  flesh,  crisp,  juicy,  vinous,  aromatic  sprightly  flavor.  January 
to  February. 

Chief  Good. 

Bummum  Bonum. 

From  Kentucky,  near  Louisville.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish, 
flattened  at  base,  light  yellow,  streaked  and  mottled  with  red,  few  splashes 
of  green  :  stem,  short,  slender  ;  cavity,  open  ;  calyx,  small,  partly  closed , 
basin,  shallow  ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  core,  open  , 
seeds,  large,  light  brown.     September  and  October.     (A.  H.  Ernst,  Ms.) 

Cocklin's  Favorite. 
Small,  roundish,  truncated  apple,  native  of  Allen  Township,  Cumberland 
Co. ',  quality,  "  very  good."     (W.  D.  B.) 

Cooper's  Market. 

Cooper's  Eedling. 

Tree,  vigorous,  upright,  with  long  slender  branches.  Productive,  and  a 
late  keeper. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblong  conic-  skin,  yellowish,  shaded  with  red,  and 
striped  with  crimson:  stem,  short j  cavity,  deep,  narrow;  calyx,  closed; 
basin,  small ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  with  a  brisk,  sub-acid  flavor.  Decembw 
to  May.     (Downing.) 

Cornell's  Fancy. 
ComeFs  Favorite. 
From  Pennsylvania.  Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit,  medium, 
oblong  conical ;  skin,  waxen  yellow,  shaded  and  splashed  with  crimson , 
stalk,  of  medium  length;  cavity,  rather  large;  calyx,  closed,  abrupt,  corru- 
gated ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  crisp,  juicy,  with  a  pleasant,  sub-acid  flavor. 
September.     (Downing.) 

CouRT-PENDu  Plat. 


Conrt-pendn, 
Garnon's  Apple, 
Cour  Pendu,  Bond  Gros, 
"         "       Musque, 


Coriandra  Kose, 

WoUaton  Pippin, 

Capendu, 

Cour  pendu  Extra, 

Foreign.     Tree,  slender,  early  and  prolific  bearer.     Fruit,  medium  re- 

gular,  flat;  pale  greenish  yellow,  crimson  in  sun;  stem,  short;  cavity 


Cour  pendu,  Eonge  Muaqufe, 

Pomme  de  Berlin, 

Russian, 

Princisse  Noble  Zoete. 


UNTESTED    NTAKIETIES,   ETC. 


13a 


deep  ;  calyx,  large ;  basin,  wide,  shallow ;  flesh,  yellow,  crisp,  sprightly 
little  acid.     "  Very  good."     November  to  February. 


Bariow, 

Coartde  Wick, 
Fry's  Pippin, 
Wood's  Huntingdon, 


Court  of  Wick, 

Philip's  Eeinette, 
Week's  Pippin, 
Court  of  Wiclc  Pippin, 
Eival  Golden  Pippin, 


Golden  Drop, 
Transparent  Pippin, 
Knightwick  Pippin, 
Yellow. 


Foreign.  For  those  who  like  a  firm,  spicy,  sprightly  fruit  for  dessert, 
this  may  be  esteemed.  Tree,  very  hardy — suited  to  the  North.  Fruit, 
small,  regular,  roundish  ovate,  flattened,  greenish  yellow  in  shade,  little 
red  and  dotted  with  russet  specks  in  sun  ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  calyx,  with 
long,  wide-spread  segments  ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  large ;  seeds,  ovate  j 
flesh,  yellow,  sharp  sub-acid,  crisp,  juicy.     October  to  February. 

Cracking. 


-  From  Harrison  County,  Ohio.  Tree,  strong  grower;  requires  little 
pruning.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  yellowish  white,  slight  tinge  of  red  in 
sun,  and  large  green  dots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin, 
furrowed;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  crisp,  sprightly,  sub-acid.  October  to 
January.     New ;  highly  esteemed  where  known. 

Cranberry. 
American.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish  conical,  red,  striped  with  carmine, 
gray  russet   dots ;    stem,  in  a  narrow,  russeted  cavity ;    calyx,  small, 
closed. 

Gulp. 

A  native  of  Jefferson  Co.,  Ohio.     Tree,  a  fine,  upright  grower.    Fruit, 
medium  to  large,  conical,  irregular;  skin,  yellow,  with  dull  blush,  dotted 


134  '  THE    APPLE. 

with  russet  specKs ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  uneven ;  flesh,  firm,  crisp,  very 
hard  until  ripe,  juicy,  with  an  agreeable  sub-acid  flavor  and  light  perfume. 
January  to  March. 

Cumberland. 

Cumberland  Seedling. 
From  Cumberland  County,  Pa.     Tree,  fine  grower.     Fruit,  esteemed, 
valuable  for  market,   large,  roundish  flattened;   flesh,  white,  sub-acid; 
*'  good,"  new. 

Cumberland  Spice. 

The  Blenheim  Pippin  has  been  received  at  the  West  as  this  variety.  In 
absence  of  fruit  to  examine,  we  copy  Thomas's  description : 

"  Rather  large,  varying  from  roundish  conical  to  long  conical,  the  taper- 
ing sides  being  nearly  straight  and  not  rounded  ',  color,  waxen  yellow,  with 
a  slight  Vermillion  tinge  near  the  base,  and  with  black  specks  on  the  sur- 
face ;  stalk,  half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long ;  cavity,  wide,  slightly 
russeted  *  calyx,  open ;  basin,  even ',  flesh,  yellowish  white,  breaking, 
rather  light ;  core,  hollow ;  flavor,  mild  sub-acid,  with  a  peculiar  and 
agreeable  spiciness  j  of  good  second-rate  quality." 

Curtis  Sweet. 
Origin,   unknown.      Fruit,   large,  oval,  ribbed,  yellow,  sprinkled  and 
marbled  with  crimson,  whitish  gray  dots  ;   calyx,  small ;  basin,  shallow ; 
flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  esteemed  ;  core,  large. '   August  to  October. 

Dapper. 
American.     Fruit,  small,  roundish,  yellow,  clouded  with  dull  green,  and 
speckled  with  crimson  in  sun;  calyx,  small,  closed. 

Davis. 
From  Wayne  Co.,  Mich.     Fruit,  below  medium,  ovate  regular,  flattened 
at  base  and  crown ;    color,  yellowish,  shaded  with  red-gray  dots  ;  calyx, 
closed;    basin,  small;   flesh,  whitish,  firm,  sub-acid;   great  bearer   and 
keeper.     March  to  April. 

Darlington. 

Darlington  Busset. 
Native  of  Northern  Ohio.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  clear,  smooth  russet ; 
stem,  medium ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  half  closed ;  basin,  deep  ;  flesh,  white ; 
hardly  "  very  good."     January  to  June. 

Derry  Nonsuch. 
Dinsmore,  |  Londonderry. 
Origin,  unknown ;  from  Keene,  N.  H.,  and  held  in  estimation  there. 
Tree,  thrifty  and  productive  ;  a  late  keeper.  Fruit,  above  medium,  oblong 
or  conic  angular;  skin,  yellow,  sprinkled,  shaded,  and  splashed  with 
crimson ;  stem,  short,  in  a  moderate  cavity ;  calyx,  large,  closed ;  basin, 
shallow,  uneven ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  tender,  slightly  aromatic,  agree- 
ably sub-acid.     January  to  April.     (Downing.) 

Dickson's  Emperor. 
From  Scotland.     New.     Fruit,  large,  irregular,  slightly  ribbed,  yellow, 
with  dashes  of  carmine  red  and  minute  specks  of  straw  color,  dull  red  cheek 
in  sun  ;   stem,  short ;   calyx,  large  ;   basin,  deep,  irregular ;   core,  small ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy ;  '-very  good."     November  to  January. 


ttntested  varieties,  etc.  135 

Delight. 

From    R.  Buchanan,  Esq.,  Southern  Ohio.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish 

flattened,  slightly  angular,  yellow  russet  at  stem,  irregular  russet  spots, 

vermilion  red  cheek  in  sun  ;  stem,  very  short ;  cavity,  deep  )  calyx,  large, 

short  segments;   basin,  round,  slightly  furrowed;  core,  compact;  seeds, 


ovate  angular ;  flesh,  yellowish,  firm,  mild  sub-acid,  almost  sweet ;  "  very 
good."     New.     December  to  March. 

Detroit. 

Bed  Detriot,         I     Jacksonia, 
Black  Detroit,     |     Crimson  Pippin. 

Foreign.  Introduced  to  Detroit,  Michigan,  by  early  French  settlers. 
Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish  flattened,  dark,  blackish  crimson,  dotted 
and  marbled  with  fawn  specks  in  sun  ;  cavity,  deep  :  calyx,  closed  ;  basin, 
plaited  ;  core,  large,  hollow ;  flesh,  white,  often  stained  with  red  to  the 
core,  crisp,  juicy,  sub-acid.  October  to  February.  This  is  sometimes 
grown  as  the  Black  Apple. 

Dillingham. 

From  D.  C.  Richmond,  Esq.,  Sandusky.  Ohio.  Native.  Fruit,  medium, 
round  regular,  whitish  yellow,  dots  of  red  in  sun ;  cavity,  deep,  russeted ; 
calyx,  closed ;  basin,  medium ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  plump ;  flesh,  white, 
fine  grained,  juicy,  sweet;  "very  good;"  great  bearer.  October  and 
November. 

Doctor. 
Bed  Doctor,     |      De  Witt. 

Native  of  Pennsylvania.  Much  grown  in  Southern  Ohio  and  Indiana, 
producing  abundantly  of  second-rate  fruit.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  flat, 
yellow  striped  and  washed  with  several  shades  of  red  and  occasional  spots 
of  russet ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  open ;  cavity,  deep  ;  core,  small ;  seeds, 
oblong  pyriform ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy.     October  to  January. 

Ducket. 
Southern.    Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened,  light  waxen  yellow,  often 


1S6  THE    APPLE. 

a  red  cheek,  grayish  dots ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  deep ;  flesh, 
"white,  crisp,  juicy,  tender,  vinous j  core,  small;  "very  good."  October  to 
November. 

Early  Long  Stem  ? 

Early  Spice, 

Origin  unknown.  Specimens  received  from  Henry  Avery,  Burlington. 
Iowa. 

Fruit,  small,  oblong  conical,  slightly  ribbed;    skin,    greenish  yellow; 
stem,  long,  slender,  in  a  large  cavity,  slightly  russeted ;    calyx,  closed ; 
basin,  shallow,  corrugated ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  slightly  aromatic, 
ub-acid.     August.     (Downing.) 

Eault  Pennock. 

Shakers'  Yellow,     I     August  Apple,  I     "Warren  Pennock, 

Indian  Queen  ?        |     New  Jersey  Eed  Streak?     |     Harmony. 

This  is  probably  an  old  Eastern  variety,  so  changed  by  our  Western  soils  as 
not  to  be  recognized.  It  was  distributed  West  from  Harrison  or  Belmont 
counties,  Ohio.  Trees,  thrifty,  hardy,  early,  prolific  bearers  of  fruit,  rather 
below  second-rate  quality.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  tapering  to  the  eye, 
greenish  yellow,  blotched  and  streaked  with  lively  red ;  stem,  long  ;  cavity, 
deep,  irregular;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy,  sub-acid.  August.  Re- 
sembles, but  is  distinct  from.  Summer  Queen. 

Early  Red  Margaret. 

Early  Jane,  )     ^  arytifh       I      ^®^  Juneating,  I       Eve  Apple,  of  the  Irish, 

Bed  June,      ^  ^J  ^^^^^  Striped  Juneating,  Margaretha  Apfel,  0/ GfermaJM. 

June,  of  some  in  Ohio,       \      Early  Eed  Juneating,       | 

This  should  not  be  confounded  with  Early  Strawberry — oftener  grown  as 
Red  Juneating.  Tree,  a  regular,  moderate  bearer,  upright,  downy  shoots. 
Fruit,  medium  or  below,  roundish  oblong  conical ;  green  in  shade,  dark 
crimson  red  in  sun ;  stem,  short,  thick  ;  cavity,  medium  ;  calyx,  half  closed  , 
basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  white,  fine  grained,  tender ;  "  very  good."     July. 

Early  Sweet. 
American.  Originated  with  W.  C.  Hampton,  Ohio.  Tree,  productive, 
growth,  upright.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oblique,  clear  lemon  yellow, 
light  blush  red  in  sun,  a  few  small  russet  dots,  and  consecutive  russet  lines 
about  the  calyx,  suff'used  white  spots  on  the  blush  side ;  stem,  medium  to 
long,  slender  ;  cavity,  deep,  regular ;  calyx,  half  closed,  with  long,  partially 
reflexed  segments  :  basin,  deep,  regular ;  flesh,  white,  very  tender,  juicy, 
sweet  and  delicious  as  an  eating  apple.     July,  August. 

Enfield  Pearmain. 

American.  Fruit,  medium,  globular ;  color,  deep  red,  with  many  small 
dots ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  large,  thinly  russeted  ;  calyx,  partially 
closed ;  basin,  broad,  shallow ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  pleasant,  rich  flavor. 
November  to  January. 

English  Golden  Russet. 

Golden  Eusset,  of  New  York. 
Foreign.     Growth,  irregular ;   fruit,  medium,  roundish,  russet  on  yel 
low ;  stem,  slender ;  flesh,  fine  grained,  crisp ;  nearly  "  best."     December 
to  March. 


Uin^ESTED   VAKIETIES,    ETC.  13? 

English  Sweeting. 

Ramsdell's  Sweeting,     j     Eamsdell's  Red  Pumpkin  Sweet,     I     Averj  Sweeting. 
Earadell's  Sweet,  |     Ked  Pumpkin  Sweet,  | 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  upright,  early,  prolific  bearer.  Fruit,  medium 
to  large,  oblong,  tapering  to  the  eye,  green  and  rough  in  shade,  dark  red 
dotted  with  fawn  specks,  and  with  a  blue  bloom  in  sun ;  stem,  short ; 
cavity,  narrow,  angular,  often  a  fleshy  knob ;  calyx,  with  short  stiff  seg- 
ments;  basin,  round,  regular;  core,  long,  ovate;  seeds,  imperfect,  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  sweet ;  "  very  good."     October  to  February. 

Ernst's  Pippin. 

Ohio  Pippin. 
American.  Originated  with  A.  H.  Ernst,  Esq.,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Tree,  strong,  vigorous  grower,  productive  and  hardy.  Fruit,  large,  round- 
ish flattened,  sometimes  slightly  oblong ;  color,  light  greenish  yellow,  faint 
blush  when  exposed  to  sun,  small  dark  green  specks,  surrounded  with 
light  green,  suffused  beneath  the  skin ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep ; 
c^yx,  large ;  basin,  deep ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  tender,  juicy, 
sprightly,  sub-acid ;  core,  small,  laying  nearest  the  stem  end ;  seeds,  dark. 
December  to  February.  The  general  appearance  of  this  apple  closely  re- 
sembles the  Canada  Reinette,  from  a  seed  of  which  it  probably  originated. 

Esten. 
From  Rhode  Island.     Tree,  vigorous,  productive.     Fruit,  large,  oblong 
ovate,  slightly  ribbed ;  yellow,  faint  blush  in  sun,  large  green  dots ;  stem, 
slender ;  cavity,  deep  ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  white,  sub-acid.     October. 

Eustis. 

Ben. 

Native,  Mass.     Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish,  slightly  flattened ;  red 

and  yellow  striped  or  splashed  ;  stem,  slender,  inclined  to  one  side ;  cavity, 

deep,  open ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  open  ;  core  small ;  seeds,  ovate  angular ; 

fleshy  yellowish,  crisp,  tender,  aromatic,  sub-acid.     December  to  January. 

Evening  Party. 
From  Berks  Co.,  Pa.  Fruit,  medium,,  roundish'  flattened,  greenish  yel- 
low, shaded  with  red ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin, 
■>pen  ;  flesh,  juicy,  tender,  crisp,  fine  dessert  fruit ;  core,  medium.  Decem- 
ber to  March.  Young  shoots,  reddish  ;  old  wood,  gray.  A  new  variety 
^hat  promises  valuable  for  small  gardens. 

Ewalt. 
Origin,  farm  of  John  Ewalt.  Size,  full  medium  ;  form,  truncated,  some- 
»\rhat  angular ;  color,  greenish  yellow,  with  a  bright  red  cheek,  and  many 
greenish  russet  spots,  especially  about  the  base ;  stem,  very  short,  rather 
stout,  inserted  in  a  narrow,  not  very  deep,  cavity ;  caly,  closed,  set  in  a 
narrow,  moderately  deep,  slightly  plaited  basin ;  flesh,  fine  texture,  tender  ; 
flavor,  sprightly  and  pleasant,  with  an  exceedingly  fragrant  odor ;  quality, 
ery  good.     April.     (W.  D.  Brinckle.) 

Excel. 
From  Sharon,  Conn.     Tree,  strong  grower,  productive.     Fruit,  medium, 
oundish  flattened,  marbled  and  splashed  with  red,  light  gray  dots ;  cavity 


138  THE  APPLE. 

deep  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  flesh,  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good ;" 
core,  large.     December,  February. 

Exquisite. 

Named  and  introduced  by  C.  R.  Overman,  of  Canton,  111.  Tree,  mode- 
rate, upright  grower,  productive,  hardy.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened ; 
yellow  striped  and  marbled  with  red ;  stem,  short,  russet  at  base ;  cavity, 
broad,  deep  ;  calyx,  small,  partly  closed  ;  basin,  small ;  flesh,  white,  juicy, 
melting,  fine  grained,  tender,  rich,  vinous,  almost  sweet;  promises  to  be 
valuable.     September,  November. 

Fairbanks. 

Origin,  Winthrop,  Maine.  Fruit,  medium,  oblate  conic,  light  yellow, 
striped  with  red  and  patched  with  russet ;  stem,  long ;  cavity,  broad  and 
shallow ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  with  a  rich  vinous  flavor.  September  to 
October.     (Me.  P.  S.  R.) 

Fall  Harvey. 

Native  of  Mass.  Not  productive.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened, 
greenish  yellow,  with  scattered  brown  dots;  stem,  slender:  cavity,  deep; 
flesh,  white,  mild  sub-acid,  juicy ;  •'  very  good.''     October  and  November. 

Fall  Jennetting. 
Fall  GennettiR  g. 
Probably  American.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened,  ribbed  at  base, 
narrowing  to  the  eye,  pale  greenish  yellow,  blush  in  sun,  russety  specks ; 
stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx^  closed ;  basin,  round  ;  core,  small ;  seeds, 
angular  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy  ;  "very  good."  October  and 
November.  There  is  another  Gennetting  grown  in  Ohio,  maturing  from 
July  to  September,  which  is  sour  and  unworthy. 

Fall  Pearmain. 

A  variety  considerably  grown  in  Connecticut.  Trees,  moderate  bearers  ; 
healthy.  Fruit,  medium  size,  roundish  conical;  color,  yellow  ground, 
mostly  overspread  with  red  in  stripes,  patches,  &c.,  and  many  grayish  green 
dots;  stem,  medium;  cavity  deep,  slightly  russeted;  calyx,  partly  closed; 
basin,  deep,  slightly  furrowed ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  ricl^, 
aromatic  flavor.  September  and  October,  So  far  as  we  have  met  with 
this,  at  the  West  and  Southwest,  it  proves  successful. 

Fall  Seek-no-Further. 
"Winter  Seek-no-Further. 
Tree,  thrifty  and  productive.    Origin,  unknown  ;  grown  in  Connecticut, 
and  much  prized  there. 

Fruit,  very  large,  oblate  ;  skin,  yellow,  mostly  shaded  with  red,  striped 
with  darker  red  and  covered  with  numerous  grayish  dots ;  stalk,  rather  long, 
inserted  in  a  broad,  deep,  russeted  cavity ;  calyx,  closed,  in  a  very  broad, 
uneven  basin;  flesh,  whitish,  tender,  moderately  juicy,  with  a  pleasant,  sub- 
acid flavor.    October,  January.     (Downing.) 

Farley's   Red. 

From  Kentucky.     Tree,  hardy  and  productive.     Fruit,  roundish  conical 

angular ;  color,  yellowish,  shaded  and  striped  with  bright,  rich  red,  dotted 


UNTESTED  VAEIETTES,   ETC.  139 

with  light  dots;  stem,  short;  cavity,  deep,  irregular,  t!iinly  russeted ; 
calyx,  open ;  basin,  shallow,  uneven ;  flesh,  firm,  crisp,  '(uicy,  pleasant. 
January  to  April. 

Father  Abraham. 
From  Virginia ;    considerably  grown  in  Kentucky.     We  copy  Coxe's 
description  :    "  Small,  flat,  red,  little  yellow,  spots  and  blotches  of  darker 
red ;  texture,  thin,  tender ;  flesh,  white,  tinged  with  red  next  the  sun,  juicy, 
agreeable.     Early  Winter.     Keeps  till  April." 

Favorite. 
Fr*jm  Kentucky.  Fruit,  small,  roundish,  tapering  to  the  eye,  pale  yellow, 
striped  and  splashed  with  red,  and  small  rough  dots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity, 
deep  ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  medium,  regular ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  long, 
ovate  ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid ;  not  quite  "  very  good."  Novem- 
ber to  January. 

Fay's  Russet. 
From  Vermont.      Tree,   moderate  grower,  productive.     Fruit,  small, 
conical,  light  yellow  russet,  faintly  striped  with  red  ;   stem,  short ;  calyx, 
with   long  segments;   basin,   furrowed;    flesh,  white,    tender,   sub-acid. 
March  to  April. 

Ferdinand. 
Native  South  Carolina.     Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  upright.     Fruit, 
large,  oblate  irregular,  pale  greenish  yellow ;    stem,  thick  ;    calyx,  open ; 
basin,    shallow;   flesh,    yellowish,  tender.     November  to   March.     New 
(Wm.  Sumner  in  Hort.) 

Ferris. 

"Westchester  Seek-no-Farther. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened,  yellow  shades  and  stripes  of  red, 
stem,  slender  ;  cavity,  broad,  deep ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh, 
yellow,  crisp,  tender,  mild  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good ;'"'  core,  small.  Novem- 
ber, December. 

Fisk's  Seedling. 

Origin,  Keene,  New  Hampshire.  Tree,  vigorous  and  productive ;  highly 
esteemed  in  its  locality. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblate  oblique  ;  skin,  deep  red  on  the  sunny  side,  india  • 
tinctly  striped  with  darker  red  and  yellow,  and  sprinkled  with  yellow  dots  ; 
stalk,  medium  length,  in  a  round,  deep,  russeted  cavity ;  calyx,  large,  seg- 
ments reflexed,  in  a  broad  basin  of  moderate  depth  :  flesh,  greenish  white, 
tender,  melting,  with  a  rich  vinous,  saccharine  flavor.  October,  November. 
(Robert  Wilson's  MS. ;  Downing.) 

Fleiner. 

Foreign.  Tree,  great  bearer,  growth  upright.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong, 
lemon  yellow,  red  cheek  ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  sub-acid ;  "  good."  Septem- 
ber and  October.     Productiveness  its  chief  merit. 

Ford  Apple. 

Origin,  farm  of  David  Ford,  Canaan,  Columbia  Co.,  N.  Y.  Fr.iit,  large, 
roundish,  slightly  conical ;  color,  rich  yellow ;  stem,  long;  cavity, shallow ; 
basin,  small,  plaited ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  solid,  moderately  tender,  with 

October,  January.     (Cult.) 


140 


THE  APPLE. 
Flushing   Spitzenberg. 


American.  Tree,  vigorous,  strong  brown  shoots.  Fruit,  medium,  round- 
ish, slightly  conical,  greenish  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  warm  yellowish 
red,  russet  dots,  with  suffused  fawn  shade  surrounding  3  stem,  slender  ; 


cavity,  narrow;  calyx,  small;  basin,  shallow;  core,  rather  large;  flesh, 
white,  tinged  yellow,  juicy,  mild,  crisp,  nearly  sweet;  '-very  good." 
November  to  February. 

FOCHT. 

A  seedling  of  Lebanon  Co.,  Pa.  Tree,  a  low  open  head ;  productive. 
Fruit,  large,  oblate,  slightly  conic  angular ;  skin,  pale  yellow,  sometimes 
with  a  blush  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  broad,  deep,  russeted  ;  calyx,  almost 
closed ;  cavity,  broad  and  shallow ;  flesh,  white,  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  with 
a  good  sub-acid  flavor.  October,  December.  Excellent  for  culinary 
purposes.     (Downing.) 

Foundling. 
Funtling,  |  Shirley,  |  Groton. 
Native  of  Mass.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened,  narrowing  to  the  eye, 
yellowish  green,  with  broken  stripes,  pale  red,  greenish  specks ;  stem,  short, 
slender  ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  furrowed ;  core,  medium  ; 
seeds,  small ;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp,  tender,  sprightly,  sub-acid.  August 
and  September. 

Franklin  Golden  Pippin. 

Budlow's  Fall  Pippin. 
American.  Tree,  upright,  vigorous,  early  annual  bearer.  Fruit, 
medium,  roundish  ovate  conical,  pale  light  greenish  yellow,  interlined  with 
fine  whitish  net- work,  few  russet  dots ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  deep ; 
calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin,  narrow,  slightly  plaited ;  flesh,  crisp,  juioy  j 
"  very  good."    October. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC. 


141 


French's  Sweet. 

The  seedling  trees  are  still  standing  in  Braintree,  Mass.  Large,  round 
ovate,  green,  inclining  to  a  yellow  when  fully  ripe,  great  bearer,  highly 
perfumed ;  flesh,  firm.  Ripe,  October  and  November,  and  will  keep  till 
January  or  February.    Richest  baking  I  know.     (B.  V.  French,  Ms.) 

Fronclin. 
Native  of  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.     Tree,  rapid  grower,  great  bearer.     Fruit, 
medium,  regular,  round,  bright  red ;   flesh,  yellowish,  acid,  vinous.     New. 
(Pom.  Trans.) 

Gabriel. 
Ladies'  Blush,  erroneotulff. 


The  origin  of  this  variety  is  uncertain.  It  will  most  likely  yet  prove 
identical  with  some  variety  heretofore  described.  Our  engraving  is  under 
medium  size  of  the  apple.  Trees,  moderate  growth,  good  bearers ;  fruit, 
medium  or  below,  roundish  conical,  yellowish,  striped,  and  splashed  with 
pale  red ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  medium  ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  shallow ; 
core  medium ;  seeds,  long  ovate,  pointed  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  sub-acid  j 
'•best."     October  and  November. 

Garretson's  Early. 
John  Garretson's  Early. 
Native  probably  of  New  Jersey.  Tree,  vigorous  growth,  early,  abun 
dant  bearer ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened  ;  pale  green,  becoming  yel 
lowish,  dotted  with  whitish  specks ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  shallow ;  calyx 
closed ;  basin,  ribbed ;  core,  large  ;  seeds,  plump ;  flesh,  white,  crisp,  tender, 
sub-acid  ',  ''  very  good."     August. 

George. 
From  Muskingum  Co.,  Ohio.     Tree,  spreading,  free  bearer.    Fruit,  me- 
dium, roundish  flattened  j  pale  yellow,  with  russety  blotches  and  specks, 


142  THE   APPLE. 

oft  quite  russety ;  calyx,  large,  open ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  whitish,  firm, 
juicy,  mild  acid.     July. 

Giles. 

From  Wallingford,  Conn.     Fruit,  medium,  conical,  dark  red  j  flesh,  ten- 
der, juicy  ',  "  very  good."     October  to  November. 

Gilpin. 
Carthouse,  I  Eomanite  of  the  "West, 
From  Virginia.  Its  keeping  and  bearing  qualities  will  always  render  it 
more  or  less  popular.  Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish,  flattened  at  apex,- 
deep  red  and  yellow ;  stem,  varying ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin, 
sometimes  furrowed  j  core,  medium;  seeds,  ovate ;  flesh,  yellow,  firm,  juicy ; 
will  keep  a  year. 

Gloucester  White. 
American ;  medium,  roundish  oblong,  bright  yellow,  black  patches ;  flesh, 
breaking,  dry.     October  and  November. 

Goble  Russet. 
Sweet  8cek-no-further. 
Medium  to  large,  oblong  flattened,  yellow  russet,  marbled  w^ith  red ;  flesh 
whitish  yellow,  dry,  sweet.     October  and  December. 

Golden  Goss. 
Fruit,  roundish  flattened,  angular,  yellow ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx,  nearly 
closed ;  flesh,  whitish,  juicy,  brisk;  "  very  good ;"  core,  medium. 

Grandfather. 
American.    Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened  ;  color,  yellowish  white,  striped, 
splashed,  and  shaded  with  rich  red ;  stem,  short  ;  cavity,  deep,  russeted  ; 
calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin,  deep,  abrupt,  with  prominent  angles  j  flesh, 
white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.     October. 

Granniwinkle. 
Tree,  slow  grower,  compact  head,  first  described  by  Coxe ;  esteemed  only 
for  cider.    Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oblong,  dark  red;  flesh,  yellowish,  sweet. 
October  and  November. 

Granny  Earle. 
Fruit,  small,  roundish  oval,  green,  striped  and  splashed  with  red ;  flesh, 
white,  crisp,  tender.     November  to  January.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Green's  Choice. 
Origin,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.     Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.     Fruit,  me- 
dium, roundish  conical;  skin,  yellow,  striped  with  red  :  flesh,  tender,  juicy, 
very  mild  sub-acid  or   almost  sweet ;  ripe,  last  of  August  and  first  of 
September. 

Green  Cheese. 

Winter  Cheese,  |  Turner's  Green. 
Origin,  Tennessee.  Tree,  of  rather  slow  growth,  an  early  and  abundant 
bearer.  Fruit,  medium,  oblate,  obliquely  depressed ;  skin,  greenish  yellow, 
covered  with  brown  dots ;  stalk,  very  short,  in  a  broad,  deep  cavity,  sur- 
rounded by  russet;  calyx,  partially  closed,  in  a  broad,  shallow,  uneven 
basin ;  flesh,  rather  fine,  juicy,  with  a  brisk  sub-acid  flavor.  November  ta 
April.     (Downing.) 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC.  Id'*? 

Green  Mountain  Pippin. 
From  Georgia,  and  much  grown  there  as  a  market  fruit.  Fruit,  medium, 
oblate,  inclining  to  oblong,  flattened  at  base  and  crown  ;  skin,  greenish  yel- 
low; stalk,  medium,  curved,  in  a  rather  broad,  deep  cavity,  surrounded 
with  russet ;  calyx,  open,  in  a  broad,  shallow  basin ;  flesh,  white,  crisp, 
juifcy,  tender,  with  a  pleasant  vinous  flavor.     November  and  February. 

Greenskin. 
Southern    Tree,  vigorous,  productive.    Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened, 
greenish  yellow,  oily ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin, 
broad,  open ;  flesh,  juicy,  core,  sweet,  vinous,  very  good  dessert  apple ;  core, 
email.     October  to  January. 

Grimes'  Golden  Pippin. 
From  Brooke  Co.,  Va.     Fruit,  medium,  oblong  flattened,  golden  yellow, 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  sub-acid;  "  very  good."     December  to  March. 

Gully. 
From  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.      Fruit,  small  to  medium ;  white,  with  blush 
cheek ;  flesh,  white,  juicy.     New.     (Pom.  Trans.) 

Hagloe. 
Summer  Hagloe. 
Tree,  medium  bearer,  dark  colored  strong  shoots ;  valued  for  cooking, 
often  fine  for  dessert.    Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened,  bright  red  on  yel- 
low;  flesh,  tender.   July.    Distinct  from  Hagloe  Crab,  a  small,  ovate,  cider 
fruit. 

Hain. 
Origin,  Berks  Co.,  Pa.  A  vigorous  grower  and  profuse  bearer.  Fruity 
large,  globular,  inclining  to  oblong ;  skin,  yellow,  striped,  marbled  and 
mottled  with  red  ;  stalk,  rather  long,  slender,  set  in  a  deep,  abrupt  cavity ; 
calyx,  nearly  closed  ;  basin,  open,  slightly  corrugated  ;  flesh,  white,  juicy, 
tender,  rich,  sweet  and  slightly  aromatic.     November,  March.    (Downing.) 

Hall. 

Hall's  Eed,     |  Jenny's  Seedling. 

From  North  Carolina.  Fruit  small,  roundish  flattened,  mostly  red,  with 
many  dots ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  open ;  basin,  small ;  flesh,  yellowish, 
fine-grained,  juicy,  rich,  vinous  aromatic ;  '•  best."  January.  This  variety 
should  be  introduced  Southwest  as  a  dessert  apple.  The  trees  are  very 
hardy. 

Hamphill. 

From  North  Carolina.  Tree,  erect,  vigorous  grower  ;  very  productive ; 
young  wood,  reddish  gray.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  straw  color  marbled 
and  washed  with,  red ;  stem,  long  ;  basin  and  cavity,  smaJl ;  flesh,  firm, 
sub-acid,  juicy;  "very  good."     November  to  May. 

Harris. 

Originated  with  Mr.  Harris,  Rockingham  Co.,  N.  C.     Tree,  vigorous, 

erect,  productive,  popular  in  its  native  locality.     Fruit,  large,  oblate  ;  skin, 

bright  straw  color,  occasionally  with  a  pink  blush  ;  stem,  very  short  and 

fltout;  cavity,  broad  and  shallow;  basin,  large  and  deep;  flesh,  coarse, 


^14  TnE   APPLE. 

pleasant,  sub-acid.     Last  of  August  and  continues  a  long  time ;  valuabl* 
for  culinary  purposes.     (G.  W.  Johnson.) 

Harrison. 

Generally  grown  for  cider,  but,  in  absence  of  better  fruit,  and  kept  until 
March,  it  becomes  "  very  good  "  for  dessert.  Tree,  thrifty,  hardy,  very 
productive.  Fruit,  medium  or  small,  roundish  ovate ;  yellow,  with  black 
specks,  light-suffused  shade  around  ;  stem,  one  inch  ;  cavity,  wide  ;  calyx, 
closed ;  basin,  shallow,  furrowed ;  flesh,  yellow,  firm,  spicy,  sub-acid ;  core, 
large ;  seeds,  long,  ovate.  November  to  March.  It  is  from  this  variety, 
mixed  with  a  small  proportion  of  Campfield,  that  the  celebrated  Newark 
cider  is  made. 

Harnish. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblong  oval,  slightly  angular  ;  skin,  mostly  shaded  with 
dark  red,  and  sprinkled  with  grayish  dots  ;  flesh,  compact,  tender,  not  juicy, 
almost  sweet,  pleasant.  September  to  October.  From  Pennsylvania,  said 
to  have  originated  in  Lancaster  County.     (Downing.) 

Hartford  Sweeting. 

Bpencer  Sweeting,     |     Champ  Sweeting. 

Native  of  Hartford,  Conn.     Growth,   slow,  hardy,  productive.     Fruit, 

large,  roundish  flattened,  red  striped  on  greenish  yellow ;  stem,  slender ; 

cavity',  shallow  ;  calyx,  large ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  whitish,  juicy,  tender ; 

"  very  good."     December  to  March. 

Haskell  Sweet, 
Sassafras  Sweet. 

Tree,  vigorous,  moderately  prolific,  deserves  more  general  culture.  Fruit 
large,  nearly  flat,  greenish,  with  dull  brown  cheek  in  sun  ;  stem  and  cavity! 
medium ;  flesh,  tinged  with  orange  yellow,  tender,  sweet ;  almost  "  best." 
October. 

Hawthornden. 
White  Hawthornden,     |     Mountaineer. 
Foreign.     Above  medium,  roundish  flattened,  pale  yellow,  blush  in  sun ; 
flesh,  white,  acid.     October,  November.     Not  equal  to  Maiden's  Blush. 

Heart's  Pippin. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  flattened  at  ends,  oblique  ;  color,  pale  yellow, 
with  suffused  shades  of  whitish  yellow,  and  faint  blush  cheek  in  sun ; 
stem,  medium  ;  cavity,  regular,  even,  moderately  deep,  russeted  :  calyx, 
with  five  distinct,  erect,  open  segments ;  basin,  regular,  medium  depth ; 
flesh,  white,  very  tender,  acid,  juicy,  fine  for  sauce ;  core,  medium ;  seeds, 
roundish  oval.     November. 

Hector. 

From  Chester  County,  Pa.  Large,  oblong  conical,  striped  and  mottled 
with  red  on  a  yellow  ground  ;  stem,  slender  ;  deep,  open  russeted  cavity ; 
basin,  narrow,  deep,  furrowed ;  flesh,  crisp;  texture,  fine;  "very  good." 
(W.  D.  B.) 

Helen's   Favorite. 

From  Troy,  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  dark  red  shades,  light  spots, 
Btem,  short,  slender ;   cavity,  deep ;   calyx,  small ;    core,  compact ;   seeds, 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,    ETC.  145 

■mall;  fiesh,  white,  streaked  with  red,  tender,  juicy;  "very  good."     Jan« 
wary  and  February.     (A.  H.  Ernst,  Ms.) 

Henry. 

From  Vermont.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive  ;  fruit,  large,  conical ;  color, 
yellow,  bronzed  red  in  sun,  small  gray  dots ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  closed ; 
basin,  small ;  flesh,  yellow ;  "  good."     October,  December. 

Herman. 

From  Cumberland  County,  Pa.  Tree,  productive  ;  fruit,  medium,  oblong, 
red  striped  on  greenish  yellow;  flesh,  greenish,  tender,  juicy;  ''  very  good.^' 
December  to  April.     (Pom.  Trans.) 

Hess. 

American.  From  Lancaster  County,  Pa.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish 
conical ;  shades  of  red ;  stem,  short,  stout ;  cavity,  narrow ;  basin,  deep, 
narrow;  flesh,  greenish  white,  tender,  aromatic.  December  to  March. 
*•'  Good  to  very  good." 

Higby's  Sweet. 


According  to  present  information,  this  variety  origmated  in  Trumbull 
County,  Ohio.  It  is  a  good  and  regular  bearer,  and  extremely  valuable  as 
a  table  fruit.  Fruit,  Qiedium,  occasionally  large  ;  form,  roundish  flattened, 
often  one  side  enlarged  or  oblique ;  color,  pale,  clear  yellow,  with  faint 
tinge  of  red  is  seen  small  obscure  dots,  and  mostly  apparently  underneath 
the  skin ;  stem,  short,  slender  ;  cavity,  regular,  moderate  depth,  russeted 
regular  ;  calyx,  small,  nearly  closed ;  basin,  deep,  pretty  regular,  slightly 
furrowed  ;  flesh,  white,  very  tender,  pleasantly  sweet,  juicy  and  well  fla- 
vored ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  plump,  round  ovate.  October  to  March. 
7 


146  THE  APPLE. 

Highlander. 

Origin,  Sudbury,  Vermont.  Tree,  a  good  grower,  very  producti'/e; 
fruit,  medium,  oblate,  approaching  conic-  skin,  greenish,  mottled  and 
striped  with  red ;  stalk,  short,  rather  slender,  inserted  in  a  rather  deep 
cavity ;  calyx,  small  and  closed ;  basin,  small ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  tender, 
with  a  pleasant  vinous  flavor,     September,  October.     (Downing.) 

Hilton. 
Origin,  Columbia  County,  N.  Y.  Tree,  vigorous  and  productive ;  apples 
making  the  finest  tarts  and  pies.  It  is  not  equal  to  the  Fall  Pippin  for 
eating.  Fruit,  very  large,  roundish,  a  little  more  square  in  outline  than 
the  Fall  Pippin,  and  not  so  much  flattened,  though  a  good  deal  like  it ;  a 
little  narrowed  next  the  eye  ;  stalk  half  an  inch  long,  thick,  deeply  sunk ; 
calyx,  small,  closed,  moderately  sunk  in  a  slight  plaited  basin ;  skin,  green- 
ish yellow  or  pale  green,  becoming  pale  yellow  when  fully  ripe,  washed  on 
one  side  with  a  little  dull  red  or  pale  brown,  with  a  few  scattered,  large 
greenish  dots.     (Downing.) 

Hill's  Favorite. 

From  Mass.  Tree,  thrifty,  productive.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish 
conical,  yellow  shaded  and  striped  with  red,  whitish  dots,  thin  bloom  , 
stem,  short ;  cavity,  uneven ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  yel- 
low, firm,  tender,  juicy,  aromatic ;  core,  medium  ;  "  very  good."  Septem- 
ber, October. 

Hixon's  Favorite. 

American.  The  fruit  resembles  Houghton  Seedling  in  size  and  quality. 
The  plant  is  of  dwarf  habit ;  upright  growth,  hardy  and  productive. 

Hocking. 

Western.  Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  red  and  yellow  striped,  sometimes 
slightly  russeted;  stem,  medium  length;  cavity,  open,  broad;  basin, 
shallow,  slightly  ribbed ;  flesh,  fine  grained,  tender,  mild  sub-acid  ;  core, 
small.  August.  Tree,  upright,  vigorous  grower,  hardy  and  productive. 
Origin,  uncertain ;  may  prove  identical  with  some  Eastern  sort — as  yet 
only  known  West. 

Hollady's  Seedling. 

Raised  by  John  Hollady,  Spottsylvania  County,  Va.  A  very  thrifty, 
upright  grower,  a  good  bearer.  Fruit,  medium,  oblate  ;  color,  yellow,  with 
a  faint  blush,  and  sprinkled  with  gray  dots ;  flesh,  yellowish,  compact^  ten- 
der, rich,  aromatic.     November  to  March.     (H.  R.  Roby.) 

Hooker. 
Origin,  Windsor,  Conn.  Growth  upright,  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit, 
medium,  conic,  slightly  oblique  ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  shaded  with  dull 
crimson,  striped  with  red,  and  sprinkled  with  large  russet  dots  :  stalk, 
short,  inserted  in  a  very  shallow  cavity ;  calyx,  small,  partially  closed,  in 
a  small,  abrupt  basin ;  flesh,  greenish,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  pleasant  sub- 
acid  flavor.     November  to  January. 

Hoover. 
Raised  by  Mr.  fioover,  of  Edisto,  South  Carolina.     Fruit,  large  and 
lieautiful,  nearly  globular,  inclining  to  conic ;    color,  rich,  dark  crimson, 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC. 


147 


peculiarly  marked  with  round,  white  spots,  of  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
in  size ;  stem,  half  an  inch  long,  fleshy ;  calyx,  open,  in  a  smooth,  green- 
iih  yellow  basin ;  flesh,  white ;  flavor,  brisk  acid.    November  to  February 


Holland   Pippin. 


Eeinette  d'HoUand, 
Summer  Pippin, 


Pie  Apple, 

French  Pippin,  ofaoTne* 


Tree,  resembles  Fall  Pippin,  with  which  it  is  often  confounded,  but 
from  which  it  is  distinct.  It  is  esteemed  for  cooking,  for  which  it  is  fitted 
in  August,  but  we  think  surpassed  by  Gravenstein.  We  refer  for  descrip- 
tion to  Fall  Pippin,  with  this  difference,  more  regular  round,  stem  shorter, 
cavity  not  as  deep,  more  broad  and  open ;  calyx  smaller,  and  basin  not  as  wide. 

Housum's  Red. 

From  Berks  County,  Pa.  Large,  oblong,  compressed  at  the  sides  ;  skin, 
red,  in  stripes,  yellow  at  base ;  stem,  short,  thick ;  cavity,  narrow,  not 
deep,  slightly  russeted ;  basin,  moderately  deep,  plaited ;  flesh,  fine  tex- 
ture, tender,  with  delightful  aroma ;  "  very  good,"  at  least.  October  to 
February.     (W.  D.  B.) 

Howe's  Russet. 

Origin,  Shrewsbury,  Mass.  Very  much  resembles  Roxbury  Russet,  and 
maj  be  seedling  of  it.  Fruit,  large,  oblate,  often  conic,  angular ;  skin, 
greenish  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  russet,  and  generally  with  a  bronzed 
check;  stalk,  short,  inserted  in  a  broad  cavity;  calyx,  partially  closed ; 
basin,  abrupt,  uneven;  flesh,  yellowish,  compact,  brisk  vinous  flavor. 
January  to  May.     (Downing.) 


148  THE  APPLE. 

Hughes. 

Origin,  Berks  Co.,  Pa.  From  Thomas  Hughes,  said  to  be  an  abundant 
bearer ;  large,  roundish.  Skin,  greenish  yellow,  with  a  blush,  and  numerous 
gray  dots  ;  stem,  variable  in  length,  slender,  inserted  in  a  moderately  deep, 
open  cavity ;  calyx,  large,  open,  set  in  a  wide,  deep,  sometimes  plaited  basin ; 
flesh,  fine  texture,  tender,  juicy ;  flavor,  very  agreeable,  saccharine  with- 
out being  sweet,  with  a  delicate  and  delicious  aroma;  quality,  "very 
good,"  if  not  "best."     March,  April.     (Ad.  Int.  Rep.) 

Hunter. 
From   Delaware  Co.,   Pa.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish  conical,   striped 
and  splashed  bright  red  on  yellow;  stem,  slender;  cavity,  narrow;  calyx, 
small ;  basin,  deep ;   flesh,  white,  tinged  wilh  pink,  tender,  crisp,  juicy 
October. 

Hunt's  Russet. 

Origin,  Mr.  Hunt's  Farm,  Concord,  Mass.  Growth,  rather  slow,  bears 
annually  and  abundantly. 

Fruit,  small,  conic ;  skin,  russet,  shaded  with  dull  red,  on  a  greenish 
yellow  ground ;  stalk,  short,  slender  ;  cavity,  deep  and  broad  ;  calyx,  closed ; 
segments,  long,  recurved  in  a  round  open  basin ;  flesh,  juicy,  fine  grained, 
rather  rich,  sprightly,  sub-acid  flavor.  December  to  April.  Little  known 
at  the  West. 

Hurlbut. 

Hnrlbut  Stripe. 

Origin,  farm  of  Gen.  Hurlbut,  Winchester,  Conn.  Tree,  very  vigorous, 
and  great  bearer.  Fruit,  medium,  oblate,  slightly  conic  angular ;  skin, 
yellow,  shaded  with  red  stripes,  and  splashed  with  darker  red,  and  thinly 
sprinkled  with  light  dots ;  stalk,  short,  rather  slender,  inserted  in  a  broad, 
deep  cavity,  surrounded  by  russet ;  calyx,  closed,  basin  rather  shallow ; 
flesh,  white,  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  mild  sprightly  sub-acid  flavor.  No- 
vember, December.     (Downing.) 

Indiana  Favorite. 

From  Fayette  Co.,  Ind.  Tree,  spreading  head,  good  bearer.  Fruit, 
medium  to  large,  round,  flattened  at  ends,  tapering  to  calyx,  angular ;  yel- 
low, mostly  covered,  splashed  and  striped  with  two  shades  of  red,  many 
russet  specks  ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  deep,  regular ;  calyx,  irregular,  short 
segments ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  slightly  sub-acid,  almost  sweet,  plea- 
sant ;  "  very  good ;"  core,  compact ;  seeds,  pointed,  light  brown.  January 
to  April. 

loLA. 

Southern  origin.  Fruit,  large,  oblate  angular,  compressed  horizontally ; 
skin,  yellow,  mottled,  marbled,  striped  and  shaded  with  crimson ;  stem, 
short,  in  rather  large  cavity ;  calyx,  large,  partially  closed,  in  an  abrupt 
furrowed  basin ;  flesh,  white,  fine  grained,  tender,  juicy,  vinous,  rich  and 
agreeable.  A  very  delightful  apple:  core,  small.  December  to  Feb- 
ruary. 

Jabez  Sweet. 

From  Middletown,  Conn.  Fruit,  medium,  nearly  round,  pale  green,  dull 
red  in  sun,  sweet.    October  to  April.     (Hov.  Mag.) 


UNTESTED   VABIETIES,  ETC. 


14:9 


Jackson. 
From  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish ;  color,  greenish  yellow, 
with  dark  blotches  and  gray  dots  in  sun,  faint  stripes  and  mottlings  of  red ; 
stem,  in  a  deep  narrow  cavity;  calyx,  closed;  basin,  slightly  furrowed; 
flesh,  greenish,  tender,  juicy,  aromatic  flavor.     October,  December. 

Jefferson  County. 
From  Jefierson  Co.,  N.  Y.     Tree,  vigorous,  productive.     Fruit,  medium, 
globular ;  color,  greenish  yellow,  with  marblings  and  shades  of  red  russet 
in  sun ;  stem,  in  a  deep  cavity ;  calyx,  small ;   basin,  deep ;  flesh,  crisp, 
juicy,  mild  sub-acid.     October,  December. 

Jenkins. 
Native  of  Montgomery  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  Fruit,  small,  roundish  ovate  ; 
red,  interspersed  with  numerous  large  white  dots,  on  a  yellowish  ground ; 
stem,  slender ;  cavity,  deep,  rather  wide,  sometimes  russeted  ;  calyx,  closed ; 
basin,  deep,  open,  furrowed ;  core,  above  medium  ;  seeds,  grayish  brown, 
acute-ovate ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  fine  texture,  juicy ;  flavor,  agreeably 
saccharine,  exceedingly  pleasant  and  aromatic  ;  "very  good,"  if  not  " best." 
The  Jenkins  is  one  of  those  delicious  little  apples  peculiarly  fitted  for  the, 
table  at  evening  entertainments.     (W.  D.  B.) 

Jewett's  Red. 
Jewett's  Fine  Red,     |    Nodhead. 


Tree,  slow,  rather  slender,  diverging  growth  ;  fruit,  unfair  while  young  ; 
best  adapted  to  strong  clay  soils  North,  where  it  is  hardy,  and  said  to  suc- 
ceed well.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish  flattened,  tapering  to  the  eye, 
sometimes  angular  ;  greenish  yellow,  mostly  overspread  or  striped  with  red, 
numerous  white  dots ;  stem,  varying ;  cavity,  narrow ;  calyx,  small,  par- 
tially  closed ;    basin,   shallow,    wrinkled ;   core,   medium ;    seeds,   ovat/^ 


rounded ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine-grained,  tender,  mild  aromatic  sub 
acid.    November  to  February. 


150  THE  APPLE. 


Jersey  Pippin. 


Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  round  oblong  conical,  flattened,  pale  yellow- 
ish green,  faint  stripes  red  ;  stem,  short,  stout ;  cavity,  deep,  open ;  calyx, 
rather  large ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  imperfect ;  flesh,  green- 
ish yellow,  juicy,  vinous,  sub-acid  ;  ''  very  good."  November  to  February. 
New. 

Johnson. 

From  Brookfield,  Conn.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish ;  smooth,  strip- 
ed red  on  yellow,  dark  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  tender,  crisp,  juicy ;  very  fine. 
August,  September. 

John's  Sweet. 

Origin.  Lyndsboro,  New  Hampshire.  A  good  grower,  somewhat  straggling; 
a  prolific  bearer. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblong  or  conic ;  skin,  whitish  yellow,  sprinkled,  striped, 
and  splashed  with  red  ;  stem,  short,  inserted  in  a  narrow  cavity,  surrounded 
by  russet ;  calyx,  closed,  set  in  an  abrupt  basin  ;  flesh,  juicy,  tender,  with 
a  sweet  peculiar  flavor.     January  to  May.     (Downing.) 

JUNALIESKA. 

Raised  in  Cherokee  Co.,  North  Carolina,  by  J.  Whittaker.  Fruit,  largei 
globular,  inclining  to  conic ;  skin,  fine  yellow  color,  speckled  with  dark 
brown  russet ;  stem,  short  and  fleshy  ;  cavity,  narrow  ;  basin,  very  small ; 
flesh,  yellow,  with  a  sprightly  sub-acid  flavor.  November  to  March.  (J. 
Van  Beuren.)     (Downing.) 

Keim. 
Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish  conical,  pale  waxen  yellow ;  stem,  long, 
slender ;  cavity,  medium ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin,  shallow,  plaited ; 
core,  medium }  flesh,  white,  tender,  mild,  pleasant ;  "  very  good."     January 
to  March. 

Keiser. 

Eed  Seek-no-farther. 

An  old  variety  much  grown  in  Jeflerson  Co.,  Ohio,  and  highly  prized, 
growth  of  tree  like  Rambo. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oblate,  slightly  oblique,  angular ;  skin,  pale 
yellow,  shaded  with  red,  indistinctly  striped  and  thickly  sprinkled  with 
large  grayish  dots ;  stalk,  short,  inserted  in  a  large  cavity ;  calyx,  small, 
closed  in  a  broad,  shallow,  corrugated  basin;  flesh,  yellowish,  not  very 
juicy,  but  mild  sub-acid.     November  to  February. 

There  is  another  Red  Seek-no-further,  grown  near  Lebanon,  Pa.,  distinct, 
and  a  universal  favorite  there.     December  to  April. 

Kelsey. 
Origin,  Berks  County,  Pa.,  on  the  premises  of  John  Kelsey.  Size,  me- 
dium, roundish  oblate,  sometimes  inclining  to  conical ;  skin,  greenish  yel- 
low, with  occasionally  a  faint  blush  and  numerous  gray  dots  ;  stem,  short, 
inserted  in  a  deep,  moderately  open  cavity ;  calyx,  closed,  set  in  a  very 
shallow,  plaited  basin ;  flesh,  tender,  fine  texture,  greenish  white ;  flavor, 
mild,  and  exceedingly  pleasant,  fragrant  aroma ;  quality,  very  good.  March. 
{W.  D.  Brinckle.) 


UNTESTED    VARIETIES,    ETC. 


151 


Bed  Spitzenbei^, 
Eed  Pearmain, 
Red  Winter  Pearmain, 
Long  Pearmain, 


Kaighn's  Spitzenberg. 

Long  John, 
Red  Pippin, 


Red  Phcenix, 
Sheepnose,  of  sotm^ 
Russam. 


This  variety  is  showy,  annually  productive,  and  that  is  all  of  its  good 
qualities.  We  present  the  drawing  to  aid  the  unacquainted  to  detect  it,  as 
the  name  often  aids  in  its  sale.  Dr.  Warder,  at  the  late  Ohio  Pom.  Meet- 
ing, stated  that  it  came  originally  from  Kaighn's  Point,  and  the  name,  Spit- 
zenberg,  was  derived  from  a  mountain  "berg."  Fruit,  large,  oblong  rounded ; 
yellow,  mostly  overspread  with  bright  clear  red ;  stem,  about  even  with 
surrounding  surface :  cavity,  deep,  regular  5  calyx,  small ;  basin,  slightly 
furrowed ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  irregular  in  form ;  flesh,  yellowish,  coarse, 
dry ;  "  good."  November  and  December.  Often  grown  in  Michigan  as 
Red  Belleflower. 

Ketchum's  Favorite. 

Origin,  farm  of  Mr.  Ketchum,  Sudbury,  Vt.  Tree,  vigorous  and  product, 
ive.  Fruit,  medium,  irregularly  oval,  inclining  to  conicr;  skin,  light  waxen 
yellow,  slightly  shaded  with  rosy  blush,  irregularly  sprinkled  with  carmine 
dots ;  stalk  of  medium  length,  inserted  in  a  narrow  cavity,  surrounded  by 
russet ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  deep  and  narrow;  flesh,  white,  with  a  very  mild, 
rich,  and  excellent  flavor.    September  to  January.     (Downing.) 


162  THE  APPLE. 


King  Apple. 


From  Mason  Co.,  Ky.  Fruit  yellow,  clouded,  and  mostly  obscured  with 
dull  red,  small  specks,  and  large  patches  of  mould  or  fungus  peculiar  to 
the  Southern  grown  fruits  ;  oblong,  flattened  at  base  ;  calyx,  small ;  basin, 
shallow  i  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  narrow  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  medium ; 
flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.     January  to  February. 

KiRKBRIDGE  WhITE. 

Medium  in  size  or  rather  large,  oval,  ribbed,  tapering  equally  to  each  end, 
and  blunt  at  the  ends  ;  skin,  smooth,  pale  yellow  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity  and 
basin  both  very  narrow ;  flesh,  very  tender,  sub-acid,  fine-grained  ;  "  good." 
Latter  part  of  Summer. 

Klaproth. 

From  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.  Tree,  vigorous,  prolific.  Fruit,  medium,  round- 
ish flattened,  greenish  yellow,  streaked  and  stained  with  red,  light  specks 
and  russet  spots  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  smooth,  deep  ;  calyx,  small,  closed ; 
segments,  reflexed;  basin,  broad  ;  flesh,  white,  crisp,  juicy,  sub-acid;  "  very 
good."     August  to  October.     Valuable  for  market. 

Kohl. 

From  Germany.  Tree,  thrifty,  good  grower ;  new.  Fruit,  small,  round- 
ish J  crisp,  juicy ;  good  keeper.     December,  May. 

Krowser. 

Origin,  Berks  Co.,  Pa.,  where  it  is  exceedingly  popular.  Tree,  a  hand- 
some grower  and  abundant  bearer.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  conic ;  color, 
whitish  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  carmine ;  stalk,  rather  short, 
inserted  in  a  medium  cavity ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  small  and  corrugated  3 
flesh,  white^  tender,  mild  sub-acid  flavor.     December,  March. 

Lancaster. 

Lancaster  Greening. 

From  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.  Tree,  hardy,  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit, 
medium,  roundish  conical,  greenish  yellow,  with  brown  dots  and  blotches  ; 
stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  small ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  j  uicy,  sub- 
acid ;  valued  for  keeping  till  April. 

Landon. 

From  Vermont.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellow  ground,  mottled  with 
two  shades  of  red,  minute  dots  with  grayish  suff'used  skin  surrounding ;  stem, 
medium ;  cavity,  regular,  with  a  tinge  of  greenish  russet ;  calyx,  with  broad 
segments  nearly  closed ;  basin,  shallow,  furrowed  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp, 
firm,  tender,  juicy,  aromatic;  '-very  good,"  or  "best;"  core,  medium; 
seeds,  abundant.  January  to  March.  A  new  variety  that  promises  high 
value. 

Landrum. 

American.  Fruit,  medium,  conical,  deep  crimson  sprinkled  with  large 
white  dots;  stem,  slender;  cavity,  deep,  russeted ;  calyx,  small,  closed; 
basin,  furrowed  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather  coarse,  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  vinous  j 
"  very  good ;"  core,  small.    October,  November. 


UlfTESTED  VAEIETIE8,   ETC.  163 

Lane's  Red  Streak. 
Origin,  orchard  of  Mr.  Lane,  Edgar  Co.,  Illinois.     Tree,  of  moderate 
growth.     Fruit,  large,  round  conical,  regular ;  color,  yellow,  with  very  fine 
short  stripes,  and  specks  of  bright  red,  beautiful ;  flesh,  white,  fine,  tender, 
pleasant  sub-acid,  of  fair  quality.     October.     (McWhorter.) 

Lake. 
Grown  by  D.  C.  Richmond,  Sandusky,  Ohio.  Tree,  abundant  bearer,  fruit 
hangs  well.  Fruit,  below  medium,  round  ovate  conical,  yellow,  mostly 
overspread  and  striped  with  deep  lake  red,  many  dots ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx, 
closed  ',  basin,  open ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  plump ;  flesh,  yellow,  tender, 
juicy,  sub-acid ;  *'  very  good."     October. 

Late  Queen. 

Brown's  Late  Queen. 

American.    Native  of  Ohio.     Fruit,  large,  roundish  conical,  pale  red  on 

yellow,  bluish  tinge  at  stem  end,  and  many  large  russet  dots  ;  calyx,  closed ', 

basin,  deep,  round,  slightly  furrowed ;  stem,  medium  ',  cavity,  deep ;  flesh, 

yellowish,  crisp,  tender,  sub-acid ;  "  very  good."     September  and  October. 

Lecker. 
Laquier,  |  Lacker. 
From  Lancaster,  Pa.  Described  by  Thomas  as  Laquier.  Medium,  round- 
ish oblate  J  skin,  striped  with  crimson  on  a  pale  red,  with  numerous  large 
dots ;  stem,  short  and  slender,  sometimes  stout ;  cavity,  russeted,  narrow, 
rather  deep  ;  basin,  wide,  deep,  plaited ;  core,  small ;  seed,  dark  cinnamon, 
short,  plump ;  flesh,  whitish,  fine  texture,  tender,  juicy,  "  good,"  at  least. 
December  to  March,     (W.  D.  B.) 

Ledge  Sweet. 
From  Portsmouth,  N.  H.  Tree,  productive,  regular  bearer.  Fruit,  large 
roundish  flattened  ;  yellowish  green  tinged  with  blush  in  sun,  reddish  rus- 
set  specks ;  stem,  short,  stout :  cavity,  open,  deep  ;  calyx,  partially  closed; 
basin,  shallow ;  core,  open  ;  seeds,  light  brown  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine, 
juicy,  crisp,  sweet.     January  to  June.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Leland  Spice. 
Leland  Pippin,     I     New  York  Spice. 
From  Mass.    Fruit,  large,  roundish,  slightly  conical,  and  ribbed ;  green- 
ish yellow,  mottled  with  crimson  stripes,  dark  crimson  in  sun ;  stem,  half- 
inch ;  cavity  and  basin,  ribbed;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  spicy,  sub-acid; 
"  best."   October  to  December.     Deserves  more  attention  than  yet  received. 

Leicester  Sweet. 
Potter  Sweet 
Rather  large,  flattish,  greenish  yellow  and  dull  red ;  tender,  rich,  excel- 
lent, fine  for  dessert  or  baking.     Winter.    Tree,  vigorous,  not  very  pro- 
ductive.   Origin,  Leicester,  Mass.     (Cole.) 

Lewis. 

Origin,  Putnam  Co.,  Indiana.    A  good  grower,  and  productive.    Fruit, 
medium,  oblate  conic ;  skin,  yellowish,  striped  with  crimson,  and  partially 
covered  with  thin  cinnamon  russet,  and  sprinkled  with  gray  and  brown 
7* 


154  THE  APPLET. 

dots ;  stalkj  short,  inserted  in  a  deep  cavity ;  calyx,  closed,  or  nearly  so,  in 
a  moderate  basin ;  flesh,  yellow,  compact,  with  a  rich  sub-acid  flavor ;  not 
very  juicy.     November,  February.     (Downing.) 

Liberty 


The  Liberty  Apple,  as  exhibited  at  the  Ohio  State  Fruit  Conventions,  is 
claimed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Delaware  county,  in  that  state.  Its  claim  for 
introduction  to  the  West,  we  think,  rests  upon  its  character  as  a  long  keeper, 
even  when  grown  on  rich  prairie  lands. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  oblong  oblique  conical ;  color,  yellowish, 
striped  and  splashed  with  shades  of  red — often  the  red  is  most  prominent  at 
flrst  glance,  and  it  appears  as  though  there  was  a  shade  of  rich  yellow 
marbled  underneath,  small,  irregular,  russet  dots,  and  occasionally  a  large 
oblong  rounded  russet  patch ',  stem,  usually  medium  height ;  cavity,  narrow, 
of  medium  depth,  regular ;  calyx,  large ;  segments,  half  open,  slightly 
recurved  ,  basin,  open,  broad,  acute ;  flesh,  yellow,  firm,  a  little  tough,  juicy, 
rich,  mild  sub-acid ;  skin,  thick,  tough ;  core,  medium,  central,  compact ; 
seeds,  light  brown,  ovate  long,  pointed.    February  to  June. 

LocY. 

Globular,  sometimes  inclining  to  oblate,  and  sometimes  oblong  or  conic ; 
skin,  greenish,  shaded  and  striped  with  dull  red  ;  stalk,  short,  inserted  in  a 
small,  acute  cavity ;  calyx,  closed,  in  an  open,  furrowed  basin  ;  flesh,  green- 
ish, crisp,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  very  pleasant,  brisk,  vinous  flavor.  Novem- 
ber, February.     (Downing.) 


tJNTESTED   VARIETIES,   ETC, 


156 


Limber  Twig. 

James  Eiver. 


A  valuable  fruit  in  Southern  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Indiana.  Tree,  hardy, 
productive.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  tapering  a  little  to  the  eye ;  light  yel- 
low, striped  and  splashed  with  red  in  sun,  rough  russet  specks,  and  occa- 
Bional  patch  of  russet ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity,  open,  funnel  shape, 
russeted  ;  calyx,  rather  small ;  basin,  irregular,  round  ;  core,  large,  hollow; 
seeds,  plump,  pyriform ;  flesh,  whitish,  tender,  sub-acid ;  "  very  good.** 
Keeps  to  May.     For  varieties  of  this,  see  Willow  Twig,  &c. 

Long  Stem. 

From  Berks  Co.,  Pa.  Below  medium,  roundish  oblong,  sometimes  angu- 
lar ;  skin,  red,  in  faint  stripes,  with  a  number  of  gray  russet  dots ;  stem, 
long ;  cavity,  medium,  acuminate ;  basin,  small,  shallow,  plaited ;  flesh, 
greenish  white,  tender,  agreeably  sub-acid  flavor,  with  Spitzenberg  aroma; 
quality,  ^'  very  good."  This  is  distinct  from  the  "  Long  Stem  "  of  Cole, 
which  is  large,  roundish,  pale  yellow,  brown  in  sun ;  calyx,  large ;  basin, 
broad,  shallow ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  aromatic.  September  and  October.  A 
native  of  Mass.     And  also  distinct  from  the  ''  Long  Stem  "  of  Count. 


LoRiNG  Sweet. 

Native  of  Mass.  Fruit,  medium,  oblate ;  greenish  yellow,  tinged  with 
pale  red  in  sun,  brownish  specks;  stem,  short;  cavity,  deep,  open;  calyx, 
medium,  closed;  basin,  shallow;  core,  small;  seeds,  plump;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish white,  crisp,  juicy,  tender,  sweet  •  "  very  good."    Nov.  to  Jan. 


156  THE   APPLE. 

Loudon  Pippin. 
Tree,  productive  ;  most  grown  in  Northern  Virginia.   Fruit,  large,  lound- 
ish  conical ;  greenish  yellow  :  stem,   short ;  calyx,  large  ',  flesh,  greenish 
white,  sub-acid ;  valued  only  for  its  size,  where  people  know  what  apples 
should  be. 

LowRE  Queen. 
Loure  Queen. 
Trees,  upright,  early  bearers,  extensively  grown  in  Central  Ohio  ;  some- 
what resembles  the  Vandervere.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened,  oft 
angular ;  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  dull  red,  rough  irregular  dots, 
or  specks  of  dull  russet,  russet  at  stem ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  regular, 
deep ;  calyx,  with  long  pointed  segments  ;  basin,  abrupt,  broad,  slightly 
furrowed  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy  ] 
'■'  very  good."     November  to  February. 

Lyscom. 
Matthew's  Stripe,     |     Osgood's  Favorite. 
From   Mass.      Fruit,  large,   round;    greenish  yellow,  hroken  stripes, 
and  splashes  of  red ;    stem,  short ;    cavity,   deep ;    calyx,   small ;    hasin 
plaited  ;  flesh,  fine-grained,  mild  sub-acid .     September  to  November. 

Macomber. 
Origin,  Guilford,  Maine.     Fruit,  full  medium,  oblate  angular  ;  skin,  yel- 
lowish, shaded  and  striped  with    red;  stalk,  short;  cavity,  large;  calyx, 
closed;  basin,  large  and  regular;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  tender;  flavor 
8ub-acid,     December  to  January.     (Downing.) 

Magnolia. 

Origin,  Bolton,  Mass.     Growth  moderate,  productive.      Fruit,  medium, 

oblate  conic ;  skin,  yellow,  beautifully  striped  and  mottled  with  crimson ; 

stalk,  short,  in  a  broad,  uneven  cavity  ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  small ;  flesh, 

white,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  brisk,  aromatic  flavor.     October.     (Downing.) 

Maiden's  Favorite. 
Maiden's  Apple. 
From  Stuyvesant,  N.  Y.  Tree,  a  slow  grower,  productive.  Fruit,  below 
medium,  oblong  rounded,  pale  yellow,  shaded  with  blush,  sometimes  mot- 
tled carmine,  and  few  minute  dots  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep,  thin,  russeted  ; 
calyx,  closed;  segments  persistent ;  basin,  regular;  flesh,  whitish,  crisp, 
very  delicate,  vinous  ;  "  very  good  ;"  a  dessert  apple.  December  to 
February. 

Mansfield  Russet. 
American.     Tree,  good  grower,  productive.     Fruit,  small,  oblong  conical ; 
cinnamon  russet ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  calyx,  with  long  segments ;  flesh,  white, 
aromatic  •  "  very  good;"  core,  small. 

Manomet  Sweet. 

Horseblock. 

From  Plymouth,  Mass.     Tree,  vigorous,  good  bearer.     Fruit,  medium, 

roundish ;  lemon  yellow,  bright  red  in  sun,  dotted  wuth  russet  specks,  and 

trace  of  russet  at  stem;  stem,  short,  slender;  cavity,  shallow;  calyx,  large, 

closed ;  long  segments  j  basin,  shallow  ;  core,  compact  ;  seeds,  medium  ; 


UNTESTED    VARIEIIES,    ETC. 


157 


flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  tender,  sugary  sweet;  "very  good.*'     August  and 
September. 

Male  Carle. 

Mela  Carla,  I  Pomme  de  Charles,  I  Charles  Apple, 

Mela  de  Carlo,     |  Pomme  Finale,        J 


Foreign.  In  our  Southern  and  Southwestern  sections,  where  the  soil  is 
rich  and  summers  long,  this  is  one  of  the  very  finest  apples,  and  should 
always  have  a  place.  North,  it  does  not  answer.  Fruit,  medium,  globu- 
lar, slightly  tapering  to  the  eye  ;  pale  waxy  lemon  yellow,  with  distinct 
brilliant  crimson  cheek  in  sun,  irregular  russet  dots,  and  oft  marred  by 
patches  of  mold  or  fungus  when  grown  on  the  alluvial  bottoms  ;  stem,  slen- 
der ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep,  regular;  calyx,  small;  basin  deep;  core,  small; 
seeds,  round,  ovate  pointed ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  delicate  rose  perfume  ; 
"  best,"     October  to  January. 

Maria  Bush. 

Origin,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  A  healthy  grower  and  good  bearer 
Fruit,  large,  roundish  oblate  ;  skin,  yellow  shaded,  striped  and  splashed 
with  red,  and  thinly  sprinkled  with  russet  dots ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  large  , 
basin,  abrupt  and  open  ;  flesh,  white,  very  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.  Octobei 
and  November. 

Marks. 

Origin,  Berks  Co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  lands  of  Mr.  Klinger.  Tree^ 
vigorous,  upright,  productive.  Fruit,  medium  size,  roundish,  taperinj 
slightly  to  the  crown,  somewhat  angular  ;  skin,  yellowish  white,  with  a  few 
russet  dots,  and  nearly  covered  with  a  faint  orange  blush;  stem,  half  an 
inch  long,  rather  stout ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep,  acuminate  ;  calyx,  small. 


158  THE   APPLE. 

closed :  basin,  narrow,  rather  deep,  slightly  russeted ;  flesh,  whitish,  tend'jr. 
fine  texture,  delicately  perfumed :  quality,  "  very  good,"  if  not  "  best.'' 
January  to  March.     (Ad.  Int.  Rep.) 

Marks. 

From  Berks  Co..  Pennsylvania.  Size,  medium,  roundish,  tapering  slightly 
to  the  crown,  somewhat  angular ;  yellowish  white,  with  few  russet  dots, 
nearly  covered  with  a  faint  orange  blush ;  stem,  half  inch  long  :  cavity, 
narrow,  deep,  slightly  russeted  ;  seed,  yellowish  gray ;  flesh,  whitish,  ten- 
der, fine  texture  ;  flavor,  delicately  perfumed:  quality,  "very  good,"  if  not 
"  best."     (W.  D.  B.) 

Marston's  Red  Winter. 

From  New  Hampshire.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit,  large,  round- 
ish oval ;  yellow  in  shade,  red  in  sun,  russet  at  stem ;  stem,  short,  slender  ; 
cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  partly  open  •  basin,  abrupt ;  core,  compact ;  seeds,  dark 
brown;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  juicy ;  "  very  good."     January  to  April. 

Major.  * 

Native  of  Pennsylvania,  Northumberland  Co.  Size,  large,  roundish ; 
red,  sometimes  blended  with  yellow  on  the  shaded  side ;  stem,  variable  in 
length,  of  medium  thickness  ;  cavity,  rather  wide,  moderately  deep  •  basin, 
uneven,  shallow :  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp ;  flavor,  pleasant,  agreeably  sac- 
charine, and  resembles,  in  some  measure,  that  of  the  Carthouse,  to  which, 
however,  it  is  superior  ;  quality,  "  very  good."     (W.  D.  B.) 

May. 
Medium  sized,  roundish  conical,  flattened ;  greenish  yellow,  with  dull 
red  streaks;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid;  valued  only  for  its  earliness, 
which,  in  the  South,  is  the  latter  end  of  May. 

McAfee's  Nonsuch. 
From  Kentucky ;  somewhat  grown  Southwest.  Fruit  medium,  roundish 
flattened,  oblique  angular ;  yellowish,  mostly  overspread  with  two  shades 
red,  bluish  tinge,  and  grayish  dots  apparently  raised  on  surface  ;  stem,  short, 
slender;  cavity,  open,  little  russeted,  broad,  deep;  calyx,  medium;  seg- 
ments, short,  stiff",  half  open,  erect,  reflexed  ;  basin,  deep  ;  flesh,  yellowish, 
firm,  crisp,  juicy,  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  core,  medium,  compact ;  seeds,  short, 
ovate ;  "  very  good."     December  to  February. 

McHenry. 

Origin,  Hamilton  Co.,  Ohio.  Growth  upright  and  free,  moderately  pro- 
ductive ;  color,  and  quality  similar  to  American  Summer  Pearmain.  Sep- 
tember to  December.     (Jackson.) 

Meach. 

From  Vermont.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  slightly  conic;  skin,  greenish 
yellow,  striped  and  mottled  with  light  red,  and  sprinkled  with  brown  dots  ; 
stalk,  long,  rather  slender,  set  in  a  pretty  large  cavity ;  calyx,  closed  in  a 
corrugated  basin;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather  fine,  juicy,  rich,  mild  sub-acid, 
aromatic.     October  and  November. 

Meigs. 
Fruit,  large,  regular  oblong,  narrowing  to  the  eye,  sometimes  slightly 
fibbed;  skin,  yellow,  but  mostly  concealed  with  a  marbling  of  red,  and 


TTNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  169 

sprinkled  with  prominent  yellow  dots;  calyx,  small  and  closed,  set  in  a 
narrow  basin ;  stem,  very  short,  thick,  in  a  narrow,  deep  cavity ;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish white,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  rich,  slightly  sub-acid  flavor.  Autumn. 
^White's  Gard.) 

Meister. 
From  Berks  Co.,  Pa.  Size,  below  medium ;  roundish  conical ',  skin, 
greenish  yellow,  striped  with  red,  with  numerous  white  spots,  and  russet 
dots  ;  stem,  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  inserted  in  a  wide,  moderately  deep 
cavity ;  calyx,  smajl,  closed,  set  in  a  narrow,  shallow  basin  ;  flesh,  tender  • 
flavor  sprightly  and  pleasant;  quality,  "very  good."     October.    (Int.  Rep.) 

Melvin  Sweet. 
From  Concord,  Mass.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  green,  striped 
ff-ith  pale  red ;  flesh,  juicy,  sweet.     November  to  February.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Melt  in  the  Mouth. 

Melting  Mouth,     I     Melting. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened,  slightly  conical ;  deep  red  on  a  green 
ground,  small  white  dots  ;  stem,  long,  slender,  curved ;  cavity,  broad,  deep  ; 
calyx,  small,  closed;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  rich,  mild  sub-acid;  very 
good.'   October  and  November. 

Mifflin  King. 
From  Mifflin  Co.,  Pa.    Fruit,  small,  oblong,  red  on  yellow ;  flesh,  tender, 
juicy,  sub-acid  ;  "  best."     October  to  December.     (Pom.  Trans.) 

Milam. 
Harrigan,     |     "VTlnter  Pearmaln,  of  some. 
American.     Small  to  medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  striped  dull 
red ;  flesh,  greenish,  insipid.     December  and  March.     This  variety  con- 
tinues to  have  its  friends  South  and  West.     It  should  be  superseded,  for  it  is 
unworthy. 

Miller  Apple. 
Supposed  to  be  a  seedling,  and  brought  to  notice  by  James  0.  Miller, 
Montgomery,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.  Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit, 
rather  large,  oval  or  conical;  skin,  yellow,  striped  with  red;  stalk,  short, 
inserted  in  a  deep,  large  cavity ;  calyx  open,  in  a  broad,  uneven  basin ; 
flesh,  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  rather  mild,  rich,  pleasant  flavor.  Sep- 
tember and  October.     (Downing.) 

Monarch. 
A  fruit  considerably  grown,  West ;  will  yet  probably  prove  identical  with 
some  variety  already  described.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  conical ;  rich  dark 
red  over  a  lighter  shade,  with  many  specks ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  cavity, 
deep,  open ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  narrow,  furrowed  ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds, 
ovate  pointed  ;  flesh,  white,  slightly  tinged  with  red,  tender,  perfumed  ; 
"  good."     October. 

Monk's  Favorite. 

From  Randolph  Co.,  Indiana.  Tree  very  thrifty,  rapid  growth,  annual 
bearer.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened,  slightly  angular ;  yellow,  mottled, 
striped  and  splashed  with  dark  red,  gray  russet  dots  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity, 
open,  regular ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  broad,  obscure  furrows  ;  flesh,  yellow- 
ish white ;  sub-acid,  tender ;  "  very  good."     December  to  June. 


160  THE  APPLE. 

Morrison's   Red. 
From  Medfield,  Mass.     Tree,  good  grower,  productive.    Fruit,  above 
medium,  conical,  angular ;  whitish  yellow,  shaded  and  striped  with  deep 
red  ;  stem,  short,  stout ',  cavity,  narrow ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  small ;  flesh, 
tender,  crisp,  mild,  pleasant:  core,  large,  open.    January. 

Mountain  Sprout. 
American.    Fruit,  medium,  oblong  truncate,  red  striped,  numerous  white 
dots. 

Mouse. 
Moose. 
From  Ulster  Co-,  N.  Y.    Fruit,  large,  roundish  conical ;  pale  greenish 
yellow,  brownish  blush  in  sun,  russet  dots  ;  stem,  slender  ;  calyx,  closed  ; 
flesh,  white,  sprightly,  faintly  perfumed ;  not  more  than  •'  very  good."     De- 
cember to  March. 

Murray. 
Southern.      Fruit,  medium,  oblong  conical,  rich  yellow  j  stem,  short , 
cavity,  deep;    basin,  deep;   flesh,  whitish,  brisk  sub-acid.      January  to 
March.    South. 

Musk  Spice. 

Fruit,  small,  roundish  flattened,  yellowish,  bright,  clear  red  cheek ;  stem, 
long ;  cavity,  shallow  ;  calyx,  closed ;  segments,  reflexed  ;  basin,  furrowed ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy,  tender,  sub-acid  j  "  very  good."    October. 

MuNsoN  Sweeting. 
Orange  Sweet,     |     Bay  Apple,     |     Meachum's  Sweet 
From  Massachusetts.     Tree,  strong,  upright  grower,  dark-colored  ;  short- 
jointed  shoots,  good  bearer.     Fruit,  medium  or  above,  roundish  flattened ; 
pale  yellow,  blush  in  sun  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  rather  dry,  sweet ; 
"  very  good."     October  to  December. 

Nantehalee. 

Maiden's  Bosom. 

Origin,  Alabama ;  introduced  by  Dr.  W.  0.  Baldwin,  of  Montgomery. 

In  size  large,  in  shape  quite  conical,  and  deeply  ribbed;  in  color  abeau' 

tiful  pale  waxen  yellow  ;  stem,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  in  a  narrow, 

deep  cavity  ;    calyx,  rather  large,  basin  deep,  very  much  ribbed  ;    flesh, 

white,  juicy,  and  pleasant.     Middle  of  July  to  first  of  August.     (J.  Van 

Beuren,  MS.) 

Ne  Plus  Ultra. 

Southern.  Fruit  very  large,  roundish  flattened,  angular;  jhades  of 
crimson  with  large  brightish  dots;  stem,  short;  cavity,  deep,  bioad,  sur- 
rounded by  russet;  calyx,  open;  basin,  large,  deep,  furrowed,  downy; 
flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  tender,  juicy^  vinous  ;  core,  small ;  "  very  good  '' 
or  "best."     October. 

Nequassa. 

Origin,  Franklin,  Macon  Co.,  North  Carolina. 

Fruit,  large,  oblate ;  color,  yellow,  striped  with  red  ;  stem,  of  moderate 
length,  inserted  in  a  large,  open  cavity ;  basin,  smooth  and  open ;  flesh,  white, 
and  very  sweet.   November  to  January.  (J.  Van  Beuren's  MS.  in  Dbwning.) 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,   ETC.  161 

Neversick. 
From  Berks  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  Fruit,  large,  roundish;  exterior  of  an 
exceedingly  beautiful  waxen  orange  yellow  color,  with  a  few  russet  dots, 
and  a  delicately  striped  and  richly  mottled  carmine  cheek ;  stem,  short 
and  rather  stout ;  cavity,  narrow,  acuminate,  shallow ;  calyx,  large  j  basin, 
deep,  rather  wide,  furrowed ;  seeds,  grayish  yellow,  acute  ovate  j  flesh, 
yellowish,  somewhat  tough,  owing  probably  to  the  fruit  being  much  shriv- 
eled ;  flavor,  approaching  that  of  the  Pine  Apple ;  quality,  "  very  good." 
(W.  D.  B.) 

Newark  King. 

Hinchman. 
An  old  variety  from  Newark,  New  Jersey  ;  originally  described  by  Coxe. 
It  is  sometimes  shown  as  "  King  "  of  New  Jersey,  and  it  is  for  this  we  have 
taken  it  from  our  list  of  unworthy  sorts.  It  is  unworthy  attention  along 
side  of  "  Tompkins  County  King."  Tree  strong,  spreading  grower,  pro- 
ductive. Fruit  medium,  roundish  conical  ;  striped  and  shaded  with  two 
shades  red  on  a  yellow  ground,  grayish  dots ;  stem,  varying ;  cavity,  me- 
dium ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  furrowed ;  flesh,  white,  firm,  pleasant ; 
core  small ;  "  good."     October  to  February. 

Newark  Pippin. 
French  Pippin,        |        Tellow  Pippin. 
Tree,  crooked,  irregular  growth.  Fruit,  large,  roundish^^  oblong ;  greenish 
to  clear  yellow,  small  black  dots ;  cavity  and  basin,  deep ;  flesh,  yellow, 
tender,  sub-acid;  "very  good."     Novejnber  to  February. 

NiCKEJACK. 
Summerour. 
American.  From  North  Carolina.  Fruit,  large,  oblate,  red  striped  and 
mottled  on  greenish  yellow ;  cavity,  deep,  russeted  ;  calyx,  large,  partially 
open ;  core,  small ;  seed,  light  brown  ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  delicate  ;  "best." 
Well  adapted  to  the  Southern  and  Southwestern  States.  November  to 
April. 

Northern  Sweet. 
Northern  Golden  Sweet. 
From  Vermont.  Tree,  moderate  grower,  hardy,  early  abundant  bearer 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened,  occasionally  ribbed  and  angular ;  rich 
yellow,  often  carmine  red  cheek  ;  calyx,  nearly  closed  ;  basin,  slightly  fur 
rowed ;  stem,  rather  stout,  swollen  at  base  ;  cavity,  shallow ;  flesh,  white, 
tender,  sweet ;  nearly  "  best."     November. 

Oconee  Greening. 
Origin,  banks  of  the  Oconee  river,  a  little  below  Athens,  Ga.  Fruit  very 
large,  roundish  flattened ;  skin,  yellow,  a  little  brownish  in  the  sun,  russet 
about  the  stem,  with  a  few  scattered  russet  dots;  calyx,  open,  in  a  shallow, 
slightly- furrowed  basin;  stalk,  very  short,  in  a  rather  regular,  deep  cavity; 
flesh,  yellowish,  fine-grained,  crisp,  abounding  in  a  delightful  aromatic, 
lively,  sub-acid  juice  ;  quality,  "  best." — (Ad.  Int.  Kept.,  Ga.  H.  Sc.) 

Ohio  Red  Streak, 
Originated  with  James  Mansfield,  Jefferson  Co.,  Ohio.     Growth,  vigorous, 
upright.    Fruit  medium,  oblate ;  skin,  yellow,  shaded,  splashed,  and  striped 


162  THE   APPLE. 

with  red  ;  stalk,  short ;  cavity,  large,  russeted ;  calyx,  large,  closed ;  basin, 
shallow,  uneven;  flesh,  rather  compact,  juicy,  rich,  sub-acid.  January  to 
April.     (Downing.) 

Old  Town  Crab. 
Spice  Apple,  of  Ya. 
Growth,  strong,  compact ;  fruit,  small ;  greenish  yellow,  brown  specks  j 
flesh,  crisp,  fragrant,  juicy,  sweet.     December  to  April.     (Thomas.) 

Orange. 

Holden,        1     Holden  Pippin,        |     Bed  Cheek. 
Hog  Pen,     I     Jones'  Pippin, 

From  Connecticut.  Tree,  with  dark  colored  stout  shoots:  early  and 
productive  bearer.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  ovate  ;  greenish  to  yellow ;  stem, 
short ;  cavity,  deep  •  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  slightly  plaited :  core,  small ; 
flesh,  greenish  white,  perfumed,  tender,  sub-acid  3  best  when  fresh  from 
tree.     October  to  December. 

Orndorf. 

From  Putnam,  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  slightly  angular ;  lemon 
yellow,  rich  red  blush  in  sun,  and  few  stripes  and  blotches  of  red ;  stem, 
slender  :  cavity  and  basin,  deep  ;  calyx,  open  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate  ; 
flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  crisp,  tender,  sub-acid;  nearly  "best."  October 
and  November. 

Orne's  Early. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  somewhat  ribbed ;  pale  yellow,  sprinkled  with 
thin  russet,  dull  red  cheek  towards  the  sun ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy. 
September.     (Thomas.) 

Osborn's  Sweet. 

Osborn's  Fall  Sweet, 

Fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  lemon  yellow,  with  specks ;  flesh,  yellow,  crisp, 
tender,  sweet.    October. 

Overman's  Sweet. 

From  Fulton  Co.,  111.  Fruit,  medium,  conical :  pale  yellow,  striped  with 
red ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  obscure ;  flesh,  white, 
firm,  crisp,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  very  good ;"  baking.    October  and  November. 

Osceola. 
From  Indiana.     Fruit,  above  medium,  flat ;  yellow,  striped  with  red, 
dotted  with  dark  spots  ;  stem,  long  ;  cavity,  deep ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy, 
sub-acid  \  keeps  till  May-     Resembles  the  Newtown  Spitzenberg. 

Paragon. 

Downing's  Paragon. 
Origin,  Canton,  111.  Fruit,  above  medium,  round  ovate,  flattened  at  ends  ; 
pale  yellow,  faint  blush ;  stem,  short,  slender  \  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  half 
open  J  basin,  deep,  slightly  ribbed  ;  core,  medium  \  capsules,  open  ;  seeds, 
ovate  pointed;  flesh,  yellow,  crisp,  brisk,  juicy,  slightly  sweet;  nearly 
"  best."     September  to  November.     Good  regular  bearer. 

Pawpaw. 
Originated  Little  Bain,  Ronde,  Mich.     Size,  medium;  color,  red,  ob» 
Bcurely  striped ;  flesh,  yellowish,  iuicy.  mild  sub-acid  ;  sprightly. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  163 

Pfeiffer. 

From  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania.  Size,  below  medium,  roundish, 
sparsely  streaked  with  red  on  a  yellowish  green  ground,  (on  the  shaded 
parts,  the  streaks  being  more  numerous,)  and  on  a  fawn  colored  ground,  on 
the  side  exposed  to  the  sun ;  stem,  slender ;  narrow  cavity ;  calyx,  rather 
large  ;  basin,  wide,  moderately  deep,  plaited.     July. 

Phillips'  Sweet. 

American;  native  of  Ohio.  Growth,  vigorous,  upright,  wants  strong 
heavy  soil. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large;  form,  roundish  conical,  slightly  flattened ;  color, 
yellow  ground,  mostly  overspread  and  mottled  with  red ;  flesh,  yellowish^ 
tender,  juicy,  crisp.     December  and  January. 

Phillippi. 
From  Berks  Co.,  Pa.  Fruit,  large,  oblate  conical ;  skin,  greenish-yellow, 
with  numerous  blotches  and  gray  dots,  and  a  blush  on  the  exposed  side ; 
stem,  short  and  slender,  inserted  in  a  wide,  moderately  deep  cavity ;  calyx, 
small,  closed,  set  in  a  narrow  superficial  basin ;  flesh,  tender,  fine  texture, 
juicy,  fragrant;  flavor  delicate  and  fine  quality;  "  very  good  "  or  "  best." 
January.     (W.  D.  Brinckle.) 

PiCKMAN. 
Pickman  Pippin. 


From  Massachusetts.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish ;  yellow,  with  scattered 
shades  of  russet  and  small  russet  specks ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  acuminate  ; 
calyx,  large,  half  closed  ;  core,  medium,  centre  somewhat  hollow ;  seeds, 
light  brown ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  sharp  acid ;  valued  for  cooking. 
January  to  April. 

Pink  Sweeting. 

Originated  Cumberland  Co.,  Pa.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  producing 
enormous  crops.     Fruit,  small,  greenish,  nearly  covered  with  bright  red, 


164  THE   APPLE. 

perfect  in  form ;  rich,  pleasant,  sweet  flavor,  and  a  general  favorite  -wher* 
known,  but  think  it  too  small  for  general  use.     September  and  October. 

Pine  Apple  Russet. 
Hardingham's  Eosset 
Foreign.     Fruit  above  medium  ;  roundish  ovate,  greenish  yellow,  over- 
spread with  thin  russet;  stem,  long;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  shallow,  plaited; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy,  crisp,  spicy,  sub-acid.    October  to  November. 

Pittsburg  Pippin. 

Flat  Pippin,         I        Swiss  Apple,        I        WiUIam  TeU. 
Father  Apple,       |        Switzer  Apple,     | 

Supposed   origin,   Pittsburgh,    Pa.     Tree,   irregular   grower,   moderate 

bearer.     Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened ;  pale  yellow,  with  brown  dots ; 

stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep,  slightly  russeted;  calyx,  nearly  closed,  segments 

long;    flesh,  whitish,  sprightly  sub-acid;  core,  medium.      December   to 

January. 

POWNAL    SpITZENBERG. 

From  Pownal,  Vermont.  Worthy  more  attention.  Fruit,  above  me- 
dium, roundish  oblong ;  yellow,  striped  and  overspread  with  red  in  sun, 
large  russet  specks ;  flesh,  yellowish,  crisp,  a  little  coarse ;  "  good."  De- 
cember to  February. 

Press  Ewing. 

Origin,  Kentucky.  Tree,  hardy,  vigorous,  and  productive.  Fruit, 
medium,  roundish,  flattened  at  base  and  crown,  angular,  slightly  oblique ; 
skin,  yellow,  shaded  and  striped  with  crimson,  and  thickly  covered  with 
dots,  having  a  dark  centre  ;  stalk,  medium,  inserted  in  a  very  deep,  narrow 
cavity ;  calyx,  closed,  set  in  an  uneven,  abrupt,  peculiar  basin ;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish, firm,  juicy,  crisp,  tender,  with  a  very  agreeable  sub-acid  flavor, 
aromatic.     February  till  April.     (Downing.) 

Progress. 
Esquire,     j     Miller's  Best  Sort. 
From  Connecticut.    Tree,  vigorous,  productive.    Fruit,  large,  yellow, 
specked  with  greenish  russet,  blush  in  sun,  conical ;  flesh,  tender.     Keeps 
till  Spring. 

Pumpkin  Russet. 
Bweet  Basset,     |     York  Busset,     |     Flint  Busset 
Fruit,  large,  roundish,  yellowish  green,  thinly  russeted  ;   stem,  long; 
cavity,  wide,  shallow ;  basin,  small;  flesh,  dry,  sweet;  "good."     Septem- 
ber to  December. 

Putnam  Harvey. 

American.  Origin,  uncertain;  first  received  by  me  from  A.  H.  Ernst, 
Esq.,  Cincinnati.  Fruit,  of  size  medium  or  above,  roundish  flattened,  pale 
green,  with  suffused  white  specks,  patches  of  russet  about  the  stem  ;  stem, 
long  and  slender,  with  a  strong  knob  at  end  where  joined  to  the  tree ; 
Cd,vity,  narrow,  rather  deep;  calyx,  closed;  segments  long,  connecting,  re- 
flexed  ;  basin,  varying,  sometimes  moderately  deep  and  regular,  sometimes 
slightly  furrowed ;  flesh,  white,  crisp,  very  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  agree- 
able; core,  medium,  centre  capsule  open,  seed  capsules  closed  ;  seeds,  ovate 
pointed.    August  and  September 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC. 


165 


Quince. 
Cole's  Quince. 

From  New  York.  Originally  described  by  Coxe.  Great  bearer :  should 
be  better  known.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  ovate,  with  ridges,  pale  yellow, 
occasional  faint  blush,  little  russet  from  the  stem,  distinct  line  or  ridge  from 
stem  to  calyx ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  open ;  calyx,  with  long  segments ; 
basin,  shallow,  much  ribbed  ;  core,  small,  surrounded  by  broad  concentric 
lines  ;  seeds,  short  ovate,  dark  brown ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy, 
aromatic  perfume,  sub-acid  :  "  very  good."     December  to  March. 

Ragan. 


Origin,  Putnam  Co.,  Ind.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  pale  yellow,  over- 
spread, striped,  and  marbled  with  light  red,  an  occasional  russet  patch ; 
stem,  long,  rather  stout,  curved  ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  small,  nearly  closed ; 
basin,  open,  deep,  slightly  plaited ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  alaundant ;  flesh, 
white,  crisp,  little  coarse,  sharp  sub-acid.  Promises  valuable  as  an  early 
Winter  market  variety. 

Randel's  Best. 
Eandel  Bert. 

Fruit,  medium,  globular,  slightly  flattened,  greenish  yellow,  mostly  striped 
and  overspread  with  dark  red  ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  shallow ; 
core,  compact ;  seeds,  brown  ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  smooth-grained,  sweet. 
November  to  February      {A.  H.  Ernst,  MS.) 


166  THE  APPLE. 

Raritan  Sweet. 

From  New  Jersey.  Tree,  productive;  valued  for  baking  and  stock. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish  ovate,  dull  yellow,  tinged  with  red  in  sun,  irre- 
gularly scattered  brownish  red  spots;  stem,  short;  cavity,  deep,  little 
russeted ;  calyx,  with  bold,  stiff  segments ;  basin,  deep,  irregular,  slightly 
wrinkled :  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  sweet 
October,  November. 

Rebecca. 

From  Delaware.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  flattened,  whitish  yel- 
low, red  cheek  in  sun ;  s'tem,  short ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  open ;  basin, 
deep ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid ;  "  very  good."     September. 

Red  Cathead. 
Southern.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellow,  shaded  with  red,  whitish 
dots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  half  open ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender, 
juicy,  pleasant ;  "  very  good."     October,  November. 

Republican  Pippin. 

Bed  Eepublican. 
From  Lycoming  Co.,  Pa.  Considerably  distributed  South  and  West. 
A  poor  bearer,  on  deep,  rich  limestone  soils.  Tree,  strong  grower,  spread- 
ing habit.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened,  greenish  yellow,  mottled  and 
striped  with  red,  few  large  gray  dots;  stem,  slender;  cavity,  narrow, 
calyx,  small,  nearly  closed  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  brown ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  tender,  sub-acid.     September  to  October. 

Red  Quarrenden. 

Devonshire  Quarrenden,  I  Sack  Apple. 

Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened,  clear,  deep  red,  with  specks 

of  russet  green ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep,  russeted  at  base ;  calyx,  large, 

half  closed  ;  basin,  Shallow,  slightly  ribbed ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  sub-acid ; 

"  very  good."     August. 

Red  Sweet. 

Grown  by  D.  C.  Richmond,  Sandusky,  0.  Tree,  good  bearer.  Fruit, 
uniformly  fair,  regular,  heavy  specific  weight,  valuable  for  dessert  or  cook 
ing.  Fruit,  medium,  round  flattened,  yellow,  overspread  and  striped  with 
lively  red ;  stem  short ;  basin,  deep ;  calyx,  with  stiff  closed  segments ; 
core  and  seeds,  small ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  juicy,  tender,  sweet. 
November  to  February. 

Richard's  Graft. 

Derrick's  Graft,     |     Wine  Strawberry, 
Bed  Spitzenberg. 

An  old  fruit,  supposed  from  Ulster  County,  N.  Y.,  but  as  yet  little  known. 
Tree,  a  free,  upright  grower,  good  bearer  of  an  apple,  fine  for  the  dessert. 
Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  flattenened ;  yellow,  striped  with  red ; 
stem,  inch  long ;  cavity,  deep,  broad  ;  calyx,  closed ;  segments  reflexed  ; 
basin,  deep ;  flesh,  fine  grained,  tender,  juicy,  vinous.     September  to  October. 

Ritter. 
American.     From  Berks  County,  Pa.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oblong, 
shades  of  red  striped,  white  dots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep,  narrow ;  seed, 
short,  plump ;  flesh,  tender*   "  very  good."     October,  November. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  167 

Ridge  Pippin. 
Fruit,  rather  large,  roundish  conical,  very  much  ribbed ;  skin,  yellow, 
"very  slightly  shaded,  sprinkled  with  russet  and  crimson  dots  ;  stalk,  rathei 
short,  inserted  generally  in  a  large  cavity  ;  calyx,  closed,  set  in  an  abrupt, 
uneven  basin ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  crisp,  with  a  mild,  almost  saccharine, 
slightly  aromatic  flavor.     March,  April.     (Downing.) 

RiEST. 

From  Simon  S.  Riest,  Lancaster,  Pa.  Size,  large,  roundish,  ribbed  at 
apex  ,•  skin,  fair  yellow ;  stem  of  medium  length,  in  a  narrow,  moderately 
deep  cavity,  with  some  stellate  russet  rays ;  calyx,  small,  closed,  set  in  a 
narrow,  contracted,  ribbed  basin;  flesh,  fine,  flavor  pleasant;  "very  good." 
August.     (W.  D.  Brinckle.) 

River. 

Origin,  Mass.  Tree  of  slow  growth,  but  productive.  Fruit,  medium  to 
large,  oblong  oval,  slightly  conic,  ribbed  ;  akin,  yellow,  striped  and  shaded 
with  dark  red,  with  a  slight  bloom ;  stalk,  medium,  deeply  planted ;  calyi, 
small,  closed,  set  in  a  basin  of  moderate  depth  ;  flesh,  coarse,  juicy,  tender, 
pleasant  sub-acid.     August,  September.     (Downing.) 

Rock  Sweet. 
From    Newbury,    Mass.     Tree  hardy,  strong  grower,  regular  bearer. 
Fruit,   medium,  roundish  conical,   splashed  and   shaded  with  red,  large 
whitish  dots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  russeted  ;  calyx,  closed :  basin,  shallow ; 
flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  good."     September. 

Rock  Apple. 
From  New  Hampshire.      Fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  red  on  yellow ;  flesh, 
white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.     September. 

RocKPORT  Sweet. 
Originated  with  H.  R.  Spencer,  Rockport,  0.  Tree,  a  moderate  healthy 
grower.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  conical,  flat  at  base ;  waxy  yellowish 
green,  with  brown  russet  or  occasionally  a  dull  red  cheek  ;  stem,  slender  ; 
cavity,  russeted  ;  calyx,  nearly  closed;  basin,  regular,  open;  flesh,  white, 
juicy,  pleasantly  sweet:  core,  open;  seeds,  ovate  pointed :  "very  good;" 
January  to  April.  There  is  also  a  Rockport  Sweet,  originated  in  Mass., 
with  a  short,  thick  stem,  set  in  a  ribbed  cavity. 

RoADSTowN  Pippin. 

From  Roadstown,  N.  Jersey.     Tree,  strong,  erect  grower,  good  bearer ; 

market  sort.     Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened,  angular ;    greenish  yellow, 

with  green  dots;  stem,  short,  stout;  cavity,  deep;    calyx,  small,  closed; 

basin,  deep;  flesh,  white,  tender,  sub-acid;  "good."      August,  September. 

Rum  Apple. 
Bromley's  Earn. 

American.  Tree,  vigorous,  upright,  hardy,  shoots  slender,  productive. 
Fruit,  medium,  oblate,  yellow,  slight  crimson  shades  ;  stem,  short;  cavity, 
deep ;  calyx,  half  closed  j  basin,  open ;  flesh,  whitish,  juicy,  sub-acid. 
November  to  March 


168  THE   APPLE. 

Sailly  Autumn. 
Origin,  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y.  Tree,  upright,  vigorous  and  productive. 
Fruit,  medium,  oblate  conic ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  the  exposed  side  fre- 
quently deep  red ;  stalk,  short,  in  a  medium  cavity ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ; 
basin,  small,  narrow ;  flesh,  very  tender,  rich,  high  flavored,  with  a  pecu- 
liar aroma.     September. 

Seever. 

Seever's  Eed  Streak. 

From  Coshocton  County,  0.  Fruit,  medium,  globular ;  lemon  yellow, 
striped  with  bright  clear  red ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  calyx,  with  long  seg- 
ments ;  basin,  deep,  open ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  roundish  ovate  ;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish, juicy,  sub-acid ;  "  best."     October  to  November. 

Selma. 

From  Clark  County,  0.     Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish  flattened 
yellow,  with  pale  russet  patches,  especially  around  stem,  dull,  faint  red  in 
sun ;  stem,  long ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep  ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin,  decR 
abrupt ;    core,  medium ;    capsules,  small ;    seeds,  ovate ;    flesh,  yellowish 
white,  breaking,  mild  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good."     November  to  December. 

Scollop  Gilliflower. 


This  is  entirely  distinct  from  Red  Gilliflower,  with  which  it  has  been 
confounded.  It  requires  rich,  strong  soil;  is  largely  grown,  and  much 
esteemed  in  Central  Southern  Ohio,  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish 
conical,  flattened  at  base,  tapering  towards  the  eye,  sometimes  angular, 
•Iways  much  ribbed  or  scolloped ;  light  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with 


ETC.  169 

'  shades  of  light  and  dark  red  ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  deep,  russeted, 
irregular  ;  calyx,  with  long  segments  ;  basin,  abrupt,  deep,  ribbed ;  core, 
large,  hollow ;  seeds,  ovate  rounded  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  firm,  crisp,  tender, 
juicy,  slight  tinge  of  sweet.    November  to  February. 

Scarlet  Pearmain. 

Bell's  Scarlet  Pearmain,     |     Oxford  Peach. 

Foreign.  A  good  bearer,  valued  on  poor,  light  soils  Fruit,  medium, 
conical,  red  on  yellow ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx,  open ;  flesh,  white,  crisp, 
juicy,  sub-acid ;  "  good."     September  to  October. 

SCHOONMAKER. 
Schoolmocker. 

Probably  Foreign.  Grown  in  Detroit,  in  1804.  Fruit,  large,  roundish 
flattened,  sometimes  angular ;  greenish  yellow,  bronzed  blush  in  sun  j 
skin,  little  rough ;  stem,  short,  stout ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  small,  closed  , 
basin,  open ;  core,  small,  compact ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  brisk  sub- 
acid ;  "very  good."     January  to  March. 

September. 
Pride  of  September. 

Origin,  Canton  County,  Pa.  Tree,  hardy  and  vigorous,  a  good  and  regu- 
lar bearer.  Fruit,  large,  globular,  somewhat  depressed,  very  slightly  conio 
angular ;  skin,  yellow,  slightly  shaded,  and  thinly  sprinkled  with  brown 
dots  ;  stalk,  short,  inserted  in  a  deep,  abrupt  cavity,  surrounded  by  thin  rus- 
set ;  calyx,  partially  closed,  set  in  an  open  basin ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender, 
juicy,  with  a  very  agreeable  sub-acid  flavor.     October.     (Downing.) 

Sheppard's  Sweet. 

Origin,  Windham  County,  Conn.  Tree,  thrifty,  upright,  and  a  great 
bearer.  Fruit,  medium,  angular  oblong,  approaching  conic ;  skin,  yellow, 
striped  with  red ;  stalk,  long,  slender,  inserted  in  an  acute  cavity ;  calyx, 
firmly  closed,  set  in  a  small  basin ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  sweet,  and  pleas- 
ant.    October,  November. 

Siberian  Crab. 

The  Pyrus  baccata  of  botanists.  There  are  a  number  of  varieties,  as 
Red,  Large  Red,  Yellow,  Purple,  Striped,  Transparent,  Oblong,  Double 
White,  Fragrant,  Cherry,  Showy,  Astrachan,  Currant,  all  used  only  for 
preserving,  or  grown  for  ornament.  All  Crabs,  if  left  on  the  tree,  will 
naturally  dry  and  preserve  themselves. 

Sinclair's  Yellow. 

Fruit,  small  to  medium,  flat  or  roundish ;  skin,  smooth,  of  a  fine  orange 
color,  darkened  in  the  sun ;  flesh,  pale  yellow,  with  a  rich,  sub-acid  flavor  ; 
a  good  bearer,  and  excellent  for  both  the  table  and  kitchen.  June  and 
July. 

Sine-qua-non. 

From  Long  Island.     Slow,  poor  grower,  and  an  indifferent  bearer.    Fruit, 
medium,    roundish,  greenish  yellow;  stem,  slender;  calyx,  closed;  flesh, 
gp-eenish  white,  tender,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid.     August. 
8 


170  TIIE    APPLE. 

Slingerland  Pippin. 

From  Albany  Co.,  N.  Y.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  oblate  angular,  inclin- 
ing to  conic,  or  distinctly  conic;  skin,  yellow,  shaded  with  red.  and  sprinkled 
with  minute  dots ;  stalk,  short  and  stout,  inserted  in  a  broad,  deep  cavity, 
surrounded  with  very  thin  russet ;  calyx,  small,  partially  closed,  set  in  a 
fine  angled  basin  of  variable  size;  flesh,  wiiite,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  very 
briskj  rather  rich,  sub-acid  flavor.     December,  February.     (Downing.) 

Smalley. 

Spice. 

From  Kensington,  Conn.,  where  it  was  much  esteemed.     Medium  size, 

oblate  conic  ;  skin,  yellow,  with  a  slight  blush  ;  stalk,  short  and  large; 

cavity,  russeted ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  uneven,  shallow ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy, 

brisk,  with  a  pleasant  aromatic  flavor.     September,  October. 

Sops  of  Wine. 

Sops  in  Wine,  |  Sapson,  |  Bennington. 
Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous  early  bearer  ;  esteemed  for  its  peculiar  pink 
flesh,  as  a  curiosity  for  dessert.  Fruit,  medium  or  small,  roundish  ;  light 
red,  nearly  covered  with  bright  purplish  red,  in  streaks,  yellowish  in  shade 
with  yellow  specks,  whitish  bloom ;  stem,  short,  slender  ;  calyx,  with 
broad  segments  ;  basin,  shallow,  slightly  furrowed ;  core  and  seeds,  me- 
dium; flesh,  yellowish,  stained  with  pink,  juicy,  mild,  sub-acid;  "very 
good."     August  to  September. 

Spice  Sweeting. 

Moderate  bearer,  large,  roundish,  yellowish  ;  flesh,  firm,  sweet.  August 
and  September. 

Spice  Russet. 
Sweet  Eusset,  of  some  erroneoxialy 
Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish  flattened  :  light  yellow  russet,  numerous 
small  fine  dots ;  exposed  to  sun,  carmine  and  yellow  bronzed  ;  stem,  slen- 
der ;  cavity,  narrow ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  sliallow ;  core,  large,  some- 
what hollow ;  seeds,  ovate ;  flesh,  white,  slightly  tinged  wdth  yellow,  fine- 
grained, juicy,  slightly  sweet,  aromatic ;  "  very  good."  December  to 
March. 

Sponge. 

Fruit,  large,  round,  flattened  at  base  ;  yellowish  green,  with  blotches 
and  stripes  of  red  :  stem,  short ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  open ;  core,  large  open ; 
flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid;  "  very  good."     October. 

Spring  Pippin. 
Springport  Pippin. 
Tree,  unproductive,  upright,  thrifty.     Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  , 
yellowish  green,  with  few  scattered  minute  dots  :  calyx,  closed  ;  stem, 
short;  flesh,  crisp,  sprightly  sub-acid.     December  to  May. 

Stanard. 
Stanard's  Seedling. 
From  Erie  Co.,  N.  Y.     Tree,  productive.     Fruit,  large,  roundish,  yel- 
low, overspread  with  red ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  open  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin, 


UNTESTED  VARIETIESj   ETC.  171 

fibbed  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate  pointed ;  flesh,  yellowish,  coarse,  juicy, 
acid  ;  not  quite  "  very  good."     November  to  February. 

Stehly. 
Origin,  Berks  Co.,  Pa.  Tree,  vigorous.  Fruit,  large,  oblate  conic,  an- 
gular ;  skin,  yellow,  striped  and  shaded  with  red,  and  covered  with  large 
brown  dots ;  stem,  very  short,  inserted  in  a  deep  cavity ;  calyx,  partially 
closed,  set  in  a  small,  uneven  basin  ;  flesh,  whitish,  juicy,  tender,  pleasant, 
mild  sub-acid.     January  to  April. 

Stillman's  Early. 

Origin,  Clinton,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.  Tree  of  moderate,  upright  growth, 
productive. 

Fruit,  small,  roundish  conic ;  skin,  yellow,  sometimes  a  slight  blush, 
and  a  few  brown  dots;  stalk,  long,  stout:  cavity,  shallow;  calyx,  closed; 
basin,  very  shallow,  plaited ,  flesh,  yellow,  tender,  pleasant  sub-acid.  Last 
of  July  and  first  of  August. 

St.  Lawrence. 
MontreaL 
From  Canada.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened,  pale  yellow,  striped  and 
splashed  with  red  and  deep  crimson;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  open,  deep  ;  calyx, 
closed;  basin,  slightly  furrowed;  core,  large;  seeds,  small;  flesh,  white, 
fine-grained,  tender,  juicy,  sharp,  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good."  September  to 
October. 

Straudt. 

From  Berks  Co.,  Pa.  Size,  large,  roundish,  inclining  to  conical ;  skin, 
deep  crimson,  with  stripes  of  paler  red,  and  numerous  light  dots  :  stem, 
short,  in  a  wide,  deep,  russeted  cavity;  calyx,  small,  closed,  set  in  a  narrow, 
shallow,  furrowed  basin ;  flesh,  fine-grained,  tender,  white  ;  flavor,  sub 
acid  and  pleasant;  ''very  good."     November.     (W.  D.  Brinckle.) 

Sturmer  Pippin. 

Foreign.  Tree,  healthy,  good  bearer.  Fruit,  rather  small,  roundish 
conical,  yellowish  green,  with  brown  dull  red  in  sun  ;  flesh,  firm,  crisp,  juicy, 
\cid  :  keeps  well.     January  to  June. 

Stroat. 

Strait 

The  Dutch  name  for  Street,  where  the  original  tree  is  said  to  have  grown. 

Fruit,  above   medium,  roundish  conical  ;   yellowish  green ;  stem,  short  ; 

cavity,  shallow ;  basin,  small ;  flesh,  tender,  brisk  sub-acid.     September 

to  November. 

Striped  Pearmain. 

Large  Striped  Pearmain,     |  Snorte*. 

Grown  in  Ky.,  from  whence  we  have  received  fruit.  We  copy  descrip- 
tion from  Mr.  Ernst's  manuscript.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  globular, 
slightly  flattened,  yellow,  striped  and  blended  with  two  shades  of  red  ; 
calyx,  small  closed;  basin,  shallow;  stem,  short,  slender;  core,  open: 
seeds,  large ;  flesh,  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.  December  to  Feb 
".uary. 


172 


THE   APPLE. 


Sugar  Sweet. 


This  apple  I  received  from  Hingham.  Size,  medium,  ovate ;  dull  yel- 
lowish, inclining  to  a  russet;  abundant  bearer;  ripe,  September.  October; 
a  very  rich  baking  apple  ;  flesh,  breaking  and  juicy.     (B.  V.  French.) 

Summer  Sweet  Paradise. 

From  Columbia  Co.,  Pa.  Tree,  abundant,  early  bearer,  spreading  shoots. 
Fruit,  large,  roundish  oblong,  flattened  at  ends ;  pale  green,  yellow  in  sun, 
dark  russet  marblings  and  gray  dots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep,  oft  rus- 
seted  ;  calyx,  with  coarse  segments  partially  closed ;  basin,  deep  ;  core, 
small :  seeds,  ovate  pointed ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  juicy,  sweet ; 
"  very  good."     September. 

Summer  Queen. 

Sharpest  Early,     |     Lancaster  Queen,     |     Homony. 

Popular  and  profitable  in  some  sections  of  the  Southwest.  Fruit,  me- 
dium to  large,  roundish  conical,  tapering  to  the  eye,  yellow,  striped  and 
splashed  with  purplish  red ;  stem,  medium  ;  cavity,  narrow  ;  calyx,  large, 
open ;  basin,  furrowed ;  flesh,  yellowish,  sometimes  a  pink  tinge,  juicy, 
aromatic,  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good."     August  to  September. 

Summer  Bellflower. 
Bammer  Belle-flenr. 
From  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y.     Tree,  strong,  upright  growth,  spreading  nead, 
early  regular  bearer.      Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  oblong,  slightly 
conical,  two  or  three  obscure  ribs  :  clear  yellow,  few  greenish  dots,  faint 
orange  blush  ;  stem,  long,  stout  at  base  ;  cavity,  shallow ;  calyx,  closed, 
small  reflexed  segments ;  basin,  five-sided ;  core,  medium,  hollow  ;  small 
seeds ;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  tender,  sub-acid  ;  "  best."     New.     Aug. 
to  Sept.     (Hort.)     There  is  a  Summer  Bellflower  grown  in  Ohio,  which  we 
have  only  once  seen,  which  is  an  inferior  fruit,  distinct  from  above. 
There  is  also  a 

Summer  Bellflower 

which  is  distinct  from  the  above,  and  very  much  resembles  Yellow  Bell- 
flower  in  shape  and  color,  but  has  a  very  wide  and  deep  cavity,  and  closed 
calyx.  Flesh,  yellowish  white,  firm  and  fine  texture,  not  very  juicy,  with 
a  brisk,  agreeable,  very  pleasant  flavor,  and  decidedly  the  best  of  its  season. 
Last  of  August  and  first  of  September. 

Summer  Pippin. 

Sour  Bough. 
American.  Tree,  vigorous,  profitable  market  sort ;  valuable  for  cook- 
ing. Fruit,  medium  to  large,  oblong  oval,  irregular,  waxy  yellow  ;  shaded 
with  crimson  blush,  green  and  grayish  dots ;  stem,  varying ;  cavity,  deep, 
abrupt ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  deep,  furrowed ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  plea- 
Bant,  sub-acid ;  core,  large.     August,  September. 

Superb  Sweet. 

Raised  by  Jacob  Dean,  Mansfield,  Mass.      Tree,  vigorous,  productive.  / 
Fruit,  rather  large,  roundish,  pale  yellow,  much  red  in  the  sun ;  stalk,  long, 
inserted  in  a  deep  cavity ;  calyx,  large,  open ;  basin,  broad ;  flesh,  white, 


UNTESTED  VABIETIES,   ETC.  173 

very  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  high-flavored.     September  and  October. 
(Cole.) 

Superb. 

Origin,  Franklin  Co.,  North  Carolina.  Tree,  tolerably  vigorous,  and  a 
prodigious  bearer.  Fruit,  medium  or  above,  roundish  oblate,  regular;  skin, 
green,  rarely  with  a  blush ;  stalk,  of  medium  length,  in  a  shallow  cavity  ; 
calyx,  large  and  open ;  flesh,  yellow,  solid,  slightly  coarse-grained,  rich,  and 
particularly  high-flavored.     November  to  March. 

Sutton  Beauty. 

Beauty. 
Originated  in  Sutton,  Mass.  Tree,  upright,  thrifty  grower,  good  bearer ; 
fruit,  very  handsome,  fair  and  regular  in  form.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish 
conical ;  yellow,  shaded  and  striped  with  fine  crimson,  slightly  sprinkled 
with  whitish  dots ;  stem,  medium ;  cavity,  with  a  slight  greenish  russet ; 
calyx,  closed ;  basin,  open,  round ;  flesh,  whitish,  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  sub- 
acid ;  "  very  good ;"  core,  small.     November  to  February. 

Sweet  Bellelower. 
Butter,  of  some. 
There  are  two  apples  cultivated  in  Southern  Ohio  under  this  name.  We 
append  Mr.  Ernst's  descriptions.  Fruit,  large,  globular,  flattened  at  base, 
slightly  ribbed ;  lemon  yellow,  slight  blush  in  sun,  numerous  light  and 
dark  specks ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  ribbed ;  stem,  long,  slender :  cavity, 
deep;  core,  open;  seeds,  small;  flesh,  whitish  yellow,  breaking,  juicy, 
slightly  sub-acid.    October,  November. 

Sweet  Bellflower  of  Wyandott  County. 
Fruit,  large,  globular,  slightly  conical ;  light  yellow,  dark  cloudy  flake* 
and  reddish  specks ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  large,  partly  closed ;  basin,  shal- 
low ;  core,  small,  compact ;  seeds,  small ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  sweet.  No- 
vember, December.  There  is  also  a  Sweet  Gilliflower,  which  closely  re- 
sembles this,  and  may  prove  identical. 

Sweet  Fall  Pippin. 

From  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit,  large, 
oblate  ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  slightly  sprinkled  with  brown  dots ;  stalk, 
short,  in  a  large  cavity  ;  calyx,  closed,  in  a  very  shallow  basin ;  flesh, 
juicy,  sweet,  and  rich.     October,  November. 

Sweet  Pippin. 
Moore's  Sweeeting,  |  Bed  Sweet  Pippin,  of  Indiana^  \  Pound  Sweet,  q/*  some.  West. 
Fruit,  medium  to  large,  round,  flattened;  yellow  striped  and  mostly 
covered  with  red,  white  bloom ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep ;  calyx,  closed ; 
basin,  broad ;  core,  small ;  flesh,  firm,  rather  dry,  sweet,  good  baking. 
December  to  February.  There  is  also  a  Sweet  Pippin  grown  in  South 
Ohio,  which  is  globular,  pale  green,  tender,  juicy,  open  texture,  sweet. 
Early  Winter. 

Sweet  Vandervere. 
Sweet  Eedstreak,     |     Sweet  Harvey. 
Origin,  unknown.     Tree,  of  crooked  growth ;  a  profuse  bearer.     Fruit, 
medium  size,  oblong,  slightly  conic,  obscurely  angular,  sometimes  nearly 


174 


THE   APPLE. 


cylindric ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  shaded  and  striped  with  dull  red  ;  stalk, 
short,  rather  slender,  inserted  in  a  large,  irregular  cavity  ;  calyx,  partially 
closed,  set  in  a  broad,  open  basin ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  almost  melting, 
with  an  exceedingly  saccharine,  aromatic  flavor.  November,  March. 
(Downing.) 

Sweet  Winesap. 

From  Clark  County,  Ohio.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened,  rough  skin, 
greenish  yellow,  with  blotches  of  dark  green  ;  calyx,  medium  ;  basin,  open ; 
stem,  short ;  core  and  seeds,  small ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  mild 
sub-acid,  almost  sweet.     November,  December. 

Sweet  Winesap. 
From  Pennsylvania.  Tree  of  moderate,  upright  growth,  productive. 
Fruit,  medium,  oblate,  slightly  approaching  conic ;  color,  red,  splashed 
with  deep  crimson ;  stalk,  long  and  slender,  inserted  in  a  deep  cavity,  sur- 
rounded with  russet ;  calyx,  large,  open,  set  in  a  rather  deep,  open  basin  • 
flesh,  tender,  juicy,  almost  melting,  with  a  very  sweet,  rich,  peculiar  flavor. 
November,  December.     (Downing.) 

Sweet  Romanite. 
Bweet  Nonsuch,     |     Orange  Sweet,  erroneously. 


This  is  a  variety  introduced  to  the  Ohio  Pomological  Society  by  W.  B. 
Lipsey.  of  Morrow  County,  Ohio.  We  have  not  been  able  to  identify  it 
with  any  variety  heretofore  described.  The  ,flesh  being  fine-grained  and 
firm — somewhat  like  the  Gilpin  or  Romanite — probably  induced  the  name. 
It  is  grown  in  Illinois,  under  the  name  of  "  Sweet  Nonsuch,"  and  intro- 
duced there  under  the  erroneous  name  of  "  Orange  Sweet."  Tree,  hardy, 
moderate  but  regular  bearer. 

Size,  medium  ;  form,  roundish  flattened,  very  regular  :  color,  greenish 
yellow  ground,  mostly  striped  and  overspread  with  bright  red,  and  covered 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC. 


175 


with  a  fine  bloom;  stem,  short;  cavity,  open,  regular,  with  little  russet, 
calyx,  large,  segments  in  divisions,  short,  half  erect ;  basin,  broad,  shal- 
low, furrowed  ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  firm,  crisp,  juicy,  sweet — superior 
to  llamsdell's  or  Danvers'  Sweeting;  core,  medium,  or  rather  small,  com- 
pact.— centre,  slightly  hollow ;  seeds,  ovate,  oblong  pyriform.  November 
to  March. 

There  is  another  Sweet  Romanite  grown  in  the  Western  States,  which 
IS  oblong ;  stem,  long  and  slender  :  core,  light  yellow,  striped  with  red ; 
flesh,  more  yellow  and  dry — an  inferior  or  unworthy  variety. 

There  is  also  a  Sweet  Nonsuch  grown,  which  is  flat,  with  slender  stem , 
cavity,  deep,  light  red  on  pale  yellow ;  flesh,  white,  sweet,  dry,  and  tough  : 
inferior. 

SwERT  Pippin. 
Hog  Island. 

American.  Tree,  good  grower,  productive.  Fruit,  large,  roundish 
conical  or  angular  :  yellow,  shaded  and  striped  with  red  ;  stem,  short ; 
calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  small,  furrowed  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  crisp,  juicy, 
sub-acid  ;  "  very  good  ;"  core,  large.     November  to  March. 

SwERT  Rambo. 

From  Berks  Co.,  Pa.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oblate  ;  yellow  with 
shades  of  red,  large  gray  dots ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  deep,  russeted  :  calyx, 
closed ;  basin,  deep,  open ;  core,  small ;  flesh,  yellowish,  rich,  sugary ; 
"  very  good."     November,  January. 

Sylvester. 

Originated  at  Lyons,  N.  Y.  Growth,  upright,  vigorous,  productive. 
Fruit,  medium  size,  roundish  ;  color,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek  in  sun, 
occasionally  net  work  of  russet ;  flesh,  white,  crisp,  tender,  fine-grained,  sub- 
acid, negative  but  pleasant  flavor.     October. 

Tetofskt. 


A  Russian  variety.    Trees,  very  stout  and  upright  growth ;  leaves  larga 


176  THE  APPLE. 

broad,  light  green,  peculiar ;  regular  annual  bearer  ;  in  quality  abcut  with 
Bed  Astrachan,  but  maturing  some  ten  days  or  two  weeks  earlier ;  very 
valuable  for  cooking  or  marketing ;  a  gross  feeder,  requiring  good  soil ; 
needs  little  pruning.  Our  figure  does  not  well  represent  it,  being  far  too 
small  for  an  average. 

Fruit,  medium;  form,  roundish,  slightly  conical;  color,  light  yellow 
ground,  striped  and  splashed  with  red,  and  a  beautiful  white  bloom ;  stem, 
shorty  stout ;  cavity,  deep,  furrowed  ;  calyx,  rather  large,  long  segments ; 
basin,  abrupt,  deep,  irregular,  furrowed ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  sprightly, 
juicy,'slight]y  acid  or  sharp  sub-acid,  with  a  peculiar  aromatic  taste ;  core, 
small,  fleshy ;  seeds,  plump,  light  brown.     Last  of  July. 

Tewksbury  Blush. 

Tewksbury  "Winter  Blush. 

From  New  Jersey.  Tree,  rapid,  rather  upright  growth,  very  productive, 
always  fair,  great  keeper.  Fruit,  small,  round  ovate  flattened,  yellowish 
green,  with  minute  russet  dots  and  occasionally  a  red  cheek  ;  stem,  slender; 
calyx,  small;  basin,  shallow;  core,  medium;  seeds,  light  brown  ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  juicy,  firm,  tender,  sub-acid.  January  to  August.  Fink's 
Seedling  so  closely  resembles  this,  as  to  be  by  many  thought  identical. 

TiNMOUTH. 

Origin,  Tinmouth,  Vt.  Tree,  a  good  grower  and  productive.  Fruit, 
above  medium,  oblate  ;  skin,  whitish  yellow,  considerably  shaded  with  car 
mine,  and  sprinkled  with  a  few  brown  dots  ;  stem,  short,  inserted  in  a  deep 
cavity;  calyx,  partially  closed,  set  in  a  rather  large  basin  :  flesh,  whitish, 
juicy,  tender,  pleasant,  mild  sub-acid.    November  to  February. 

ToccoA. 

Muskmelon. 
Originated  Toccoa  Falls,  Habersham  Co.,  Georgia.  Fruit,  rather  large, 
conical  irregular  ;  skin,  yellow,  striped  with  red ;  stem,  short,  in  an  irre- 
gular cavity  ;  calyx,  closed  in  a  small,  irregular  basin  ;  flesh,  yellow,  with 
a  brisk,  rich,  Spitzenburgh  flavor,  moderately  juicy.  First  of  August. 
(White's  Gard.) 

TOWNSEND. 

From  Pennsylvania.  Tree,  moderately  spreading  growth,  abundant 
early  bearer.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  pale  yellow,  overspread  and 
streaked  with  red  in  sun,  marblings  of  russet  at  stem,  grayish  white  dots, 
rough,  blue  bloom ;  stem,  slender  ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  segments, 
narrow,  in  divisions  ;  basin,  abrupt,  medium ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  ovate  ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  breaking  rather  dry,  sub-acid;  "very  good." 
September.     This  may  prove  same  as  Hocking. 

Trenton  Early  ? 

History  unknown.  We  think  it  an  old  English  apple  belonging  to  the 
class  of  codlins.  Our  warm  suns  and  rich  soils  have  so  improved  it  that 
it  is  often  a  right  good  table  fruit,  and  always  valuable  for  cooking. 

Fruit,  medium  or  above,  roundish  conical,  slightly  ribbed  ;  color,  yellow- 
ish, with  suffused  patches  of  green  ;  skin,  smooth,  oily ;  basin,  often  fur- 
rowed ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  pleasant,  sub-acid.    July  and  August. 


untested  varieties,  etc.  177 

Trumbull  Sweeting. 

Fenton  Sweeting. 

From  Trumbull  Co.,  Ohio.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  flattened, 
pale  yellow,  slight  blush  and  red  spots ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx, 
large;  basin,  deep;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sweet :  "very  good."  Sep- 
tember to  November. 

Twitchell's  Sweet. 

From  New  Hampshire.  Fruit,  medium,  conical,  red,  with  small  gray 
dots ;  fleshj  white,  veined  with  red,  sweet.     November,  December. 

Vandyke. 
Fruit,  large,  roundish,  slightly  conic ;   skin,  yellowish,  with  a  tinge  of 
red,  and  slightly  sprinkled  with  brown  and  reddish  dots  :   stalk,  rather 
slender,  in  a  large  cavity ;  calyx,  closed,  in  a  deep,  uneven  basin ;  flesh, 
white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  agreeable.     October. 

Vaughan's  Winter. 
Origin,  Kentucky.  Tree,  hardy,  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit, 
medium,  oblate  oblique  angular;  skin,  whitish  waxen  yellow,  shaded  with 
crimson  and  lilac,  and  sometimes  obscurely  striped  and  thickly  covered  with 
conspicuous  light  dots ;  stalk,  small  and  short,  inserted  in  a  deep,  uneven 
cavity,  surrounded  by  very  thin  green  russet ;  calyx,  open,  or  partially 
closed ;  basin,  deep,  abrupt,  open,  slightly  corrugated ;  flesh,  yellowish, 
tender,  juicy,  with  a  brisk,  very  agreeable  vinous  flavor.     January  to  March. 

Virginia  Greening. 
Fruit,  large,  roundish  oval,  flattened  at  ends,  slightly  angular,  dull  green- 
ish yellow,  brownish  in  sun,  scattered  brown  specks  with  whitish  green 
circle  suffused  around  them;  stem,  medium;  cavity,  acuminate;  calyx, 
large,  short  segments ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  long  ovate ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  mild  sub-acid ;  not  quite  "  very  good."  December  to  March. 
Esteemed  at  the  South  as  a  keeper. 

Waddel's  Hall. 

Shockley. 

Southern.      Fruit,   medium,    roundish  conical,   yellow,   clouded    and 

striped  with  red,  little  russet ;  stem,  long,  slender ;   cavity,  deep,  narrow ; 

calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  shallow;  flesh,  firm,  juicy,  saccharine ;  "  very  good." 

October  to  March. 

Walker's  Yellow. 

This  apple  is  a  native  of  Pulaski  Co.,  Georgia.  Fruit,  large,  conic,  fine 
golden  yellow,  with  a  faint  blush  on  the  sunny  side  ;  stalk,  of  moderate 
length,  in  a  deep,  acute  cavity ;  basin,  small ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  rather 
too  acid  for  a  dessert  fruit.     November  to  April.     (White's  Gard.) 

Walpole. 
From  Massachusetts.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  tapering  to  the  eye,  yel 
low,  with  bright  red  stripes,  deepest  in  sun,  and  yellowish  specks ;  stem, 
short;  cavity,  open;  calyx,  closed;  basin,  slightly  ridged;  core,  large, 
open ;  seeds,  large  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tinged  with  pink,  tender,  juicy,  brisk 
sub-acid.  August  and  September.  (Hov.  Mag.)  The  following  descrip- 
tion of  the  Sparhawk  is  from  B.  V.  French,  Esq.  We  suspect  the  two 
8* 


178  THE  APPLE. 

identical :  "  The  Sparhawk  originated  in  WalpolCj  N.  H.,  and  is  known  in 
♦he  family  of  Mr.  Sparhawk,  on  whose  farm  it  was  found,  as  the  'Gall' 
Apple.  It  was  introduced  to  our  Society  by  A.  de  Copen,  of  Dorchester, 
aiid  the  Society  gave  it  the  name  of  Sparhawk.  It  is  a  large  apple,  oblate  ; 
skin,  smooth  and  glossy ;  color,  yellowish  ground,  striped  with  red  ; 
abundant  bearer;  the  size,  color,  and  gloss,  serve  to  give  it  a  desirable 
appearance  ;  flesh,  firm,  with  a  sprightly  acid.  Highly  desirable  for  cook- 
ing, and  is  ripe  September,  October,  but  will  keep  longer.  It  will  class 
well  with  the  Twenty  ounce  Pippin." 

Walworth. 

Vermont,  |  Large  Golden  Pippin. 
From  New  Jersey.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  conical,  clear  yellow,  bright 
red  in  sun,  dotted  with  greenish  russet  specks;  stem,  short,  slender; 
calyx,  small,  closed  ;  basin,  furrowed;  core,  large,  open;  seeds,  plump; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.  October.  (Hov.  Mag.) 
We  suspect  this  is  an  old  variety  under  a  new  name. 

Washington  Royal. 

Origin,  farm  of  Joseph  P.  Hayward,  Sterling,  Mass.  Fruit,  above 
medium  size,  flattish  round,  yellowish  green,  with  numerous  small  gray 
dots,  and  a  clear  red  in  the  skin ;  calyx,  in  a  broad  basin ;  stem,  slender, 
half  an  inch  long;  flesh,  crisp  juicy,  and  fine  flavor,  keeping  till  July. 
(N.  E.  Farm.) 

Waxen. 

American.  Fruit,  above  medium,  oblate,  pale  yellow,  oily  skin,  sprinkled 
with  a  few  dots  ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity,  narrow,  deep ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin, 
shallow ;  flesh,  whitish  yellow,  crisp,  tender  juicy,  mild  sub-acid ;  core, 
small;  "  good,"  or  "  very  good."  November,  December.  Formerly  much 
grown  and  esteemed  in  Virginia.  This  must  not  be  confounded  with  "  Bel- 
mont," which  is  sometimes  grown  under  the  erroneous  name  of  Waxen. 

Wellfoud's  Yellow. 

Origin,  Essex  Co.,  Virginia.  A  rapid  grower  and  a  great  bearer.  Fruit, 
rather  small,  roundish  flattened  ;  skin,  pale  yellow,  with  faint  red  streaks  on 
one  side  ;  flesh,  yellow,  fine-grained,  very  juicy,  with  a  ich  aromatic  flavor. 
Keeps  well  until  June,  retaining  its  flavor. 

Well's  Sweeting, 

From''^ewburgh,  N.  Y.  Tree,  strong,  upright  growth.  Fruit,  medium, 
roundish,  dull  light  green,  brownish  red  cheek ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx, 
small ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  very  good." 
November  to  January. 

Western  S?r. 

From  Southern  Ohio.  Tree,  vigorous,  slender,  spreading.  Fruit,  large, 
roundish  flattened,  pale  yellow,  with  red,  becoming  brilliant  on  sunny  side, 
small  white  specks;  stem,  short;  cavity,  narrow;  calyx,  large;  basin, 
deep  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  sharp  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good."  De- 
cember to  March. 

Weston. 

Origin,  Lincoln,  Mass.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  conical ;  skin,  yellow, 
striped  and  marbled  with  red ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  pleasant.  September, 
October. 


UNTESTED    VARIETIES,    ETC.  179 

Wheeler's  Sweet, 

American.  Introduced  by  W.  C.  Hampton,  0.  Fruit,  large,  conical, 
flattened  at  ends ;  color,  rich  lemon  yellow,  with  reddish  cheek  in  sun  and 
ru.sset  marblings  at  blossom  end;  surface,  uneven  or  ribbed;  stem,  short; 
cavity,  deep,  russeted  at  bottom  ;  calyx,  nearly  closed ;  basin,  deep,  uneven, 
slighly  corrugated;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  crisp,  tender,  sweet,  pleasant. 
October. 

White. 

Medium  to  large,  regular,  slightly  conical;  calyx,  in  a  hollow  basin; 
color,  lemon  yellow,  with  spots  and  splashes  made  darker  by  minute  black 
gpecks  on  a  greenish  ground  ;  flesh,  crisp,  tender,  juicy.  Keeps  until  January. 
Rather  acid  for  the  table,  but  fine  for  cooking. 

White  Beauty. 

Ashtabula  Co.,  0.  Medium,  globular,  smooth,  even  surface,  dull 
greenish,  grayish  specks ;  stem,  medium ;  cavity,  shallow ;  calyx,  in  a 
broad,  open  basin  ;  flesh  very  white,  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  sub-acid ; 
negative  character.  September  to  December.  Good  grower;  wood,  red- 
dish, with  gray  specks. 

White  Doctor. 

Origin,  Pennsylvania.  Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit,  large> 
roundish  oblate ;  skin,  greenish  yellow ;  stem,  short,  set  in  an  acute  cavity ; 
calyx,  closed ;  basin,  shallow  and  furrowed;  flesh,  white,  tender,  acid, 
sprightly  but  not  rich.     September,  October, 

White  Juneating. 

Juneating,       I     Owens'  Golden  Beauty,         |     Carolina,  of  some. 
Caroline,  |     Early  May,  J 

Foreign.  Its  early  maturity  its  chief  merit.  Tree,  fair  upright  growth, 
moderately  productive.  Fruit,  small ;  pale  green,  marbled  slightly  with  a 
darker  shade,  small  russet  dots ;  siem,  medium ;  cavity,  shallow ;  calyx, 
closed  ;  broad  basin  ;  seeds,  dark  brown ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub- 
acid.    Last  of  June,  early  July. 

White  Spanish  Reinette. 

Relnette  Blanche  d'Espagne,     I     D'Espagne, 

De  Eatteau,  |     Concombre  Ancien. 

Foreign.  Probably  the  parent  of  Fall  Pippin.  Fruit,  large,  roundish 
oblong,  sometimes  ribbed ;  calyx,  largfe,  open ;  basin,  deep,  irregular ; 
stem,  half  inch  long ;  cavity,  even ;  color,  yellowish  green ;  flesh,  yellow- 
ish white  cri.sp,  sharp  sub-acid ;  valued  for  cooking.  November  to  Feb- 
ruary. 

White  Winter. 

Origin,  farm  of  Mr.  Cacklin,  Cumberland  County,  Pennsylvania.  Tree. 
moderately  vigorous,  very  productive.  Fruit,  small,  n(?arly  globular ; 
skin,  light  yellow,  with  a  dull  crimson  cheek;  stem,  medium,  in  an  acute 
cavity ;  calyx,  firmly  closed,  a  little  sunk,  in  a  very  small  basin  ;  flesh, 
whitish,  juicy,  almost  buttery,  with  a  mild,  sub-acid,  but  not  a  rich  flavor. 
January  to  May. 


180 


THE  APPLE. 
White  Rambo. 


Considerably  grown  and  esteemed  in  Central  Southern  Ohio.  Fniit, 
large,  roundish,  flattened  at  ends  ;  skin,  rough,  yellow,  russet  dot*  and 
epots,  which,  in  sun,  are  of  a  reddish  tinge ;  stem,  stout ;  cavity,  broad, 
open  ;  calyx,  large  ;  segments,  in  divisions  ;  basin,  large,  open,  deep  ;  core, 
•mall ;  seeds,  round  ovate,  plump ;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather  coarse,  breaking, 
mild  sub- acid ;  ^'  very  good."     November  to  February. 

White  Sweeting. 
"Wetherffl's  "WTiite  Sweeting. 

From  New  Jersey.  Tree,  vigorous ;  productive  on  light  soils.  Fruit, 
large,  roundish  oblong,  pale  yellow ;  stem,  short ;  flesh,  white,  sweet ; 
valued  for  baking  and  for  stock.     September. 

Whitewater  Sweet. 

From  Southern  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium,  round,  bright  yellow,  with  dark 
gpots ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  slightly  sunk ;  flesh,  yellowish,  firm,  juicy, 
sweet ;  keeps  till  May.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Whitney's  Russet. 

From  Canada.  Medium,  oblate,  almost  wholly  covered  with  thick  yel. 
low  russet :  flesh,  white,  with  a  very  smooth,  pear-like  texture,  and  rich.' 
brisk,  spicy  flavor ;  keeps  well  till  March ;  tree,  is  a  good  bearer,  but  mus*- 
be  stock-worked  the  same  as  Rambo,  when  planted  in  Western  orchards. 


untested  vakieties,  etc. 
William  Penn. 


181 


A  native  of  Columbia,  Pennsylvania.  Rather  large,  roundish  oblate, 
Blightly  conical ;  color,  grayish,  delicately  mottled,  and  striped  with  red  on 
a  greenish  yellow  ground,  with  numerous  white  specks,  in  the  centre  of 
which  is  a  minute  russet  dot ;  stem,  short,  not  very  stout,  sometimes  fleshy, 
inserted  in  an  open,  rather  deep,  russeted  cavity ;  basin,  sometimes  wide 
and  shallow,  usually  narrow,  rather  deep  and  furrowed;  flesh,  greenish 
yellow,  juicy,  with  a  delicious  Spitzenberg  aroma;  quality,  "very  good," 
if  not  "  best ;"  represented  as  being  an  abundant  bearer.     (W.  D.  B.) 

WiNSLOW. 


From  Virginia.  Fruit,  large,  globular,  flattened  at  base,  rounded  towards 
calyx  ;  dark  and  light  red,  somewhat  streaked,  little  russet  near  calyx,  light 
browTi  specks,  and  dark  flakes ;  calyx,  open,  segments,  short ;  basin, 
expanded ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  cavity,  narrow,  rather  deep ;  core,  small, 
compact ;  seeds,  plump,  dark  brown  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy, 
sub-acid.    Fall  and  early  Winter.     (A.  H.  Ernst's  MS.) 


Winn's  Russet. 

Origin,  Sweden,  Maine.  Tree,  of  slow  growth,  hardy  and  productive. 
Fruit,  large;  cavity,  deep ;  basin,  broad  and  shallow;  color,  dark  russet, 
with  obscure  stripes  of  red,  covered  with  whitish  spots ;  flesh,  fine  grained, 
sub-acid ;  keeps  till  May.     (Me.  P.  S.  Rept.) 


182  THE    APPLE. 

Wing  Sweeting. 
Fruit,  small,  round  flattened ;  light  and  dark  red  indistinctly  striped  on 
light  yellow*  calyx,  small,  closed;  basin,  broad,  deep;  stem,  long;  cavity, 
-narrow ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  ovate ;  flesh,  reddish  yellow,  di-y,  sweet ;  pro- 
ductive.    Winter. 

Winter  Pippin  of  Vermont. 

Origin,  unknown,  much  cultivated  in  Vermont ;  a  fair  grower,  and  pro- 
ductive. Fruit,  large,  to  very  large,  nearly  globular,  inclining  to  conic, 
obscurely  angular;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  sprinkled  with  star-like  crimson 
dots,  cheek  shaded  with  dull  crimson;  stem,  short,  inserted  in  a  deep  com- 
pressed cavity  ;  calyx,  small,  nearly  closed  ;  segments,  long,  in  a  rather 
deep,  uneven  basin ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  and  agreeable.  November  to 
March.     (Downing.) 

Winter  Pippin  of  Geneva. 

The  appearance  of  the  tree  and  fruit  is  strikingly  like  that  of  the  Fall 
Pippin,  but  is  a  very  late  keeper,  continuing  in  perfection  until  May. 

Fruit,  large,  oblate,  slightly  angular;  skin,  fine  yellow  with  a  crimson 
cheek,  sparsely  covered  with  gray  dots  ;  stalk,  short  and  small,  inserted  in 
a  narrow  cavity ;  calyx,  open  ;  segments,  long ;  basin,  open  ;  flesh,  yellow, 
tender,  juicy,  vinous,  excellent.  January  to  May.  (Downing.)  A  variety 
of  Northern  origin ;  will  not  keep  South  later  than  January. 

Winter  Harvey. 

Fruit,  large,  conical,  slightly  ribbed ;  pale  yellow ;  stem,  short ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  tender,  firm,  juicy. 

Winter  Pearmain. 

This  is  distinct  from,  and  far  inferior  to  the  Herefordshire  Pearmain 
Fruit,  medium,  oblong  ovate  ;  dull  red  on  greenish  yellow ;  stem,  slender ; 
cavity,  narrow ;  basin,  small ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  not  juicy,  tender, 
Rub-acid  ;  not  quite  "  very  good."     December  to  March. 

Winthrop  Greening. 
Lincoln  Pippin,     |     Howe  Apple. 
Origin,  Winthrop,  Maine.     Fruit,  large,  golden  yellow,  with  slight  rus 
Bet  tinge  of  red  in  the  sun ;  flesh,  tender,  crisp,  very  juicy,  with  a  sprightly 
rich  flavor.     September.     (Cole.) 

Winthrop  Pearmain. 
Origin,  Winthrop,  Maine.     Size,  large,  roundish  ovate ;    skin,  yellow, 
striped  with  red,  and  deep  red  in  the  sun  ;    stem,  in  a  large  cavity;    basin, 
shallow;    flesh,  white,  juicy;   flavor,  spicy  and  pleasant.     September  to 
January.     (Me.  P.  S.  R.) 

Wonder. 

A  Southern  variety.  Size,  large ;  mostly  covered  with  red  on  yellow 
ground ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  jucy,  well-flavored.     August. 

Wright  Apple. 
Origin,  Hubbardton,  Vermont.  Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit, 
medium,  roundish  oblate;  skin,  fine  lemon  yellow;  stalk,  short,  inserted 
in  a  deep  cavity  ;  calyx,  closed;  basin,  rather  large  and  corrugated ;  flesh, 
white,  very  tender,  juicy,  vinous,  almost  sweet,  aromatic.  Middle  of  Sep- 
tember to  middle  of  October. 


UNTESTED    VARIETIES,   ETC.  188 

Yacht. 

Origin,  Montgomery  County,  Pa.  Tree  of  moderate  growth,  a  regular 
bearer.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  striped  with  red,  with  various  hues  ou  yel- 
lowish ground  ;  stalk,  short,  inserted  in  a  small  cavity  ;  calyx,  open,  set  in 
a  large,  shallow  basin ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  with  a  pleasant,  sub-acid 
flavor.     November  to  March. 

Yacht. 

Medium,  roundish,  striped  with  red  of  various  hues  on  yellowish  ground  ; 
stem,  half  an  inch  long ;  cavity,  open,  obtuse ;  basin,  very  shallow,  plaited; 
flesh,  fine  texture,  tender,  pleasant  flavor  ;  "  very  good."     (W.  D.  B.) 

Yellow  Crank. 
Medium  size,  flat,  greenish  yellow  j  high  flavor.     January  to  March. 

Yellow  Meadow. 
A  Southern  fruit.     Fruit,  large,  oblate ;    skin,  greenish  yellow ;    stem, 
rather  slender,  in  a  deep,  irregular  cavity ;    calyx,  large  and  open,  in  a 
shallow  basin  J    flesh,  yellow,  compact ;  flavor,  vinous,  rich  and  excellent. 
November. 

Yellow  Pearmain. 
Golden  Pearmain. 
Origin  uncertain;  probably  a  Southern  fruit,  moderate  in  growth  and 
productiveness.  Fruit,  medium,  obliquely  conic,  inclining  to  oblong;  skin, 
yellowish,  slightly  shaded  with  dull  red ;  stem,  short,  inserted  by  a  lip  in 
a  very  narrow  cavity  ;  calyx,  small  and  closed ;  basin,  deep,  round  and 
open ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  with  a  pleasant,  rich,  vinous  flavor,  slightly 
aromatic.     January  to  March. 

Yopp's  Favorite. 

Fruit,  larfre,  roundish,  slightly  conic ;  skin,  smooth,  oily,  greenish  yel- 
low, with  a  blush  in  the  sun,  sprinkled  sparingly  with  russet  dots,  and  a 
little  russet  about  the  stem;  calyx,  open,  in  a  deep  basin  ;  stalk,  short; 
cavity,  deep  ;  flesh,  white,  fine  grained,  tender,  juicy,  almost  melting,  of  a 
most  grateful,  sub-acid  flavor.  From  Thomas  Co.,  Georgia.  (Robert 
Nelson.) 

York  Imperial. 
Johnson's  Fine  "Winter. 

From  York  County,  Pennsylvania.  Size,  rather  below  medium ;  trun- 
cated oval,  angular ;  the  unexposed  side  is  mottled  and  striped,  so  as  to 
present  a  grayish  red  aspect  on  a  greenish  yellow  ground,  and,  on  the  sunny 
side,  the  color  is  a  dull  crimson ;  stem,  short  and  moderately  stout ;  cavity, 
wide,  and  rather  deep ;  calyx,  small,  closed,  and  set  in  a  deep,  wide,  plaited 
basin ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  tender,  crisp,  juicy ;  flavor,  pleasant  and 
agreeably  saccharine ;  quality,  at  least  "  good  " — to  many  tastes,  "  very 
good."     (W.  D.  B.) 

Yost. 

Rather  large  ;  roundish  oblate,  beautifully  striped  and  delicately  mottled 
with  crimson  on  a  yellow  ground  ;  stem,  short ;  wide,  deep,  cavity ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  tender,  juicy,  pleasant  flavor  ;  ''  very  good  "  quality.    (W.  D.  B ) 


184  THE  APPLE. 


CLASS  III.     Superseded  by  better  sorts. 

Alfeistoit. 
Foreign.    Large,  oblong,  pale  green,  orange  in  sun ;  flesh,  crisp,  acid.    October,  Decembee. 

Ambeican  Pippin. 
Grindstone,         |         Green  Everlasting. 
Medium,  roundish  flattened,  dull  green,  patches  of  dull  red ;  flesh,  white,  firm,  acid.    January 
to  June. 

Angus. 

Medium,  roundish  yellow,  nearly  covered  with  stripes  and  splashes  of  light  ^and  dark  red, 
with  white  dots ;  flesh,  yellow,  tender,  sweet    September. 

AlTQUSTINK. 

American.    Large,  conical,  red  striped  on  yellow ;  flesh,  sweet,  dry.    August. 

Autumn  Bomakitb. 
American.    Medium,  round,  red ;  flesh,  yellow.    September. 

Basbett. 

American.    Bather  lai^e,  conic;  skin,  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  crimson;  flesh, 
yellow.  Juicy,  tender.    January. 

Babe. 

Bars. 

American.  Medium,  roundish  oblong,  red  striped  on  greenish  yellow;  flesh,  greenish 
white,  poor. 

Baenhilt. 

American.  Small,  conical,  yellow  striped  with  red;  flesh,  white,  tough,  dry.  October, 
November. 

Beauty  of  Ajieeioa. 

Large,  roundish  flattened,  yellow  with  blush  cheek;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender;  poor  bearer. 
November  to  January. 

Beauty  of  the  "West. 
Large,  round,  red  striped  on  greenish  yellow ;  flesh,  coarse,  sweet.    October,  November. 

Bbauty  of  Kent. 

Foreign.  Large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  striped  with  purpled  red ;  flesh,  tender.  Inferior. 
October,  November. 

Bedfoedshibb  Foundling. 

Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  green ;  flesh,  yellowish,  acid.    November,  December. 

Black  Annette. 
American.    Small,  roundish,  dark  red.    November. 

Black  Lady  Apple. 
Api  Noir. 
Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  blackish  red ;  flesh,  white  stained.    November  to  March. 

Black  Gilliflowee. 

Large,  oblong  conical,  dull  reddish  purple;  flesh,  greenish  white,  dry,  sub-acid,  poor. 
November  to  March. 

Black  Oxfobd. 

Fruit  small,  roundish,  yellowish,  nearly  covered  with  red,  light  dots;  stem,  long,  slender; 
calyx,  half  open ;  basin,  slightly  russeted ;  flesh,  whitish,  compact,  not  juicy,  sub-acid.  March 
to  May. 

Blenheiu  Pippin. 
Blenheim  Orange,         |         Woodstock  Pippin. 

Foreign.  Large,  roundish,  yellow  and  dull  red;  flesh,  yellowish,  sweet,  dry,  October, 
November* 


SUPERSEDED  BY  BETTER  SORTS.  185 

BOESDOEFFEE. 

Borsdorfl^  King  George  the  Third,         I         Queens. 

Foreign.     Medium,  roundish  oval,  pale  yellow,  with  red  check;  flesh,  yelljwlsh  white, 
frisp,  sub-acid.    November,  December. 

BOXFOED. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblate ;  skin,  whitish  striped  with  red;  flesh,  compact,  not  very  juicy,  nor 
high  flavor.    September,  October. 

Beewee. 

From  Mass.    Fruit  very  large,  roundish,  yellow,  with  a  slight  blush ;  flesh,  yellowish,  ten- 
der, pleasant,  mild  sub-acid.    October,  November. 

BtTENHAP  GEEENINa. 

Origin,  Vergennes,  Vt.    Medium,  nearly  globular,  inclining  to  conic;  skin,  greenish  yellow ; 
flesh,  solid,  juicy,  crisp,  with  a  pleasant,  sub-acid  flavor.    January  and  February. ; 

BOEOVITSKT. 

Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  pale  green  striped  red;  flesh,  white,  sub-acid.    August,  Sep 
tember. 

Bullet. 

Bartlett,        |        Priestly,  of  some. 

American.    Medium,  oblong,  bright  red  on  yellow ;  flesh,  light  yellow,  inferior ;  January  to 
June. 

Cake  Apple. 

From  Connecticut.    Medium,  oblate,  much  depressed;  skin,  yellowlah,  with  ablush ;  flesh, 
*uicy,  tender,  pleasant.    January  to  March. 

Chandleb. 
Winter  Chandler. 

American.    Large,  roundish,  imperfect,  dull  red  on  yellow ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  sub-aoid. 

November,  February. 

Caeoline. 

Foreign.    Medium,  round,  yellow,  streaked  with  red ;  flesh,  firm,  acid.    November,  Feb- 
ruary. 

Cathead. 

Cathead  Greening,        |        Bonnd  Catshead. 

Large,  roundish,  yellowish  green;  flesh,  white,  coarse,  sharp  acid.    October,  November. 
There  is  another  one  of  this  name,  equally  worthless,  same  shape,  but  striped  yellow  and  red. 

Catlike. 
Gregson,        |     Winter  Grixon. 

Medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  pale  yellow,  nearly  sweet,  for  cider. 
October,  December, 

Cash  Sweet. 

American.    Medium,  round  conical,  light  red ;  flesh,  white,  coarse,  sweet,  dry.    October, 
November. 

Cheesebobottgh  Bitsset. 

Howard  Eusset,  I        York  Russet,  of  some, 

Kingsbury  Kusset,         |        Forever  Pippin,  ofsome^  West 

American.    Large,  conical,  thin  russet  on  greenish  yellow;  flesh,  greenish  white,  coarse,  dry, 
sub-acid.    October,  November. 

Cos,  OE  Caas. 

American.    Large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  red  streaks ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  sab>acid. 
December  to  March. 

COBNISn  GlLLIFLOWEB. 

Cornish  July  Flower,     |     Pomme  Eegelans,     |     Egg  Top,  of  some. 

Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  ovate,  pale  yellowish  green,  brown  cheek;  flesh,  yellowish,  acid. 
November  to  February. 

Connecticut  Sttmmeb  Sweet. 

American.     Medium,  roundish,  yellow  and  red  striped;  flesh,  yellowish,  sweet,  toogh. 
August 


136  THE   APPLE. 

Ceanbeket  Pippin. 

American.    Above  medium,  roundish,  clear  yellow,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  sub- acid. 
November,  December, 

Donnelan's  Seedling. 
American.    Medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  dull  red  stripes ;  flesh,  yellowish,  dry,  sub- 
acid.   September. 

DowNTON  Pippin. 
Downton  Golden  Pippin,      |     Knight's  Golden  Pippin,     |     Elton  Pippin. 
Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  yellow ;  flesh,  yellowish,  sharp  acid.    October,  November, 

DxxMELOw's  Seedling. 
Dumelow's  Crab,         |         Wellington  Apple. 

Foreign.    Medium,  round,  yellow  with  blush  red,  brown  spots ;  flesh,  yellow,  acid.    No 
vember  to  March. 

Dumpling. 
Crooked  Limb  Pippin,      |      French  Pippin,  of  Indiana^      \      Watson's  Dumpling. 
Large,  roundish  oblong,  light  yellow,  blush  in  sun:  flesh,  white,  indifferent     October 
December. 

Dutch  Codlin. 
Chalmer's  Large. 

Foreign.    Large,  roundish  oblong,  pale  yellow,  orange  in  sun ;  flesh,  white,  sub-acid.    Octo- 
t«r,  December. 

Eastee  Pippin. 

Young's  Long  Keeper,        I         Ironstone  Pippin, 
Claremont  Pippin,  |         French  Crab. 

Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  deep  green,  brownish  blush ;  flesh,  greenish,  inferior.    Novem- 
ber to  June. 

Egg  Top. 

Eve,  1         Pound  Top, 

Sheep  Nose,  of  some,         \        Wine,  of  some,  West. 

Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  ovate,  pale  yellow,  striped  with  red ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  ten- 
der, inferior.    November  to  February. 

Ellis. 

From  Conn.    Small,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  brown  check ;  flesh,  firm,  juicy,  pleasant ; 
a  long  keeper.    April,  May. 

Epst. 

From  Vermont.    Handsome,  productive,  small,  elongated  conic,  deep  red,  almost  crimson ; 
flesh,  whitish,  sweet.    December,  January. 

Fall  Cheese. 

Gloucester  Cheese,         |         Summer  Cheese. 

American.    Medium  to  largo,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  flush  of  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  criflp, 
often  mealy.    September  to  November. 

Fama  Gusta. 

Foreign.    Large,  conical,  pale  green ;  flesh,  white,  acid.    October. 

Fekkis. 

American.    Medium,  roundish,  red,  sub-acid ;  new,  but  surpassed  by  many  others.    Norem- 
ber  to  February. 

Fennouillet  Eouge. 
Black  Tom,         |         Bardin. 
Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  dark  red ;  flesh,  firm.    November  to  January. 

Fennouillet  Geis. 
Pomme  d'Anis,         |         Caraway  Eusset. 
Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  russet  on  yellow ;  flesh,  firm,  acid. 


SUPERSEDED  BY  BETTER    SORTS.  187 

Flower  of  Kent. 

Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  flattened,  dull  yeHow  and  red ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  coarse, 
Bub-acid.    October,  January, 

Gault's  Bellfloweb. 

American.    Large,  roundish,  pale  yellow ;  flesh,  white  coarse.    October,  December. 

GlAKT. 

American.    Large,  roundish,  dull  red  striped ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  tender ;  "  good." 

Golden  Apple. 

American,  Large,  oblate ;  skin,  golden  yellow,  slightly  sprinkled  with  brown  dots ;  flesh, 
yellow,  coarse,  juicy,  sub-acid  flavor.    October  to  December. 

Golden. 
American.    Medium,  roundish,  ribbed,  light  yellow ;  flesh,  yellowish,  acid.    July. 

Golden  Keinette. 

Aurore,  I         Kirke's  Golden  Eeinette, 

Yellow  German  Eeinette,         |         Wyker  Pippin,  &c.,  &c. 

Foreign.  Small,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  a  little  red ;  flesh,  yellow,  crisp,  mild  sub-acid. 
October,  January. 

;  Golden  Haevey. 

Brandy  Apple. 

Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  russet  on  yellow,  reddish  cheek,  sub-acid.    November  to  March. 

Golden  Pearmain. 

Buckman's  Pearmain,         j'       Dutch  Pearmain,         |         Bed  Eusset. 

Medium,  roundish  flattened,  red,  russet ;  flesh,  yellowish,  dry,  sub-acid.  November,  D©^ 
oember. 

Goodyear. 

Goodyear's  Seedling. 

American.    New,  medium,  roundish,  red ;  flesh,  juicy ;  only  valuable  as  a  keeper. 

GOVBENOE. 

American.    Large,  yellowish,  tinged  with  red,  juicy,  acid,  cooking.    October,  January. 

Golden  Pippin. 

English  Golden  Pippin,     |    Old  Golden  Pippin,  &c.   |    Eleven  other  names. 

Foreign.  Small,  round;  yellow,  with  irregular  russet  marblings;  stem,  long,  slender; 
basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  yelloAv,  fine-grained,  sub-acid,  sprightly.  December  to  March.  There 
is  an  "  English  Golden  Pippin  "  grown  at  the  West,  which  is  large,  oval,  basin  deep,  entirely 
distinct  from  above. 

Grand  Sachem. 

Large,  roundish,  ribbed,  dull  red ;  flesh,  white,  dry.    September. 

Gkeen  Domine. 

Medium,  oblate,  greenish  yellow,  washed  or  obscurely  striped  with  dull  red ;  flesh,  whitish, 
firm,  with  a  pleasant,  peculiar  flavor.    December,  February. 

Gbeyhouse. 

Medium,  oblate,  nearly  globular,  dull  red,  with  faint  stripes ;  flesh,  firm  and  dry ;  said  to  bo 
.^e  for  cider.    Winter. 

Hannah. 

American.   Medium,  conical,  pale  yellow  and  dull  red ;  flesh,  white,  dry.  October,  November. 

Harvest  Bed  Streak. 

From  Michigan.  A  local  name;  probably  an  old  variety ;  small  or  medium,  oblate  angu- 
lar ;  skin,  whitish,  striped  and  splashed. 

Heppbb, 

Hepler,  of  some. 

American.    Small,  roundish,  yeUow ;  flesh,  dry. 


188  THE  APPLE. 


Hewitt's  Sweet. 

Large,  oblate,  yellow,  splashed  with  red ;  flesh,  whitish,  sweet,  tender,  and  pleasant.    Octo- 
ber, iTovember. 

Heteeich. 
American.    Medium,  round,  yellow ;  flesh,  whitish,  acid.    November,  January. 

Holland  Sweet. 
Fruit,  medium,  conic,  green,  with  stripes  of  dull  red ;  flesh,  firm,  sweet.    January  to  May. 

HOLLAJIDBtrEGH. 

Hollandbury. 
Medium,  roundish  flattened,  red  on  yellow ;  flesh,  white,  sour.    December,  February. 

Hoary  MoBNura. 
Dainty  Apple,        |        Downy,        I         Sam  Eawling's. 
Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  red  striped  on  yellow ;  flesh,  pinkish.   October,  December. 

HUNGB. 

Hunger. 

Origin,  uncertain.    Popular,  and  long  cultivated  in  North  Carolina.    Fruit,  large,  roondisb ; 
Bkin,  green,  with  a  blush ;  flesh,  soft,  sub-acid,  pleasant.    September,  October. 

Ibish  Peach  Apple. 
Early  Crofton. 

Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  conical,  yellowish,  streaked  with  red ;  flesh,  whitiflli,  watery. 
September,  October. 

Kane. 
Cane,         |         Cain. 
American.    Medium,  roundish,  striped  crimson ;  flesh,  yellowish ;  beautiful  to  look  at    An- 

EIebbt  Pippin. 
Edmonton's  Aromatic. 

Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  oval,  yellow,  streaked  with  red ;  flesh,  firm,  crisp.    September* 
October. 

Kentish  Fill  Basket. 
Potter's  Large  Grey  Seedling,        |        Lady  de  Grey's. 

Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  ribbed,  yellowish,  brownish  blush;  flesh,  tender.     October, 
January. 

Keneiok's  Atttitmn. 

American.    Large,  roundish,  yellowish  green,  striped  red;  flesh,  white,  acid.    September. 

TrTT.H*>f  Hill. 
.  American.    Large,  roundish,  ribbed,  pale  yellow  and  red ;  flesh,  dry.    September. 

King  of  the  Pippins. 

Hampshire  Yellow. 

Often  grown  "West  as  Gravenstein.    Medium,  roundish  oblate,  yellow  and  red  splashed ;  flesh, 
white,  slightly  sweet,  not  agreeable.    October,  November. 

Kibke'sLoed  Nelson. 
Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  red  on  pale  yellow;  flesh,  firm,  juicy,  acid.  October,  December. 

Ladies'  Blttsh. 
American.    Medium,  yellow,  with  red  blush ;  flesh,  dry. 

Lady  Fingee. 
Sheep  Nose. 
Medlom,  oblong,  pale  yellow,  faint  blush ;  flesh,  firm,  watery.    November,  December. 


STTPERSEDED   BY   BETTEE    SORTS. 


189 


Lanb  Swbbt. 
Bmall,  roundisli  flattened,  yellow  with  red ;  flesh,  yellowifih,  dry.    November. 

Lemon  Pippin. 
Kirke's  Lemon  Pippin. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oval,  pale  greenish  yellow ;  flesh,  firm,  sub-acid.    October,  January. 

Long  Island  Eusset. 
Medium,  roundish  oblong,  dull  yellowish  russet ;  flesh,  greenish,  dry.    December,  March. 

Loan's  English  Peabmain. 

Small,  roundish  cohical,  dull  red  and  russet ;  flesh,  firm ;  almost  worthy  culture.    Septem> 
fcer,  October. 

Longville's  Kebnel. 

Sam's  Crab. 

Foreign.    Below  medium,  oval  flattened,  brownish  red  on  yellow;  flesh,  firm,  sub-acid. 
August,  September. 

Long  John. 
American.    Large,  conical,  greenish  yellow ;  flesh,  yellowish  white  dry }  great  keeper. 

Lttcombb's  Seedling. 

Foreign.    Large,  roundish  conical,  yellow,  spotted  with  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  whitish,  firm  • 
cooking.    October,  December. 

Ltjoe's  Eablt  Job. 

American.    Small,  round,  bright  red  on  yellow ;  flesh,  crisp,  inferior.    September. 

Lovett's  Sweet, 

American.    Fruit,  medium,  roundish  conic ;  skin,  yellow ;  flesh,  yellow,  moderately  juicy 
Bweet.    October  to  February. 

Mebbitt's  Sweet. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblate,  yellow,  sometimes  with  a  blush;  flesh,  compact,  very  sweet    Last 
of  August. 

Methodist. 

From  Connecticut.    Medium  size,  oblong  oval;  skin,  greenish,  marbled  and  striped  'vita 
red ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  mild  sub-acid,  not  rich.    November. 

Mank's  Codlin. 

Irish  Pitcher,         |         Frith  Pitcher. 

Foreign,    Medium,  roundish  oblong,  pale  yellow,  red  cheek  in  sun ;  cooking  only.    August. 

Maegil. 

"White  Margil. 

Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  dull  yellow,  streaked  with  red;  flesh,  white,  tender.    Early 
Winter. 

Maeblk  Sweeting. 

"Virginia  Sweet,         |         Mclntire's  Sweeting. 

American.    Medium  to  large,  roundish  ovate,  marbled,  dull  red  and  yellow ;  flesh,  sweet, 
dry.    November,  February. 

Mat  Seek  no-Fitetheb. 

Pilliken,     [     May  Apple,     |     Lop-sided  Pearmain. 

Outwardly  like  Pryor's  Red;  flesh,  dry,  coarse  ;  only  valued  as  a  keeper;  skin,  thick, 

Matick. 
Large,  greenish  yellow,  blush  in  sun,  conical ;  flesh,  "  good." 

Menagebb. 
Menagerie. 
Foreign.    Large,  flat,  pale  yellow.    September  to  January. 


190  THE  APPLE. 


MoNSTKOUS  Pippin. 

Gloria  Mxandi,  I     New  York  Gloria  Mundi,     I     Baltimore  Pippin. 

American  Mammoth,     |     Ox  Apple,  | 

Very  large,  greenish  yellow,  roundish ;  flesh,  white,  acid.    October,  December. 

Mother  Da  vies. 
Medium,  round  oblong,  greenish  yellow,  little  red ;  flesh,  crisp ;  "  good."    October,  November, 

Molasses. 
Priest's  Sweet,        |        Butter,        ]        Blue  Sweet, 
American.    Small,  roundish,  red,  dry,  sweet    October. 

Mttepht. 

Murphy's  Bed,        I        Jack  Murphy. 

American.    Large,  roundish  oblong,  pale,  and  dark  red  streaked;  flesh,  greenish  white ; 
•  good."    November,  February. 

NOEFOLK  BeATTFIN. 

Bead's  Baker,         |        Catshead  Beaufin. 
Foreign.    Large,  flat,  dull  red  on  greenish ;  flesh,  sub-acid,  good  drying.    November  to  May. 

NoNStrcH. 

English  Nonsuch. 

Foreign.     Medium,  flat,  greenish  yellow,  with  dull  brick  red;  flesh,  white.    October, 
November. 

Old  Field. 

Origin,  Connecticut.    Fruit,  medium,  oblate  conic ;  skin,  yellow,  with  a  slight  blush ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  tender,  mild  sub-acid.    January  to  April. 

Old  English  Codlin.^ 
English  Codlin. 
I^arge,  oblong  conical,  lemon  yellow;  flesh,  white,  tender,  cooking.    July  to  November. 

Old  Eotal  Ecsset. 

Leather  Coat  Eusset. 

Foreign.    Medium,  roundish, gray  russet  on  green;  flesh,  greenish  white,  sharp  sub-acid, 
November,  February. 

Old  Nonpaeeil. 
Non  Pareille. 
Foreign.    Medium,  flat,  yellowish  reddish  brown ;  flesh,  firm,  crisp ;  poor  bearer.    Decern 
ber,  January. 

OSLIN. 

Arbroath  Pippin. 
Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  pale  yellowish ;  flesh,  firm,  crisp,  acid.    August 

Paeson's  Eaelt. 

American.    Medium  or  above,  roundish,  pale  yellow ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  sharp  sub-acid. 
August,  September. 

Pftneyite. 
American.    Medium,  roundish,  light  yellow,  coarse,  dry,  acid.    December,  January. 


Origin,  Buck's  Co.,  Pa.    Bather  large,  oblate;  skin,  whitish  yellow,  striped  and  splashed 
with  red ;  flesh,  juicy,  tender,  mild  sub-acid.    March. 

Peolifio  Sweet. 

From  Connecticut    Eoundish  conic ;  skin,  greenish ;  flesh,  whitish,  tender,  sweet    Noveov 
ber  to  February. 


SUPEESEDED  BY  BETTER  SORTS.  191 


Pomme  Eoye,  ofsome^  West, 
Big  Romanlte, 
Peunock's  Red  "Winter, 


Pennock. 

Large  Romanlte,     [     Penick, 

Red  Pennock,  Neislcy's   Winter. 

Prolific  Beauty,      | 


American.  Large,  roundish  conical,  angular,  dull  red,  little  yellow ;  flesh,  coarse,  dry  rot. 
November  to  March.  This  is  largely  grown  through  the  Southwest,  but  intelligent  persons  do 
not  now  plant  it. 

POLLT  BkIGHT. 

Resembles  Maiden's  Blush.    Sharp  acid.    September,  October. 

Pound. 
Large,  roundish  oblong,  yellowish  green,  coarse,  poor.    October,  January. 

Pomme  de  Rose. 

Large,  roundish  flattened,  red  on  yellow,  small  dots ;  flesh,  white,  coarse,  acid.  December 
Febrijary. 

Peiestley. 

Priestley's  American,         |         Red  Cathead. 

Large,  roundish  oblong,  dull  red,  streaks  of  yellowish  green;  flesh,  greenish  white,  inferioi. 
December  to  March. 

Quaker  Pippix. 

American.    Medium,  greenish  yellow,  very  acid.    October. 

Red  and  Geeen  Sweet. 

Prince's  Red  and  Green  Sweet,  |  Large  Red  Sweeting,  [  Red  Bough. 

American.  Very  large,  oblong  conical,  green  and  red  striped ;  flesh,  sweet,  poor.  August, 
September. 

Red  Ingesteie. 

Foreign.  Small,  oblong  ovate,  yellow,  marbled  with  red ;  flesh,  firm,  sprightly.  September, 
October. 

Red  Gilliflowee. 

Red  Seek-no-Further,         |         Harkness'  New  Favorite. 

American.  Medium,  oblong  conical,  fine  red ;  flesh,  white,  mild  sub-acid.  November  to 
January. 

Red  Calville. 

Red  "Winter  Calville,  I         Calville  Rouge, 

Calville  Rouge  d'Hiver,  ]         Spice,  of  some.  West. 

Foreign.  Above  medium,  roundish  oblong,  pale  red,  dark  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  tender,  poor. 
November,  February. 

Red  Bellflowee. 

Red  Belle  Fleur,         I     Belle  Fleur, 

Belle  Fleur  Rouge,     |     Striped  Belle  Fleur,  of  some. 

Foreign.  Large,  oblong  conical,  greenish  yellow,  covered  and  striped  with  red ;  flesh,  white, 
dry.    November,  January. 

Red  Steeak. 
Herefordshire  Red  Streak,         |         Scudamus  Crab. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  red,  yellow  streaks ;  flesh,  yellow,  dry,  cider  only.    October, 
December. 

Rtmee. 

Foreign.  Above  medium,  roundish  flattened,  clear  red,  glossy ;  flesh,  white,  sharp  acid. 
October,  December, 

RoSEAir  D'AUTOMNE. 

Roseau,  incorrectly,  of  some. 

Foreign.  Medium,  roundish  ovate,  flat  at  base,  yellow,  blush  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellowish, 
erfsp,  acid.    November  to  January. 


X92  THE   APPLE. 

KOSEATT. 

Foreign.    Large,  d&rk  red,  irregular  in  size  and  form ;  nnprofltabl*. 

BuXB'S  StTMMEB  S-WEBTrNft. 

American.    Medium,  oblong,  yellow,  poor.    August. 

Scarlet  NoNPABEiL. 
New  Scarlet  NonpareiL 

Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  deep  red  on  yellowish  green ;  flesh,  firm,  acid.    November  to 

February. 

Shippen's  BirSBET. 

Large,  roundish,  flattened,  russet  on  greenish  yellow;  flesh,  white,  spongy,  acid.    January 
to  March. 

Shipley  Gbeen. 

American.    Medimn,  oblong,  rusty  red,  acid ;  cooking  only.    All'Winter. 

Skvusk. 

Polecat  > 

American.    Large,  flat,  dull  dark  red  on  yellow ;  flesh,  yellowish,  dry.    December,  January. 

Speague. 

Size,  small,  oblong  oval,  slightly  conic;  skin,  yellow;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  tender,  sprightly, 
sub-acid.    October. 

Steel's  Sweet. 
Origin,  Kensington,  Conn.    Fruit,  medium,  globular  angular,  yellowish,  slight  blush ;  flesh, 
white,  compact,  juicy,  with  a  peculiar  saccharine  flavor.    December  to  March. 

Speing  Geove  Codlik. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  rounded,  greenish  yellow;  flesh,  greenish,  sub-acid;  cooking. 
August,  November. 

Spbikgeb's  Seedlhtg. 
American.    Small,  oblong  oval,  dull  yellowish  green,  stripes  of  red ;  flesh,  flrm,  negative 
January  to  May. 

Stbiped  Mohawk. 
Above  medium,  round,  red  striped  on  yellow ;  flesh,  dry,  poor.    Late  Autumn. 

SxTGAB  Loaf  Pippin. 

Sugar  Loaf  Greening. 

Foreign.     Large,  oblong  conical,  dull  greenish  yellow,  brownish  in  sun;   flesh,  "good.* 
August,  September. 

BrrMMEB  Golden  Pippin. 
Foreign.    Small,  roundish  oblong,  yellow;  flesh,  whitish,  firm,  sweet    August,  September. 

Sttmheb  Bahboub. 

Bummer  Eambo,  |  Kambour  Franc,  I  Eambour  d'Ete. 
Foreign.    Above  medium,  greenish  yellow,  streaked  with  red,  roundish  flattened,  apt  to  ba 
mealy.    August 

Stjmmeb  Eusset. 
American.    Small,  roundish  conical,  yellow,  partly  russeted,  sweet,  dry.    September. 

Sweet  and  Sotje. 
Medium,  roundish  flattened,  greenish ;  only  valued  as  a  curiosity.    From  a  diseased  pr<9ft* 
gation. 


SUPERSEDED  BY  BETTER  SORTS.  193 

SUEPEISE. 

Torelgn.    Small,  round,  whitish  yellow ;  flesh,  stained  with  red.    November,  December. 

Sweet  Baldwin. 

American.  Medium,  roundish,  deep  red,  striped  on  yellow ;  flesh,  sweet,  dry.  Septembci, 
October.  There  are,  we  think,  two  apples  prown  under  this  name,  as  Thomas  describes  one 
as  **  nearly  first-rate,"  and  ripening  "  early  Winter." 

Tart  Bough. 

Resembles  Early  Harvest,  but  trees  more  rapid  in  growth,  and  ripens  ten  days  late?;  ir«^ 
acid. 


Turkey  Greening. 

From  Connecticut.  Fruit,  fair,  and  very  productive,  large,  oblate,  slightly  conic;  skin, 
creen,  with  a  dull  blush,  and  many  light  dots;  flesh,  greenish,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  not  rfch. 
January,  February. 

Trrus  Pippin. 

Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  conic ;  skin,  light  yellow ;  flesh,  tender 
juicy,  not  high  flavored.    November,  December. 

Transparent  db  Zurich. 
Bmall  or  medium,  beauty  its  only  merit,  waxen  white,  clear,  translucent,    SepteicbcT. 

Thems  Bed  Streak. 
American.    Medium,  round,  pale  green,  red  stripes ;  flesh,  sour.    Winter,    (Hov.  Mag.) 

Twenty  Ounce  Pippin. 

Large,  roundisli  conical,  brown  red,  very  distinct  from  Twenty  Ounce,  or  Cayuga  Eed 
Streak. 

\I0TUAM  AND  DEINE. 

Big  Sweet,        |         Pompey. 
American.    Large,  oblong,  rough,  dull  yellow,  russet  blush,  sweet,  dry.    October,  January. 

ViCTOEIEUBB  EkINETTB. 

Eeinctte  Trioipphante. 

Foreign.  Large,  roundish  oblong,  pale  yellow,  rough  dots ;  flesh,  firm,  sub-acid.  December, 
January. 

White  Doctor. 
Small,  pyramidal,  greenish  white,  sweet,  dry.    September,  October. 

White  Calvillb. 

White  Winter  Calville,  I        American  White  Winter  Calville, 

Calville  Blanche  d'Hiver,         |        Niger, 

Foreign.  Above  nTedium,  roundish  flattened,  whitish  or  greenish  yellow;  flesh,  whito 
•egative.    November,  February. 

White  Astrachan. 

Transparent  de  Moscovie,         |        Glace  de  Zelande. 

Foreign.  Medium,  roundish  conical,  whito,  faint  streak  of  red ;  flesh,  white,  dry,  poOf 
Auifust. 

9 


194:  THE   APPLE. 

"WiNTEB  Cheese. 

Amei  tcan.    Mediam,  greenish,  with  stripes  of  dull  brownish  red  in  snn,  mealj,  poor.    0«> 
cember,  January. 

"Willis  Sweet  ? 

Larp»  Toundish  oblong  conical,  yellow,  marbled  with  dull  red ;  flesh,  white,  sweet,  cooklwc. 
Octobiff  November. 

"WoBMSLET  Pippin. 
Knight's  Codlin. 
imw^u,    MedlnTn,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  acid.    October,  NoyezTiber. 

WXNTEX  QlTEEir. 

"Winter  Queening. 
American.    Medium,  conical,  crimson  and  pale  red ;  flesh,  yellowish,  sab-acid.    December. 

YKLtow  Ikgestkib. 
Foreign.    Small,  clear  yellow,  crisp,  spicy,  not  ralued.    October. 

TOEKSHIBE    GbEENINO. 

Poreign    AiHrge,  roundish  flattened,  dull  dark  green,  striped  with  dull  red ;  flesh,  greenUli 
white,  acid.    Winter. 

Zane  Greening. 
American.    Large,  roundish,  dull  greenish  yellow,  poor.    February  to  June. 

ZlSBEB. 

American.    Small,  ronndish,  yellow,  striped  red  chee't;  flesh,  dry;  **good." 


THE  BLACKBERRY. 

Mubus  Villosus. 

A  WELL  known  bramble,  indigenous  to  this  country.  The  fruit  is 
80  easily  procured  in  its  wild  state,  as  not  to  have  received  due  at- 
tention from  cultivators. 

Ripening,  as  it  does,  just  as  Raspberries  are  gone,  when  there  is  a 
dearth  of  the  smaller  fruits,  it  is  surprising  that  more  exertions  have 
not  been  made  to  grow  improved  varieties  from  seed.  Plants  se- 
lected from  the  wild  state,  placed  in  the  garden,  and  well  cultivated, 
have  produced  fruit  of  double  the  usual  size  and  improved  in  flavor. 

In  1845,  Colonel  Coit,  of  Cleveland,  exhibited  at  one  of  the  Cleve- 
land Horticultural  Society's  meetings,  a  plate  of  Blackberries  grown  .^ 
from  plants  he  had  carefully  selected  from  the  woods.  Many  of  the 
berries  measured,  five  inches  in  circumference.  He  stated  that  he  i 
had  selected  the  plants  when  in  fruit,  transferred  them  to  his  garden 
in  the  Fall,  and  those  on  exhibition  were  a  sample  of  the  produce, 
having  been  increased  in  size  fully  one  half,  and  much  improved  in 
flavor. 

Our  fields  throughout  the  Middle  States  contain  many  plants  worthy 
cultivation.  The  "  New  Rochelle,"  or  Lawton,  the  "  Newman,"  Crys- 
tal White,  and  others,  are  instances  of  what  has  been  done  by  the 
use  of  a  little  attention  to  the  subject. 

As  a  crop  for  profit,  there  is  no  question  but  that  it  will  prove  more 
valuable  than  any  Raspberry  yet  known. 

Cultivation  of  the  Blackberry,  Prepare  ground  by  digging  or 
plowing  very  deep;  if  not  naturally  rich,  add  plentifully  of  well 
rotted  manures  or  leaf  mold.  Set  the  rows  six  feet  apart,  running 
north  and  south,  and  place  one  plant  every  four  feet  distant  in  these 
rows. 

When  planting,  cut  the  plant  back  to  a  stem  of  not  more  than  ten 
inches  long.  After  having  finished  planting,  run  the  plow  north  and 
south,  throwing  earth  up  to  the  plants  and  leaving  the  centre  with  an 
open  furrow,  that  perfect  drainage  may  ensue. 

The  first  season,  permit  but  one  shoot  to  grow  from  the  parent ;  this 
course  will  cause  the  shoot  to  be  very  strong  and  healthy. 

The  second  season,  early  in  Spring,  cut  back  the  shoot  of  the  pre- 
vious year's  growth  one  half;  permit  but  one  other  shoot  to  spring 
from  the  ground  until  after  the  fruit  crop  is  ripened.  After  the  fiuit 
is  gathered,  any  number  of  shoots  may  be  permitted  to  grow,  pre- 


196  THE  BLACKBERRY. 

vided  extra  plants  are  wanted  for  forming  new  beds ;  but  if  plants 
are  not  wanted  for  re-setting  other  beds,  then  more  than  two  shoots 
should  never  be  permitted  to  grow  from  one  stool  at  a  time.  Keep 
the  ground  well  stirred  with  plow  or  hoe  from  time  to  time,  or  better, 
cover  the  entire  surface  with  three  to  four  inches  deep  of  leaves  or 
chopped  straw. 

Seedlings  may  be  grown  in  the  same  way  as  Raspberries. 

There  are,  in  its  wild  state,  many  varieties,  but  all  answering  the 
same  botanical  description.  They  are  known  under  the  common 
names  of  High  Blackberry,  Bush  Blackberry,  Low  or  Trailing  Black- 
berry, etc. ;  the  stems  being  tall  and  more  or  less  branching.  The 
fruit  ripens  from  20th  July  to  10th  August,  and  is  highly  esteemed 
for  making  syrup,  which  is  regarded  valuable  as  a  preventive  as  well 
as  a  curative  of  diarrhoea,  dysentery,  etc.  As  a  dessert  fruit,  and 
for  cooking,  when  well  grown  and  ripened,  it  is  esteemed,  and  often 
advised  by  physicians,  on  account  of  its  healthful  character. 

There  is  a  variety  known  as  the  White  Blackberry,  differing  not 
in  habit,  but  with  shoots  and  fruit  of  a  greenish-white. 

Of  the  varieties  named  and  offered  for  sale  by  dealers,  we  select 
the  following  as  most  esteemed. 

Crystal  White. 

Originated  from  seed,  in  Albion,  111.  This  is  a  new  variety,  and  entirely 
distinct  from  the  old  white  blackberry,  being  free  from  spines.  The  canes 
are  a  bright,  clear,  light  green ;  vigorous,  strong  growers  ;  hardy  and  very 
productive.  Fruit,  very  large,  oval  roundish ;  when  fully  ripe,  a  clear, 
rich  white,  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  and  high  flavor.  Ripens  last  July  to 
middle  of  August. 

Dorchester. 

Introduced  to  notice  by  the  late  Capt.  Lovett,  of  Beverly,  Mass, ;  nearly 
equal  in  size  to  New  Rochelle,  of  a  more  elongated  form,  grains  rather 
smaller,  somewhat  sweeter,  and  producing  large  crops  of  high-flavored 
fruit  ',  a  vigorous  grower.  Fruity  large,  oblong  conic,  sometimes  measur- 
ing an  inch  and  a  quarter  in  length,  of  a  deep  shining  black.  The  berries 
should  be  fully  matured  before  they  are  gathered  j  it  bears  carriage  well. 
Ripens  about  the  first  ol  August. 

Hiuri  Blackberry. 

Bush  Blackberry,     ,   I         Eubus  Villosus. 
This  is  an  erect  growing  blackberry,  the  stems  tall,  and  more  or  leas 
branching.     The  fruit  is  small,  round,  reddish-black,  and  good;    seldom 
j*icy  or  high-flavored.     There  is  a  variety  cultivated  with  greenish  white 
fruit,  that  is  unworthy.     Not  the  Crystal  White. 

New  Rochelle. 

Seacor's  Mammoth,         |        Lawton. 

TLJff  variety  was  found  by  Lewis  A.  Seacor,  by  the  road-side  in  the  town 

f  J  New  Rochelle,  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y.     It  is  of  very  vigorous  growth, 

•with  strong  spines  which  belong  to  the  bramble ;  is  hardy  and  exceedingly 


THE   CHERRY.  197 

productive.  Fruit,  very  large,  oval,  and  when  fully  ripe,  intensely  black : 
when  mature,  the  fruit  is  very  juicy,  rather  soft  and  tender  with  a  sweet 
excellent  flavor;  when  gathered  too  early  it  is  acid  and  insipid.  The 
granules  arc  larger,  consequently  the  fruit  is  less  seedy  than  any  other 
variety.  Ripens  about  the  first  of  August,  and  continues' in  use  five  or  six 
weeks. 

Newman's  Thornless. 

A  new  variety  discovered  by  Jonas  Newman,  Ulster*  Co.,  N.  Y.  Pro- 
mises to  be  valuable ;  growth  not  so  vigorous  as  New  Rochelle  and  Dor- 
chester, but  produces  abundantly  of  good-sized  oval  berries  of  excellent 
flavor;  the  canes  have  but  few  spines  or  thorns  in  comparison  to  the  others, 
which  ia  an  important  consideration.  We  have  too  little  personal  know- 
ledge of  it  to  speak  decidedly  of  its  merits.  Ripens  about  the  first  of 
August. 


THE  CHERRY. 

Cerasus  Sylvestris,  and  G.  vulgaris^  Arb.  Brit.  Bosacece  of  Botanists. 

The  Cherry,  in  its  wild  state,  is  a  native  of  most  parts  of  the 
United  States,  and  also  of  Britain  ;  but  the  cultivated  variety  is  re- 
corded as  having  been  brought  from  Cerasus  (whence  the  name),  a 
city  of  Pontus,  in  Asia  Minor,  and  planted  in  the  gardens  of  Italy 
by  the  Roman  General,  LucuUus,  after  he  had  vanquished  Mithri- 
dates,  in  the  year  69,  B.  C. 

In  1824,  Rev.  Dr.  Robert  "Walsh  made  communication  to  the 
London  Horticultural  Society,  stating  the  Cherry  to  be  now  growing 
in  the  land  of  its  origin,  whence  it  was  brought  near  2,000  years  ago. 

He  describes  two  varieties.  "  The  first  of  these  varieties  is  a 
Cherry  of  enormous  size  which  grows  along  the  northern  coast  ol 
Asia  Minor,  from  whence  the  original  Cherry  was  brought  to  Eng- 
land. It  is  cultivated  in  gardens  always  as  a  standard,  and  by  a 
graft.  The  second  variety  is  an  amber-colored  transparent  Cherry, 
of  a  delicious  flavor.  It  grows  in  the  woods,  in  the  interior  of  Asia 
Minor,  particularly  on  the  banks  of  the  Sakari,  the  ancient  Sanga- 
rius.  The  trees  attain  gigantic  size — the  trunk  of  one  measured 
in  circumference  five  feet ;  height  to  where  the  first  branch  issued, 
forty  feet ;  summit  of  highest  branch,  ninety  feet — and  this  immense 
tree  loaded  with  fruit." 

From  Italy  it  was  introduced  into  England  as  early  as  the  forty- 
second  year  B.  C,  although  some  authorities  date  its  introduction 
as  late  as  fifty-five  years  after  the  Christian  Era— that  is,  in  the  early 
part  of  the  reign  of  Nero.     The  former  date  appears  to  be  confirmed 


198  THE   CHERRY. 

by  Plmy,  who  says :  "  Italy  was  so  well  stocked,  that  in  less  than 
twenty-six  years  after,  other  lands  had  Cherries,  even  as  far  as  Britain, 
beyond  the  Ocean."  The  poet  Lydgate,  who  wrote  in  or  about  1415, 
says  that  Cherries  were  then  exposed  for  sale  in  the  streets  of  Lon- 
don, much  as  they  are  at  the  present  day ;  and  in  a  curious  poem, 
entitled  Lickpenny,  is  found  the  following  allusion  to  them : 

"  Hot  pescodes  one  began  to  cry, 
Straberys  rype  and  Cherreys  in  the  ryse." 

From  England  and  Holland  both  seeds  and  trees  were  introduced 
into  this  country,  early  after  its  first  settlement. 

"  Pliny  mentions  eight  kinds  of  Cherries  as  being  cultivated  in 
Italy  when  he  wrote  his  Natural  History,  which  was  about  71,  A.  D. ;" 
and  from  tliis  date  up  to  the  presgit  time,  the  varieties  have  been 
gradually  increasing,  until  we  have  now  described,  in  various  works, 
upwards  of  one  hundred  and  fifty. 

The  disposition  of  Americans  to  combine  the  useful  with  the  or- 
namental, has  induced  the  planting  (where  the  Cherry  succeeds)  of 
many  as  ornamental  or  shade  trees ;  while  examples  of  reward 
pecuniary,  from  sale  of  fruit  on  trees  so  planted,  has  probably  been 
additional  inducement.  The  symmetrical  form  and  rapid  growth  of 
the  Cherry  fit  it  well  for  a  street  tree  throughout  the  country,  and 
we  wish  we  could  induce  the  following  of  example  of  our  Connecti- 
cut forefathers  in  1760,  and  recently  renewed  by  Prof.  J.  P.^Kirt- 
land,  of  Cleveland,  Oliio,  who  has  planted  the  Cherry  as  a  street 
tree  upon  the  entire  front  of  his  grounds.  Mr.  Loudon,  in  his  Ar- 
boretum, gives  an  account  of  long  avenues  of  the  Cherry  in  Ger- 
many ;  and  more  recent  travelers  have  written  repeatedly  of,  and 
described  them  in  such  manner,  that  it  is  not  a  little  strange  our 
people,  as  a  body,  have  not  as  yet  seen  and  acted  upon  the  plan,  to 
the  advantage  of  their  pecuniary  as  well  as  social  interests.  Says 
Mr.  Loudon  :  "  These  avenues  in  Germany  are  planted  by  the  de- 
sire of  the  respective  Governments,  not  only  for  shading  the  trav- 
eler, but  in  order  that  the  poor  pedestrian  may  obtain  refreshment 
on  his  journey.  All  persons  are  allowed  to  partake  of  the  Cherries, 
on  condition  of  not  injuring  the  trees  ;  but  the  main  crop,  when 
ripe,  is  gathered  by  the  respective  proprietors  of  the  land  on  which 
it  grows." 

In  our  view,  this  practice,  if  extensive  in  this  country,  would  ren- 
der less  of  one  crime  in  the  summing  up  of  her  annals — i.  e.,  the 
robbing  of  orchards  ;  and  possibly  a  law  like  that  enacted  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Erfurth  in  1795,  would  be  beneficial.  It  provided  that,  in 
case  of  the  robber  not  being  discovered,  the  district  in  which  the  of- 
fence was  committed  should  be  obliged  to  make  compensation  for  the 
damage  sustained.  This  made  every  individual  interested  in  pre- 
Tenting  depredations  on  his  neighbor's  property. 


PROPAGATION.  199 

Propagation.  The  Cherry  is  propagated  from  seed — by  budding — 
by  grafting — and  occasionally,  by  pieces  of  roots. 

By  Seed.  The  seed  of  the  black  Hazard  is  that  generally  used, 
and  considered  best  for  propagating  the  Heart  and  Duke  varieties 
upon,  while  the  Mahaleb  is  used  only  for  the  purpose  of  creating  a 
dwarf  habit.  Seeds  of  the  Graffion  or  Yellow  Spanish  will  occa- 
sionally reproduce  trees  bearing  fruit  similar  to  the  parent ;  while 
seeds  of  niany  of  the  cultivated  kinds  w411  not  vegetate,  there  being 
no  germ  or  seed  bud  within  the  stone.  The  seed  should  not  be  per- 
mitted to  get  dry,  but  immediately  when  gathered,  rubbed  and  washed 
clean  of  pulp,  and  mixed  half  and  half  with  sand,  placed  in  boxes,  of 
say  four  inches  deep,  having  holes  in  the  bottom  for  drainage,  and 
then  set  in  the  open  air,  on  the  north  side  of  a  building,  clear  of  di- 
rect sunlight.  The  ground  should  be  well  drained,  and  if  possible 
fresh  turf ;  and  spaded  or  plowed  in  the  Fall  one  foot  deep.  As  soon 
as  the  frost  is  out  in  the  Spring,  rake  down  the  ground  level,  mark 
out  drills  six  inches  wide  and  one  inch  deep,  sow  seed  so  that  it  will 
be  about  three  inches  apart,  cover  with  the  soil  one  inch,  and  add  one 
inch  of  sand  or  leaf  mold. 

By  Budding.  This  is  done  as  described  on  page  20  ;  but  in  the 
Cherry,  and  especially  when  the  buds  are  a  little  unripe,  it  is  best  in 
cutting  the  bud  from  the  scion  to  take  liberally  of  the  wood,  thereby 
preventing  its  drying  as  soon  as  otherwise.  The  season  for  budding 
the  Cherry  is,  when  the  tree  on  which  you  are  going  to  operate  is 
forming  its  terminal  bud,  and  varies  in  seasons,  as  also  in  the  age  of 
the  trees  ;  trees  of  four  or  five  years  old,  in  sections  south  of  Cincin- 
nati, being  ready  by  middle  of  June,  while  plants  transplanted  the 
past  Spring  will  not  be  ready  until  early  in  July.  North  of  this  sec- 
tion line,  the  season  will  vary  from  two  to  four  weeks  later.  Occa- 
sionally it  will  answer  to  bud  in  September,  as  it  sometimes  happens 
that  a  second  growth  is  made  about  that  time. 

By  Grafting.  This  should  be  performed  in  all  sections  south  of 
Cincinnati  early  in  February,  and  for  those  north,  from  the  last  week 
in  February  to  middle  of  March.  Saddle  grafting  is  best  where  both 
stock  and  scion  are  equal  in  size  ;  whip  or  tongue  grafting  is  best 
where  the  stock  is  not  over  half  to  three  fourths  inch  diameter ;  and 
cleft  grafting,  where  large  stocks  are  to  be  changed.  This  last  is 
dangerous,  inasmuch  as  it  gives  too  great  a  check  to  the  tree ;  it  is 
better  to  graft  the  small  limbs  and  branches.  Side  grafting  is  the 
mode  most  advisable  for  young  beginners,  and  also  where  the  work 
has  been  put  off  a  little  too  late. 

By  Roots.  The  root  of  the  Hazard  Cherry,  cut  into  pieces  of 
about  four  to  six  inches  long,  and  having  the  upper  end  set  about 
one  inch  under  ground  early  in  Spring,  will  often  throw  up  strong 
shoots,  and  where  a  person  is  unable  to  get  seedlings,  this  is  the  next 


200  THE   CHERRY. 

best  mode  of  obtaining  stocks,  as  they  are  no  more  liable  to  sucker 
than  if  from  seed. 

Transplanting.  When  from  the  seed  bed  to  the  nursery  row,  it 
should  be  done  in  the  Fall  on  dry  soils,  and  early  in  Spring  on  soils 
not  perfectly  dry  in  Winter,  They  should  be  set  in  rows  four  feet 
apart,  and  one  foot  apart  in  the  row,  and  the  plants  should  have  one 
half  of  last  year's  growth  cut  off,  and  all  long,  straggling,  as  well  a? 
the  tap  root,  cut  back  to  six  inches.  These,  if  the  season  is  good, 
will  be  suitable  for  budding  the  same  Summer.  Orchard  trees,  and 
also  dwarfs  for  gardens,  should  have  one  half  of  the  previous  year's 
growth  cut  off,  and  the  roots  trimmed  smootlily  at  ends  with  a  sharp 
knife.  The  distance  apart  for  standard  trees  in  orchard,  should  be 
about  twenty-five  feet,  while  dwarfs  may  be  planted  at  distances  of 
eight  feet  each  way. 

Standard  Trees.  Are  best  for  orcharding,  and  should,  in  no  situa- 
tion, have  their  heads  formed  more  than  four  feet  from  ground,  and 
throughout  the  West  and  South  not  more  than  two  feet. 

Dwarf  Trees.  Are  produced  by  propagating  the  Sweet  or  Duke 
varieties  on  the  Mahaleb,  or  Morello  roots.  They  should  in  all  cases 
be  worked  just  at  the  crown  of  the  root,  as  it  is  there  a  union  is  best 
formed;  and  also,  by  means  of  pruning  (see  page  28),  they  should 
be  made  to  form  heads  branching  immediately  from  the  ground. 

Soil  and  Situation.  The  soil  best  suited  to  most  Cherries  is  that 
of  a  rich  light  loam  on  a  gravelly  sub-soil,  but  they  will  grow  and 
produce  fruit  freely  in  all  soil  not  wet.  The  roots  of  the  Mazard  or 
Sweet  Cherries  are  very  impatient  of  water,  and  will  only  endure  a 
few  seasons  in  strong  soils  void  of  drainage,  or  where  water  stands 
most  of  the  Winter.  To  this  want  of  drainage,  in  great  measure,  is 
attributable  the  destruction  of  the  Cherry  in  most  rf  the  prairie  soils 
throughout  Southern  and  Western  States:  and  not  until  we  manage 
to  drain  freely  our  rich  alluvial  deposits,  can  we  succeed  perfecdy  with 
the  Sweet  Cherri^.  The  roots  of  the  JDukcs,  Morellos,  and  Mahaleb, 
are  less  open  and  spongy  in  texture,  and  therefore  less  impatient  of 
water.  They,  however,  do  not  flourish  vigorously  for  any  length  of 
time  unless  drainage  is  effected.  To  this  point  in  the  culture  of  the 
Cherry  we  beg  especially  to  call  attention  of  our  Western  and  Southern 
readers,  assuring  them,  that  whatever  of  theory  may  have  been  advanced 
referable  to  climate,  they  will  find  drainage,  or  the  want  thereof  rather, 
to  be  the  primary  cause  of  destruction.  Situated  at  a  point  where 
the  Cherry  probably  does  as  well  as  at  any  place  in  the  United 
States,  we  have  had  occasion  to  notice  the  result  of  trees  situated  in 
what  appeared  suitable  soil,  but  where,  on  examining,  after,  having 
lost  several  trees,  we  found  water  to  have  stood  a  long  time  about 
the  roots. 

Naturally,  most  of  the  soil  of  Western  and  Southern  States  is  rich 
in  vegetable  matter,  giving  vigorous,  even  rampant  growth  to  the 


CULTIVATION',   ETC.  201 

Cherry  tree ;  which,  added  to  the  fact  that  most  trees  have  their 
roots  standing  in  stagnant  cold  water,  induces  tendency  to  disease 
from  the  first.  If,  then,  when  about  to  plant  Cherry  trees,  perfect 
drainage  is  made,  so  that  no  water  will  stand  for  twenty-four  hours 
together  about  the  roots,  an  application,  on  prairie  soils,  of  sulphur 
and  finely  broken  or  ground  bones  be  made,  the  ground-work  to  suc- 
cess will  be  performed. 

Situations  sloping  south  will  affect  the  producing  of  early  bloom, 
rendering  less  chance  of  fruit  from  effect  of  late  vernal  frosts,  and 
also  render  the  tree  more  liable  to  second  growth  in  the  Fall,  and  thus 
unfit  it  for  the  severe  changes  of  temperature  throughout  Winter. 
Northern  exposures  are  recommended,  but  an  eastern  one  we  regard 
best.  The  forenoon  sun  may  excite  circulation,  but  not  as  rapidly 
as  the  mid-day,  or  from  one  to  three  o'clock,  p.  m. ;  while  there  is, 
also,  more  or  less  of  moisture  in  a  morning  atmosphere,  and  none 
in  the  afternoon ;  the  tree,  also,  has  a  chance  to  have  its  circulation 
gradually  checked  ere  the  cold  of  night,  which  it  has  not  when  planted 
on  ground,  sloping  south,  west,  or  north.  When  planting  on  either 
of  the  last  exposures,  or  on  level  land,  let  your  tree  slope  to  the  south- 
west, as  the  sun  has  less  effect  upon  it  in  that  position. 

Cultivation.  In  nursery  rows,  the  earth  in  Spring  should  be  first 
turned  away  from  the  trees ;  in  about  ten  days  it  should  again  be 
stirred  and  left  nearly  level,  and  so  kept  throughout  the  growing 
season.  In  October  it  slwuld  be  turned  up  toward  the  trees.  The 
plants  budded  last  season  should  be  cut  back  to  within  six  inches  of 
the  bud  as  soon  as  the  same  commences  to  swell  strongly.  The 
buds,  after  having  grown  six  to  eight  inches,  should  be  tied  up  to  the 
stocks,  and  in  June  the  stock  should  be  cut  with  a  slope  downward 
close  to  the  bud.  The  second  year,  they  should  be  headed  back  to 
four  feet,  when  some  will  throw  out  branches  two  feet  from  the 
ground  ;  others,  where  headed  back.  The  third  year,  they  should  be 
transplanted.  Throughout  the  West,  on  the  rich  prairie  soils,  it  has 
been  found  impolitic  to  hoe,  or  otherwise  use  any  mode  of  culture 
toward  keeping  the  ground  clean,  after  August;  it  induces  second 
growth,  immature  ripening  of  wood,  and  consequent  injury  in  Winter. 
Orchard  and  garden  trees  should  be  lightly  spaded  around  in  July, 
and  a  quantity  of  mulch,  or  stones,  laid  over  the  roots. 

Fruning  and  Training.  The  Heart  Cherry,  as  a  standard,  needs 
little  pruning  except  to  cut  away  limbs  liable  to  cross  one  another. 
This  is  best  done  in  July,  when  the  cut,  if  made  smooth,  and  close  to 
the  body  or  large  limb,  will  at  once  heal.  If  disposed  to  grow  too 
rapidly,  dig  around  a  tree,  of  say  four  inches  in  diameter,  a  circular 
trench,  three  feet  distant  from  the  body  of  the  tree,  and  tv.'o  feet  deep, 
cutting  off  with  a  sharp  spade  every  root  and  fibre  outside  that  space. 
And  for  every  inch  diameter,  up  to  a  tree  twelve  inches  through,  add 
four  inches  distance  of  trench  from  tree.  Often  the  top  of  the  .treo 
9* 


202  THE  CHERRT. 

will  also  require  pruning,  so  as  to  give  it  a  round  head,  as  of  an  acorn, 
based  on  the  circle  of  the  trench. 

The  Dukes  and  Morellos  need  somewhat  more  pruning  than  the 
Heart  varieties,  but  all  are  impatient  of  the  knife ;  yet  if  to  be  done, 
let  it  be  in  July,  or  when  the  terminal  buds  are  forming. 

Dwarfs  are  trained  to  please  the  fancy  of  growers,  and  mostly  by 
the  *'  pinching-in  "  process.  And  as  they  grow  with  extreme  vigor 
on  the  Mahaleb,  for  three  or  four  years,  they  require  not  only  to  have 
their  tops  pruned,  but  also  to  be  root-pruned  annually. 

If  possible  to  be  avoided,  large  branches  should  never  be  cut  from 
a  Sweet  Cherry  tree.  We  have  examined  the  results  of  many  cases 
where  large  branches  were  lopped  in  Spring  for  the  purpose  of  chang- 
ing the  tree  to  a  different  variety  by  grafting ;  the  result  has  almost 
invariably  been  death  after  two  summers.  When  necessary  to  be 
done,  the  wound  should  be  covered  with  grafting  composition  or 
gum-shellac,  to  exclude  the  air,  and  the  body  wrapped  in  straw  or 
matting.  Encasing  the  body  during  the  winter  and  spring  months 
with  straw,  cloth,  or  moss,  will  often  prevent  injury  ;  for  the  cause 
of  bursting  of  bark  is  in  winter,  not  summer  months,  although  it  does 
not  always  exhibit  itself  until  July  or  August.  The  atmospheric 
blight,  injuring  young  shoots,  acts  at  once  in  Summer. 

Insects  and  Diseases.  The  aphis,  slug,  caterpillar,  and  curculio, 
are  more  or  less  destructive  to  the  Cherry,  but  as  they  are  described  in 
other  chapters  we  must  refer  the  reader  thereto.  The  diseases,  ac- 
cording to  writers,  are,  in  the  West,  numerous ;  but  as  they  all  centre 
in  the  bursting  of  bark  and  exudation  of  gum,  we  shall  only  note  on 
that.  Under  the  head  of  Soil,  we  have  given  what  we  term  the  pri- 
mary cause  of  this  disease,  and  if  added  to  what  we  have  said  under 
heads  of  Cultivation  and  Pruning,  we  believe  will  have  effect  to 
check,  in  great  measure,  the  evil.  That  it  will  render  the  tree  en- 
tirely free  of  the  disease  we  are  not  prepared  to  say ;  but  if  to  it  be 
added  selections  of  buds  from  healthy  trees,  and  growth  in  nursery 
on  ground  well  drained  and  not  over  stimulated  by  barn-yard  ma- 
nures, we  believe  a  change  for  the  better  will  be  the  result. 

Uses,  The  wood  of  the  Wild  or  Virginia  Cherry  is  used  by  cabinet 
makers,  being  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish.  The  fruit  of  the  Sweet 
Cherries  is  universally  esteemed  for  the  dessert,  and  that  of  the  tender- 
fleshed,  like  Belle  de  Choisy,  is  regarded  as  wholesome.  The  Sour 
Cherries,  either  dried  or  fresh  from  the  tree,  are  much  esteemed  for 
culinary  use,  while  the  Mazard  and  Wild  Virginian  Cherries  are 
used  in  flavoring  liquors.  "  The  celebrated  German  Kirschvmsser  is 
made  by  distilling  the  liquor  of  the  common  black  Mazard  (in  which 
the  stones  are  ground  and  broken  and  fermented  with  the  pulp) ;  and 
the  delicious  Ratifia  cordial  of  Grenoble  is  also  made  from  this  fruit. 
Mareschinoj  the  most  celebrated  liquor  of  Italy,  is  distilled  from  a 
small  Mazard,  with  which,  in  fermenting,  honey  and  the  leaves  and 


CLASSIFICA'nON.  203 

kernels  of  the  fruit  are  mixed.  The  gum  of  the  Cherry  is  nearly 
identical  with  gum-arabic,  and  there  are  some  marvelous  stories  told 
of  its  nutritive  properties." 

As  a  substitute  for  raisins,  the  following  method  of  preparing  the 
Sour  Cherries  deserves  especial  attention.  It  is  given  us  by  Charles 
Carpenter,  Esq.,  of  Kelley's  Island,  Ohio,  by  whom  it  has  been  suc- 
cessfully practised : 

"  Take  the  ripe  cherries  and  pit  them.  Put  a  quantity  in  a  por- 
celain kettle  and  let  them  just  scald,  which  will  separate  a  part  of 
their  juice  from  the  pulp.  Skim  out  the  cherries  on  platters  to  dry. 
Put  more  cherries  in  the  hot  juice  and  scald  until  all  are  scalded. 
Partially  dry  them  (one  or  two  good  days  is  sufficient),  and  put  them 
in  jars,  scattering  a  little  sugar  among  them — say  a  quarter  of  a 
pound  of  sugar  to  a  pound  of  the  dried  fruit.  Thus  prepared,  they 
will  keep  for  years,  if  protected  from  the  moths.  For  all  purposes 
of  cooking  they  are  as  good,  and  by  many  preferred  to  raisins. 

"  To  the  juice  which  is  separated  from  them  by  the  scalding,  add 
a  small  quantity  of  sugar,  and  boil  down  a  little,  and  it  is  better  than 
boiled  cider  for  all  purposes  for  which  boiled  cider  is  used." 

Gathering  the  Fruit.  The  flavor  and  character  of  the  Cherry  is 
best  obtained  when  gathered  early  in  the  morning ;  but  if  intended 
for  distant  market,  they  should  always  be  gathered  with  the  stem 
attached,  and  when  dry. 

Glassijication.  In  order  the  more  readily  to  distinguish  varieties 
cf  the  Cherry,  authors  have  entered  into  classification  ;  but  as  those 
heretofore  made  have  seemed  rather  to  perpetuate  error  than  induce 
correctness,  we  have  ventured  upon  a  partially  new  order.  Lindley, 
in  his  Guide  to  the  Orchard,  makes  two  divisions :  one  embracing 
varieties  the  fruit  of  which  is  round,  acid,  or  sub-acid ;  the  other  sweet, 
and  heart-shaped.  Downing,  in  his  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees,  makes 
four  divisions  or  classes,  viz.  :  Heart-shaped,  Biggarreaus,  Dukes, 
and  Morellos;  and,  in  a  measure,  all  other  writers  have  adopted 
these  classifications.  The  two  last  terms  of  Mr.  Downing — Dukes 
and  Morellos — we  shall  continue,  as  they  are  not  inapplicable,  and 
the  trees  are  distinct  in  growth.  But  the  word  Bigarreau,  being  de- 
rived from  Bigarree.  originally  meaning  and  intended  to  convey  the 
idea  of  a  parti-colored,  or  yellow  and  red  fruit,  and  7iot  meaning  (as 
it  is  generally  used  and  understood  by  pomologists)  Jirm-Jieshed,  we 
can  see  no  just  cause  for  continuing  in  use.  Again:  there  are  vari- 
eties which,  although  round  in  form,  are  yet  sweet,  and  partially 
tender-fleshed,  and  however  erroneous,  would  have  (if  the  old  classi- 
fication were  pursued)  to  come  under  the  head  of  Heart-shaped. 
There  are  also  varieties  where  the  characters,  both  of  tree  and  fruit, 
of  those  determined  by  the  two  distinctions — Heart  and  Bigarreau — 
are  so  closely  commingled  as  to  often  perplex  the  amateur,  and  thus 
increase  rather  than  lessen  his  troubles.     We  shall  therefore  desig- 


204  THE  CHEEKY. 

nate  in  our  text  descriptive  of  each  variety,  the  classes  heretofore 
known  as  Hearts  and  Bigarreaus — being  rapid  growing,  lofty,  and 
spreading  trees — as  Sweet,  of  which  the  old  Black  Heart  may  be 
taken  as  the  type.  The  Dukes  are  mainly  distinguished  by  the  trees 
having  narrower  leaves  than  those  of  the  Sweet  Cherry,  being  up- 
right in  growth  while  young,  but  forming  a  low,  spreading  head,  with 
wood  less  strong  and  somewhat  darker  colored  than  the  Sweet  Cher- 
ries. Fruit,  generally  round,  of  one  color,  and  when  fully  ripe,  rich 
sub-acid 

The  Morellos  are  less  upright  in  growth  than  the  Dukes. 
Branches,  small,  slender,  drooping;  foliage,  narrow,  dark  green; 
fruit,  acid. 

Engravings.  These  have  been  made  from  medium  sized  speci- 
mens, taken  direct  from  the  tree,  and  placed  in  the  engraver's  hands. 
They  represent  the  Cherry  cut  in  half,  and  are  intended  to  show  the 
form  of  fruit  in  that  way,  and  also  exhibit  the  lines  of  tissue  in 
the  flesh,  which  are  different  in  vaiieties,  but  uniform  in  numerous 
specimens  of  the  same  variety. 


CLASS  I.     Most  generally  esteemed. 

American  Heart. 

Probably  a  native  of  this  country ;  its  origin  is,  however,  uncertain. 
Tree,  vigorous,  spreading.  Fruity  medium,  heart  shaped,  four  sides  com- 
pressed, pale  yellow  and  red  ;  Jiesh^  yellowish,  watery  towards  the  pit, 
juicy,  sweet,  second  flavor ;  pt7,  medium  3  stem^  long,  moderately  slender. 
Early  in  June.     Productive. 

Arch  Duke. 

Griotte  de  Portugal,     I     Late  Arch  Bake, 
Portugal  Duke,  |     Late  Duke. 

An  English  variety,  first  described  by  Lindley.  The  May  Duke,  or  Late 
Duke,  have  almost  always  been  sold  as  this  variety.  It  is  a  more  vigorous 
grower,  and  distinguished  in  its  fruit  by  being  more  heart  shape.  Fruity 
large,  heart  shape,  compressed,  dark  shining  red  ;  jiesh^  light  red,  slightly 
adhering  to  the  stone,  tender,  sub-acid  )  sterrij  long,  slender.  Early  in  July, 
Desirable  South  and  West. 


MOST   GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 


205 


Ambrfee  de  Choisy, 
Cerise  Doucette, 


Bklle  de  Choisy. 

Cerise  a  Noyau  Tendre, 
Ambree  a  Gros  Fruit, 


Cerise  de  la  Palembre, 
Schone  Yon  Choisy. 


Raised  in  1760,  at  Choisy,  a  village  near  Paris, 
France.  The  tree  is  of  a  Duke  habit — thus  far  prov- 
ing hardy  in  nearly  all  locations.  It  bears  regularly 
every  year,  but  only  moderate  quantity.  Its  delicacy 
and  exquisite  peculiar  flavor,  render  it  one  of  the 
most  desirable  for  the  table,  but  unsuited  to  market 
purpose. 

Fruity  round,  or  slightly  depressed  ;  skin,  thin,  trans- 
lucent, showing  the  netted  texture  of  flesh  beneath  ; 
of  pale  amber  in  the  shade,  mottled  with  red  and  yel- 
low where  more  exposed,  and  grown  fully  in  the  sun, 
becoming  a  bright  cornelian  red  ;  fleshy  amber  yellow, 
slightly  tinged  with  pink  radiating  lines  or  tissues,  in 
irregular  long  curves,  very  tender,  delicate,  juicy,  sub- 
acid, nearly  sweet,  peculiar  and  agreeable  flavor ;  pit, 
small,  round,  a  little  pointed  at  apex;  stalk,  often 
short,  but  varying.     Last  of  June. 

Belle  of  Orleans. 
Belle  de  Orleans. 

From  France.  Tree,  vigorous  grower,  good  bearer,  valuable.  Fruit, 
medium,  roundish;  light  yellowish  white,  with  clear  pale  red  covering 
about  one  half  the  surface  ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  and  delicious.  Early  in 
June.     This  proves  one  of  the  very  best  early  Sweet  Cherries. 


Black  Hawk. 

Raised  by  Prof.  J.  P.  Kirtland,  near  Cleveland, 
in  1842.  Commenced  fruiting  in  1846.  The  tree 
is  of  healthy,  vigorous,  spreading  habit,  with  much 
of  the  general  character  of  Yellow  Spanish  ;  flowers, 
above  medium  ;  soil  of  origin,  a  gravelly  loam.  As 
a  table  fruit,  its  high  flavor  will  always  commend 
it ;  while,  as  a  market  fruit,  its  size  and  productive 
habit  of  tree  place  it  among  the  very  best. 

Fruit,  large,  heart  shape,  often  obtuse,  sides  com- 
pressed, surface  uneven  ;  color,  dark  purplish  black, 
glossy  ;  flesh,  dark  purple,  half  tender,  almost  firm, 
radiating  lines  irregular,  without  form,  juicy,  rich, 
sweet,  fine  flavor  ;  pit,  medium  size,  uneven  surface; 
stalk,  varying,  inserted  in  a  broad  cavity.  From 
20th  June  to  1st  July.  We  regard  this  as  the  best 
Black  Cherry  known. 


\oe 


THE   CHERRY. 


Bishop's  Lai^e, 
Frazer's  Black  Heart, 
Ronald's  Heart, 
Circassian, 


Black  Tartarian. 

Superb  Circassian, 
Black  Russian, 
Ronald's  Black  Heart, 
Frazer'B  Black  Tartarian, 


Tartarian, 
Black  Circassian, 
Ronald's  Largo  Black  Heart, 
Double  Heail. 


This  variety  is  supposed  to  have  originated  in 
Spain,  whence  it  was  transmitted  to  Russia,  and 
thence  introduced  into  England,  about  1794  or  1796, 
whence  it  found  its  way  to  this  country,  and  in  1810 
was  cultivated  in  Middletown,  Ct.,  as  Bishop's  Large, 
and  1813  as  Ronald's  Black  Heart.  The  tree  is  of 
peculiar,  upright  growth,  unlike  any  other  variety, 
or  most  resembling  the  Black  Mazard.  Its  vigorous 
habit,  erect  form,  large  foliage,  and  large  sweet  fruit, 
have  rendered  it  perhaps  the  most  popular  variety  in 
cultivation.  The  tree  requires  somewhat  more 
pruning  to  thin  it  out  than  other  varieties  ;  other- 
wise, as  the  trees  grow  old,  they  become  too  thick, 
and  the  fruit  attains  only  medium  size. 

Fruity  large,  heart  shape,  often  obtuse,  irregular 
uneven  surface,  glossy,  purplish  black,  slight  suture 
half  round;  flesh,  liver  color,  juicy,  sweet,  half 
tender,  separating  freely  from  pit.  mild,  pleasant,  not 
high  flavor ;  pit.  below  medium  size  ;  stalk,  sunk  in 
a  regular  cavity.     Last  of  June. 


Black  Eagle. 

English  ;  raised  by  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Knight.  Tree,  healthy,  strong 
grower,  unproductive  while  young.  Fruit,  above  medium,  borne  in  threes, 
obtuse  heart  shape,  deep  purple,  almost  black  :  flesh,  reddish  purple,  half 
tender,  with  a  rich,  sweet,  high  flavor.     Early  in  July. 


Brant, 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  on  a  gravelly  loam. 
The  tree  is  vigorous,  with  large  foliage,  and  spread- 
ing, or  rather  round  regular  form ;  flowers,  large, 
and  open  irregularly,  so  that  often  a  portion  may 
be  injured  by  late  frosts,  and  others  escape. 

Fruit,  large,  rounded,  angular  heart  shape,  sides 
slightly  compressed  ;  color,  reddish  black ;  flesh,  dark 
purplish  red,  radiating  lines  whitish,  partially  indis- 
tinct, half  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  and  rich ;  pit,  nearly 
smooth,  slight  depressions,  round  oval ;  stem,  rnedium, 
set  in  a  cavity  slightly  angular.  Early — say  middle 
of  June. 


MOST  GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 


207 


Bklle  Magnifique. 

Belle  et  Magnifique. 

First  introduced  into  this  country  from  France, 
by  Gen.  Dearborn.  The  tree  is  of  Duke  habit,  hardy, 
healhy,  and  vigorous.  It  is  a  moderate  bearer, 
the  fruit,  if  permitted,  hanging  on  the  tree  until 
August,  although  much  of  it  suitable  for  cooking 
last  of  June.  As  a  fruit  for  culinary  purposes,  it 
is  very  desirable. 

Fruit,  when  trees  are  well  cultivated,  of  the 
largest  size,  ovate  rounded,  often  pointed,  heart 
shape  ;  color,  clear  rich  red  on  pale  yellow  ;  when 
fully  exposed  to  the  sun,  mostly  red',  Jlesh,  yellow- 
ish, tender,  sub-acid  when  fully  ripe,  sprightly, 
separates  freely  from  the  pit ;  stem,  planted  in  a 
deep  yet  open  cavity,  or  basin,  and  varying  from 
U  to  U  inch  in  length.     Middle  June  to  August. 


Caroline. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland.  Tree,  much  resembles 
Belle  de  Choisy ;  in  growth,  healthy,  hardy,  vigor- 
ous, and  productive ;  it  promises  to  become  valuable 
as  a  dessert  Cherry. 

Fruit,  above  medium,  round  oblong,  one  side  com- 
pressed slightly  ;  color,  pale  amber,  mottled  with 
clear  light  red,  and  when  fully  exposed  to  the  sun 
becomes  rich  red ;  flesh,  slightly  tinged  with  pale 
red,  or  pink,  translucent,  very  tender,  juicy,  sweet, 
and  delicate  ;  pit,  medium,  oblong  oval.  Last  of 
June. 


Carnation. 


Wax  Cherry, 

Crown, 

Cerise  de  Portugal, 


Cerise  Nouvelle  d'Andeterre, 
Grosse  Cerise  Kouge  Pale, 


Grottier  Rouge  Pale, 
Griotte  de  Villennes. 


A  variety  of  the  Morello,  that  from  its  hardiness  has  been  pretty  largely 
disseminated  through  our  Western  and  Southwestern  States.  Fruit,  above 
medium,  yellowish  white,  becoming,  when  fully  ripe,  a  lively  red,  slightly 
marbled ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  and,  when  fully  ripe,  less  acid  than  most  of 
this  class:  stem,  stout.  Middle  to  last  of  July,  but  will  hang  a  long  time. 
Tree,  a  good  grower,  with  strong  wood,  and  a  profuse  bearer,  Valuablo 
Southwest  on  the  prairies. 


208 


THE  CHEERY. 


Cleveland. 
Cleveland  Bigarreau. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842,  on  a  gravelly  loam  soil.  The  tree  is 
thrifty,  with  stout  shoots,  and  of  a  rounded,  spreading  habit;  large  leaves; 
flowers,  above  medium,  profusely  abundant,  and,  thus  far,  it  has  proved 
healthy  wherever  grown. 

Fruit,  large,  round  heart  shape,  flattened  at  apex,  generally  a  regular 
uniform  surface,  occasional  seasons  it  has  a  projection  on  one  side,  near  the 
stem  ;  color,  bright  clear  red  on  amber  yellow  ground,  and  occasionally 
blotched  with  carmine  red  ]  flesh,  pale  yellowish  white,  almost  firm,  deepest 
in  color  next  the  pit,  radiating  lines  indistinct,  juicy,  rich  fine  flavor  ;  pit, 
medium  size  ;  stem,  rather  stout,  medium  length.  About  one  week  before 
Elton,  or  say  23rd  to  25th  June.     Very  productive. 

Coe's  Transparent. 

Raised  by  Curtis  Coe,  Middletown,  Ct.  Tree,  upright,  somewhat  spread- 
ing, vigorous,  healthy  habit.  Fruit,  medium  size,  occasionally  large,  regu- 
lar rounded  form,  often  slightly  angular  at  junction  of  stem ;  color,  pale 
light  amber  yellow,  with  a  bright,  clear  red,  indistinctly  mottled  on  two- 
thirds  the  surface;  flesh,  with  irregular  radiating  lines,  yellowish,  tender, 
juicy,  rich,  sweet,  and  excellent ;  pit,  above  medium  ;  stem,  rather  short, 
a  moderate  depression.    Middle  to  25th  June. 


Early  Purple  Guigne. 

German  May  Duke,     |     Early  Purple  Griotte. 

The  origin  of  this  valuable  variety  we  have 
been  unable  to  decide.  Eastern  cultivators  received 
it  from  England,  where  it  was  figured  and  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  Thompson,  in  the  London  Hort. 
Society's  Transactions.  Western  cultivators  re- 
ceived it  through  a  party  of  emigrants  from  Ger- 
many, under  the  name  of  German  May  Duke,  by 
which  it  is  much  grown  in  Ohio.  The  trees  are 
poor  growers  in  the  nursery,  of  a  straggling,  loose, 
irregular,  somewhat  pendent  habit,  but  of  healthy, 
hardy  character,  only  moderately  productive  while 
young,  but  as  they  grow  older  become  more  pro- 
lific. Its  earliness  and  delicious  character,  must 
always  render  it  popular  where  known. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish  heart-shaped, 
with  an  indenture  at  the  point  or  apex  :  color, 
when  fully  ripe,  dark  purplish  black ;  flesh,  dark 
purplish  red,  juicy,  rich,  sweet,  and  excellent ;  pit, 
medium ;  size,  roundish  oval ;  stem,  long,  slender, 
inserted  in  a  shallow,  narrow,  basin.    June. 


MOST    GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 


209 


Doctor. 


The  Doctor. 


Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842.  The  tree  is  of 
healthy  habit,  not  extremely  vigorous,  spreading, 
rounded  in  form,  bearing  even  to  excess  of  fruit,  so 
much  so,  that  unless  well  cultivated,  the  fruit  becomes 
small.     Original  soil,  gravelly  loam. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish  heart  shape,  with  a  suture 
extending  all  round  ;  color,  light  yellow  and  red,  the 
latter  most  prevailing  ;  Jlesh,  white,  tinged  with  pale 
yellow,  juicy,  tender,  sweet,  with  a  delicious  flavor  ; 
pit,  small;  stem,  rather  slender,  in  a  round,  regular 
basin.  It  ripens  early  in  June,  and  will  hang  until 
July. 


Elton. 


Bigarreau  Conlcur  de  chair, 
Flesh  Colored  Bigarreau, 
Gros  Bigarreau  Couleur  du  chair, 
Gros  Bigarreau  Blanc, 
Bigarreau  a  Gros  Fruit  Blanc, 


Large  Heart-Shaped  Bigarreau,  erroneously^ 

Bigarreau  de  Eocmont, 

Cceur  de  Pigeon, 

Bigarreau  Belle  de  Eocmont, 

Guigne  Gros  Blanche,  of  some. 
Bigarreau  Common, 
Beilo  Audigeoise. 


Raised  in  England,  in  1806.  Its  superior  quali- 
ties have  made  it  a  great  traveller,  and  although 
often  introduced  to  notice,  under  a  new  name,  it  is 
always  worthy  place. 

The  trees  grow  vigorously,  with  a  spreading,  rather 
drooping  habit ;  leaves,  with  purplish  foot  stalks. 
First  introduced  to  this  country  in  1823. 

Fruit,  large,  long  heart  shape,  pointed ;  color, 
beautiful  light  yellow  ground,  mottled  and  streaked 
with  bright  glossy  red  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  radiating 
lines  not  bold,  half  tender,  when  fully  ripe,  nearly 
tender,  juicy,  sweet,  with  an  exceedingly  rich,  high 
flavor ;  pit,  above  medium,  oval,  rounded,  with  a 
sharp  point ;  stem,  long  and  slender,  set  in  a  rather 
deep  basin  ;  very  productive.     Last  of  June. 


210 


THE   CHEERY. 


Downer's  Late. 

Downer,     |     Downer's  Late  Eed. 

Raised  by  Samuel  Downer,  Dorchester,  Mass.,  1808. 
The  tree  is  vigorous,  half  spreading  in  habit,  healthy, 
hardy,  and  abundant  bearer.  Should  be  in  all  collec- 
tions. 

Fruit,  medium  size,  round  heart  shape,  slightly 
compressed  on  one  side  ;  color,  a  bright,  lively  red, 
mottled  with  amber  in  the  shade ;  Jlesh,  amber  color, 
stained  slightly  with  red  near  the  pit,  radiating  lines 
slight;  tender,  sweet,  and  delicious  when  fully  ripe. 
It  is  often  gathered  before  fully  ripe,  when  it  is  a  little 
bitter ;  pit,  above  medium  size,  oblong  rounded  ;  stem, 
medium,  inserted  in  a  narrow  slight  depression.  From 
fourth  to  twelfth  July.  This  variety  suffers  less  than 
most  varieties  from  warm  wet  weather. 


Delicate. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842,  upon  a  grav- 
elly loam.  The  tree  is  of  thrifty,  healthy  habit, 
spreading  so  as  to  form  a  round  head.  It  is  pro- 
ductive, and  as  a  dessert  cherry,  its  delicate,  trans- 
lucent character,  rich,  juicy,  sweet,  high  flavor, 
will  always  render  it  a  favorite.  When  the  Sweet 
Cherry  can  be  grown  it  is  far  preferable  to  the  Belle 
de  Choisy. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large ;  form,  regular,  roundish 
flattened,  with  a  slight  suture  one  side  ;  color,  rich 
amber  yellow,  overspread  and  mottled  with  light 
carmine  red,  while  the  flesh  is  so  translucent  that, 
held  to  the  light,  the  tissue  is  distinctly  traced,  and 
red  appears  as  though  mingled  throughout,  when, 
on  cutting  it,  the  flesh  is  a  whitish  yellow,  with 
distinct  radiating  lines  ;  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  deli- 
cious, high  flavor ;  pit,  small,  roundish  oval,  with 
a  broad  ridge  ;  stem,  medium,  set  in  a  deep,  round 
About  first  July.     The  best  of  all  for  the  amateur. 

Florence. 

Knevett's  Late  Bigarreau. 

From  Florence,  in  Italy.  The  tree  is  of  stocky  strong  growth,  spreading, 
unproductive  while  young,  becoming  more  productive  as  it  grows  old. 
Fruit,  large,  roundish  heart  shape,  flattened  at  base,  pale  amber,  mottled 
or  mostly  covered  with  bright  red  ;  Jlesh,  amber  color,  firm,  rich,  sweet,  fine 
flavor ;  fit,  small,  roundish  oval ;  stem,  inserted  in  a  broad  basin.  Middle 
July. 


depression. 


MOST   GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 


211 


Early  Richmond. 

Kentish,  I     Sussex,  I     Montmorency  a  longue  queue, 

Virginian  May,  Pie  Cherry,  Commune, 

Common  Eed,       |     Kentish  Ked,     |     Muscat  de  Prague. 

An  old  European  sort,  but  extensively  grown  in  this  country,  under  the 
name  we  have  adopted.  Jt  is  probably  the  true 
Kentish ;  but  under  that  name  it  becomes  so  often 
confounded  with  the  common  Sour  Pie-Cherry,  of 
our  country,  that  we  have  preferred  to  continue  it 
here,  under  the  name  it  is  best  known  in  this  country. 
The  tree  belongs  to  the  Morel lo  class  ;  grows  about 
twenty  feet  high,  with  a  roundish  spreading  head; 
very  productive,  ripening  its  fruit  in  May,  but,  in 
dry  seasons,  holding  it  until  July.  It  is  indispensa- 
ble to  every  garden ;  and  for  market,  coming  as  it 
does  so  early,  is  very  profitable.  It  is  remarkable 
for  the  corolla  remaining  on  the  stalk,  and  for  the 
tenacity  with  which  the  stone  adheres  thereto. 

Fruity  of  medium  size,  borne  in  pairs,  round,  bright 
red,  becoming  darker  as  it  hangs  on  the  tree  a  long 
time  :  flesh,  of  a  reddish  cast,  juicy,  very  tender, 
sprightly,  rich  acid  flavor ;  stem,  usually  short,  say. 
one  and  a  quarter  inch,  set  in  deep,  round,  basin. 

'^^r^.^i^  Twenty-sixth  May  to  first  of  July. 


Governor  Wood. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  1842,  and  named  in 
honor  of  Reuben  Wood,  late  Governor  of  Ohio. 

The  tree  is  a  vigorous,  healthy  grower,  forming 
a  rounded,  regular  head  ;  very  productive  while 
young ;  flowers  large. 

Fruit,  of  the  largest  size,  roundish  heart  shape  ; 
color,  rich,  light  yellow,  mottled  or  marbled  with  a 
beautiful  carmine  flush  ;  grown  fully  exposed  to  the 
sun,  it  becomes  a  clear,  rich  red  :  suture,  half  round, 
followed  on  opposite  side  by  a  dark  line  ;  flesh,  light, 
pale  yellow,  with  radiating  lines,  transverse,  acu- 
minate, half  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  and  fine,  rich, 
high  flavor ;  pit,  roundish  ovate,  considerably  ribbed  ,* 
stem,  varying  in  length  and  size.     Middle  of  June. 

In  even  email  collections,  this  variety  should  al- 
ways have  a  place. 


Great  Bigarreau. 

Large  Prool  ? 

Foreign.     Its  direct  origin  in  obscurity  ;  first  introduced  to  notice  by  that 
eminent  writer,  A.  J.  Downing,  when  editing  the  Horticulturist,  in  1851. 
Trees,  extremely  vigorous,  with  large  and  long  foliage,  and  producing 


212 


THE  CHEERY. 


abundantly.  When  first  preparing  this  work,  we  made  it  a  synonym  of 
''  Large  heart-shaped ;"  we  are  now  satisfied  it  is  a  distinc.t  and  a  very  de- 
sirable variety. 

Fruit,  very  large,  oblong  heart  shape ;  beautiful  deep  red,  becoming 
nearly  black  at  maturity ;  stem,  rather  short,  and  set  in  a  deep  cavity  j 
Jlesh,  similar  to  Black  Tartarian.     Early  July. 


Bigarrcau, 
Yellow  Spanish, 
Fellow's  Seedling, 
West's  White  Heart, 
HoUandische  Grosse, 


Graffion. 

"White  Bigarreau  ? 
Amber  or  Imperial, 
Turkey  Bigarreau? 
Bigarreau  Tardif, 
Pnnzesin  Kirsche, 


Bigarreau  Eoyal, 
Italian  Heart, 
Bigarreau  Gros? 
Groote  Princess, 
Cerise  Ambree. 


The  Graffion,  or  Yellow  Spanish,  as  it  is  generally  known  throughout 
the  States,  is  truly  one  of  the  richest  and  best  cherries,  but  its  tendency  to 
decay  just  as  it  is  on  the  point  of  ripening,  makes  it  unprofitable.  The  tree 
is  of  strong,  spreading,  healthy  habit,  and  productive. 

Fruit,  large  regular  obtuse  heart-shape  ;  whitish  yellow,  mottled  and 
mostly  overspread  in  the  sun  with  bright  red ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  firm,  juicy,  rich,  sweet,  delicious  ;  pit, 
small,  round,  ovate ;  stem,  stout,  in  an  open  basin. 
Early  July. 

Joc-o-soT. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842,  and  named 
after  a  noble  Sioux  chief,  who  died  at  Cleveland, 
in  1844.  Tree,  thrifty,  half  spreading,  or  round- 
headed,  and  productive. 

Fruit,  large,  very  regular,  uniform,  heart-shape, 
slightly  obtuse,  and  with  a  deep  indentation  at 
apex ;  sides,  compressed ;  suture,  broad,  half  round, 
followed  with  a  dark  line,  and  often  a  knob-like 
projection;  surface,  uneven;  color,  rich.  glo.ssy, 
dark  liver-color,  almost  black ;  flesh,  with  indistinct 
radiating  lines,  dark  liver-color,  tender,  juicy,  with 
a  rich,  sweet  flavor;  pit,  below  medium  size,  regu- 
lar smooth  ;  stem,  long,  and  of  medium  size.  Near 
the  last  of  June. 


HiLDESHEIM. 


Hildesheim  Bigarreau,  I     Bigarreau  Marbre  de  Hildesheim, 

Tardif  de  Hildesheim,  Bigarreau  Blanc  Tardiff  de  Hildesheim, 

Bigarreau  Tardif  de  Hildesheim,  1      Bigarreau  Noir  Tardifl 


From  Germany.      Tree,    upright,   strong   grower,    unproductive  while 
young. 

Fruitj  medium,  heart-shaped,  yellow,  mottled,  marbled  and  splashed 


MOST   GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


213 


with  red ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  basin,  shallow,  broad  :  suture,  broad,  half 
round,  with  hollow  depression  at  apex ;  Jlesh,  pale  yellow,  firm,  sweet ;  pit^ 
medium,  surface  marbled  with  red.  Last  of  July  to  twentieth  August. 
The  true  variety  is  rarely  sold,  but  when  obtained,  is  truly  valuable,  as 
coming  just  before  peaches,  and  when  there  are  few  fruits  in  market. 


Kirtland's  Mary. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842,  described 
and  named  by  ourself,  in  compliment  to  the 
daughter  of  Prof.  K.  The  tree  is  a  strong,  healthy 
grower,  upright,  rounded  in  form,  shoots  strong, 
not  rampant ;  flowers,  large  and  open,  very  proli- 
fic. The  fruit  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  all 
cherries,  quite  firm-fleshed,  but,  withal  possessing 
delicacy  and  high  flavor,  that  renders  it  one  of 
the  most  desirable  varieties,  either  for  dessert  or 
market  purposes. 

Fruit,  large,  roundish  heart-shaped,  very  regu- 
lar ;  color,  light  and  dark  rich  red,  deeply  marbled 
and  mottled  on  a  yellow  ground,  grown  fully  in 
the  sun  is  mostly  a  rich,  dark  glossy  red ;  flesh, 
with  distinct  irregular  radiating  lines,  light  yel- 
low, quite  firm,  rich,  juicy,  sweet,  and  very  high 
flavored ;  pit,  medium,  regular,  rounded,  with  dis- 
tinct prominent  lines  or  ridges,  flesh  adheres 
slightly  to  it ;  ste7n,  moderately  stout,  varying  in 
length.    Last  of  June  and  first  of  July. 


Kirtland's  Mammoth. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  from  a  pit  of  the  Yel- 
low Spanish,  grown  on  a  tree  remote  from  other 
varieties.  Its  name  is  given  from  the  extreme 
large  size  of  the  fruit,  being  one-eighth  greater 
than  any  other  variety.  The  tree  is  of  strong, 
vigorous  growth,  with  very  large  leaves  and  large 
flowers.  It  is,  however,  only  moderately  produc- 
tive.    Soil  of  origin,  gravelly  loam. 

Fruit,  of  the  very  largest  size,  often  three  and 
a  hdlf  inches  in  circumference,  obtuse,  heart 
shape  ;  color ^  light  clear  yellow,  partially  over- 
spread, and  marbled  with  rich  red;  flesh,  with 
distinct  radiating  lines,  broad,  ovate,  reversed, 
almost  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  and  with  a  vefy  fine 
high  flavor;  pit,  roundish  oval,  regular,  surface 
indented  :  stem,  generally  short,  moderately  stout. 
Last  of  June. 


Knight's  Early  Black 
English.     Tree,  moderate  grower,  requiring  good  culture  and  sheltered 


214 


THE   CHEERY. 


situation  to  obtain  good  fruit.     As  it  makes  only  a  tree  of  second  class  in 
gize,  it  is  well  suited  to  small  gardens;  moderately  productive. 

Fruity  medium  or  rather  above,  obtuse  heart  shape,  broad,  open  suture, 
half  round,  with  a  knobby  projection  opposite;  purplish  red,  becoming 
nearly  black  ;  fleshy  parts  freely  from  pit,  tender,  juicy,  rich,  sweet ;  pit^ 
medium;  stem^  inserted  in  a  deep,  open  basin.     Last  of  June. 


Large  Heart-Shaped. 


Black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy, 
Bigarreau  gros  Couret, 
Bigarreau  de  Lyon, 
Guigne  Noire  luisante,  erroneously. 
New  Large  Black  Bigarreau, 


Bigarreau  gros  Monstreux, 
Gros  Couret, 

Large  Heart-Shaped  Bigarreau, 
Ward's  Bigarreau. 


This  variety,  originally  from  France,  we  have 
received  from  different  sources,  and  fruited  under 
most  of  the  synonyms  given. 

The  tree  is  a  strong,  vigorous  grower,  with 
large  foliage.  Its  productive  habit,  fine  flesh,  and 
large  size  of  fruit,  render  it  very  desirable  as  a 
market  variety;  while  its  want  of  delicacy  and 
flavor  unfit  it  for  grounds  of  those  who  grow  only 
for  private  use. 

Fruitj  very  large,  roundish  heart  shape,  occa- 
sionally obtuse,  dark  shining  red,  becoming,  when 
fully  ripe,  dark  purplish  black  ;  surface,  very  un- 
even ;  fleshy  reddish  purple,  coarse  tissue,  with  a 
distinct  dark  line  one  side  next  the  pit,  not  very 
juicy  and  lacking  in  high  flavor ;  pit,  large,  oval ; 
ste7n,  varying,  inserted  in  a  shallow  depression. 
Fourth  to  tenth  July. 


Logan. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842;  soil  a  gra- 
velly loam.  Tree,  hardy,  healthy  grower,  some- 
what spreading,  moderately  productive;  flowers, 
large,  opening  late,  little  liable  to  injury  from 
frost. 

Fruit,  medium  or  above,  obtuse,  sometimes  re- 
gular heart  shape,  with  a  shallow  indenture  at 
apex;  color,  purplish  black,  when  ripe;  flesh, 
liver  color,  radiating  lines,  almost  white,  nearly 
firm,  juicy,  sweet,  and  rich  flavor;  pit,  above 
medium,  oval ;  stem,  varying  in  length,  in  a  deep 
cavity.     Middle  to  last  of  June. 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED.  21^ 

Manning's  Mottled. 

Mottled  Bigarreau, 

Raised  by  Mr.  Manning,  Salem,  Mass.  Tree,  vigorous,  s;_)reading,  ?ry 
productive.  Fruity  large,  roundish  heart  shape;  suture,  half  round, 
distinct  line  opposite ;  amber  color,  mottled  and  overspread  with  red ; 
fleshy  yellowish  white,  half  tender,  j»iicy,  sweet,  deficient  in  flavor;  vit 
large,  oval,  lies  in  a  hollow,  separated  on  ajl  sides,  but  one  from  the  flesh 
Last  of  June. 


Early  Duke, 
Large  May  Duke, 
Morris  Duke, 
Morris'  Early  Duke, 


May  Duke. 

Thompson's  Duke, 
Portugal  Duke, 
Buchanan's  Early  Dr  ko, 
Millett's  Late  Heart  Oake, 
Ecyal  Hative, 


Cerise  Gni^e, 
Coularde, 
De  HoUande, 
D'Espagne., 


Benham's  Fine  J/^rly  Duke, 

From  France.  Tree,  hardy,  upright  growth.  It  produces  freely,  is  one 
of  the  oldest  sorts,  succeeds  admirably  upon  prairie  soils  and  in  the 
Southern  States.  With  us  it  has  proved  a  most  unreliable  sort,  ripening 
very  irregularly. 

The  Holman's  Duke,  Jefirey's  Duke,  Late  Duke  of  most  gardens,  are  all 
so  similar  to  May  Duke,  that  one  description  will  suit  all.  They  are  only 
sub-varieties,  and  the  Late  Duke  probably  obtained  by  propagating  from 
late  ripening  branches  of  May  Duke.  Fruity  roundish  obtuse  heart  shape, 
red  at  first,  becoming,  when  fully  ripe,  a  dark  purplish  red ;  fiesh^  reddish, 
tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.     Last  of  May  to  last  of  June. 

MONSTREAUX    DE    MeZEL. 

Bigarreau  Gaubalis. 

From  France.  Tree,  strong,  vigorous  grower,  productive.  Frut{^  inrgp, 
oval,  flattened  on  -eides,  obtuse  at  base,  irregular  surface,  reddish  purple  or 
"eddish  black:  fiesh,  firm,  rather  coarse,  purplish,  melting,  sweet;  "  verv 
good  ;"  pitj  large,  oval ;  stem^  varying.     Early  July. 


Napoleon  Bigarreau, 
Bigarreau  Lauermann, 
Bigarreau  d'Hollande, 


Napoleon. 

Spotted  Bigarreau, 
Lauermann's  Klrsche, 
Clarke's  Bigarreau, 


ArmstroT-.g's  Blgaireao, 
Turkey  Bigarreau  f 
Holland  Bigarreau. 


From  Holland.  Tree,  erect,  vigorous  grower,  productive.  The  best 
sweet  cherry  for  cooking  purposes,  and,  on  account  of  its  showy  appearance, 
always  sells  well  in  market.  It  is,  however,  liable  to  decay  on  the  tree 
before  fully  ripe.  Fruity  large,  heart  shape,  inclining  to  oblong,  bright 
delicate  yellow,  with  shades  of  rich  red  marbled  and  spotted  over  nearly 
two-thirds  surface ;  fleshy  pale  yellow,  very  firm,  moderately  juicy,  and, 
unless  perfectly  ripe,  a  little  bitter;  pit^  medium,  oblong;  stem,  stout,  set 
in  a  narrow  basin.     Last  of  June. 

Ohio  Beauty. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842,  and  described  by  us  in  1847,  shortly 
after  which  the  original  tree  was  destroyed.  We  had,  however,  previously 
fent  out  buds  and  grafts,  and  have  often  heard  of  its  success.  Fruity  large, 
obtuse  heart  shape,  dark  rich  red  on  pale  red  ground,  somewhat  marbled; 


216 


THE   CHEKRT. 


fleshy  white,  tender,  delicate,  juicy,  with  a  fine  flavor;  pt7,  small,  oval^ 
stalk,  long,  set  in  a  deep,  open  basin.  Middle 
of  June. 

Osceola. 

Raised  by  Professor  Kirtland,  in  1842;  soil, 
gravelly.  Tree,  round,  spreading,  regular  form, 
hardy,  healthy  grower ;  flowers,  medium,  opening 
rather  late  and  in  succession ;  a  good,  not  exces- 
sive bearer. 

Fruity  medium  to  large,  regular,  heart  shape, 
with  a  deep,  broad  suture,  half  round ;  color^ 
dark  purplish  red,  inclining  to  black ;  jicsh^ 
liver  color,  fine  tissue,  so  much  so,  that  the 
radiating  lines  are  almost  obliterated;  juicy, 
rich,  and  sweet;  -pit^  medium  or  small,  ovate 
rounded ;  sterrij  moderately  stout,  in  a  deep, 
regular  cavity.  Last  of  June  and  early  July. 
One  of  the  best  for  all  collections. 


PONTIAC. 

Raised  by  Professor  Kirtland,  in  1842;  soil, 
gravelly.  Tree,  upright,  rounded  form,  slightly 
spreading,  vigorous,  healthy  habit  ;  flowers, 
above  medium  size,  opening  in  succession ;  regu- 
larly productive. 

Fruit,  large,  obtuse  heart  shape,  sides  com- 
pressed ;  suture,  half  round,  deep,  distinct,  fol- 
lowed by  dark  line;  slight  depression  at  apex; 
color,  dark  purplish  red,  approaching  to  black 
when  fully  ripe  ;  flesh,  purplish  red,  radiating 
lines  irregular,  half  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  «nd 
agreeable ;  pit,  medium,  smooth,  parts  freely 
from  the  flesh;  stem,  varying  from  long  to  short, 
inserted  in  a  broad,  open  cavity.  Last  of  June. 
A  very  desirable  variety,  and  profitable  for 
market. 

POWHATTAN. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842  ;  soil  gravelly. 
Tree,  vigorous,  healthy,  round-headed,  pro- 
ductive. 

Fruitj  medium  size,  uniform,  roundish,  flattened  or  compressed  on  sides, 
surface  irregular ;  color,  liver-like,  highly  polished  ;  suture,  half  round  ; 
flesh,  rich  purplish  red,  marbled,  radiating  lines  obscure,  half  tender,  juicy, 
sweet,  pleasant,  but  not  high  flavor ;  pit,  small,  round,  elongated  :  stem. 
medium.     Late,  8th  to  15th  July. 

For  profitable  market  purposes,  this  is  one  of  the  very  best,  the  fruit 
ripening  late,  and  all  being  uniform  and  regular  in  size. 


MOST   GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


217 


Red  Jacket. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842.  The  original 
tree  has  always  stood  in  ground  uncultivated;  yet 
its  fruit  from  lateness  of  ripening,  size  and  qualit}"-, 
renders  it  most  desirable,  and  especially  for  market 
culture,  as  it  is  very  productive^  The  tree  forms  a 
head  similar  to  the  Black  Hazard,  not  quite  as 
erect. 

Fruity  large,  regular,  long  obtuse  heart  shape ; 
color,  fine,  clear,  light  red,  when  grown  in  the  sun, 
but  of  an  amber  color,  overspread  with  pale  red,  and 
often  a  yellow  russet  patch,  when  grown  in  the 
shade  ;  flesh,  with  radiating  lines  distinct,  half  ten- 
der, juicy,  of  good,  not  high  flavor ;  gathered  before 
lype,  it  is  a  little  bitter ;  pit,  medium ;  stem,  rather 
long  and  slender,  set  in  an  open,  moderately  deep 
basin.     Middle  of  July. 


Reine  Hortense. 


Lemercier  of  E.  and  B., 
Monstreiue  de  Bavay, 


Belle  de  Bavay, 
De  16  a  la  livre, 


Belle  de  Petit  Brie. 


Introduced  to  this  country  from  France,  in  1842.  The  tree  is  of  Duke 
habit,  vigorous,  healthy  grower,  forming  a  dense,  upright,  round  head,  and 
promises  to  be  very  hardy,  and  extremely  desira- 
Dl»in  rich,  moist  soils,  where  the  Sweet  Cherries 
do  not  succeed  as  well.  It  is  moderately  prolific, 
the  fruit  quite  large,  and  ripening  as  it  does,  quite 
late  in  the  season,  combined  with  the  habit  of 
hanging  long  after  ripe,  and  its  rich,  sprightly, 
sub-acid  juice,  must  render  it  extremely  popular, 
when  it  becomes  fully  known. 

Fruit,  quite  large,  round  elongated,  sides  com- 
pressed, smooth,  glossy,  regular  surface  ;  suture, 
shallow,  half  round,  followed  by  a  marked  line, 
terminating  at  base,  in  a  knobby  projection  ;  color, 
bright  lively  red,  marbled  and  mottled  on  amber; 
grown  in  the  sun,  it  is  mostly  red  ;  flesh,  pinkish 
yellow,  with  radiating  lines,  distinct,  but  irregular 
in  form,  tender,  and  when  fully  ripe,  separating 
freely  from  the  stone,  often  even  exhibiting  a  hol- 
low, vacant  space,  between  pit  and  flesh,  high, 
sprightly,  slightly  acid  flavor :  pit,  rather  large, 
oblong  rounded  ;  stalk,  two  inches  long,  generally 
slender.     Twelfth  to  twentieth  July. 

10 


218 


THE  CHEERT. 


ROCKPORT. 
Eockport  Bigarreau. 
Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842;  gravelly  loam.     Tree,  stroiig,  Vigo- 
rous  grower,  forming  a  very  upright  habit,  more  resembling   the  Black 
Tartarian  than  any  other  variety  we  know.     It  is 
one  "of  the  first  of   Prof.  Kirtland's  seedlings  that 
was  described,  and  feeling  interested  m  its  success, 
in  various   parts   of  the   States,  we  distributed  it 
pretty  liberally  in  shape  of  buds  and  grafts.     It  has 
now  been  fruited  extensively,  and  every  where  proves 
among  the  largest  and  very  best  quality.     The  tree 
wants   good  culture,  and  its  period  of  maturity  is 
materially  altered  both  by  soil  and  culture,  while  its 
character  appears  unchanged.     Valuable,  either  for 
private  or  market  gardens. 

Fruity  large,  round  obtuse^  heart  shape,  surface 
generally  slightly  uneven,  and  always  with  a  knobby 
or  swollen  projection  on  one  side ;  color^  clear,  bril- 
liant, deep  red,  shaded  and  mottled  on  a  pale  amber 
yellow,  with  occasional  carmine  spots  ;  jiesh^  yellow- 
ish white,  radiatinj:  lines  irregular,  a  yellow  tinge 
around  the  pit,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  with  a  rich,  deli- 
cious flavor  ;  pit^  ovd,  regular  and  without  ridges  ; 
stem^  usually  of  medium  length — one,  to  one  and  a 
half  inches.     20th  to  the  last  of  June. 

Shannon. 

Thia  is  a  Morello,  raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in '1829;  first  described  in 
1849.  Named  in  respect  to  Wilson  Shannon,  once  governor  of  Ohio.  The 
tree  is  very  hardy,  having  been  tested  in  many  locations. 

Fruity  slightly  above  medium  size,  globular,  flattened  at  junction  with 
stem,  dark  purplish  red,  when  ripe;  fleshy  tender,  reddish  purple,  juicy, 
acid ;  pit^  small ;  stcm^  long,  slender,  inserted  in  an  open  cavity.  Middle 
of  July. 

Teccmseh. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842,  on  a  soil  of  gravelly  loam.  The  tree 
IS  moderately  vigorous,  spreading,  hardy,  producing  its  blossoms  late  in  the 
season. 

Fruity  medium  to  large,  obtuse  heart  shape,  compressed,  with  a  broad, 
shallow  suture ;  color^  when  fully  ripe,  a  reddish  purple,  or  dark  liver- 
color,  mottled  somewhat  with  red  :  jiesh^  reddish  purple,  irregular,  distinct 
radiating  lines,  half  tender,  very  juicy,  sweet,  but  not  high  flavor:  pit, 
medium  size,  smooth,  round,  slightly  elongated  ;  slem^  varying,  set  in  an 
open,  rather  deep  cavity.  Middle  to  20th  July.  Very  valuable  for  a  late 
market  variety. 

Vail's  August  Duke. 

Raised  by  Henry  Vail,  Troy,  N.  Y.  Tree,  hardy,  healthy,  moderate 
grower.  Fruity  above  medium,  borne  in  pairs,  obtuse  heart  shape  ;  rich 
bright  red  in  the  shade,  a  lively  cornelian  in  the  sun  ;  jiesh^  tender,  sub- 
acid ;  pit^  oval ;  stem^  thick,  where  it  joins  the'  fruit,  set  in  a  deep,  narrow 
cavity      Middle  to  last  of  August. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   El'O.  219 

Wendell's  Mottled. 

■Wendell's  Mottled  Bigarreau. 

Raised  by  Herman  Wendell,  M.D.,  Albany,  N.  Y.  Tree,  upright,  thrifty 
growth,  early  and  prolific  bearer.  This  variety  has  proved  highly  valuable 
during  the  few  years  it  has  been  before  the  public.  Fruit,  large,  obtuse 
heart  shape ;  dark,  purplish  red ;  flesh,  firm,  juicy,  well  flavored ;  pitj 
small ;  stem,  set  in  a  round,  regular  basin.     First  to  middle  of  July. 


CLASS  II. — Embraces  varieties,  of  which  many  are  new  and  untested^  and 
others  suited  to  large  orchards j  or  certain  localities. 

Adam's  Crown. 

English;   little  known  in  this  country.      Fruit,  medium,  round  heart 
shape ;  pale  red  ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy  and  agreeable.     Middle  of  Juno. 

Amber  Gean. 

Gean  Amber. 
Fruit,  small,  oval  heart  shape,  pale  yellow  and  red  ;  flesh,  white,  juicy, 
sweet,  often  bitter  or  mazardy  ;  stem,  long,  slender.     Early  July. 

American  Amber, 
Bloodgood's  Amber,     I     Bloodgood's  Honey,     |     Bloodgood's  Ne-w  Honey. 
American.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish  heart  shape,  amber  and  bright  red  ; 
flesh,  tender,  juicy,  variable  ;  pit,  large  ;  stem,  long,  slender.     Last  June. 

Anne. 
From  A.  V.  Bedford,  Paris,   Ky.     Fruit,  below  medium,  bright  red, 
tender,  juicy,  sweet,  excellent — good  for  amateurs.     Early  in  June. 

Bauman's  Mat. 

Bigarreau  de  Mai,     |     "Wilder's  Bigarreau  de  MaL 
From  France.     Fruit,  small,  dark  red,  oval  heart  shape ;  flesh,  purplish, 
tender,  sweet.     Last  of  May  or  early  in  June. 

Belle  Agathe. 
Foreign.     New.     Medium,  roundish  oval,  two  shades  red  :  flesh,  firm, 
sweet ;  very  late,  which  is  the  only  inducement  to  its  culture. 

Belle  de  Sceaux. 

Chatenay. 
A  Morello,  from  France.     Fruit,  round,  deep  red  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy, 
acid.     June.     Valuable  only  at  the  West. 

Belle  Vezzouries. 
Foreign,    /ruit,  medium  to  large,  light  red,  somewhat  translucent,  round* 
ish,  s-ub-acid ;  "  good,"     10th  tP  §Oth  July, 


220  THE  CHERRY. 

Black  Heart. 

Early  Black,         |      Guigne  Grosse  Noir,     I      Spanish  Black  Heart, 
Black  Kussian,     |     Ansell's  Fine  Black,     |     Guinier  a  fruit  Noir. 

An  old  variety,  hardy  and  productive,  but  at  this  day  surpassed  by 
many.  Fruit,  above  medium,  heart  shaped,  dark,  nearly  black  color ;  flesh, 
almost  tendcfj  juicy,  sweet.     Last  of  June. 

Brandywine. 
Originated  with  J.  R.  Brinckle,  Wilmington,  Del.     Tree,  vigorous  grower. 
Fruit,  above  medium,  broad  heart  shape,  brilliant  crimson  mottled ;  flesh, 
tender,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly.     Last  of  June. 

Burr's  Seedling. 

Originated  in  Western  New  York.  Tree,  vigorous,  spreading,  productive. 
Fruit,  medium  to  large,  heart  shape,  clear  bright  red  on  pale  yellow,  half 
tender,  juicy,  sweet ;  stem,  slender.     Middle  to  last  of  June. 

Buttner's  Black  Heart. 

Buttner's  Herz  Kirsche,    |     Schwarze  Neue  Herz  Kirsche. 
From  Germany.     As  a  late  variety,  firm  fleshed,  for  market,  this  pro- 
mises well.     Fruit,  large,  heart  shape,  purplish  black,  when  fully  ripe ; 
flesh,  reddish  violet,  firm,  juicy,  good,  not  high  flavor.     Middle  to  last  of 
July.     Tree,  productive,  a  vigorous  grower. 

Buttner's  Yellow. 

Buttner's  "Wach's-Knorpel  Kirsche,  |  Buttner's  Gelbe  Knorpel  Kirsche. 
From  Germany.  Tree,  vigorous,  spreading  ;  only  as  a  novelty  is  it  de- 
sirable. Fruit,  medium,  regular  heart  shape,  flattened  at  stem  end,  pale 
lemon  yellow,  with  russet  marblings ;  flesh,  whitish  yellow,  firm,  even, 
tough,  without  flavor,  adheres  to  the  pit ;  stem,  medium  length  and  size,  in 
an  open,  round,  regular  cavity.     Middle  to  last  July. 

Carmine  Stripe. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland.  Tree,  vigorous,  healthy,  spreading,  very  pro- 
ductive. Fruit,  above  medium,  heart  shape,  compressed  on  sides,  often  an 
uneven  surface,  with  suture  half  round,  followed  by  a  line  of  carmine  ; 
color,  amber  yellow,  shaded  and  mottled  with  bright,  lively  carmine  •  flesh, 
tender,  juicy,  sweet,  sprightly,  and  agreeable  :  pit,  small ;  stem,  varies. 
Last  of  June. 

Conestoga. 

This  variety  originated  in  Conestoga  Township,  Lancaster  County,  Penn- 
sylvania. Fruit,  very  large,  obtuse  heart-shaped,  slightly  indented  at  the 
apex,  dark  purple  ;  stem,  from  an  inch  and  three-quarters  to  two  and  a 
quarter  long,  slender,  inserted  in  an  open  cavity ;  flesh,  purplish,  firm  ; 
flavor,  sugary,  and  very  pleasant ;  quality,  "best."     (W.  D.  B.) 

Christiana. 

Raised  by  B.  B.  Kirtland,  Greenbush,  N.  Y.,  and  resembling,  in  charac. 
ter  of  tree  and  fruit,  the  May  Duke.  Not  having  fruited  it,  we  only  note 
from  the  Horticulturist,  where  the  fruit  is  said  to  be  borne  in  clusters,  of  8 
bright,  lively,  red  color,  and  sprightly  sub-acid  flavor. 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,   ETC.  221 

Champagne. 

Raised  by  Chas.  Downing,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  For  large  orchards,  we 
think  it  desirable  as  a  bearer,  but  not  of  size  to  command  price  in  market. 
Tree,  vigorous,  healthy,  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  heart  shape, 
slightly  angular;  color,  shades  of  lively  red  ;  flesh,  amber  color,  juicy^ 
sprightly,  rich  flavor ;  stem,  moderate  length,  in  a  shallow  cavity.  Middle 
of  June,  but  hangs  well  into  July. 

Cumberland. 

Triomphe,  of  Cumberland,     I     Brenneman's  May,     j     Cumberland  Seedling, 
Monstrous  May,  |     Steret's  May,  | 

This  is  claimed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Cumberland  Co.,  Pa.  Having  fruited 
it  from  two  sources,  one  proving  identical  with  Yellow  Spanish,  and  the 
other  identical  with  Tradescant's  Black,  we  have  some  doubts  as  to  its 
being  a  seedling  or  new  variety.  In  the  ad  interim  report  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vana  Hort.  Society,  it  is  thus  described  :  '•  Large,  obtuse  heart-shaped,  some- 
times roundish,  compressed  at  the  sides,  deep  crimson,  almost  purple  when 
fully  ripe ;  suture,  indistinct ;  stem,  rather  long,  slender,  inserted  in  a  broad, 
open  cavity;  apex,  slightly  depressed;  stone,  roundish  oval,  compressed  ; 
flesh,  rather  solid,  red,  slightly  adherent  to  the  stone ;  flavor,  fine ;  quality, 
*  best.'     About  the  middle  of  June." 

China  Bigarreau. 

Chinese  Heart 
Raised  by  Wm.  Prince,  Flushing.     Tree,  hardy,  healthy,   spreading. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish  heart  shape  ;  bright   amber  yellow,  becoming 
mostly  red  when  fully  ripe  ;  flesh,  half  tender,  juicy,  and  rich,  but,  unless 
perfectly  ripe,  slightly  bitter;  stem,  long  and  slender;  very  productive. 

Davenport. 

Davenport's  Early,     ]     Davenport's  Early  Black. 
Tree,  tender.    Fruit,  medium,  heart  shape,  dark  purplish  black  ;  flesh, 
tender,  juicy,  sweet.     Last  of  June. 

D'Esperin. 

Bigarreau  D'Esperin. 
From  Belgium.  Hovey  says  the  tree  has  a  compact,  spreading  habit,  of 
moderate  growth,  a  good  bearer.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  heart  shape,  de- 
pressed at  ends,  flattened  on  sides;  suture,  all  round;  color,  clear,  soft 
amber  in  the  shade,  mottled  with  pale  red  in  the  sun ;  flesh,  pale  amber, 
tender,  juicy,  excellent ;  pit,  medium,  oval  ;  stem,  long,  slender.  Early  iu 
July. 

DowNiNG's  Red  Cheek, 

Raised  by  Chas.  Downing,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  Tree,  vigorous,  hall 
spreading.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  obtuse  heart  shape,  yellowish  white, 
with  a  rich  dark  crimson,  covering  more  than  one-half  the  fruit  ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  half  tender,  delicately  sweet ;  stem,  set  in  an  even  hollow  of 
moderate  depth.     Middle  to  last  June. 

Donna  Maria. 

A  Morello  cherry,  forming  a  small  tree,  but  very  prolific.  Fruit,  of 
medium  size,  dark  red,  tender,  juicy,  rich,  acid  ;  valuable  for  cooking. 
Middle  July.    Promises  valuable  South  and  West. 


222  THE  CHEERY. 

DoWNTON. 

English  ;  raised  by  T.  A.  Knight.  Tree,  healthy,  regular  round  head; 
moderately  productive. 

Fruit,  medium,  globular  flattened,  bright  red  on  yellow;  flesh,  yellow- 
ish, half  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  but  not  rich  flavor ;  pit,  medium ;  stem,  set 
in  a  deep  cavity.     Early  m  July  or  last  of  June. 

Duchess  of  Pallua. 

A  variety  introduced  from  France,  by  Hon.  M.  P.  Wilder,  of  Boston, 
and  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  this  country,  in  1853. 

Fruit,  medium  size,  heart-shaped,  purplish  black,  juicy,  half  tender, 
Bub-acid;  stone,  small,  oblong  ovate.  15th  to  20th  June.  Promises  to  be 
a  productive,  valuable  variety. 

Early  White  Heart. 

Arden's  Heart,  I     Dredge's  Earl>  White  Heart,  1     Sweedish, 

White  Transparent,  Amber  Heart,  Sweedish  Eed  Heart. 

Arden's  Early  White  Heart,    |     Herefordshire  White,  | 

An  old  variety,  and  generally  known  throughout  the  States.  It  is  a 
variable  and  uncertain  bearer,  and  does  n(Jt  ripen  sufficiently  early  to  com- 
pete with  many  new  varieties.  Fruit,  medium,  or  a  little  below,  heart 
shape,  whitish  yellow,  often  nearly  covered  with  pale  red ;  flesh,  half  ten- 
der, juicy,  sweet.  Middle  of  June,  The  Early  Red  and  Yellow  of  Man- 
ning is  very  similar.  "  Manning's  Early  White  Heart,"  "  Bowyer's  Early 
Heart,"  and  "  River's  Early  Amber,"  are  sub-varieties,  varying  but  little 
from  the  original. 

Early  May. 

Cerise  InduUe,         I        May  Cherry, 
Small  May,  |        Precoce. 

A  Morello,  with  small  fruit,  round,  slightly  flattened,  lively  light  red ; 
flesh,  tender,  juicy,  acid.  Much  esteemed  in  many  Southern  and  South- 
western sections  because  of  its  hardihood  and  productiveness.  It  should, 
however,  give  place  to  better  sorts. 

Early  Prolific. 
Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842.  The  original  tree  fruited  three  years, 
during  which  we  carefully  noted  the  fruit.  It  then  was  lost  by  being  re- 
moved ;  meantime,  buds  had  been  sent  to  Mr.  Chas.  Downing,  and  it  is 
from  the  character  shown  under  his  hands  that  we  make  our  description. 
Tree,  healthy,  vigorous,  upright,  slightly  spreading.  Fruit,  medium  to 
large,  round  obtuse  heart  shape,  bright  carmine  red,  mottled  on  light  am- 
ber yellow;  and,  on  one  side,  a  distinct  line,  edged  with  yellow;  stem, 
varying  both  in  size  and  length  ;  flesh,  half  tender,  almost  firm,  juicy,  rich, 
sweet,  and  delicious  flavor ;  very  productive.     Middle  of  June. 

Elkhorn. 

Tradescanfs  Black  Heart,    I    Bigarreau  Noir  Tardive,    I    Guigne  Noir  Tardive, 
Large  Black  Bigarreau,        [    Blgarreau  Gros  Noir,         |    Grosse  Schwarze  KnoorpeL 

This  is,  probably,  an  old  variety  from  Europe,  but  as  it  was  first  made 
known  in  this  country,  and  distributed  under  the  name  of  Elkhorn,  we 
have  preferred  following  that  to  copying  from  the  London  Hort.  Society 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC. 


223 


Trees,  very  vigorous,  with  broad  leaf  and  bark  of  peculiar  gray  color,  pro- 
ducing fine  large  fruit  while  young,  but  as  they  grow  older,  unless  very 
highly  cultivated,  the  fruit  diminishes  to  nearly  the  size  of  the  old  Black 
Heart.  Its  period  of  late  ripening  has  heretofore-  kept  it  favorably  before 
horticulturists,  but  we  now  think  it  must  give  way  to  later  and  better 
varieties.  Fruit,  large,  heart  shape,  uneven  surface,  purplish  black ; 
flesh,  firm,  purple,  moderately  juicy ;  pit,  large ;  stem,  short.  Middle  of 
July. 

English  Amber. 

This  is,  undoubtedly,  an  old  variety,  but  we  have  as  yet  been  unable  to 
identify  it  with  any  described  variety.  The  tree  is  of  vigorous,  strong 
growth,  forming  a  rounded  pyramidal  head,  and  very  productive. 

Fruit,  medium  size,  rounaish  heart  shape,  very  regular,  borne  in  threes  ; 
color,  delicate  amber,  beautifully  mottled  with  pale  red  ;  flesh,  whitish 
yellow,  half  tender,  delicate,  juicy,  and  very  sweet ;  pit,  medium ;  stem, 
long.     Middle  to  last  of  June. 

Elizabeth. 

Raised  by  Caleb  Atwater,  of  Portage  County,  O.,  in  1823.  Original 
soil,  clay.     Tree,  vigorous,  upright,  pyramidal  rounded  ;  very  prolific. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large,  heart  shape,  flattened  on  sides ;  color,  rich  dark 
red,  when  fully  ripe ;  flesh,  yellowish,  slightly  tinged  with  red,  half  ten- 
der, juicy,  pleasantly  sweet ;  pit,  ovate  rounded  ',  stemj  medium,  set  in  a 
regular  basin.     Middle  to  last  of  June. 


Favorite. 

Eliott's  Favorite. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842:  gravelly  soil. 
Tree,  vigorous,  half  spreading,  productive. 

Fruit,  medium,  round  regular,  slightly  compressed ; 
color,  pale  amber  yellow,  with  a  bright  carmine  red 
cheek,  mottled  and  marbled ;  flesh,  pale  amber,  trans- 
lucent, delicate,  juicy  and  sweet ;  pit,  small ;  stem, 
medium,  inserted  in  an  even  basin.     Last  of  June. 

This  variety  requires  high  cultivation,  otherwise  the 
fruit  is  small  and  the  flavor  only  good ;  but,  under 
high  cultivation,  its  sprightly  high  flavor  is  unsurpassed. 


GUIGNE  NoiR  LUISANTE. 
Black  Spanish, 
Or  bright  black  red,  is  a  cherry  of  the  Duke  or  near  Morello  class. 
Tree,  erect  in  habit,  healthy,  hardy,  forming  a  pretty  round  head,  regular, 
moderate  bearer.  In  1823,  it  was  cultivated  in  New  Jersey,  as  Black 
Spanish,  and  under  that  name  brought  to  Ohio.  Fruit,  of  medium  size, 
heart  shape,  globular;  glossy  blackish  red;  flesh,  reddish  purple,  tender, 
juicy,  rich,  acid  ;  pit,  round ;  stem,  medium.     Middle  to  last  of  July. 


224 


THE   CHERRY. 


HOADLET. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842,  named  by  our. 
self,  in  compliment  to  one  of  our  best  pomologists, 
Geo.  Hoadley,  Esq.,  of  Cleveland.  Tree,  of  healthy, 
vigorous  habit,  forming  a  round,  spreading  head 
Fruit,  above  medium,  regular  round  heart  shape; 
light  clear  carmine  red,  mottled  and  striped  on  pale 
yellow,  with  some  tinges  or  blotches  of  russet 
bronzed  yellow ;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender,  almost 
translucent,  juicy,  rich,  sweet  and  delicious;  pit, 
medium,  roundish  oval;  stem,  medium,  set  in  a 
shallow  basin.  Twentieth  to  last  of  June.  This 
promises  to  become  one  of  the  most  valuable  as  a 
dessert  cherry ;  not  quite  as  sweet  as  Coe's  Transpa- 
rent, but  more  delicate  and  sprightly,  with  a  pit  of 
less  size. 

HOVEY. 

Raised  by  C.  M.  Hovey,  Esq.,  Boston.     Tree,  vig- 
orous, forming  a  pyramidal  head.     Fruit,  large,  ob- 
kimwiM^-  tuse  heart  shape,  depressed  point  at  apex ;  rich  am- 

ber color,  mottled  or  nearly  covered  with  brilliant  red ;  stem,  short  ;  flesh, 
pale  amber,  rather  firm,  but  tender,  slightly  adhering  to  stone;  stone, 
small,  oval,     loth  to  last  July.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Jaurie  de  Prusse. 

Foreign.  Fruit  small,  obtuse  heart  shape,  yellowish  white:  stem, 
long,  slender;  flesh,  tender,  brisk,  a  little  bitter  before  fully  ripe.  Middle 
July.     May  possibly  be  valuable  West. 

Kennicott. 
Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  and  named  by  ourself 
after  the  most  enthusiastic  horticulturist  in  the 
West,  J.  A.  Kennicott,  M.  D.,  of  Northfield,  IW. 
Tree,  vigorous,  hardy,  spreading,  very  productive. 
Fruit,  large,  oval  heart  shape,  compressed  ;  suture, 
shallow,  half-round ;  color,  amber  yellow,  mottled 
and  much  overspread  with  rich,  bright,  clear,  glossy 
red,  flesh,  yellowish  white,  firm,  juicy,  rich  and 
sweet ;  pit,  below  medium  size,  smooth  and  regu- 
lar ;  stem,  short  in  cavity,  with  bold  surrounding 
projections.  Eighth  to  Sixteenth  July.  As  a  mar- 
ket fruit,  the  time  of  ripening,  size  and  beauty  of 
this  variety  will  make  it  popular  when  known. 

Keokuk. 
Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland.  Tree,  strong,  vigorous 
grower,  forming  a  large  tree.  Fruit,  large,  heart 
shape,  dark  purplish  black ;  flesh,  half  tender,  purple,  rather  coarse,  defi- 
cient in  flavor ;  its  chief  value,  a  market  variety ;  pit,  medium ;  stem, 
stout.    Early  July. 


UNTESTED   VAEIETIES,    ETC. 


225 


Imperial. 

Imperial  Morello. 

A  variety  of  Morello,  forming  a  small,  low-headed  tree ;  very  produc- 
tive. Very  valuable  throughout  the  Southwest.  Fruit,  rather  above  me- 
dium size,  roundish  heart  shape,  elongated,  sides  compressed ;  dark  pur- 
plish red  when  fully  ripe ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  rich  acid ;  if  gathered  un- 
ripe, quite  bitter ;  pit,  small,  long,  pointed.  Very  late,  last  of  July  to 
middle  of  August. 

Lady  of  the  Lake. 

Originated  by  Chas.  Pease.  Medium  or  above, 
globular  heart  shape,  compressed  on  sides ;  no 
suture  ;  stem,  1  to  li  inch,  in  a  very  shallow  cavity ; 
pale,  light  clear  yellow,  overspread  mostly,  when 
grown  in  sun  with  rich,  bright  vermilion  red,  with 
few  marblings  of  light  yellow ;  flesh,  pale  yellow, 
concentric  radiating  lines ;  in  sun,  flesh  lined  with 
pink ;  nearly  tender,  very  juicy  and  sweet. 

Large  Morello. 
Kirtland's  Large  Morello. 
Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  promises  valuable,  very 
large  and  fine.     Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish, 
dark  red,  juicy,  rich  acid,  good  flavor;  pit,  small.     Early  July.     One  of 
the  best  for  South  and  West. 

Late  Bigarreau. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  in  1842,  on  a  gravelly 
Boil.  Tree,  vigorous,  shoots  stout,  not  rampant, 
forms  a  round,  regular  head;  flowers,  open, 
abundant,  very  productive. 

Fruit,  large,  obtuse  heart  shape,  occasionally  a 
-little  angular,  and  with  a  deep,  broad  indenture 
at  the  apex ;  color,  a  rich  yellow  ground,  with  a 
bright  red  cheek,  frequently  the  red  covers  nearly 
the  whole  surface — occasionally,  it  is  blotched  or 
mottled;  suture,  shallow,  half  round,  marked 
with  a  line  on  opposite  side ;  flesh,  with  distinct 
radiating  lines,  yellowish,  nearly  firm,  juicy, 
sweet,  and  of  agreeable  flavor ;  pit,  small,  round, 
regular;  stalk,  one  and  a  half  inch  long,  in- 
serted in  a  broad,  open  depression.  4th  to  12th 
July. 

Lindley. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland  from  seeds  given  him  by  Mr.  M.  Lindley,  ol 
Euclid,  0.    Tree,  vigorous,  moderately  prolific.     Fruit,  large,  heart  shape, 
surface  uneven,  dark  purplish  red ;  flesh,   almost  firm,  tinged  with  red, 
juicy,  but  deficient  in  richness  of  flavor.    First  of  July. 
10» 


the  cheery. 

Leather  Stocking. 
Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842  ;  gravelly  soil.  Tree,  vigorous,  hardy, 
moderately  productive.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  heart  shape,  often  obtuse 
color,  faint  dull  red,  becoming,  when  fully  ripe,  rich  reddish  black ;  flesh, 
very  firm,  tinged  with  red,  sweet,  good  flavor  ;  pit,  medium  ;  stem,  in  an 
open,  but  deep  basin.  Middle  to  last  of  July.  As  a  variety  to  transport 
long  distances  to  market,  this  will  prove  valuable. 

Louis  Phillip. 

A  variety  of  the  Morello,  from  France.  The  tree  makes  a  beautiful 
bush  pyramid,  bears  profusely  a  medium-sized,  roundish,  dark  red  fruit ; 
flesh,  red,  juicy,  tender,  quite  acid.  Middle  July.  Valuable  South  and 
West. 

Madison. 

Madison  Bigarreaiu 
Raised  by  Mr.   Manning.     Tree,"  healthy,  moderate  grower,  tolerably 
productive.     Fruit,  medium;  color,  red,  marbled  on  light  yellow;  flesh, 
half  tender,  juicy,  sprightly,  very  agreeable ;  pit,  small,  oval ;  stem,  slender. 
Last  June. 

Mary. 

Raised  by  B.  B.  Kirtland,  Greenbush,  N.  Y.,  and  noted  in  the  Horticul- 
turist as  similar  to  Christiana. 

Merveille  de  September. 

Tardive  de  Mons. 

The  Marvel  of  September  is  a  French  cherry,  marvelous  only  because  it 

ripens  the  last  of  August  or  early  in  September.     Tree,  vigorous.    Fruit, 

small,  dark  red,  firm,  dry,  sweet. 

Morello. 

English  Morello,     I     Large  Morello,     |     Eonald's  Large  Morello. 
Datch  Morello,       |     Late  Morello.       | 

The  true  English  Morello  is  rare  in  this  country,  nor  do  we  see  any  rea- 
son for  introducing  it,  as  seedlings  may  be  raised  from  the  common  Morello 
equaling,  if  not  often  surpassing,  the  one  so  favorably  described  by  most 
writers.  In  growth,  it  varies  from  our  common  Morello  only  in  the  branches 
being  more  strong  and  upright,  while  the  fruit  is  one  third  larger.  Fruit, 
medium  or  above,  round;  dark  red  or  purplish  black;  flesh,  purplish  red, 
tender,  juicy,  sub-acid.     Middle  to  last  July. 

Mover's  Honey  Heart. 
Originated  in  Springfield,  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.     Tree,  strong  grower,  forming 
a  round  head  ;  productive.     Fruit,  large,  heart  shape  ;  suture,  half  round  ; 
color,  rich  red ;  stem,  long ;  flesh,  pale  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  high  flavor. 
Fifteenth  to  twentieth  June,  or  just  after  Purple  Guigne. 

Pierce's  Late. 
Originated  with  Amos  Pierce,  and  introduced  by  Hyde  &  Son,  Newton 
Center,  Mass.  Tree,  forms  an  upright  round  head.  Fruit,  medium, 
obtuse  heart  shape,  dark  red  mottled  on  amber, ;  stem,  rather  short  and 
slender ;  flesh,  soft,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  "delicious ;"  pit,  small.  Last 
July. 


UNTESTED    VARIETIES,   ETC.  227 

Plumstone  Morello. 

Fruit,  large,  roundish,  deep  red;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  agreeable  acid. 
Last  July.  Its  very  large  pit  renders  it  unworthy,  as  compared  with 
Shannon. 

President. 

Raised  by  Prof.  Kirtland,  1842.  Tree,  vigorous,  spreading.  Fruit, 
large,  dark  red,  slightly  mottled ;  suture,  all  round,  deep,  distinct ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  half  tender,  juicy,  sweet ;  pit,  medium ;  stem,  short, 
slender.     Middle  to  last  of  June. 

Proudfoot. 
Proudfoot's  Seedling. 
Raised  by  D.  Proudfoot,  Cleveland,  0.  Soil,  sandy.  Tree,  vigorous,  round 
spreading  head  ;  moderately  productive.  This  promises  to  become  valuable 
on  account  of  large  size  and  lateness  in  ripening,  often,  even,  on  warm, 
sandy  soil  (and  sheltered  in  a  city  garden),  holding  its  fruit  until  the  20th 
July.  Fruit,  large,  heart  shape,  flattened  at  base ;  color,  when  fully  ripe, 
dark,  purplish  red ;  flesh,  yellowish,  firm,  juicy,  sweet ;  pit,  large ;  stem, 
set  in  a  shallow,  open  cavity.     Fifteenth  to  last  July. 

Richardson. 

Large,  heart  shaped,  rather  short,  and  tapering  to  the  point ;  dark  red, 
inclining  to  black  ;  stem,  short,  slender ;  flesh,  deep  red,  half  tender,  juicy, 
saccharine,  rich,  luscious  flavor.  Last  of  June  and  first  of  July.  It  keeps 
well  on  or  ofl"  the  tree.  Good  grower  and  bearer,  rather  upright,  hardy 
in  tree,  and  fruit.  Original  tree,  as  far  as  known,  in  tne  garden  of  J.  R. 
Richardson,  Esq.,  Boston.     (Cole.) 

Roberts'  Red  Heart. 
Raised  by  David  Roberts,  Salem,  Mass.  Tree,  moderate,  healthy  grower, 
productive.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  heart  shape ;  pale  amber  ground, 
nearly  overspread  and  mottled  wuth  red ;  suture,  distinct ;  flesh,  white, 
juicy,  sweet,  tender,  and  well  flavored ;  pit,  medium ;  stem,  long,  slender. 
Last  of  June. 

Sparhawk's  Honey. 

Sparahawk's  Honey. 

Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish  ;  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  red  ;  flesh, 
tender,  sweet,  very  productive.  10th  to  15th  July.  A  variety  much  es- 
teemed by  a  few  persons ;  but  we  think  superseded  by  other  and  better 
sorts. 

TOWNSEND. 

From  W.  P.  Townsend,  Lockport,  N.  Y.  Fruit,  large,  obtuse  heart 
shape,  high  shouldered,  compressed  ;  suture,  distinct,  apex,  depressed  ;  light 
amber  mottled  and  shaded  with  carmine ;  stem,  long,  slender,  set  in  a 
broad,  deep,  depression ;  flesh,  almost  tender,  juicy,  rich  sprightly ;  pit, 
small.     Last  June. 

Walsh's  Seedling. 

A  seedling  much  resembling  "Large  Heart  Shaped."  It  has  been 
classed  by  Am.  Pom.  Society,  as  among  those  that  "  promise  well.'' 


the  chebbt. 

^  Waterloo. 

We  have  never  been  able  to  obtain  this  variety  to  meet  the  descrip* 
tion  given  by  Downing  in  his  Fruits  and  Fruit  Trees.  At  the  last  Pomo- 
logical  Congress,  Hon.  M.  P.  Wilder  stated  it  to  be  synonymous  with 
Monstreuse  de  Mezel.  This,  we  concludej  must  be  error,  either  in  the 
variety  grown  by  Mr.  Wilder,  or  in  the  description  given  by  Mr.  Down- 
ing. We  copy  the  latter's  description  :  "  Fruit,  large,obtuse  heart  shape  ; 
dark  purplish,  becoming  black  at  maturity ;  stalk,  long  and  slender ;  flesh, 
purplish  red,  juicy,  tender,  when  fully  ripe,  with  a  rich,  sweet  flavor.  Be- 
gining  of  July." 

Werder'S  Early  Black. 
"Werderscho  Fruhe  Schwarze  Herzklrsche. 

Fruit,  large,  roundish  heart  shape  ;  surface,  slightly  uneven  ;  dark  purp- 
lish red,  becoming  nearly  black  ;  flesh,  purplish,  tender,  juicy,  rich,  sweet; 
pit,  small ;  stem,  medium.     Middle  of  June. 

White  Bioarreau. 

"White  Ox  Heart,     I     Large  White  Bigarreau,     I     Turkey  Bigarreau. 
Ox  Heart,  |     Harrison  Heart,  | 

Fruit,  large,  heart-shaped,  yellowish  with  red  in  the  sun ;  flesh,  almost 
firnij  sweet,  delicious ;  poor  bearer.    Last  of  June. 


CLASS  IIL     Superseded  by  better  sorts. 

Beowh'b  Seedling. 
American.    Fruit,  mediom,  yellow  and  red,  sweet,  half  tender ;  wanting  in  flayor. 

Black  Mazakd. 

Hazard,  I         Common  English, 

Wild  English  Cherry,      |         Black  Honey^ 
Bristol  Cherry 

This  Is  the  wild  species  of  Europe,  from  which  many  of  our  sweet  cherries  have  sprung.  It 
Is  now  found  in  nearly  every  village,  or  cultivated  region  of  the  States,  and  is  valuable  mainly 
for  Its  seed,  for  growing  stocks  on  which  to  bud.    There  are  numerous  varieties,  as  all  are 

f-own  from  seed ;  some  are  red,  some  black,  and  some  nearly  white — all  more  or  less  bitter, 
ruit  small,  oval  heart  shape ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy.    Middle  to  last  July. 

Black  Bigakbeatt. 
Bigarreau  Noir. 
Fnxit,  middle  size,  heart  shape,  nearly  black ;  flesh,  firm,  sweet,  dry.    July. 

BLEEDIKa  HeAET. 

Gascoigne's  Heart,  j         Red  Heart, 

Herefordshire  Heart,         |        Guigne  Kouge  Hative. 

FmIt,  medium,  long,  pointed  heart  shape,  dark  red  mottled ;  flesh,  half  tender,  Bweotlsh. 
Last  of  June. 

BmrrNBB's  Ootobisb. 

Buttner's  October  Morello,         I        Du  Nord  Nouvelle, 
Du  Nord,  I        De  Prusse. 

A  MorellO)  of  medium  size,  dark  red,  roundish ;  of  no  value,  except  as  hanging  long  on  th« 


SUPERSEDED   BY   BETTER    SORTS.  229 

BOKEATTON. 

Small,  roundifih  heart  shape,  nearly  black ;  flesh,  half  tender,  8\?^eet,  poor  flavor.  Middle  Jnlr, 

Ckbise  de  Xavieb. 
A  Morello ;  medium,  dark  red,  round,  acid. 

CORONE. 

Couronne,  I     Coroun,  j     Large  Wild  Black. 

Herefordshire  Black,     1     Black  Orleans,         | 
Fruit,  small,  roundish  heart  shape,  dull  black ;  flesh,  tender,  mazardy.    Middle  Julj. 

Coe's  Late  Carnation, 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  red,  acid ;  only  for  cooking. 

Clttstee. 
Cerise  a  Boquet,         |         Chevreuse,        |        Boquet  Amarelle. 
Fruit,  small,  borne  in  clusters,  round,  lively  red,  acid.   Last  of  June. 

Chinese  Double  Flo-wering. 
Yung  To,     I     Cerasus  Serrulata,     |     Serrulated-leaved  Cherry. 
A  tree  of  dwarf  habit,  valuable  only  as  ornamental. 

CORWIN. 

A  Morello.    Medium  size,  roundish,  red ;  flesh,  tender,  acid ;  pit,  large.    July. 

Clarke's  Sttpebb. 
Clarke's  Bigarreau  ? 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish  heart  shape,  bright  red,  with  a  dark  maroon-colored  stripe  half 
round ;  flesh,  whitish,  half  tender,  mingling  of  sweet  and  bitter.    Early  July. 

Db  Spa. 
A  Monllo;  medium  size,  dark  red,  acid. 

Dwarf  Double  Flowering. 
Double  Flowering  Kentish,     |     Cerisier  a  Fleurs  Doubles. 
A  variety  of  the  Kentish,  or  Sour  cherry,  with  semi-double  flowers;  a  pretty  ornamental 
ehrub  tree. 

Flemish. 

Montmorency,  I     Kentish,  |     Gros  Gobet. 

Cerise  a  Courte  Queue,     |     Montmorency  a  Gros  Fruit,     | 
Fruit,  large,  round,  flattened  at  both  ends,  bright  lively  red;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy, 
Bub-acid ;  stem,  stout,  short ;  fruit  borne  in  pairs.    Last  of  July. 

Gridlet. 
Apple  Cherry,         |        Maccarty. 
American.    Fruit,  small,  roundish ;  color,  almost  black ;  flesh,  firm,  purplish,  moderately 
Juicy.    Early  July. 

Honey. 
Large  Honey,     I     Cream,  I     Meresier  a  Fruit  Blanc 

Late  Honey,       1     Yellow  Honey,     | 
Little  better  than  a  Mazard ;  small,  roundish  oval,  yellow  and  red ;  flesh,  tender,  sweet ; 
pit  large.    Middle  July.    Sumner's  Honey  of  Cole  is  very  similar,  and  probably  identical  with 
this. 

Hyde's  Red  Heart. 

Hyde's  Seedling. 

Fruit,  medium,  heart  shape,  red  on  yellow ;  flesh,  whitish,  sweet,  mazardy.    Early  July. 

Hyde's  Late  Black. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obtuse  heart  shape,  purplish  black ;  flesh,  half  tender,  juicy,  •weet 
Early  July. 


230  THE   CHERRY. 


Kentish. 

Late  Kentish,     I     Common  Red,  I     Kentish  Red. 

Pie  Cherry,         j      Common  Sour  Cherry,     I 

This  is  probably  a  seedling  of  this  country,  which  is  found  everywhere  that  man  has  cleared 
the  forest  Throughout  the  West,  it  appears  as  though  it  had  been  among  the  household  goods 
brought  by  first  settlers,  and  that,  wherever  planted,  it  has  grown,  and  by  suckers,  increased 
**  seventy  fold."  It  is  hardy,  and  fruits  abundantly;  and  many  think  it  indispensable,  but  not 
after  having  grown  and  fruited  the  Early  Richmond.  Fruit,  medium  size,  round,  lively  red ; 
tender,  juicy,  acid.    Middle  to  last  July. 

Knight's  Late  Black. 
Medium  to  large,  roundish  heart  shape ;  flesh,  half  tender,  sweet,  dry.    Middle  July. 

Ladt  Southampton's  Yellow. 

Lady  Southampton's  Duke,     I     Lady  Southampton's  Golden  Drop, 
Yellow  or  Golden,  |     Spanish  or  Yellow. 

Fruit,  small,  heart  shape,  yellow ;  flesh,  firm,  dry.    Middle  July. 

Large  Dottblb  Floweeing. 

A  beautiful  ornamental  tree,  with  large,  showy,  donble  white  flowers,  like  little  roses,  with- 
out fruit,  and  therefore  placed  here,  as  unworthy  cultivation,  on  account  of  fruit.  As  an  oma' 
mental  tree,  it  is  beautiful  when  in  flower. 

LuNDiE  Gean. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish  elongated,  dark  purplish  black ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  harsli* 
July. 

Manning's  Late  Black. 

Manning's  Late  Black  Heart 

Fruit,  medium  size,  heart  shape,  dark  purplish  black ;  flesh,  purple,  half  tender,  sweet ;  pit, 
large.    Early  July. 

Manning's  Eaelt  Black. 

Fruit,  medium,  heart  shape,  purplish  black ;  flesh,  tender,  sweet,  good.    Middle  June. 

Ox  Heabt. 

Lion's  Heart,     |     Bullock's  Heart,     I     Very  Large  Heart. 

Fruit,  above  medium  to  large,  obtuse  heart  shape,  dark  red,  nearly  black ;  flesh,  red,  half 
tender,  sweet.    Early  July. 

Ostheim. 

Ostheimer  "Weichsel. 

A  Morello.    Fruit,  below  medium,  round,  dark  red,  tender,  acid.    Middle  July. 

Peince's  Duke. 

Like  carnation,  but  poor  bearer. 

Pink  Heaet. 

A  small  Mazard,  of  pinkish  red,  oval ;  stem,  short.    July. 

Red  Bigabbeatt. 

Large  Red  Bigarreau,  |  Gros  Bigarreau  Rouge,  |  Bigarreau  a  Gros  Fruit  Rouge. 

Fruit,  very  large,  oblong  heart  shape,  irregular ;  color,  yellow  or  red,  becoming  dark  re<l  in 
Bxm ;  flesh,  yellowish,  stained  with  red,  firm,  sweet.    Early  July.    Poor  bearer. 

Remington. 
Remington  "White  Heart,         |        Remington  Heart. 
Fruit,  small,  heart  shape,  yellow ;  flesh,  dry,  bitter  sweet.    Middle  of  August. 

RimsET's  Late  Mobello. 

This  variety  matures  its  fruit  late ;  but  we  have  been  unable  to  find  qualities  in  it  worthy  of 
extensive,  or  even  moderate  growing ;  the  pit  is  too  large,  and  the  tree  a  miserable  grower. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish  heart  shape,  lively  red,  juicy,  acid.    August 


SUPERSEDED  BY  BETTER  SORTS.  231 

Sweet  Montmobbnct. 
Allen's  Sweet  Montmorency. 

Fruit,  medium  or  small,  round,  amber  and  light  red,  mottled;  flesh,  yellowish,  tender, 
sweet.    Middle  to  last  July. 

Tobacco-Leaved. 
Four  to  the  Pound. 
Fruit,  small,  round,  red;  firm,  dry  flesh ;  large  pit. 

Teanspaeent  Gthgite. 

Transparent  Gean,         |        Transparent. 

Fruit,  small,  oval  heart  shape,  yellowish  white,  shaded  with  red ;  flesh,  translucent,  tender, 
tnelting  sweet,  a  little  bitter.    Early  July, 

ViEaiNiAN  Wild  Cheeky. 

This  native  cherry  is  valuable  as  a  beautiful  shade  tree,  and  its  fruit  for  flavoring  liquors, 
but  is  Pot  worthy  a  place  in  garden  or  orchard.  It  is  too  well  known  to  need  description, 
being  the  Oerasus  seroUna  of  Torrey  and  Grey ;  while  the  Choke  cherry,  as  it  is  commonly 
known,  is  the  Cerasua  Virginiana.  There  are  two  varieties  of  C.  serotina  in  the  West  tkU 
produce  fruit  three  to  four  weeks. 

Virginia  May  Duke. 
A  variety  of  Hazard. 

White  Taetaeian. 
Fraser's  White  Tartarian,    I   Eraser's  White  Transparent,    I   Amber  a  Petit  FniiL 

Fruit,  small,  obtuse  heart  shape,  reddish  cream  color ;  flesh,  whitish  yellow,  half  tender, 

•weet. 

Weeping,  ob  all  Saints. 

Ever  Flowering  Cherry,       I       Cerise  Tardive, 
Cerisier  Pleurant,  |       Cerise  de  St.  Martin. 

Fruit,  of  no  value ;  as  an  ornamental  tree,  its  peculiar  weeping  habit  makes  it  very  desirahlib 

Waeben's  Tbanspabent. 
Small,  roundish  heart  shape,  pale  yellow  and  red,  tender,  sweet.    Middle  July.    (Cole.) 

Wilkinson. 
Fruit,  mediom  size,  nearly  black,  half  tender,  juicy,  sweet.    Middle  July. 

Wellington. 
Fmit,  medium  size,  obtuse  heart  shape,  black ;  almost  firm  fleshed.    Early  July. 


THE  CURRANT. 

JRihes  ruhrum,  Lin.      Grossularice  of  Botanists. 

The  Currant  of  our  gardens  is  from  the  north  of  Britain.  The 
native  varieties  of  our  country  are  valueless.  Of  easy  growth,  pro- 
ducing abundance  of  fruit,  even  in  the  most  neglected  positions,  it  has 
found  its  way  into  every  garden,  and  is  the  first  fruit-shrub  planted 
by  all  new  settlers.  Had  attention,  commensurate  with  its  merits, 
ever  been  given  to  reproduction  of  varieties  from  seed,  we  have  no 
doubt  the  size  might  ere  this  have  been  increased,  equaling  that  of 
the  Kentish  cherry. 

The  Cherry  currant,  a  variety  of  comparative  new  introduction, 
by  cultivation  in  rich  soil,  comes  nearest  in  size  to  what  might  be  ex- 
pected, and  what  we  hope  in  few  years  to  see  realized.  To  the  Dutch 
horticulturists  belongs  the  credit  of  first  reproducing  from  seed,  and 
improving  the  currant ;  and  not  until  the  latter  period  of  the  life-time 
of  Thomas  Andrew  Knight,  Esq.,  did  English  horticulturists  give  it 
any  attention.  Mr.  Knight  originated  several  new  kinds,  varying, 
however,  so  slightly  from  the  old  Dutch  Red  as  to  be  hardly  worth 
retaining  as  distinct  varieties. 

Propagation.  Where  the  intention  is  to  produce  new  and  improved 
varieties,  seed  should  be  selected  from  plants  permitted  to  produce 
but  little  fruit,  in  order  to  perfect  and  increase  the  vigor  of  seed. 
"When  ripe,  the  fruit  should  be  crushed  sufficient  to  wash  the  seeds 
clean,  when  they  may  be  wrapped  in  paper  and  laid  aside  until  early 
in  following  Spring,  when  they  should  be  sown  in  light,  rich  soil,  and 
covered  about  half  an  inch  deep ;  or,  they  may  be  at  once  sown  in 
a  cold  frame  or  border  with  northern  exposure,  and  on  approach  of 
Winter  have  two  inches  deep  of  tan  bark  or  leaf  mold  scattered 
among  the  plants. 

The  continiiance  of  varieties  by  means  of  cuttings  is  performed  in 
similar  manner,  and  at  the  same  time  as  directed  under  head  of  Goose- 
berries. 

Transplanting.  This  is  best  done  in  October,  or  early  in  Spring ; 
but  may  be  done  at  almost  any  season  except  July  or  August,  as 
the  currant  is  so  tenacious  of  life  that  failures  to  grow  rarely  occur. 
The  distance  apart  of  plants  should  be  not  less  than  four  feet  each 
way. 

Soil  and  Situation.  The  Currant  will  grow  in  almost,  any  soil, 
producing  fruit  abundantly  ;  but  it  is  only  when  grown  in  rich,  deep 

232 


233 

soil,  under  high  culture,  that  varieties  exhibit  their  peculiar  charac- 
ters. "We  have  grown  the  Cherry  currant  in  a  poor,  gravelly  soil, 
and  on  a  rich  loam,  and  could  hardly  recognize  the  fruit  as  the  same ; 
the  first  being  only  of  medium  size  and  indifferent  character,  while 
in  the  second  they  were  large,  as  described,  and  possessing  -the 
sharp  acid  characteristic  of  the  variety.  The  situation  should  be 
free  from  shade  of  trees,  but  if  shaded  by  hedge  or  fence,  so  as  to 
give  the  morning  and  evening  and  not  the  noonday  sun,  the  fruit 
will  ripen  and  hang  on  much  later,  serving,  by  means  of  a  few  plants 
so  placed  in  each  garden,  to  continue  the  currant  season  from  July  to 
September. 

Culture.  The  soil  should  be  well  enriched  with  rotted  barn-yard 
manure  every  Fall ;  this  should  be  spaded  or  forked  in  lightly,  and 
during  the  fruit  season  the  ground  should  be  kept  clean  of  weeds. 

Pruning.  This  should  be  pursued  much  as  is  described  under 
head  of  Gooseberries,  except  that  the  suckers,  or  a  portion  of  them, 
should  be  permitted  to  grow ;  while  wood  of  three  years  old  should 
be  regularly  cut  out.  Where  new  shoots  springing  from  the  root  are 
not  permitted  to  grow,  but  plants  kept  as  miniature  trees,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  furnish  plants  every  four  or  five  years  ;  and  as  the  best 
and  largest  fruit  is  borne  upon  wood  of  the  preceding  year's  growth, 
it  is  always  best  to  retain  as  much  of  that  as  possible,  compatible 
with  form  and  habit  of  the  plant ;  which  should  present,  when  fairly 
grown,  or  at  three  years  from  setting,  a  bush  of  pyramidal  shape, 
three  to  five  feet  high,  and  about  two  to  three  in  diameter. 

The  Currant,  as  well  as  Gooseberry,  may  both  be  trained  as  Espa- 
liers, or  otherwise,  to  suit  the  fancy  or  particular  situations,  producing 
freely  of  fruit  in  all  positions,  and  of  good  quality  when  well  supplied 
with  food. 

Insects.  The  Currant  Borer  (^uEgeria  tipuliformis)  attacks  the 
Currant,  but  is  seldom  met  with  in  the  West,  or  in  gardens  where 
the  three  years'  old  wood  is  regularly  cut  away,  thereby  giving 
vigor  to  the  remainder  of  the  plant.  This  insect  is  produced  from  a 
blue-black  moth,  appearing  about  the  middle  of  June,  and  depositing 
its  eggs  near  the  lower  buds  ;  these  hatch,  and  the  young  borer  en- 
ters the  stem  to  the  pith,  which  it  devours.  The  best  remedy  is  to 
cut  off  and  burn  all  branches  affected. 

The  Abraxas  (?)  Biberaria  is  said  to  destroy  the  foliage  of  the 
Currant  and  Gooseberry,  and  prevent  the  perfection  of  fruit.  We 
have  not  seen  the  insect  at  the  West.  It  is  fully  described  in  the 
New  York  State  Agricultural  Transactions  for  1847,  pages  461  to 
469,  by  Asa  Fitch,  M.D. 

Uses.  Familiar  to  every  one  are  the  uses  of  the  Currant ;  green, 
it  is  made  into  pies,  and  bottled  for  similar  use  in  Winter,  by  gather- 
ing when  of  full  size,  or  just  before  they  commence  turning  red;  have 


234  THE  CUERANT. 

them  dry,  put  them  in  glass  bottles,  cork  and  seal  tight,  and  pack  in 
sand  in  a  cool  cellar. 

Currant  jellj,  made  when  the  fruit  is  fully  ripe,  is  considered  by 
many  persons  an  indispensable  accompaniment  to  many  dishes. 
Currant  shrub  and  currant  wine  are  also  made  from  the  ripe  fruit, 
numerous  recipes  for  which  are  in  all  the  Horticultural  journals. 
The  fruit  of  the  Black  currant,  made  into  a  jelly,  is  regarded  by 
many  invaluable  as  a  remedy  for  sore  throat,  quinsy,  etc. ;  made  into 
jam  or  dried,  it  is  valuable  for  puddings,  etc. 

Varieties.  Of  the  varieties  there  are  but  few  truly  worthy  of  cul- 
tivation. The  Ribes  rubrum,  or  Common  Red  currant,  is  distinct 
in  leaf  and  habit  from  the  Ribes  nigrum,  or  Black  currant.  The 
Ribes  aureum  has  ever  been  considered  only  as  ornamental,  and  cul- 
tivated only  for  that  purpose.  Nor  do  we  think  the  variety  with 
prefix  "  large-fruited  "  any  more  deserving  attention  of  fruit-growers. 
The  Ribes  sanguineum,  with  its  clusters  of  crimson  flowers,  is  a 
pretty,  ornamental  shrub,  deserving  place  only  in  large  grounds. 
The  Ribes  Jioridum,  or  American  Black,  may  perhaps  have  qualities 
and  habits  rendering  it  desirable  as  a  parent  from  which  to  produce 
new  varieties. 


CLASS  I. — Most  generally  esteemed. 
Black  Naples. 

Black  Grape,     |     Ogden's  Black  Grape. 

The  largest  fruited  and  most  productive  of  the  Black  currant.  Hardy  m 
ail  sections  of  the  States. 

Cherry. 

From  Italy.  In  rich,  deep,  strong  soils,  and  high  culture,  it  is  an  abun- 
dant bearer  of  large,  very  acid  fruit.  In  poor,  thin,  light  soils,  it  is  not 
desirable. 

Knight's  Sweet  Red. 

Varying  from  Red  Dutch  only  in  the  fruit,  being  less  deeply  colored  and 
slightly  less  acid;  resembling  more  the  White  Dutch  in  quality. 

Prince  Albert. 

New.  Plants,  vigorous,  large  foliage,  productive,  ripens  late,  therefore 
valuable.     Fruity  large,  resembling  Victoria, 

Red  Dutch. 

Long  Bnnched  Eed  Dutch,      I     Large  Ked  Dutch,  I     Morgan's  Eed. 

New  Ked  Dutch,  |     Eed  Grape,  incorrectly,     \ 

Distinct  from  the  variety  usually  grown  in  most  old  gardens,  in  the  fruit 

being  somewhat  larger,  clusters  longer,  and  acid  less  sharp.     One  of  the 

best  for  general  cultivation. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  235 

Victoria. 

May's  Victoria,     I      Goliath, 

Babj  Castle,         {     Houghton  Castle. 

Bunches  very  long.  Fruit,  red,  somewhat  larger  than  Red  Dutch,  and 
lilightly  more  acid  ;  ripens  later,  and  hangs  a  long  time.  Plants,  vigorous, 
of  a  spreading  habit.  Its  very  large,  long  bunches  make  it  the  most  desir- 
able of  all  currants  for  market  culture. 

White  Dutch. 

New  "White  Dutch,     I     White  Leghorn,     I     Large  White, 
White  Crystal,  Keeve's  White,  White  Clinton. 

Morgan's  White,  J  | 

Differing  from  the  Red  Dutch,  in  being  of  a  yellowish  white,  and  less 

acid,  therefore  preferred  for  table  use. 

White  Grape. 
Elver's  White  Grape. 
Slightly  larger  in  fruit  than  the  White   Dutch,  with  branches  more 
Fpreading.     The  two  are  not  sufficiently  distinct  to  be  desirable  in  small 
gardens.     Productive. 


CLASS  11.     Embraces  varieties,  of  which  many  ore  new  and  untested^  and 
others  suited  only  to  large  Orchards,  or  certain  localities. 

American  Black. 
Unproductive. 

Attractor. 

New,  from  France.    Fruit,  very  large,  white ;  vigorous  and  productive. 

Black  English. 

Common  Black. 

Bunches  short,  poor  flavor,  unproductive. 

Common  Red — Common  White. 
Well  known  old  sorts,  not  requisite  to  describe. 

Champagne. 
Pale  red,  or  flesh  color,  very  acid. 

Fertille  D" Angers. 

France,  new.     Bunches,  long,  large  ;  fruit,  red,  said  to  be  valuable. 

GoNDOUiN  Red. 

From  France.     Strong  growth,  large,  matures  late,  should   be  further 
♦  iBted,  but  not  largely  planted.     There  is  also  a  white  variety. 

GoNDOUiN  White. 

Fruit,  large,  whitish  yellow,  quite  sweet,  more  so  than  any  other  sort ; 
branches,  rather  long,  strong  growth,  productive. 


236  THE  CURKANT. 

Knight's  Early  Red. 
Claimed  to  ripen  ten  days  earlier  than  others,  but  does  not  sustain  it. 

Knight's  Large  Red. 

Hardly  to  be  distinguished  from  Red  Dutch. 

La  Caucasse. 

A  new  variety  ;  vigorous,  upright  shoots  ;  bunches,  very  long,  often  seven 
inches,  with  berries  two  inches  in  circumference,  sprightly,  mild  acid,  pro- 
mises valuable. 

La  Versaillaise. 

New  French  currant,  very  large,  with  long  bunches  ;  next  in  size  to 
Cherry  currant,  deep  red,  very  productive. 

La  Hative. 

A  new  early  Red  currant  from  France,  not  yet  fruited  here.  Said  to  le 
excellent. 

Missouri. 

Missouri  Fragrant,     |     Jefferson. 

Valuable  only  as  ornamental;  fruit,  large,  bluish  black;  flavor,  requiring 
a  peculiar  taste  to  admire  it. 

Missouri  Large  Fruited. 

Missouri  Eatable. 

Similar  to  the  foregoing. 

Palnau. 

Fertile  Currant  of  Falnau. 

From  Tours,  in  France.  It  is  considered  of  great  excellence,  flowering 
early,  and  producing  abundance  of  fruit,  less  acid  than  others  of  the  reds. 

Red  Grape. 

Fruit,  large ;  bunches  long,  clear  red,  more  acid  than  Red  Dutch ;  pro- 
ductive.    Not  upright  in  growth. 

Red  Provens. 

Similar  to,  if  not  identical  with,  Red  Dutch. 

Short  Bunched  Red. 

Very  similar  to  Red  Dutch,  except  bunches  shorter,  and  fruit  not  as 
large. 

Striped  Fruited. 

Valuable  only  as  a  curiosity,  in  the  fruit  being  striped  slightly  with  white 
and  red. 

Transparent. 
Blanc  Transparent 

A  new  French  currant.  Fruit,  very  large,  yellowish  while,  similar  to 
White  Dutch ;  very  productive. 


THE  GOOSEBERRY.  237 

"White  Pearl. 

A  new  variety  we  have  not  seen.  Hovey  says  it  is  announced  as  having 
bunches  four  inches  long,  quarter  inch  in  diameter,  color  of  pearl ;  raised 
near  Brussels. 

White  Antwerp. 

Fruitj  large,  sweet;  productive. 


THE  GOOSEBEERY. 

Hibes  Grossularia —  Grossulacece  of  Botanists. 

The  Gooseberry  is  found  wild  in  most  of  the  northern  and  middle 
portions  of  our  country,  but  with  few  exceptions  its  fruit  is  prickly 
and  unworthy.  On  some  of  the  islands  of  our  upper  Lakes,  where 
the  climate  is  moist  and  cool,  there  are  varieties  that  produce  abun- 
dantly of  fruit,  small  in  size,  but  of  good  flavor,  smooth  and  free  of 
prickles.  Our  garden  varieties  generally  cultivated,  have  all  been  in- 
troduced from  England,  reproduction  of  new  kinds  from  seed  having 
been  rarely  attempted  in  this  country,  owing  to  the  low  price  at  which 
the  best  kinds  can  be  purchased  in  England,  and  the  almost  certainty 
of  success  of  importations  made  in  the  Autumn. 

The  moist,  cool  climate  of  Lancashire,  England,  joined  to  the  en- 
thusiasm for  culture  of  this  fruit  by  a  class  of  people  employed  there 
as  weavers,  and  possessing  only  very  small  yards  or  gardens,  has  been 
the  origin  of  most  of  our  approved  varieties.  Gooseberry  Shows 
were  held  in  England  as  early  as  1743  ;  and  it  has  long  been  custom- 
ary to  issue  annually  a  Gooseberry  Book,  in  which  all  new  vari- 
eties are  noticed  and  all  previous  varieties  named,  with  accounts  of 
size,  &c.  This  list  has  now  swollen  to  over  twelve  hundred  kinds ; 
yet  a  selection  embracing  those  truly  best  and  most  profitable,  and 
with  distinctive  marks,  would  not  exceed  forty  kinds. 

Throughout  our  Southern  and  inland  States,  except  in  sections 
bordering  on  large  bodies  of  water,  it  requires  great  care  to  succeed 
well  with  this  fruit.  The  deep,  rich  soil  of  our  Western  prairies 
suits  the  plant  in  its  growth,  but  the  heat  and  dry  atmosphere,  in  sec- 
tions distant  from  bodies  of  water,  induce  mildew,  to  the  destruction 
of  perfect  fruit.  Easily  grown  from  seed,  it  is  worth  the  attention 
of  some  one  to  make  experiments,  by  raising  from  seed  of  our  best 
varieties,  sown  in  the  rich  soils  of  the  West ;  the  result  of  which,  it 
might  safely  be  expected,  would  be  plants  vigorous  and  comparatively 
iree  from  disease  as  our  natives. 


238  THE   GOOSEBERRY. 

Propagation.  Seed  should  be  sown  in  rich  Icam,  covered  half  an 
inch  deep,  and  shaded  from  all  but  morning  sun.  This  course  is  only 
advisable  where  production  of  new  varieties  is  the  object.  The  most 
general  mode  of  propagating  is  by  cuttings.  These  should  be  made 
of  the  new  wood  of  present  year,  say  in  August,  or  early  in  Septem- 
ber, or  as  soon  as  the  season's  growth  is  completed  and  the  wood 
-ripened.  The  cutting  should  be  about  ten  inches  long,  with  all  buds 
on  the  lower  six  inches  cut  out,  and  the  lower  end  cut  square  and 
even,  immediately  underneath  the  bud.  Plant  perpendicularly  in  a 
soil  two  feet  deep,  composed  of  loam  and  sand,  and  exposed  only  to 
the  morning  sun  ;  set  the  cuttings  six  inches  deep,  fill  up  two  inches, 
and  tread  very  firm  and  compact,  the  remaining  four  inches  fill  in 
loosely.  Grafting  on  the  stalk  of  the  Yellow-flowering  or  Missouri 
currant,  has  been  practiced,  and  is  said  to  prevent  mildew. 

Transplanting.  This  is  best  done  in  early  October,  at  which  time 
the  bushes  transplanted  (if  it  has  not  been  previously  done)  should 
be  pruned  back  to  within  three  buds  of  this  year's  growth.  The  dis- 
tance of  plants,  one  from  another,  should  not  be  less  than  three  feet 
each  way.  Immediately  after  transplanting,  cover  the  whole  ground 
■with  three  inches  deep  of  tan  bark,  saw-dust,  sea-weed,  or  new-mown 
grass.  Fresh  plantations  should  be  made  every  five  or  six  years,  as 
young  plants  bear  better  and  larger  fruit  than  old  ones. 

Soil  and  Situation.  The  soil  should  be  two  feet  deep,  well  en- 
riched, and  of  a  loamy,  clayey  texture ;  where  your  ground  is  sandy, 
haul  on  clay  or  turf  loam.  The  situation  should  be  open,  airy,  and 
away  from  under  shade  of  trees ;  but  where  it  can  be  done,  shaded 
from  the  mid-day  sun  by  a  fence  or  hedge. 

Culture.  Where  mulching  is  practiced,  the  ground  dug  up  once 
early  in  Spring  and  liberally  supplied  with  well  rotted  manure  and 
soot  from  chimneys  or  stove-pipes,  will  be  all  required,  save  the  pull- 
ing of  the  few  weeds  which  struggle  through  the  mulch  in  course  of 
Summer. 

Pruning.  This,  in  training  the  Gooseberry,  like  the  Dwarf  Pear, 
consists  much  in  the  "  pinching-in"  process,  i.  e.,  by  means  of  thumb 
and  finger,  stopping  back,  in  months  of  May  and  June,  such  branches 
as  become  straggling,  irregular,  or  getting  too  much  vigor  for  success 
of  balance  of  plant ;  leaving  the  fruit  on  strong  branches,  and  pull- 
ing most  of  that  on  weak  ones.  Late  in  August,  or  early  September, 
the  time  best  suited  for  cuttings,  the  plant  may  have  such  shoots  cut 
out  as  have  been  neglected  to  be  stopped  in  or  rubbed  off,  and  are 
tending  to  make  the  top  so  thick  as  to  obstruct  free  circulation  of  air. 
All  suckers  should  be  destroyed.  Some  cultivators  prune  in  Febru- 
ary ;  we  prefer  the  Fall.  The  following  simple  process  of  training 
or  ripening  is  sometimes  pursued,  and  with  good  success  : — In  a  row, 
the  first  bush  has  the  branches  of  the  year's  growth  cut  back  one 
third  J  the  second  bush  has  every  branch  cut  back  to  two,  close  to  the 


VARIETIES.  239 

stem;  the  third,  trimmed  same  as  first;  fourth,  same  as  second,  and 
so  on  alternately.  The  next  year  this  course  is  reversed,  and  No. 
one  takes  place  of  No.  two.  This  supplies  fresh  wood,  and  some 
think  the  increased  vigor  given  to  the  plant  in  only  fruiting  every 
other  year,  has  a  tendency  to  prevent  mildew. 

Mildew.  This  is  regarded  as  a  parasitical  plant  or  fungus,  attach- 
ing itself  to  the  fruit  and  covering  its  surface  as  with  an  appearance 
of  scurf  It  is  induced  by  heat,  want  of  moisture  in  the  atmosphere 
and  free  circulation  of  air,  and  perhaps  unhealthy  state  of  the  plant. 
The  remedies  are :  mulching  the  ground  three  or  four  inches  deep, 
with  tan  bark,  sawdust,  salt  hay,  or  sea-weed,  serving  to  keep  the 
roots  cool  and  moist,  and  adding  vigor  to  the  plant.  The  salt  is,  by 
some,  regarded  as  effective  in  itself;  we  think  it  acts  only  in  creating 
moisture.  Sprinkling  the  bushes  freely  early  in  Spring,  and  after  the 
fruit  is  set,  twice  a  week,  with  strong  soap-suds,  or  such  as  come  from 
the  weekly  wash  of  families,  is  also  a  preventive. 

Uses.  In  its  green  state,  the  Gooseberry  is  esteemed  for  pies, 
tarts,  &c.,  and  is  often  bottled  for  winter  use.  This  is  done  by  fill- 
ing the  bottles  nearly  full  of  berries,  then  turning  in  clear  soft 
water,  then  placing  the  bottles  a  few  moments  in  boiling  water, 
corking  and  sealing,  and  burying  them  in  a  cool  cellar  with  necks 
downward. 

Half  ripened,  the  fruit  is  capable  of  yielding  a  juice  which,  after 
fermentation  and  a  little  necessary  compounding,  forms  a  liquor  re- 
sembling champagne. 

The  ripe  fruit  is  agreeable  to  the  palate,  and  coming  immediately 
after  cherries,  when  there  is  little  variety,  finds  ready  sale  in  market. 


VARIETIES. 

Varieties.  As  before  remarked,  the  varieties  of  the  Gooseberry 
are  far  too  numerous  for  any  practical  uses,  very  many  of  them  vary- 
ing only  in  some  slight  shape  of  the  fruit  or  shade  of  leaf  We  have 
therefore  selected  the  following,  as  kinds  which  have  been  well  tested 
in  this  country. 

Bright  Venus.     (Taylor's.) 

Branches  erect ;  fruit,  whitish  green,  middle  size,  obovate,  hairy  :  flavor, 
"  best ;"  hangs  a  long  time. 

Bunker  Hill.    (Capper's.) 

Branches  spreading;  f-uit.  yellow,  large,  roundish,  smooth;  flavor  very 
good. 


240  THE   GOOSEBERKY. 

Champagni. 

Branches  erect ;  fruit  red,  small,  roundish  oblong,  hairy  j  very  goM ;  w 
tremely  productive. 

Crown  Bob.     (Mclling's.) 

Branches  spreading ;  fruit  red,  very  large,  oblong,  hairy ;  flavor,  "  best.'* 

DucKWiNG.     (Buerdsill's.) 

Branches  erect;  fruit,  yellow,  large,  obovate,  smooth,  flavor  very  good, 
ripens  late. 

Early  Sulphur. 

Branches  erect ;  fruit  yellow,  medium  size,  roundish,  hairy  j  flavor,  "bei*;'* 
ripens  very  early. 

Green  Walnut. 

Branches  spreading ;  fruit,  green,  medium  size,  obovate,  smooth  ;  flavor, 
*'  best." 


Green  Gage.     (Pitmaston's. 
,  green,  small,  obovate,  smootl 

Heart  of  Oak.     (Massey's.) 


Branches  erect ;  fruit,  green,  small,  obovate,  smooth ;  flavor,  "  best ;"  hangs 
late. 


Branches  drooping;  fruit,  green,  very  large,  oblong,  smooth ;  flavor,  ''best." 

Houghton's  Seedling. 

Branches  erect,  spreading,  slender ;  fruit,  pale  red,  oval,  medium  size, 
flavor,  "  good  ;"  productive.  This  is  claimed  an  American  seedling,  and 
thus  far  has  proved  entirely  free  from  mildew.     Especially  fine  for  cooking. 

Ironmonger. 

Branches  spreaaing ,  fruit,  red,  small,  roundish,  hairy  ;  flavor,  very  good ; 
productive. 

Jolly  Angler.     (Collier's.) 
Branches  erect;  fruit,  green,  large,  oblong;  flavor  "best." 

Keen's  Seedling. 

Branches  drooping;  fruit,  red,  medium,  oblong,  hairy;  flavor,  "best;' 
early  and  productive. 

Laurel.     (Parkinson's.) 

Branches  erect ;  fruit,  green,  large,  obovate ;  flavor,  ''  best." 

Pale  Red. 

Branches  erect,  slender  ;  fruit,  pale  red,  medium,  oval,  flavor  very  good; 
very  productive.  We  received  this  variety  from  England,  in  1847,  and 
hare  fruited  it  yearly  since.    We  have  grown  it  in  good  and  poor  soil, 


VAKmiTES.  241 

with  and  without  cultivation,  and  have  never  had  it  mildew ;  while  for 
productiveness  we  have  not  its  equal,  a  single  branch  often  producing  two 
hundred  fruit. 

Red  Warrington. 

Branches  drooping;  fruit,  red,  large,  roundish  oblong,  hairy :  flavor,  "  best." 

Roaring  Lion. 

Branches  drooping;  fruit,  red,  large, oblong,  smooth;  flavor,  ''best;"  hangs 
late. 

Sheba  Queen.     (Crompton's.) 

Branches  erect ;  fruit,  white,  large,  obovate,  downy ;  flavor,  "  best." 

Whitesmith.     (Woodward's.) 

Branches  erect;   fruit,  white,  large,  roundish  oblong,  downy;  flavor, 
"  best.'' 

White  Honey. 

Branches  erect;  fruit,  white,  medium,  roundish  oblong,  smooth;  flavor, 
"  best." 

11 


THE  AMERICAN  GEAPE. 

Vitis  lahrusca,  L. —  Vitacece  of  Botanists. 

Throughout  nearly  every  portion  of  the  United  States  the  Grape, 
in  its  wild  state,  is  found  growing.  Of  these,  classes  are  divided,  the 
vitis  lahrusca,  being  our  common  Fox  grape,  and  from  which  we  are 
yet  to  suppose  the  Diana,  Catawba,  and  Isabella,  are  accidental  seed- 
lings ;  while  the  Frost  grape  (vitis  cor dif olid),  may,  perchance,  have 
been  the  parent  of  the  Elsinburgh,  Clinton,  &c.  Hardy,  and  almost 
equaling  in  delicacy  many  of  the  varieties  of  foreign  grape,  they  have 
become  the  companions  of  our  advanced  civilization,  until  almost 
every  American  can  sit  under  his  own  vine  and  eat  the  fruit  thereof. 
They  have  made  our  country  already  known  as  a  wine-producing 
country,  after  repeated  trials  and  failures  with  foreign  varieties,  and 
are  destined  to  add  millions  to  our  wealth,  and  temperance  to  the 
character  of  our  people.  Records  of  immense  vines  are  made,  as 
growing  on  the  rich  soil  of  our  valleys  bordering  on  streams  of 
waters ;  yet,  when  age  is  taken  into  consideration,  we  deem  them  all 
surpassed  by  a  vine  of  Catawba  grape  which  we  saw  last  year  grow- 
ing on  Kelley's  Island,  in  Lake  Erie.  It  had  been  planted  out  but 
two  years,  yet  had  reached  at  least  three  hundred  feet  in  length,  with 
a  girth,  near  the  ground,  of  main  stem,  five  inches,  and  had  produced 
that  year  over  200  lbs.  of  fruit. 

The  secret  of  this  extraordinary  growth  rests  in  the  soil  abounding 
in  lime,  while  the  wash- water,  soap-suds,  &c.,  &c.,  of  the  house  had 
its  escape  near  the  roots. 

We  may  also  remark  that  upon  this  island  we  have  seen  grapes, 
more  perfectly  grown  and  ripened,  than  in  visiting  any  of  the  vine- 
yards of  the  Ohio  ;  and  wine  possessing  all  the  bouquet  and  aroma  so 
much  esteemed  by  connoisseurs. 

Vineyards.  The  vineyards  of  the  Rhine  and  of  the  territory  of 
France,  have  world-wide  celebrity.  The  quantity  produced  by  the 
latter  country  naving  been  stated  as  high  as  900,000,000  gallons, 
annually,  for  which  nearly  5,000,000  acres  of  ground  were  required, 

"  The  Romans  cultivated  the  vine  at  an  early  period  of  their  his- 
tory, and  used  wine  in  their  libations  at  their  sacrifices.  Romulus, 
however,  discouraged  its  use,  which  prevented  the  introduction  of  it 
as  a  beverage,  until  his  edict  was  abolished.  The  general  culture 
was  then  encouraged,  and  increased  to  such  excess  that  it  became 
necessary  to  restrict  the  use  of  wine  by  severe  laws.     A^i  one  \\v^q 

242 


VINEYARDS.  243 

women  were  prohibited  from  using:  wine  in  any  case  whatever,  under 
the  penalty  of  death,  and  men  until  they  had  attained  the  age  of 
thirty  years.  Cato  mentions  that  the  custom  among  relations  of  kiss- 
ing women  when  they  met,  was  to  ascertain  by  their  breath  if  they 
had  been  drinking  wine. 

"  Pliny  gives  an  account  of  a  renowned  Roman  who  so  improved 
his  farm,  near  the  city  of  Rome,  that  in  one  year  the  product  of  his 
vines  sold  for  four  hundred  thousand  sesterses. 

"  The  vine  was  highly  esteemed  by  the  heathen  nations,  and  the 
invention  of  wine  was  ascribed  by  the  Egyptians  to  Osiris,  by  the 
Latins  to  Saturn  ;  and  the  Greeks  elevated  Bacchus  to  the  rank  of 
a  deity  for  having  brought  the  vine  from  Arabia  Felix. 

"  It  is  said  by  Pliny  that  Bacchus  was  the  first  who  ever  wore  a 
crown,  and  as  the  god  of  vintage,  his  crown  is  formed  of  the  vine 
and  its  twining  branches,  bedecked  with  clusters  of  fruit.  The 
manufacture  of  wine  was  known  to  the  people  in  the  early  part  of 
the  Christian  era,  as  we  are  informed  that  our  Saviour,  at  a  wed- 
ding, changed  the  water  into  wine. 

"  At  several  periods  of  the  history  of  the  world,  the  cultivation  of 
the  vine  was  prohibited  by  severe  laws,  but  since  the  twelfth  century 
a  new  impulse  has  been  given,  which  extended  through  all  portions 
of  Europe  ;  and  we  now  find  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  the  mountains 
of  Hungary  and  Switzerland,  and  the  plains  of  France  and  Italy 
cultivated  with  more  than  two  hundred  varieties  of  the  grape.  Those 
most  highly  esteemed  in  France  for  the  manufacture  of  wine,  are  the 
Burgundy  grapes,  three  varieties  of  which  produce  the  champagne 
wine.  The  German  and  Swiss  grapes  are  principally  celebrated  as 
wine  grapes,  and  four  or  five  varieties  are  highly  esteemed  for  their 
prolific  bearing,  and  regular  crops. 

*'  The  Madeira  grapes  are  all  celebrated  for  wine.  The  table 
grapes  of  France  are  principally  the  Chasselas,  the  Frontignac,  and 
other  Muscat  grapes."  Noah  planted  a  vineyard  and  made  wine  ; 
and  among  the  blessings  of  the  promised  land  are  mentioned  "  wheat, 
barley,  and  vine." 

Although  we  have  record  of  wine  being  made  from  a  native  grape 
in  Florida,  as  early  as  1564,  no  vineyards  of  note  are  spoken  of  in 
the  United  States  until  those  established  at  Vevay  and  New  Har- 
mony, Ind.,  Lexington,  Ky.,  &c ,  about  1812,  the  originals  of  which 
^re  now  mostly  destroyed. 

Jefferson  recorded  his  opinion,  that  "  no  nation  is  drunken  where 
wine  is  cheap  ;  and  none  sober  where  the  dearness  of  wine  substitutes 
ardent  spirits  as  the  common  beverage. '  A  wish  to  sustain  and 
exemplify  this  assertion,  if  not  to  exhibit  the  profitableness  of  the 
pursuit,  would  seem  to  have  held  sway  in  the  mines  of  denizens  of 
the  '*  Rhine  of  America,"  *.  c,  the  borders  of  the  Ohio  river,  above 
and  below  Cincinnati,  where  now,  it  is  probable,  over  ten  thousand 


244  THE   GRAPE. 

acres  are  occupied  with  vines,  mostly  of  the  Catawba  grape,  the  pro- 
duce of  which  is  made  mostly  into,  what  is  there  termed,  "  dry  wine," 
much  resembling  the  better  class  wines  of  the  Rhine.  The  culture  of 
the  vine  and  manufacture  of  wines,  is  only  now  in  its  infancy  ;  and 
ten  years,  we  doubt  not,  will  incre'ase  ten-fold  the  prest?nt  amount. 
Large  establishments  for  the  manufacture  are  now  existing  at  Cincinnati 
and  St.  Louis.  At  the  latter  place  the  manufacture  of  the  "  Still 
Catawba,"  into  sparkling  champagne,  is  conducted  by  the  Missouri 
Wine  Company,  upon  a  large  scale,  and  upon  the  most  intelligent 
principles. 

Medical  men  have  looked  upon  this  establishment  of  vineyards  in 
our  own  country  with  favor,  in  a  point  of  view  as  relating  to  health. 
Prof.  Kirtland,  in  1842,  says  :  "  During  an  extensive  practice  in  the 
medical  profession,  for  more  than  twenty-five  years,  I  have  frequently 
found  it  important  to  employ  wine  and  other  diffusive  stimulants  as 
medicines  ;  and  while  I  am  disposed  to  go  as  far  as  any  one  in  excluding 
strong  drinks  from  the  daily  use  of  people  in  health,  I  must  express  my 
satisfaction  at  finding  we  can  produce,  in  our  own  country,  a  pure, 
healthy  wine,  well  adapted  to  medicinal  purposes,  and  far  superior  to 
the  poisonous  foreign  compounds,  that  often  find  their  way  to  the 
bedsides  of  the  sick,  under  the  names  of '  Lisbon,'  '  Madeira,'  &c.,  &c." 

Most  of  the  earlier  planted  vineyards  in  this  country  were  of  foreign 
vines,  which,  not  succeeding,  native  varieties  were  adopted ;  and  at 
this  time  only  two,  the  Catawba  and  Schuylkill,  are  advised  to  be 
planted  to  any  considerable  extent. 

Notwithstanding  the  borders  of  the  Ohio  and  Missouri  rivers  have 
thus  far  taken  the  lead  in  production  of  wine  and  extent  of  vineyards, 
there  is  no  good  reason  to  suppose  thai  the  boundary  where  success 
may  be  had.  On  the  contrary,  abundant  sites  may  be  found  through- 
out the  entire  West,  where,  by  application  of  manures  suited  to  the 
wants  of  the  vine,  and  found  deficient  in  the  soil,  equal  success  would 
be  had.  Georgia  and  North  Carolina  have  lately  produced  large 
crops  of  the  Catawba. 

The  whole  extent  of  Western  prairies,  rich  in  all  the  constituents 
af  the  grape  vine  (if  we  except  potash,  and,  possibly,  in  sections,  the 
phosphates),  are  yet  destined  to  be  tenanted  with  immense  vineyards, 
and  at  no  greater  outlay  of  expense  for  constituents  toward  success- 
ful culture,  than  the  vineyards  of  the  "  Rhine  of  America,"  which 
have  thiis  far  been  made  dependent  on  the  natural  inherents  of  the 
soil,  and  have  already  shown  failure,  ^.  e.,  decay  by  rot,  where  food, 
in  the  form  of  potash  and  bone  dust,  has  not  been  supplied. 

North  of  latitude  42°,  however,  it  may  be  doubted  whether  saccha- 
rine sufficient  can  be  obtained  from  the  most  valuable  wine  grapes 
yet  known,  to  make  wines  in  competition  with  those  grown  farther 
South ;  but  as  this  subject  is  one  so  extensive  that,  if  thoroughly 
written  on,  would  more  than  occupy  the  number  of  pages  intended 


PEOPAGATION.  245 

for  this  entire  book,  we  must  forbear,  and  only  devote  our  space  to 
such  instructions  as  will  enable  the  inexperienced  to  make  the  first 
start  correctly,  premising  that  once  interested  and  engaged  in  the 
subject,  disposition  will  be  found  freely  to  avail  himself  of  all  works 
yet  issued  devoted  to  the  subject. 

Propagation.  By  Seed.  This  course  is  only  pursued  where  in- 
tended to  originate  a  new  variety.  At  this  time,  large  offers  of  pre- 
mium are  circulated  in  the  journals  of  the  day  for  the  production 
of  a  hardy  grape,  surpassing  the  Catawba  as  a  wine  grape.  Fertil 
izing  some  variety  of  the  vitis  vinefera  with  pollen  of  vitis  lahrusca, 
or  vice  versa^  will  be  the  course  to  pursue  with  any  expectation  of 
success ;  the  seed  so  fertilized,  gathered  carefully  and  sown  in  rich 
vegetable  mould.  Cultivation  of  our  wild  grapes  only  increases  the 
size  without  ameliorating  their  character. 

By  Cuttings.  These  are  taken  from  the  strongest  vines  of  the 
last  year's  growth,  cut  to  a  length,  embracing  three  or  four  buds, 
according  as  the  joints  are  long  or  short  of  the  variety  ;  where  pos- 
sible, a  little  piece  of  the  old  wood  left  on  the  lower  end  is  preferred. 
These  being  made  ii)  the  Fall,  when  pruning  the  vines,  are  laid  away 
in  bundles  in  a  cool  cellar  until  Spring ;  when,  as  soon  as  the  ground 
is  ready,  they  should  be  soaked  or  swollen  in  a  tub  of  water,  for  four 
or  five  days,  or  until  the  buds  become  fully  swollen.  They  are  then 
planted  in  rows,  if  in  the  nursery,  by  bending  into  nearly  the  form 
of  a  half  circle,  as  represented  by  figure,  which  shows  the  cutting  as 
it  appears  in  about  one  month  from  plant- 
ing. By  this,  it  is  seen  that  the  upper  bud 
is  covered  nearly  an  inch  :  in  clayey  soils,  or 
those  retentive  of  moisture,  the  upper  bud 
should  be  j«st  even  with  the  soil.  The  rows, 
in  nursery,  should  be  three  feet  apart,  and 
the  plants  one  foot  distant  each  in  the  row. 
This  is  the  best  and  most  successful  mode  of  growing  the  grape  vine. 
The  earth  should  be  pressed  firmly  at  the  base  of  the  cutting,  and 
left  light  and  loose  at  top. 

By  Grafting.  The  best  season  to  perform  this  operation  is  when 
the  leaves  are  about  half  grown.  Earlier,  the  sap  is  very  abund 
ant,  and  at  same  time  watery,  and  grafts  do  not  succeed  well.  Whip 
grafting,  as  it  is  termed,  is  best ;  or,  if  stock  and  graft  are  near  of 
size,  saddle  grafting.  The  graft  should  have  been  cut  early  in  the 
season,  before  any  flow  of  sap  or  swelling  of  buds,  and  have  been 
kept  in  a  cool,  yet  moist  place.  The  point  on  the  stock  at  which  it 
is  best  done,  is  at  or  near  the  ground ;  and,  after  insertion,  earth  up 
a  small  mound  around  it,  to  protect  from  change  of  temperature,  sun, 
&c.  If  the  operation  be  performed  further  up  on  the  stalk,  wrapping 
the  place  of  union  with  grafting  clay  will  be  requisite.  Care  must 
be  taken  that  the  inner  bark  of  both  graft  and  stock  join  each  other 


24:6  THE    GRAPE. 

perfectly,  otherwise  success  will  be  uncertain.  The  practice  is  only 
advised  where  a  new  variety  is  desired  to  be  tested,  as  new  vines 
are  almost  always  better  than  the  patching  up  of  old,  neglected  plants, 
which  have  never  been  '*  cared  for  "  either  in  branch  or  root. 

Transplaniimj  and  distances.  In  taking  up  the  vines  at  one  year's 
growth  from  the  cutting  (which  is  best),  care  should  be  taken  to 
mutilate  as  little  as  possible,  and  also  to  keep  the  roots  from  expo- 
sure to  the  sun,  or  drying  air  or  winds.  Cut  back  the  growth  of  the 
past  year  to  two  buds.  Have  the  ground  mellow,  rich,  dug  deep  ; 
the  hole  broad ;  spread  the  roots  carefully  and  as  naturally  as  they 
grew  ;  after  having  pruned  each  end  and  bruised  or  broken  root  with 
a  sharp  knife,  fill  in  the  earth  carefully  and  finely  until  only  the  two 
buds  are  visible,  then  avoid  treading  on  it.  The  distance  apart,  if 
making  a  vineyard  plantation,  depends  on  the  variety.  That  for  the 
Catawba  or  Isabella,  should  be  four  by  eight  feet ;  the  Schuylkill 
and  Herberaont,  five  by  seven  feet ;  the  Missouri  and  Clinton,  three 
and  a  half  by  three  feet.  These  two  latter  should  be  pruned  low, 
while  the  former  varieties  may  rise  seven  to  eight  feet.  These  ex- 
tents are  for  vineyard  culture.  Our  native  grapes,  however,  all  do 
better  and  produce  most  when  permitted  to  make  long  growths  upon 
high,  extended  trellises.  Some  vines  trained  in  this  way  have  pro- 
duced nearly  thirty  bushels  in  a  season. 

Cast  per  acre  of  Vineyard.  The  estimated  cost  of  trenching,  fur- 
nishing cuttings,  stakes,  and  planting  an  acre  of  vineyard,  is  not  far 
from  two  hundred  dollars ;  and  at  the  expiration  of  three  years  it 
may  be  estimated  to  yield,  annually,  about  200  gallons  of  wine,  at  a 
cost,  however,  for  dressing  vines,  pruning,  gathering,  &;c.,  of  about 
seventy-five  dollars ;  leaving,  therefore,  about  one  hundred  dollars  a 
year  (supposing  the  wine  to  sell  at  one  dollar  a  gallon),  ao  the  net 
profit  per  acre.  The  quantity  here  estimated  will,  no  doubt,  be 
thought  low  by  many,  but  while  it  will  often  exceed  this  quantity, 
seasons  do  occur  when  even  less  is  the  result ;  and  we.  therefore, 
stand  on  the  safe  side  if  we  found  our  vineyard  on  this  basis  of  ex- 
pectation. 

Position  and  Soil.  R.  Buchanan,  Esq.,  who  has  written  a  capital 
treatise  on  the  "  Culture  of  the  Grape,"  as  well  as  practically  trained 
the  vine,  has  the  *bllowing  on  this  point : 

"  A  hill  side  with  southern  aspect  is  preferred,  although  an  east- 
em  or  a  western  exposure  is  nearly  as  good.  Some  have  recom- 
mended the  north,  on  account  of  safety  from  late  Spring  frosts,  but 
it  will  scarcely  afford  sun  enough  to  ripen  the  grapes  in  cold,  wet 
seasons  (if  the  declivity  is  steep),  and  may  perhaps  be  more  subject 
to  the  '  rot.'  Any  undulating  surface,  if  dry,  is  preferable  to  a 
level  one. 

"  The  Soil  best  suited  for  a  vineyard,  is  a  dry  calcareous  loam, 
with  a  porous   sub-soil,  not  retentive  of  moisture ;   if  mixed  with 


mUNING   AND   TRAINING.  ^  247 

some  gravel  or  small  stones,  so  much  the  better.  Sv^me  prefer  a 
sandy  soil  with  a  gravelly  sub-stratum,  as  in  this  the  grapes  are  less 
subject  to  rot ;  the  juice,  however,  is  not  so  rich — lacking  in  saccha- 
rine matter — and  in  dry  seasons  the  vines  will  suffer  from  the 
drought,  shedding  their  leaves  prematurely,  and  preventing  the 
grapes  from  ripening  well.  In  warm,  sandy  soils,  the  fruit-buds  on 
the  vines,  if  swelled  prematurely  in  Autumn,  are  sometimes  killed 
by  the  frosts  of  a  severe  Winter. 

"  Any  soil  underlaid  by  a  stiff,  wet  clay,  is  to  be  avoided,  as  also 
wet  or  spongy  lands.  No  trees  should  be  allowed  to  grow  within 
one  hundred  feet  of  the  vineyard." 

Preparing  the  Ground.  "  In  Autumn,  or  early  Winter,  dig  or 
trench  the  ground  all  over,  two  to  two  and  a  half  feet  deep,  with  the 
spade ;  this  is  far  better  than  ploughing ;  turn  the  top  soil  under. 

"  Wet  spots  in  the  vineyard  may  be  drained  by  small  stone  cul- 
verts, or  by  what  is  termed  a  French  drain,  a  ditch,  with  some  loose 
stones  thrown  into  it  edgewise,  covered  with  flat  ones,  and  filled  up 
with  the  earth  again.  Surface  draining  may  be  obtained  by  concave 
sodded  avenues  of  ten  feet  wide,  and  intersecting  each  other  at  100 
or  120  feet,  thus  throwing  the  vineyard  into  squares  of  that  size. 
This  will  do  for  gentle  declivities,  but  steep  ones  must  be  terraced 
or  benched  with  sod  or  stone.  These  benches  should  be  as  broad  as 
they  can  be  made  conveniently,  and  with  a  slight  inclination  to  the 
hill,  that  they  may  be  drained  by  stone  or  wooden  gutters,  running 
into  the  main  trunks,  to  carry  off  the  water  without  washing  away 
the  soil.     This  is  important,  and  requires  good  judgment  and  skill." 

Cultivation  of  the  ground.  The  first  two  years  the  grounds  should 
be  kept  clean  of  weeds,  by  use  of  the  German  hoe,  a  two-pronged 
instrument.  A  light  plow  is  sometimes  used  in  the  Spring,  but  the 
best  vine  dressers  object  to  it.  The  third  year,  and  afterwards,  the 
earth  should  be  kept  clean  until  July,  after  which  time  it  should  not 
be  stirred  ;  this  especially  through  the  Western  prairie  country. 

Pruning  and  Training.  Tact  and  judgment  are  necessary  to  per- 
form this  portion  of  vineyard  work,  and  none  but  general  instructions 
can  be  given.  Buchanan  says  :  "  In  the  Spring,  cut  the  young  vine 
down  to  a  single  eye,  or  bud,  at  first ;  if  two  are  left  for  greater 
safety,  take  off  one,  afterward  ;  drive  a  stake,  six  or  seven  feet  long, 
firmly  to  each  plant ;  locust  or  cedar  is  preferred,  but  oak  or  black 
wahmt,  charred  at  the  end,  driven  into  the  earth,  or  coated  with  coal- 
tar,  will,  it  is  said,  last  nearly  as  long.  Keep  the  young  vine  tied 
neatly  to  the  stake  with  rye  or  wheat  straw  ;  pick  off  all  suckers,  and 
let  but  one  stalk  or  cane  grow. 

"  The  second  Spring  after  planting,  cut  down  to  two  or  three  eyes, 
or  joints,  and  the  third  year  to  four  or  five  ;  pinching  off  laterals, 
tying  up,  and  hoeing  the  vines  as  recommended  above.  Replant 
where  failures  have  occurred.     The  third  year  the  vines  will  produce 


248 


THE   GRAPE. 


a  few  grapes.     Train 
laterals."     We  advise 


two  canes  to  the  stake  this  year,  and  take  off 
the  cutting  down  or  pruning  to  be  done  as 
soon  as  the  fall  of  the  leaf 
in  Autumn,  but  any  time 
when  the  frost  is  not  in  the 
wood  will  answer.  "  Prun- 
ing the  fourth  year  requires 
good  judgment,  as  the 
standard  stem  or  stalk  has 
to  be  established."  "Se- 
lect the  best  shoot  or 
cane  of  last  year,  and  cut 
it  down  to  six  or  eight 
joints,  and  fasten  it  to  the 
adjoining  stake  in  a  hor- 
izontal position,  or  bend 
it  over  in  the  form  of  a 
hook  or  bow,  and  tie  it  to 
its  own  stake.  The  ties 
should  be  of  willow.  This 
is  the  bearing  wood.  The 
other  cane,  cut  down  to  a 
spur  of  two  or  three  eyes, 
to  make  bearing  wood  for 
the  next  season. 

"  '  Give  the  shoot  the 
first  tie  on  the  stake,  nine 
inches  from  the  ground, 
and  the  second,  nine  inches 
above  it ;  then  bow  it  over 
to  the  neighboring  stake  in 
a  horizontal  position,  and 
give  it  the  third  tie  to  the 
stake,  at  that  top  of  the 
vine.' 

"  In  the  succeeding,  and 
all  subsequent  years,  cut 
away  the  old  bearing  wood, 
and  form  the  new  bow,  or 
arch,  from  the  best  branch 
of  the  new  wood  of  the 
last  year,  leaving  a  spur  as 
before,  to  produce  bearing 
wood  for  the  coming  year, 
thus  keeping  the  old  stalk   of  the  vine  down  to  within  eighteen  to 


SUMMER  PRUIONG.  249 

twenty-four  Inches  from  the  ground.     The  vine  is  ihm  always  within 
reach  and  control." 

The  practice  of  many  vine  dressers  in  Missouri,  is  a  me<lium 
course,  between  severe  or  close  pruning,  and  long  straggling  culture. 
Mr.  Geo.  Husman,  of  Herman,  lias  written  a  capital  work  on  this 
subject,  to  which  we  invite  all  who  desire  to  grow  the  Grape  exten- 
sively. We  give  on  previous  page  cuts  descriptive  of  manner  now 
regarded  best  for  training. 

Summer  Pruning — "  Consists  in  removing  suckers,  and  pinching 
off  all  lateral  shoots,  leaving  but  two  stalks  or  canes  to  be  trained 
for  bearing  wood  the  ensuing  year,  and  pinching  off  the  5nds  of  the 
bearing  branches,  about  the  time  of  blossoming,  some  two  or  three 
joints  beyond,  or  above  the  last  blossom  bunch ;  pull  no  leaves  off 
the  bearing  branches,  and  but  very  few  from  any  other.  As  the 
vines  grow,  tie  them  neatly  to  the  stakes,  with  rye  straw  (some  use 
grass),  and  when  they  reach  the  top,  train  them  from  one  stake  to 
the  other,  until  the  fruit  has  nearly  matured ;  the  green  ends  may 
then  be  broken  off.  If  this  is  done  too  early,  there  is  danger  of  forc- 
ing out  the  fruit-bearing  buds  for  the  next  year,  and  of  injuring  the 
grapes  in  ripening. 

Some  cultivators  are  averse  to  removing  any  lateral  branches  from 
the  fruit-bearing  wood,  merely  pinching  off  their  ends.  Others  adopt 
close  pruning,  in  Summer,  and  even  taking  off  some  of  the  leaves  of 
the  bearing  branches.  Both  these  extremes  are  wrong.  The  ex- 
perience of  the  writer  is  in  favor  of  removing  such  lateral  shoots  as 
appear  unnecessary  to  the  growth  or  ripening  of  the  fruit — to  pinch 
off  the  ends  of  the  bearing  branches  two,  three,  or  four  joints  beyond 
the  upper  bunch  of  grapes — according  to  the  number  it  bears — to 
take  off  all  laterals  from  the  bearing  wood  intended  for  the  ensuing 
year ;  and  not  to  break  off  the  ends  of  these  branches  at  all  (as  has 
heretofore  been  done  about  the  time  the  grapes  began  to  color).  The 
leaves  are  the  lungs  of  the  plant,  and  while  it  is  necessary  to  remove 
suckers  and  laterals,  to  throw  strength  into  the  fruit  and  the  bearing 
branches  for  next  year,  a  liberal  supply  of  leaves  should  be  left  for 
the  maturity  of  both." 

Grapes  are  often  injured  in  the  Summer  by  cutting  off  too  much 
young  wood.  Shoots  not  intended  to  grow,  should  be  stopped  by 
pinching  off  the  ends  ;  but,  if  by  neglect,  they  have  been  permitted 
to  grow  long,  stop  all,  or  nearly  all,  their  ends,  and  let  remain  the 
part  that  has  matured  leaves. 

It  is  well  in  the  Winter  pruning,  to  leave  plenty  of  wood,  and  if 
too  much  fruit  sets  for  the  vine  to  mature,  thin  it  out  when  small. 

Trellises  made  by  setting  posts,  well  braced,  at  either  end  of  the 
row,  and  running  coarse  wire  through  standards  intermediate  from 
post  to  post,  we  have  seen  much  practiced  elsewhere  than  at  Cincin- 
nati, and  with  great  success.  The  vines  are  trained  horizontally,  as 
represented  in  the  accompanying  figure  : 
II* 


250 


THE  GRAPE. 


For  private  gardens  where  ground  is  scarce,  the  vine  should  be 
well  supplied  at  its  roots  with  liquids  hereafter  named,  and  permitted 
to  run  or  ramble  upon  lofty  trellises.  Spur  pruning,  which  consists 
in  training  the  old,  or  main  stem,  and  yearly  cutting  back  the  late- 
rals to  two  or  three  good  buds,  must  here  be  pursued  ;  care  should 
be  taken,  however,  not  to  cut  back,  and  preserve  the  same  side 
branches  or  spurs  from  year  to  year,  lest  by  so  doing  they  soon  be- 
come enfeebled,  and  the  fruit  ripens  imperfectly ;  but  new  side  shoots 
should  be  yearly  selected  of  the  strongest  growth,  and  cut  back  to 
the  two  or  three  bearing  buds,  while  that  of  last  year's  bearing  is  cut 
away. 

Manures.  The  analysis  made  by  Prof.  Emmons,  of  the  common 
wild  grape  vine  is  as  follows : 

Wood.  Bark. 

Potash 20.84     1.77 

Soda 2.06     9.27 

Chlorine 0.02     0.40 

Sulphuric  acid 0.23     trace 

Phosphate  of  lime 15.40     5.04 

Phosphate  of  peroxide  of  iron 1 .20     5.04 

Carbonic  acid 34.83     32.22 

Lime 17.33     39.32 

Magnesia 4.40     0.80 

Silex 280     14.00 

Soluble  silica 0.00     30.00 

Coal  and  organic  matter 2.20     1.70 


100.21 


100.86 


From  this,  any  one  moderately  conversant  with  the  components  of 
soils  can  readily  see  what  is  required  for  his  vines.  Burying  the 
refuse  cuttings  and  leaves,  sprinkling  on  gypsum  (plaster  of  Paris), 
and  supplying  freely  the  soap-suds,  and  wash-water  of  a  family,  with 
animal  (or  barn-yard)  manures,  and  wood  ashes,  are  most  advisable, 
aside  from  the  specific  application  of  potash  and  bone  dust. 

Insects  and  Diseases.  The  aphis  and  sluc^,  described  fully  in 
"  Harris's  Treatise,"  appear  in  the  months  of  May  and  June.    They  are 


INSECTS   AND   DISEASES.  251 

easily  destroyed  by  syringing  with  tobacco-water..  The  grape  vine 
flea-beetle  {Hallica  Chalyhea),  a  small,  glossy,  greenish-blue  beetle, 
about  three-twentieths  of  an  inch  long,  sometimes  preys  upon  the 
buds,  causing  them  to  appear  as  if  bored.  This  insect  was  first  (we 
believe)  described  by  David  Thomas,  in  Silliman's  Journal  of  Science, 
and  is  also  noticed  in  "  Harris's  Treatise."  The  eggs  are  deposited 
early,  and  soon  change  to  a  greenish,  smooth  worm,  which  preys  upon 
the  tender  leaf  and  young  bunches.  It  is  destroyed  in  this  state  by 
syringing  with  tobacco-water,  or  sifting  lime  over  the  vines  when  wet 
with  dew. 

uEgeria  Polistiformis,  or,  Grape-vine  Borer.  The  roots  of  cul- 
tivated grape  vines,  especially  in  the  Southern  States,  are  often  so 
much  injured  by  this  borer,  as  to  prevent  the  ripening  of  the  fruit, 
•and  occasionally  to  cause  death  of  the  vine.  "  They  are  found  about 
the  vines  and  on  the  wing,  from  the  middle  of  June  to  the  middle  of 
September,  during  which  time  they  couple  and  lay  their  eggs,  near 
the  roots  of  the  vines,  and  the  whitish  grubs  hatched  therefrom  will 
be  found  boring  into  the  bark  and  wood  of  the  roots  during  Summer. 
The  winged  insects  are  dark  brown,  tinged  with  tawny  orange,  vary- 
ing from  six  to  nine-tenths  of  an  inch  long.  When  fully  grown  these 
grubs  measure  from  one  inch  to  one  inch  and  three-quarters  in 
length.  They  undergo  their  transformations  in  oblong  oval  pods, 
formed  of  a  gummy  kind  of  silk,  covered  with  fragments  of  wood,  bark, 
and  dirt,  which  will  be  found  within,  or  adjacent  to  the  injured  roots. 
The  insects  take  the  chrysalis  form  at  various  times  during  the  Sum- 
mer. The  rings  of  the  chrysalis  are  surrounded  with  minute  teeth, 
which  assist  the  insect  in  coming  forth  from  its  pod  or  cocoon  when 
about  to  be  changed  to  a  moth." 

Eight-spotted  Sphinx,  or  Alypia  Octomaculata.  There  are  two 
insects,  occasionally  found  on  the  grape  vine,  which,  in  their  cater- 
pillar state,  closely  resemble  each  other  in  form,  size,  color,  and  habits. 
One  of  these  is  the  beautiful  Eudryas ;  the  other  is  the  Sphinx,  or 
Alypia,  above  named.  This  Alypia,  though  common,  and  occasionally 
so  numerous  as  to  be  quite  hurtful  to  the  vine  in  some  parts  of  the 
United  States,  is  very  rare  in  New  England.  These  caterpillars  are 
white,  passing  into  blue,  transversely  banded  with  narrow  black  lines, 
with  a  broader  orange-colored  band,  dotted  with  black,  on  the  middle 
of  each  ring.  The  head  and  feet  are  also  orange,  dotted  with  black- 
The  black  dots  on  the  body  produce  a  few  short  whitish  hairs.  They 
are  found  eating  the  leaves  of  the  vine  in  the  latter  part  of  June  and 
beginning  of  July.  Full  grown  specimens  measured  one  inch  and  a 
quarter,  or  more,  in  length.  Before  the  16th  of  July  they  leave  the 
vines,  and  conceal  themselves  in  a  loose  web  upon  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  and  soon  take  the  chrysalis  form.  Some  are  transformed  to 
moths  in  August ;  others  remain  in  the  chrysalis  state  through  the 
Winter,  and  come  forth  winged  in  May  and  June.     The  winged  in- 


252  THE   GKAPE. 

sects  are  black,  with  two  large  yellow  spots  on  each  of  the  foie  wings^ 
and  two  white  ones  on  the  hind  wings.  Their  shanks  are  clothed  with 
orange  colored  hairs.  Their  wings  expand  from  one  inch  to  one  inch 
and  a  half 

The  Rose-bug  (melolontha)  occasionally  attacks  the  vines  in  great 
numbers,  eating  off  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf,  and  causing  the 
vinous  fibres  left  to  look  like  a  sieve.  They  are  best  destroyed  by 
spreading  a  cloth  underneath,  and  shaking  the  vines  in  the  cool  of 
evening  or  near  sun-set.  They  will  fall,  and  may  then  be  burned. 
A  few  dollars  expended  in  this  way,  we  have  known  to  have  saved 
the  entire  crop  for  the  year,  as  well  as  prevent  their  presence  to  any 
extent  another  season.  The  curculio  sometimes  attacks  the  grape, 
but  thus  far  we  have  never  heard  of  any  serious  injury  to  the  crop. 

Mildew,  or  American  Blight,  is  easily  checked  by  free  sprinkling 
of  powdered  sulphur  over  the  vines  and  earth  when  wet  with  dew. 
Or,  take  one  peck  lime,  one  pound  sulphur,  pour  hot  water  to  slake 
the  lime,  mix,  add  three  gallons  water,  when  clear  draw  off.  Syringe, 
when  disease  first  appears,  with  half  pint  of  above  to  three  gallons 
of  water.  It  is  a  fungus,  attacking  the  plant  when  not  in  perfect 
health.  The  rot,  so  much  deprecated  by  Vignerons,  at  Cincinnati, 
we  regard  as  attributable  to  want  of  perfect  and  free  drainage.  Many 
soils  in  which  all  the  elements  of  health  to  the  vine  are  existent,  are 
at  the  same  time  so  saturated  with  water  that  chemical  action  is 
checked,  and  the  soil  being  in  a  dormant  condition,  the  plant  must  of 
necessity  become  diseased.  Some,  we  notice,  consider  it  attributable 
to  too  late  and  clean  cultivation  ;  and  as  late  cultivation  only  tends  to 
late  growth,  and  formation  of  new  leaves  to  exhaustion  of  what  is 
required  for  perfection  of  those  already  formed,  the  theory  is  good, 
so  far  as  it  goes ;  and  possibly  in  soils  greatly  deficient  in  the  consti- 
tuents to  perfect  the  grape,  it  may  in  a  measure  be  the  cause ;  but  in 
soils  well  supplied  with  the  required  food,  late  cultivation  would  only 
cause  the  bursting  of  new  buds  and  continuance  of  growth. 

Uses — Mode  of  Keeping.  Universally  esteemed  when  well  ripen- 
ed, as  a  dessert  fruit,  the  Grape  is  also  highly  valued  by  many  phy 
sicians,  as  in  its  free  use  tending  to  health  and  the  prevention  of 
rheumatic  affections  of  the  human  system.  For  culinary  use,  and  for 
making  of  preserves,  they  are  sought  for,  both  in  a  green  and  ripened 
state.  Carefully  gathered  when  ripe,  laid  in  heaps  for  a  few  days  on 
the  floor  of  a  cool,  dry  room,  then  spread  out  for  one  or  two  days, 
and  packed  in  shallow  boxes,  with  layers  of  cotton-batting  at  bottom 
and  intermediate  between  layers  of  fruit,  as  well  as  between  bunches, 
they  may  be  placed  in  a  cool  room  and  kept  fresh  throughout  most 
of  the  Winter.  The  following  method  has  been  practiced  success- 
fully by  an  extensive  grape-grower,  Charles  Carpenter,  Esq.,  of 
Kelley's  Island : 

*'  In  putting  down  grapes  for  Winter  use,  several  requisites  are  ne- 
cessary for  success,  viz. :  The  fruit  must  be  fully  ripe,  well  supplied 


WINE-HOUSE. 


253 


with  saccharine  matter,  very  carefully  handled,  and  a  cool,  dry  room 
or  cellar  to  keep  them  in.  They  should  also  either  be  sealed  up  so 
as  entirely  to  exclude  the  air,  or  have  just  air  or  ventilation  enough 
to  prevent  moulding.  A  little  shriveling  does  not  injure  them  so 
much  as  mould.  But  few  varieties  of  grapes  contain  sufficient  sugar 
to  keep  them  through  the  Winter.  The  Catawba  does  when  well 
matured,  and  is  one  of  the  best  for  the  purpose. 

"  They  will  keep -good  four  or  five  months  in  either  of  the  follow- 
ing ways,  if  the  conditions  previously  stated  are  complied  with : 

"  In  a  dry  day,  take  a  broad  basket  into  the  vineyard,  gather  some 
of  the  dry  fallen  grape  leaves,  rubbing  them  in  the  hands  to  break 
them  up  some,  and  put  a  layer  of  them  on  the  bottom  of  the  basket. 
Then  commence  gathering  the  grapes,  selecting  the  best ;  examine 
each  bunch,  carefully  cutting  out  the  unripe,  decayed,  and  broken 
berries,  with  a  pair  of  grape  scissors  ;  do  not  pick  them  off  with  the 
fingers,  for  by  so  doing  you  will  start  some  good  berries  from  the  stem, 
causing  them  to  rot  and  injure  others.  When  trimmed,  lay  each 
cluster  in  the  basket  until  one  layer  is  complete,  then  a  layer  of 
broken  leaves,  alternately,  until  the  basket  is  full,  finishing  with  the 
leaves.  More  than  ten  or  twelve  inches  in  depth  of  fruit  should 
never  be  packed,  on  account  of  the  weight  breaking  those  at  the  bot- 
tom. It  is  much  better  to  put  them  into  the  basket  at  the  time  they 
are  picked,  to  save  another  handling ;  as  every  time  they  are  handled, 
some  are  broken  and  injured." 

Last,  though  not  least,  is  the  making  of  wine.  To  do  this  success- 
fully requires  practice,  and  a  knowledge  that  can  not  be  taught  by 
any  description  that  can  be  written.  Seasons  and  maturity  of  the 
fruit  affect  very  materially  the  quality  of  the  wine,  even  when  made 
by  those  experienced  therein.  The  following  sketch  of  the  details, 
with  cuts  illustrative  of  plan  of  a  wine-house  and  press,  we  extract 
from  the  "  Western  Horticultural  Review  : " 


^F^-jr^ 


=a — E= 


=3-X^ 


Jig 


254 


THE   GRAPE. 


A. — Door  opening  to  the  vineyard,  by  which  the  grapes  are  brought 
into  the  wine-house. 

B. — Back  door  of  wine-house. 
C. — Front  door  of  wine-house. 

D. — Opening,  through  which  the  stems  are  thrown  from  the  ma- 
chine. 

jE. — Tables  for  picking  over  and  assorting  the  fruit  previous  to 
being  stemmed. 

jP. — Stemming  and  crushing  apparatus. 
G. — Large  press,  capacity  of  one  hundred  bushels. 
H. — Small  press,  capacity  of  forty  bushels. 
X. — Door  opening  into  the  basement. 

Si^ns  of  Ripeness  of  Grapes.  The  stem  of  the  grape  should  be 
of  a  brown  color.  The  cuticle  of  the  berry  must  be  clear  and 
transparent.  Tlie  berries  should  separate  easily  from  the  stems. 
The  seed  must  be  of  brown  color.  The  juice  must  be  sweet  and  sticky. 
Do  not  cut  the  grapes  early  in  the  morning,  with  the  dew  on,  nor 
during  rainy  weather,  nor  shortly  after  rain. 

Gathering.  The  grapes,  when  fully  ripe,  are  gathered  in  baskets 
containing  about  one  bushel,  as  well  as  in  a  sort  of  "  pannier  "  of 
wood,  made  very  light  and  strong,  and  which  is  supported  by  straps, 
or  thongs  of  willow,  on  the  back  of  the  gatherer. 

Picking.  This  consists  in  removing  by  hand  all  green,  shriveled 
or  decayed  grapes,  which  are  thrown  into  tubs  or  barrels  and  pressed 
separately,  to  make  a  common  wine  or  vinegar.  The  finest  grapes 
are  carried  thence  to  the  stemming  apparatus,  where  they  undergo 
another  operation. 

Stemming.  Consists  in  separating  the  berries  from  the  stem  ;  it  is 
done  in  F  (of  the  ground  plan),  by  means  of  the  apparatus  of  which 
a  cut  is  appended.  This  practice  is  now  abandoned  as  useless  and 
injurious  to  the  wine. 

The  grapes  are  thrown  on 
the  wire  sieve  M^  which  is 
open  enough  to  allow  the  ber- 
ries to  pass,  but  retains  the 
stems  ;  a  little  plank,  P,  is  held 
in  an  inclined  position,  to  which 
a  backward  and  forward  move- 
ment is  given,  so  as  to  force 
the  berries  through  the  sieve, 
and  remove  out  of  the  way  all 
the  stems  as  they  are  stript. 

Mashing.  After  passing 
through  the  stemming  process, 
the  grapes  fall  into  a  wooden 
mill,  consisting  of  two  rollers 


VARIETIES. 


255 


ridged  obliquely,  to  one  of  which  is  attached  a  set  of  screws,  by 
which  their  distance  from  each  other  may  be  graduated  to  the  proper 
degree  ;  it  being  desirable  that  every  grape  should  be  crushed,  but 
that  the  seed  should  not  be  broken.  [Simple  wooden  rollers  are 
equally  good. — Ed.~\ 

The  rollers  are  turned  by  hand  ;  the  foregoing  cut  exhibits  in  R  R 
a  section  of  these  rollers,  and  that  which  follows  shows  two  men,  one 
stemming,  the  other  mashing  the  grapes.  From  the  rollers,  the 
grape  (being  entirely  separa- 
ted from  the  stem,  and  thor- 
oughly mashed)  passes  into 
the  press,  when  the  first  opera- 
tion of  separating  the  juice  is 
performed.  The  wine  passes 
from  the  bed  of  the  press  by 
means  of  a  conductor,  into  the 
basement,  from  whence  it  is 
conveyed  into  casks  containing 
260  gallons  each ;  these,  though 
by  no  means  so  large  a  size  as 
used  by  some  wine  manufac- 
turers, are  of  very  convenient 
capacity  for  ordinary  crops. 
The  first  fermentation  takes 
place  immediately,  and  at  the  end  of  six  or  eight  weeks  the  wine  be- 
comes perfectly  clear,  or  what  is  technically  termed  "  fine  ;"  a  second 
fermentation  takes  place  in  the  Spring,  about  the  period  of  the  bloom- 
ing of  the  grape.  The  wine  should  not  be  bottled  until  it  is  at  least 
one  year  old,  though  it  is  frequently  bottled  for  immediate  use  just 
previous  to  the  second  fermentation  ;  this  may  be  done  with  safety, 
if  the  bottles  can  be  kept  in  a  very  cool  place. 

VARIETIES. 

Over  one  hundred  varieties  of  our  native  grapes  have  been  noticed 
by  Prince,  in  his  "  Treatise  on  Grapes  ;"  but  as  few  are  worthy  of 
cultivation,  therefore  of  no  practical  benefit,  we  have  confined  our 
descriptions  to  those  most  known  and  meritorious. 


BURRJDGEClcir- 


CLASS  I.     Varieties  most  generally  esteemed. 
Catawba. 


Ked  Muncy, 
Lebanon  Seedling, 


Catawba  Tokay, 
Singleton, 


Arkansas. 


Through  Dr.  S.  Mosher,  of  Cincinnati,  Dr.  Solomon  Beach  is  said  to 
have  found  this  variety  in  the  Summer  of  1821,  growingew^ild  in  Buncombe 


256  THE   GKAPE. 

Co.,  North  Carolina,  on  the  border  of  the  Catawba  river.  We  have 
found  this  to  ripen  equally  as  well,  and  as  far  North,  as  the  Isabella, 
when  correctly  pruned,  and  grown  in  dry  or  well-drained  soil.  It  is 
esteemed  both  for  dessert  and  wine  use.  In  growth  and  foliage,  it 
resembles  Isabella,  except  that  the  wood  is  darker  color,  shorter  jointed, 
and  more  round,  and,  at  base  of  every  leaf,  there  is  a  white  downy  spot. 

Bunches^  medium  size,  shouldered ;  berries^  nearly  round,  large,  pale 
red,  becoming  deeper  when  fully  ripened  in  good  soil,  and  covered  with  a 
lilac  bloom;  jiesh,  slightly  pulpy,  sweet,  juicy,  with  a  rich  aromatic, 
musky  flavor. 

Too  often  gathered  when  only  just  turned  in  color,  and  then  sour  and  un- 
palatable ;  hence  the  impression  of  many  that  they  are  not  equal  to  Isabella. 

Delaware. 

Heath. 

This  variety  was  introduced  to  notice  by  A.  Thompson,  Esq.,  of  Dela- 
ware, Ohio,  in  1852.  In  our  first  edition  of  this  work,  we  made  it  iden- 
tical with  Traminer,  a  foreign  variety,  which  it  closely  resembles.  At  the 
time  of  its  introduction,  Mr.  Thompson  made  the  following  statement 
respecting  its  origin : 

"  It  was  brought  to  our  country  from  New  Jersey  about  ten  years  ago 
by  Mr.  Jacob  MofTard,  who  procured  it  from  the  garden  of  a  French  gentle- 
man named  Paul  H.  Provast,  residing  in  Kingsmood  Township,  Hunterdon 
Co.,  N.  J.  Mr.  P.  came  to  this  country  about  fifty  years  ago,  and  this 
variety,  with  others,  was  sent  him,  some  twenty  years  since,  by  a  brother 
residing  in  Italy. 

"  In  our  region  it  is  perfectly  hardy,  free  from  mildew  or  rot,  a  pro- 
digious a  bearer,  never  failing  to  perfectly  ripen  both  fruit  and  wood,  and 
comes  to  maturity  two  or  three  weeks  earlier  than  the  Isabella,  and  a  month 
sooner  than  the  Catawba. 

"  The  berries  are  uniform  in  size  and  quality,  it  being  almost  impossible 
to  find  one  that  is  imperfect,  wholly  free  from  pulp,  and  of  rich  and 
pleasant  flavor." 

Another  history  of  its  introduction  is,  that  in  1831  an  old  vintager  fled 
from  Italy  to  this  country,  and  settled  in  New  Jersey ;  that  he  brought 
with  him  roots  and  cuttings  of  grapes  ]  that  when  he  died,  some  few  years 
since,  he  had  two  roots  of  this  variety ;  that  Heath  and  Waffbrd,  two  con- 
nections of  his,  dug  up  these  two  plants,  and  brought  them  to  Delaware 
Co.,  Ohio.  After  a  time,  they  bore  fruit,  which,  when  taken  into  the  town 
of  Delaware  for  sale,  attracted  attention,  and  soon  created  a  demand  for 
the  vines. 

It  is  also  regarded  by  some  as  a  seedling  of  this  country ;  but,  come  from 
whence  it  may,  it  is  certainly  the  most  desirable  hardy  table  grape  now 
known. 

Bunches^  medium,  compact ;  berries^  small  or  medium,  round  clear  pale 
red,  delicate,  thin  skin,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  delicious ;  very  productive  j 
not  valuable  for  wine. 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC.  257 

Diana. 

"  This,"  says  Mr,  Downing,  "is  a  seedling  from  the  Catawba,  grown  by- 
Mrs.  Diana  Crehore,  near  Boston,  Mass."  It  is  smaller  size  than  its  parent, 
but  has  the  character  of  maturing  its  fruit  two  weeks  earlier.  It  is  yet  but 
little  known,  and,  although  stated  to  have  surpassed  its  parent,  when  grown 
at  Mobile,  at  Cincinnati  it  has  not  equaled  the  Catawba. 

Bunches^  below  medium  size,  compact ;  berries^  round,  delicate  pale  red  ; 
flesh,  juicy,  sweet,  little  pulp,  rich,  and  slightly  resembling  Catawba  in 
flavor.     Valuable  as  a  table  grape. 

Isabella* 

This  variety  has,  thus  far,  been  stated  to  have  originated  in  South 
Carolina,  to  have  been  taken  thence  to  a  garden  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and 
there  given  to  William  Prince,  who  propagated,  distributed,  and  named  it 
after  Mrs.  Isabella  Gibbs,  who  then  (1816)  owned  the  garden.  On  the 
authority  of  Lewis  F.  Allen,  it  was  grown  several  years  previous  at  Nor- 
wich, Connecticut,  as  the  '•  Vernet  Grape,"  and  claimed  to  have  been 
brought  from  one  of  the  French  West  India  Islands.  Other  authority  places 
it  as  a  common  variety  of  Spain,  and  imported  by  a  Mr.  Laspeyre,  who 
cultivated  and  sold  it  as  "  Laspeyre  Grape,"  in  1810.  Geo.  Hoadley,  Esq., 
states  that  in  1824  it  was  growing  in  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  where  it  was 
said  to  have  been  brought  thirty  years  previous,  from  South  Carolina  or 
Georgia. 

We  incline  to  belief  of  its  being  a  native,  its  hardihood,  habit,  and 
character  all  tending  that  way  ;  but,  come  from  whence  it  may,  its  vigorous 
habit  and  productiveness  will  ever  render  it  a  favorite. 

As  a  wine  grape,  it  is  not  esteemed.  Bunches,  large,  rather  loose, 
shouldered  ;  berries,  oval,  large,  dark  purple,  when  fully  ripe  nearly  black, 
covered  with  a  blue  black  bloom  ;  flesh,  tender,  with  some  pulp,  which 
lessens  as  it  ripens,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  with  slight  musky  aroma. 


CLASS  II.     Embraces  varieties  many  of  which  are  new  and  untested^  and 
others  suited  only  to  certain  localities. 

Ada. 

Raised  by  Dr.  Valk,  Flushing,  L.  I.  Bunches,  large,  compact,  dark, 
almost  black  berries,  sweet,  vinous. 

Bland. 

Bland's  Virginia,      I      Powell, 

Bland's  Madeira,      |     Bland's  Pale  Ked. 

Found  on  the  Eastern  shore  of  Virginia  by  Col.  Bland.  It  is  not  of 
value  north  of  Philadelphia,  on  account  of  not  often  ripening,  and  is  by 
many  discarded,  from  its  habit  of  only  bearing  moderately.  As  a  table 
grape,  in  latitude  where  it  will  ripen,  it  is  of  the  best,  the  objection  to  it 
being,  that  it  drops  its  leaves  before  ripening. 


Si^S  THE   GKAPE. 

Foliage,  a  light  shade  of  green,  smooth,  propagated  hy  layers ;  bunches, 
Jong,,  loose  ;  berries,  round,  on  long  stalks  or  pedicles  ;  skin,  pale  red.  thin; 
flesh,  slightly  pulpy,  slightly  astringent,  but  of  pleasant  delicate  flavor. 
Late  in  ripening,  and  valuable  for  packing  away  for  Winter  use. 

Brinckle. 

Eaab€'8  No.  1. 

First    fruited    in    1850.      Bunch,    large,    rather    compact,    sometimes 

shouldered  ;  berry,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  round,  black  ;  flesh, 

solid,   not  pulpy;    flavor,  rich,  vinous,  and  saccharine;  quality,  "best." 

(Ad.  Int.  Rep.) 

Canadian  Chief. 
From  Canada,  and  claimed  to  be  a  native,  but  so  strongly  marked  with 
foreign  characteristics  that  we  think  it  will  not  prove  to  be  an  acquisition 
for  general  cultivation. 

Bunches,  very  large  and  shouldered,  and  the  vine  very  productive,  and 
will  probably  do  better  in  Canada  than  in  a  warmer  latitude.     (Downing.) 

Canby's  August. 
Raised  by  William  Canby,  of  Wilmington,  Delaware.     Ripe  eight  or 
ten  days  before  Isabella. 

Bunch,  four  to  five  inches  long,  and  over  two  inches  broad,  very  com- 
pact ;  berry,  medium  size,  roundish,  inclining  to  oval,  nearly  black,  thickly 
covered  with  bloom ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  not  pulpy,  or  but  very  little, 
sweet  and  pleasant. 

Carter.     " 

Newly  introduced  ;  origin  uncertain.  Berries,  round,  large,  deep  reddish 
black;  ripens  before  Isabella,  and  said  to  be  superior. 

Cassady. 
An  accidental  seedling  white  grape,  with  native  leaf  and  dark  purplish 
wood.  Bunch,  of  medium  size,  tolerably  compact,  and  sometimes  shoul- 
dered; berry,  below  medium,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  form, 
round  ;  color,  greenish  white,  with  occasionally  a  faint  salmon  tint,  and 
thickly  covered  with  white  bloom  ;  flesh,  juicy,  with  but  little  pulp ;  flavor, 
pleasant;  quality,  ''very  good."     (Ad.  Int.  Rept.) 

Child's  Seedling. 
A  very  large,  fine  grape,  grown  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  by  Mr.  Childs.     It  is 
doubtless  of  foreign  origin,  but  has  succeeded  with  him  without  glass, 
although  latterly  grown  under  it.     We  presume  its  foreign  characteristics 
will  not  fit  it  for  open  culture.     (Downing.) 

Clara. 

Eaabe's  No.  4. 

Bunch,  medium,  not  compact ;   berry,    medium,    round,   green,  faintly 

tinged  with  salmon  when  exposed  to  the  sun ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy  ;  flavor, 

rich,  sweet,  and  delicious  ;  quality,  "  best."     Fruited  the  present  season 

for  the  first  time.     (Ad.  Int.  Rept.) 

Clinton. 

■Worthington. 

This  variety  is  claimed  to  have  its  origin  in  Western  New  York,  but  we 
have  seen  vines  taken  from  the  woods  in  Northern  Ohio  that  so  closely 


ETC.  259 

rcBemblej  in  both  leaf,  wood,  and  fruit,  that  grown  under  this  name,  as  to 
make  us  doubt  its  coming  from  the  origin  stated. 

It  is  not  a  strong  grower,  although  perfectly  hardy,  and  suited  to  border 
planting  three  feet  apart,  and  stake  training  not  exceeding  four  feet  high, 
in  gardens.  Its  greatest  recommendation  is,  that  it  ripens  some  ten  days 
or  two  weeks  earlier  than  Isabella,  and,  therefore,  suited  to  higher  or  more 
Northern  latitudes. 

Foliage,  small;  wood,  short  jointed.  Bunches,  medium  or  small,  not 
shouldered,  compact;  berries,  nearly  round,  small,  black,  thin  blue  bloom, 
pulpy,  juicy,  with  a  harsh  flavor ;  productive. 

Columbia. 

This  grape  is  said  to  have  been  found  by  Mr.  Adlum  on  his  farm  at 
Georgetown,  D.  C.     A  vigprous  grower,  productive. 

Bunch,  small,  compact ;  berry,  small,  black,  with  a  thin  bloom,  with 
very  little  hardness  or  acidity  in  its  pulp,  not  high  flavored,  but  pleasant 
and  vinous,  scarcely,  if  at  all,  foxy.     Ripe  last  of  September. 

Concord. 
This  fine,  hardy  native  grape  was  raised  from  seed  by  E.  W.  Bull,  Con- 
cord, Mans.  It  is  of  very  healthy,  vigorous  habit,  and  exceedingly  productive. 
Bunch,  rather  compact,  large  shouldered ;  berries,  large,  globular,  almost 
black,  thickly  covered  with  bloom ;  skin,  rather  thick,  with  more  of  the 
native  pungency  and  aroma  than  the  Isabella,  which  it  resembles,  but  does 
not  quite  equal  in  quality;  fleshy  moderately  juicy,  rather  buttery,  very 
sweet,  with  considerable  toughness  and  acidity  in  its  pulp.  It  is  more 
hardy  than  the  Isabella,  and  ripens  about  ten  days  earlier,  consequently,  it 
is  a  very  valuable  variety.     Promises  valuable  for  Ohio. 

Devereux. 
Bunches,  of  medium  size,  compact ;   berries,  rather  small,  purple,  very 
juicy  and  sweet ;  good  table  grape,  and  makes  a  good  wine  ;  not  liable  to 
rot.     Latter  part  of  July.     (Berckmans'  Col.) 

Elsinburgh. 
Elsinboro,     |     Elsinborough,     |     Smart's  Elingburgh. 

The  spelling  of  this  name  is  matter  of  some  difference  in  opinion  among 
horticulturists,  but  the  manner  we  adopt,  being  that  of  all  previous  writers, 
we  choose  to  continue  it.  The  variety  is  said  to  have  come  from  a  village 
in  Salem  Co.,  N.  J.  It  is  a  nice  little  grape,  suited  for  the  dessert,  and  for 
growing  on  trellises  in  gardens.  A  moderate,  regular  bearer,  ripening  a 
little  before  or  with  Isabella. 

Wood,  slender,  long  jointed;  leaves  five  lobed.  Bunches,  medium,  loose, 
shouldered ;  berries,  small,  round,  thin  skin,  black,  covered  with  blue 
bloom  ;  flesh,  without  pulp,  melting,  sweet ;  "  best." 

Emily. 
Kaabe's  No.  2. 
Bunch,  large,  not  very  compact,  occasionally  shouldered  ;  berry,  below 
medium,  from  three-eighths  to  one-half  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  round,  pale 
red  ;  flesh,  very  juicy,  with  little  or  no  pulp ;  flavor,  saccharine  and  deli- 
cious J  quality,  "  best"  for  an  out-door  grape.  Fruited  in  1850  fo."  the  first 
time. 


260 


THE   GEAPE. 


Garrigues. 

Raised  by  Edward  Garrigues,  Kingsessing,  Philadelphia.  A  vigorous 
grower,  hardy  and  productive,  very  much  resembles  Isabella,  and  no  doubt 
a  seedling  of  it.  Bunch,  large,  loose,  shouldered ;  berries,  large,  oval,  dark 
purple,  covered  with  a  thick  bloom ;  flesh,  with  little  toughness  in  its  pulp, 
juicy,  sweet,  and  rich.     Ripe  eight  or  ten  days  before  Isabella. 

Graham. 

An  accidental  seedling  raised  by  Mr.  Graham.  It  sprung  up  in  1845, 
and  fruited  in  1850  for  the  first  time.  Bunch,  of  medium  size,  shouldered, 
not  compact ;  berry,  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  round,  purple,  thickly  covered 
with  a  blue  bloom,  contains  little  or  no  pulp,  and  abounds  in  a  saccharine 
juice  of  agreeable  flavor ;  quality,  "  best."'  The  lea/  indicates  its  native 
parentage.  It  is  probably  a  natural  cross  between  the  Bland  and  Elsin- 
borough,  both  of  which  were  in  bearing  in  the  garden  where  it  originated. 
(Ad.  Int.  Rept.) 

Hall's  Grape. 

A  seedling  raised  by  David  Hall,  of  Urbana.  Berries,  of  medium  size, 
dark  color,  larger  and  better  flavor  than  Clinton,  but  not  equal  to  Isabella. 
Said  to  be  earlier  and  hardier  than  Catawba  or  Isabella. 

Hartford  Prolific. 

A  variety  of  the  Fox  Grape,  from  West  Hartford,  Ct.  For  early 
maturity  and  escaping  of  frosts,  it  is  valuable,  as  it  always  bears,  but  its 
foxy  character  is  not  agreeable,  when  the  Delaware  or  Catawba  can 
be  had. 

Bunches,  medium,  loose;  berries,  round;  skin,  black;  sweet,  with  con- 
siderable pulp.     Ripens  ten  days  or  two  weeks  before  Isabella. 

Herbemont. 

Herbemont'B  Madeira,     |     "Warren,     |     "Warrenton. 

The  origin  of  this  is  yet  in  doubt,  some  claiming  it  same  as  Lenoir,  and 

a  native — others  claiming  it  as  a  French  variety.     Its  hardy  character  and 

resemblance  in  foliage  to  the  River  grapes,  however,  seems  rather  to  favor 

its  being  a  seedling  of  our  States. 

Only  moderately  vigorous.  Wood,  dark  color ;  terminal  leaves,  red  or 
brownish.  Bunches,  large,  compact,  shouldered  ;  berries,  small,  round  ; 
skin,  thin,  purple,  slight  bloom  ;  flesh,  tender,  without  pulp,  sweet,  excel- 
lent, juicy,  vinous,  valued  for  dessert,  and  yields  a  wine  like  Spanish 
Manzanella. 

Hudson. 

Originated  in  the  gardens  of  Mr.  Calkins.  Hudson,  N.  Y.  Growth  similar 
to  Isabella,  and  said  to  be  two  or  three  weeks  earlier.  Bunch  and  berry 
much  the  same,  but  less  sprightly  and  not  quite  so  rich. 

Imitation  Hamburg. 
Union  Village,     I     Shaker  Grape. 
A  native  variety.     Fruit,  large,  dark  purple,  or  as  large,  skin  as  thin, 
pulp  as  soft  and  juicy,  but  of  inferior  aroma  and  flavor,  to  the  Black  Ham- 
burg.    Origin,  supposed  among  the  Shakers,  at  Union  Village,  Ohio. 


ITNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  261 

Lenoir. 
Sumpter  ?     |     Clarence  ? 
Subject,  in  clay  soils,  to  mildew  and  rot.     Bunches,  large,  compact, 
sometimes  shouldered  ;    berries,  small,   black,  sweet,  agreeable.     Earlier 
than  Herbemont,  and  by  many  considered  superior. 

Logan. 
A  new  variety  of  a  dark  or  black  grape ;  hardy,  and  said  very  fine.     W» 
have  not  seen  it. 

Louisa. 

Origin,  Lebanon  Co.,  Pa.  Vine,  hardy,  vigorous  growth.  Bunch,  medium, 
rather  compact,  sometimes  shouldered ;  berry,  round,  oval,  blackish,  with 
blue  bloom  ]  resembles  Isabella,  and  said  to  ripen  a  few  days  earlier. 

Marion. 
A  seedling  raised  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  many  years  since,  but  not  until 
recently  much  noticed.  It  is  said  to  resemble  (we  have  never  seen  it)  the 
Isabella  in  many  respects,  but  is  more  uniform  in  ripening,  and  of  a  more 
delicate  character.  Vines,  healthy  ;  wood,  firm,  short  jointed ;  good  bearer. 
Bunches,  large,  regular,  seldom  shouldered;  berries,  above  or  medium, 
inclining  to  oval,  dark  purplish  black,  with  blue  bloom  ;  juice,  abundant; 
pulp,  thin ;  promising  to  be  one  of  the  most  valuable. 

Missouri. 
Missouri  Seedling. 
Said  to  be  a  native  of  Missouri ;  it  is  of  slow  growth,  short  jointed,  and, 
like  the  Clinton,  suited  to  border  culture  in  gardens.     From  it  a  wine  is 
made  resembling  Maderia. 

Leaves,  deeply  cut,  tri-lobed.  Bunches,  below  medium,  loose  ;  berries, 
small,  round ;  skin,  thin,  almost  black,  very  little  bloom ;  flesh,  tender, 
little  pulp,  sweet,  and  pleasant ;  "  very  good."    * 

Noiiton's  Virginia. 
Norton's  Seedling. 

A  native  seedling  produced  by  a  cross  between  the  Bland  and  Miller's 
Burgundy,  by  Dr.  N.  Norton,  of  Richmond,  Virginia.  It  is  a  most  produc- 
tive grape  in  garden  or  vineyard,  bearing  very  large  crops  (especially  at 
the  South,  where  many  kinds  rot),  in  all  seasons.  It  has  been  confounded 
by  some  with  Ohio  grape,  from  which  it  is  quite  distinct,  more  pulpy,  and 
less  agreeable  for  the  dessert,  though  a  much  better  wine  grape. 

Bunches,  long,  sometimes  eight  or  nine  inches,  occasionally  shouldered, 
somewhat  compact ;  berries,  small,  round ;  skin,  thin,  dark  purple ;  flesh, 
pulpy,  with  a  brisk,  rather  rough  flavor.     Shoots  strong  and  hardy. 

Northern  Muscadine. 

Raised  by  the  Shakers,  at  New  Lebanon,  Columbia  County,  N.  Y. 
Bunches  small,  short,  compact ;  berry,  large,  round,  chocolate  or  brownish 
red ;  skin,  thick,  with  a  pungency  and  odor  common  to  the  wild  fox  grape, 
and  is  a  very  little,  if  any,  improvement  on  it.  The  berries  fall  from  the 
bunch  as  soon  as  ripe,  which  is  about  two  weeks  before  Isabella,  (Down- 
ing.) 


262  THE   GEAPE. 

Ohio. 
Longworth's  Ohio,  |  Segar  Box. 
The  original  of  the  vines  now  known  under  this  name  were  some  cut- 
tings left  in  a  segar  box  at  the  residence  of  N,  Longworth,  Esq.,  Cincin- 
nati, during  his  absence  from  home.  Its  true  origin  is  yet  in  doubt.  North 
of  Cincinnati  it  does  not  succeed,  and  wherever  planted  should  have  long 
range  on  a  trellis.     Only  valued  for  table  use. 

Bunches,  large,  loose,  shouldered  ;  berries,  small,  round,  nearly  black,  blue 
bloom  :  flesh,  without  pulp,  sweet.     Only  suited  to  the  amateur. 

Pauline. 

The  finest  Southern  native  grape.  Bunches,  large,  shouldered,  compact ; 
berries,  medium,  brownish  crimson,  very  sweet  j  skin,  thin ;  no  pulp. 
(Berkman's  Cat.) 

Raabe. 

Baabe'8  No.  8. 

Bunch,  small,  compact,  rarely  shouldered  ;  berry,  below  medium,  round, 
dark  red,  thickly  covered  with  bloom  ;  flesh,  very  juicy,  with  scarcely  any 
pulp  ;  flavor,  saccharine,  with  a  good  deal  of  the  Catawba  aroma  j  quality, 
"  best."     (Ad.  Int.  Kept.) 

Rebecca. 

Originated  in  the  garden  of  E.  M.  Peake,  Hudson,  N.  Y.  The  vines  are 
hardy,  and  it  promises  to  be  one  of  the  most  valuable ;  leaves  deeply  lobed, 
coarsely  and  sharply  serrated  ;  upper  surface  light  green,  under  surface 
with  thin  whitish  down.  Bunches,  medium  size,  very  compact,  not  shoul- 
kered  ;  berries,  medium,  obovate,  greenish  white,  becoming  pale  amber  at 
maturity,  and  covered  with  a  thin  white  bloom  ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  free 
from  pulp,  musky  aroma ;  seeds,  small,  two  to  four  in  each  berry. 

SCUPPERNONG. 

Fox  Grape,  of  Vie  South,         I        Amevican  Muscadine,  of  the  Souths 
Bull  or  Bullet,         "  |         Koanoke,  " 

A  distinct  Southern  species^  vitus  vulpina,  too  tender  for  the  North, 
highly  esteemed  throughout  the  entire  Southern  States,  where  it  is  much 
grown  as  a  wine  grape  in  vineyards,  and  is  found  wild  from  Virginia  to 
Florida. 

Species,  dicBcious  ;  leaves,  small,  roundish,  coarsely  serrated,  glossy  on 
both  sides  ;  voung  shoots  slender,  old  wood  smooth.  The  White  and  Black 
varieties  differ  only  in  the  color  of  fruit,  the  White  being  light  green,  and 
the  Black,  dark  red,  with  tendrils  of  vine  corresponding  with  color  of  fruit. 

Bunches,  small,  loose;  berries,  round,  large;  skin,  thich;  flesh,  pulpy, 
juicy,  sweet,  with  a  strong  musky  scent. 

Schuylkill. 

Sclmylkill  Muscadel,       |     Maderi.-x,  of  York,  Pa.,     |     Clifton's  Constantia, 

Alexander,  Muscadine,  Tasker's  Grape, 

Spring  Mill  Constantia,    |      Cape  Grape,  I     Winne. 

From  the  banks  of  the  Schuykill,  Pa.  Its  value  is  only  as  -w-ine  grape, 
and  for  that,  not  equal  to  Catawba,  We  have  found  it  extensively  distri- 
buted North  and  West  as  the  Isabella.     As  the  leaves  are  much  more 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC.  2G3 

downy,  it  is  easily  detected  in  foliage,  and  the  bunches  being  not  shoul- 
dered, while  the  Isabella  is  always  shouldered. 

Berries,  often  large,  roundish  oval,  thick  skin,  quite  black ;  flesh,  firm 
pulp,  juicy,  musky,  often  harsh. 

Minor's  Seedling,  ShurtleiTs  Seedling,  Northern  Muscadine,  Charter 
Oak,  Mammoth,  and  some  others  are  cultivated  in  localities,  but  their  good 
qualities  seem  destined  to  remain  in  circumscribed  limits ;  not  having  yet 
been  seen,  when  cultivated  away  from  their  first  friends,  inclines  us  to  say 
they  are  simply  varieties  of  the  Fox  Grape. 

Hyde's  Eliza,  Troy  Grape,  Pennsylvania,  Sherman,  Chillicothe  Seedling, . 

and  Lee's,  are  all  sub- varieties,  and  not  equal  to  the  original  Isabella. 

#■ 

Pond's  Seedling,  James'  Seedling.  Clermont,  White  Catawba,  and  Zane, 
are  sub-varieties  of  the  Catawba,  but  not  equaling  it.  The  "  Mammoth 
Catawba ''  is  also  a  sub,  which,  under  high  culture,  surpasses  the  original 
only  in  size. 

Taft. 

Originated  with  W.  P.  Taft,  Cleveland,  0.  Bunches,  medium,  short, 
compact,  variety  shouldered  ;  berries,  above  medium,  globular  compressed, 
light  green  in  shade,  marblings  of  chocolate  red  in  sun  ;  flesh,  slightly 
pulpy,  juicy,  sw»et,  a  little  musky ;  skin,  tough,  thick,  with  somewhat  of 
the  pungency  belonging  to  the  common  Fox  Grape ;  vines  very  hardy ;  fruit 
ripens  two  weeks  before  Isabella. 

To-Kalon. 

Raised  by  Dr.  Spoffbrd,  of  Lansingburgh,  N.  Y.  This  fine  grape  has 
been  but  little  disseminated  in  consequence  of  the  general  supposition  that 
it  was  very  much  like,  if  not  identical  with,  the  Catawba,  from  which  it 
is  entirely  distinct  in  wood,  foliage,  and  every  characteristic  of  the  fruit. 
It  is  a  vigorous  grower,  foliage  very  large,  abundant,  and  much  less  rough 
than  Catawba  or  Isabella,  and  the  alse  of  the  leaves  overlap  each  other 
different  from  any  other  with  which  we  are  acquainted. 

Bunches  large  and  shouldered  ;  berries  varying  in  form  from  oval  to 
oblate,  very  dark  in  color  and  profusely  covered  with  bloom.  Its  fruit, 
when  ripe,  is  very  sweet,  buttery,  and  luscious,  without  foxiness  in  its 
aroma,  or  any  toughness  or  acidity  in  its  pulp.  It  is  perfectly  hardy,  and 
with  good  treatment  in  deep,  rich,  pervious  soil,  it  is  an  early  and  abun- 
dant bearer ;  with  indifferent  treatment  it  is  a  poor  bearer.  It  ripens  a 
little  earlier  than  Isabella.     (Downing.) 

York  Madeira. 

From  York  Co..  Pa.  Excellent  when  fully  ripe  ;  extremely  productive, 
hardy:  canes,  rather  slender,  short  jointed  ;  resembles  Miller's  Burgundy 
in  size  of  berry,  shape,  and  compactness  of  bunch.  Excellent  when  fully 
ripe  ;  of  a  peculiar  flavor.     (Downing.) 


THE  FOREIGN  GRAPE. 


Vitis  vimferaf  L. —  Vitacece  of  Botanists. 

From  the  earliest  record  of  foreign  lands,  the  vine  has  ever  been 
held  in  high  esteem ;  its  fruit  valued  for  the  dessert  as  well  as  for 
the  making  of  wine,  and  itself  held  as  symbolic  of  happiness  and 
plenty.  "  The  pages  of  Scripture  abound  with  allusions  to  the  fer- 
tility of  the  vine,  as  emblematical  of  prosperity."  To  trace  its  intro- 
duction and  entire  history  up  to  this  date,  would  occupy  more  room 
than  the  limits  of  our  present  work  will  admit :  we  shall  therefore 
content  ourself  by  saying  that  the  original  type  of  the  vitis  v'mifera 
came  from  Persia ;  that  it  was  probably  cultivated  in  Britain  not 
many  years  after  the  commencement  of  the  Christian  era ;  that  the 
varieties  native  of  Britain  and  America,  are  quite  distinct ;  that  those 
native  of  Britain  are  not  edible,  while  those  of  our  own  land  embrace 
a  number  of  edible  species.  The  success  of  the  Foreign  varieties, 
so  far  as  tried  nor^h  of  34°  of  latitude,  has  not  been  satisfactory, 
few  or  no  varieties  withstanding  the  extremes  of  our  climate,  with- 
out protection.  B'^tween  1760  and  1770,  Lord  Sterling  imported 
large  numbers  of  foreign  grapes  into  New  Jersey,  with  a  view  to 
wine.  The  experiment  failed,  as  have  those  of  Longworth,  and  others 
since. 

Of  the  longevity  of  the  vine,  records  are  made,  giving  it  existence 
from  six  hundred  years  down,  with  immense  length  of  vine,  and 
stems  six  feet  around,  or  sufficienit  to  afford  the  cutting  out  of  planks 
fifteen  inches  broad. 

Propagation.  The  same  practices  as  noted  under  head  of  American 
Grapes  are  applicable  here,  but  that  most  generally  pursued  in  propa- 
gating esteemed  varieties  of  the  foreign 
grapes  is  by  eyes,  as  represented  in  ad- 
joining figure.  This  is  done  by  select- 
ing-a  strong  bud  and  cutting  it  off  from 
the  remainder  of  the  branch,  at  about 
two  inches  above  and  below,  and  plant- 
ing it  in  a  pot  covered  about  half  an  inch 
deep  with  light  loamy  soil,  then  plung- 
ing the  pot  in  a  hot-bed.  By  this  means 
every  bud  on  a  shoot  can  be  formed  into 
a  plant. 

Out-door  Culture.  In  sheltered  locations,  warm  yards,  in  cities, 
&;c.,  such  varieties  as  the  Black  Prince,  Traminer,  and  Royal  Mus- 

264 


VINE   B0KDER8.  265 

cadlne,  may  be  grown  in  the  open  air  by  bending  down  the  vines  in 
the  month  of  November,  and  covering  them  with  tan-bark,  or  other 
mulch,  and  raising  them  again  to  their  position  in  April.  Free  sup- 
ply of  wood  ashes  and  soap-suds  will  be  found  requisite  to  hasten 
their  growth  and  maturity  of  fruit,  as  well  as  prevent  mildew.* 

Cold-Houses.  By  this  term  is  meant  an  inclosed  structure  of  wood 
or  brick,  with  a  sloping  roof  covered  with  glass.  These  structures, 
as  made  at  the  East,  and  by  a  few  wealthy  men  at  the  West,  and 
represented  in  the  Horticultural  journals  of  the  day,  are  too  expen- 
sive to  make  the  growing  of  the  better  foreign  grapes  general  at  the 
West.  But  expensive  structures  are  not  necessary ;  many  a  man  at 
the  West  has  a  south  side  of  a  building  unoccupied ;  this  may  serve 
as  the  back  of  his  cold-house,  by  setting  up  pieces  of  four-inch  scant- 
ling against  the  building,  nailing  boards  to  it,  and  filling  in  between 
with  tan-bark,  saw-dust,  or  fine  charcoal,  he  has  the  back  ;  now,  four 
inch  square  posts  rising  four  feet  from  the  ground,  at  a  distance  of 
say  fourteen  feet  from  the  back,  boarded  on  each  side,  and  filled  in 
same  as  the  back,  make  the  front  wall ;  leaving,  however,  two  spaces 
six  feet  from  either  end,  of  about  two  feet  square,  for  hanging  shutters. 
Now,  the  back  wall  being  ten  feet  high,  the  ends  are  to  be  made  in 
same  way  as  the  front,  giving,  of  course,  the  slop<.  from  back  to 
front,  and  leaving  out  at  one  end  space  for  a  door-way,  and  at  the 
highest  point  of  sides  near  the  back  at  each  end,  a  space  for  swinging 
shutters  of  say  two  feet  square  ;  these  opened,  will  give  ventilation, 
in  connection  with  those  in  the  front  wall.  This  done,  a  joiner  will 
be  required  to  fit  on  a  plate  of  two  inch  plank  all  around,  and  fit  in 
rafters  and  sash ;  the  sash  should  be  the  entire  length  of  width  of 
house  ;  stiles  four  inch  wide  by  one  and  a  half  thick,  bars  one  inch 
wide  beveled  to  half  inch  on  the  under  side,  the  upper  stile  or  head 
piece  six  inches  wide,  the  lower  one  fourteen  inches  ;  the  rafters 
should  be  placed  so  that  sash  cannot  be  over  forty  two  inches  wide, 
or  sufficient  for  five  lights  wide  of  six-inch  glass.  When  the  location 
of  such  houses  is  not  in  a  very  cold  climate,  or  where  the  thermometer 
rarely  falls  below  zero,  cotton  cloth  dipped  in  boiled  oil  and  varnished 
will  answer  a  very  good  purpose  ;  but,  perhaps  in  the  end,  not  be 
as  cheap,  as  its  durability  will  only  be  about  two  years.  Those 
who  wish  for  more  expensive  houses,  we  advise  to  purchase  "  Allen's 
Treatise  on  the  Grape." 

Vine  Borders.  Upon  the  formation  of  vine  borders  for  cold,  as 
well  as  forcing-houses,  more  has  been  written  and  published  than 
one  person  could  read  at  the  rate  of  ten  hours  a  day,  in  one  entire 
month.     Some  advise  the  formation  of  the  border  all  outside,  while 

*  Geo.  Iloadley,  Esq.,  says,  that  in  1820  to  1880  there  was  growing  in  the  garden  where  he 
then  resided,  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  many  white  grapes,  received  from  David  Deforest,  aa 
White  Sweet- Water,  which  never  mildewed.  This  garden  was  sixty  or  seventy  rods  from  the 
harbor  (or  salt  water).  The  prevalent  winds  were  from  the  harbor,  in  Summer,  and  ia 
storms  the  ehrubbery  not  unfrequ«utly  covered  with  spray. 


266  THE   GEAPE. 

others  prefer  inside.  If  sandy  ground,  no  care  will  be  required  to 
form  a  drainage  ;  but  if  on  clayey,  retentive  soil,  dig  out  all  the  earth 
three  feet  deep,  form  a  drain  in  centre  at  bottom,  leading  away  from 
the  house,  prepare  fresh  virgin  earth  or  turf  from  old  pastures  or 
woods,  and  mix  well  rotted  barn-yard  manure  in  about  equal  quan- 
tities, or  perhaps  a  little  most  of  the  soil,  add  to  this  one-tenth  in 
quantity  each  of  gypsum  (plaster  of  Paris),  and  ground  bones,  and 
one-sixth  of  wood  ashes ;  let  it  be  well  mixed  before  putting  in  the 
border.  Parings  of  horses'  hoofs,  and  cinders  from  a  blacksmith's 
shop,  street  scrapings,  leather  parings,  old  rags,  bones,  &c.,  are  all 
used  and  all  good,  but  the  above  named  materials,  with  liberal  water- 
ing with  soap-suds,  and  occasional  sprinkling  with  sulphur  (which 
will  be  necessary  at  times  to  check  mildew)  will  give  good  growth  of 
vine  and  fruit. 

Planting  and  Training.  The  vines,  being  obtained  from  the  nur- 
sery, generally  come  in  crocks  or  pots ;  the  earth  should  be  well  wet, 
and  then  by  inserting  the  finger  at  the  hole  at  the  small  end  or  bot- 
tom of  the  crock,  the  whole  ball  of  roots  entire  is  pushed  out ;  now 
plant  just  outside  the  front  wall,  and  so  that  you  can  run  the  stem 
immediately  under,  leaving  the  roots  only  outside ;  let  each  plant 
stand  half  way  between  each  rafter,  and  as  they  grow  train  to  a  wire 
fastened  at  top  each  of  front  and  back  wall,  so  as  to  be  six  inches 
below  the  glass.  Spur  pruning  is  regarded  best  for  cold  houses,  and 
is  plainly  described  as  follows  :  "  In  pruning  in  the  Fall,  after  the 
first  year's  growth,  each  alternate  eye  is  disbudded  on  each  side  of 
the  cane,  leaving  those  wanted  for  breaking  next  season  about  fifteen 
inches  apart.  The  next  season,  when  pruning  for  spurs,  the  side 
shoots  are  cut  back  to  three  eyes,  or  even  four,  according  as  the 
lower  buds  may  be  plump  and  well  rounded.  In  breaking,  each  bud 
puts  forth  a  shoot ;  the  most  promising  one  nearest  the  top,  and  the 
one  at  the  base  is  allowed  to  remain,  and  the  other  is  rubbed  out. 
The  top  one  is  allowed  to  bear,  and  the  fruit  on  the  bottom  one  is 
pinched  out.  The  fruit-bearing  spur  is  stopped  three  or  four  joints 
above  the  fruit,  and  the  other  one  next  to  the  base  is  also  stopped, 
when  it  has  grown  seven  or  eight  leaves.  They  are  now  trained  as 
shown  in  the  following  figure. 

"a  is  the  bearing  shoot,  and  h  the  one  not  to  be 
fruited  till  next  year ;  at  next  pruning  (or  what  is  still 
better,  two  or  three  weeks  previous),  a  is  cut  clean  cut 

fto  the  base  of  h,  and,  when  the  leaves  fall,  h  is  cut  back 
,  to  three  eyes,  as  a  was  last  season,  and  so  on  from  year 
^vij^     to  year."     Every  Fall,  at  approach  of  cold  weather,  take 
y   "m"**  down  the  vines,  lay  them  on  the  border,  inside,  and  cover 
with  tan-bark  four  inches  deep ;  cover  the  border  outside* 
same  depth  with  barn-yard  manure. 

Moutine  of  Culture.     The  following  brief  instructions,  from  A    J. 


THE    FOKEIGN  GRAPE.  267 

Downing,  contain  all  that  is  essential  for  a  cold-house :  "  In  a  vinery 
without  heat  this  is  comparatively  simple.  As  soon  as  the  vines  com- 
mence swelling  their  buds  in  the  Spring,  they  should  be  carefully 
washed  with  mild  soap-suds,  to  free  them  from  insects,  soften  the 
wood,  and  assist  the  buds  to  swell  regularly.  At  least  three  or  four 
times  a  week,  they  should  be  well  syringed  with  water,  which,  when 
the  weather  is  cool,  should  always  be  done  in  the  morning ;  and 
every  day  the  vine  border  should  be  duly  supplied  with  water. 
During  the  time  when  the  vines  are  in  blossom,  and  while  the  fruit 
is  setting,  all  sprinkling  or  syringing  over  the  leaves  must  be  sus- 
pended, and  the  house  should  be  kept  a  little  more  closed  and  warm, 
than  usual,  and  should  any  indications  of  mildew  appear  on  any  of 
the  branches,  it  may  at  once  be  checked  by  dusting  them  with  flour 
of  sulphur.  Air  must  be  given  liberally  every  day  when  the  tem- 
perature rises  in  the  house,  beginning  by  sliding  down  the  top  sashes 
a  little  in  the  morning,  more  at  mid-day,  and  then  gradually  closing 
them  in  the  same  manner.  To  guard  against  the  sudden  changes  of 
temperature  out  of  doors,  and  at  the  same  time  to  keep  up  as  moist 
and  warm  a  state  of  atmosphere  within  the  vinery  as  is  consistent 
with  pretty  free  admission  of  the  air  during  sunshine,  is  the  great 
object  of  culture  in  a  vinery  of  this  kind. 

Insects.  The  aphis  or  "  vine-fretter,'^  is  destroyed  by  fumigating, 
i»  e.,  burning  tobacco  in  the  house,  and  syringing  the  vines  freely 
afterward.  If  red  spiders  are  troublesome,  syringe  the  vines  at 
evening,  and  dust  the  leaves  with  flour  of  sulphur. 

VARIETIES. 

Feeling  that  a  multiplicity  of  varieties  would  only  mislead  and 
confuse  the  practical  man,  and  our  own  experience  with  foreign 
grapes  not  having  been  sufficient  to  enable  us  fully  to  decide  on 
which  to  recommend,  we  adopt  and  describe  few  besides  those  voted 
worthy  of  general  cultivation  by  the  American  Pomological  Society. 


Black  Hamburgh. 


Warner's  Black  Hamburgh, 
Red  Hamburgh, 
Dutch  Hamburgh, 
Hampton  Court  Vine, 


Valentino's,  I     Salisbury  Violet, 

Purple  Hamburgh,  Gibraltar, 

Brown  Hamburgh,      I     Frankendale. 


This  variety  is  one  of  the  most  esteemed  for  the  vinery.  In  sheltered 
locations,  out  of  doors  in  cities  south  as  far  as  Cincinnati,  it  does  well  with 
protection  in  Winter.  A  good  bearer.*  Bunches,  large,  shouldered  on 
both  sides  ;  berries,  very  large,  roundish  inclining  to  oval,  brownish  purple, 
becoming  purplish  black  when  fully  ripe;  of  sugary  rich  flavor. 

Wilmot's  New  Black  Hamburgh  is  similar.  Fruit,  larger,  bloom  very 
thick ;  Jlesh,  firm,  nearly  or  quite  equal  to  the  common  Hamburgh. 

•  A  vine  of  this  variety  at  Hampton  Court  Palace,  planted  [a  17fi9,  is  stated  to  produce  an» 
ftually  over  one  ton  weight  of  fruik 


268  THE   GEAPE. 

Allen's  seedling  Black  Hamburgh,  is  of  less  value.  Bunches,  not  as 
large  ;  berries^  black,  oval.  Victoria,  heretofore  regarded  as  a  synonym 
of  the  old  Hamburgh,  is  now  regarded  as  a  slightly-improved  sub-variety. 


Alicant, 

Black  Valentia, 

Boston, 

Pocock's  Damascus, 


Black  Prince. 

steward's  Black  Prince, 
Black  Spanish, 
Black  Portugal, 


Sir  A.  Pytche's  Black, 
Cambridge  Botanic  Garden, 
Black  Lisbon. 


This  often  succeeds  well  with  Winter  protection  out  doors,  while  in  the 
house  it  is  esteemed  on  account  of  hanging  long  after  fully  ripe.  A.  pro- 
fuse bearer.  Bunches^  long,  often  shouldered ;  berries^  large,  thinly  set, 
oval ;  skin^  rather  thick,  black,  covered  with  blue  bloom  ;  flavor^  sweet, 
excellent;  "very  good." 

Black  St.  Peter's  differs  from  this  in  having  a  thin  skin. 

Black  Frontignan. 

Muscat  Noir,  I      Bonrdales  des  Hautes  Pyrenees,      I     Purple  Constantia, 

Muscat  Noir  Ordinaire,  Sir  Wra.  Rowley's  Black,  Muscat  Moir  de  Jura. 

Black  Frontignac,  |     Purple  Frontignan,  | 

This  is  the  variety  from  which  the  muscadine  wine  is  made.     A  good 

bearer.     Bunches^  long ;  berries^  medium  size,  round,  black ;  skin.^  thin  ; 

flavor  J  musky  rich. 

Black  Cluster. 

Black  Morillon,  I     Early  Black,      I      Black  Burgundy, 

True  Burgundy,  Pineau,  Black  Orleans. 

Small  Black  Cluster,  |  | 

This  variety  is  hardy,  and  succeeds  out  doors.  It  is  valued  in  France 
for  wine,  but  will  never  take  high  rank  in  this  country.  It  has  been  pretty 
extensively  disseminated  throughout  the  West,  which  is  our  main  reason 
for  noting  it.  It  has  over  forty  synonyms,  but  those  given  are  all  which 
we  have  ever  heard  applied  to  it  in  this  country.  Bunches^  small  com- 
pact ;  berries,  medium  size,  roundish  oval,  black,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  good  ;" 
distinguished  from  Miller's  Burgundy,  by  absence  of  down  on  the  leaf. 

Early  Black  July. 

July  Grape,  •     Burgunder,  I     De  St.  Jean, 

Madeleine  Noir,  Madeleine,  August  Traube, 

Morillon  Hatif,       |     Eaisin  Precoce,        |     Jacob's  Straube. 

The  habit  of  ripening  its  fruit  by  the  middle  of  August,  or  earlier,  is  its 

chief  merit.     Foliage^  small  light  green ;  bunches^  small,  compact  ;  berries^ 

small,  round,  black,  with  a  blue  bloom,  a  little  acid  and  of  indifferent  flavor  j 

"  good." 

Grizzly  Frontignan. 

Grizzly  Frontignac,         I         Kcd  Constantia, 
Muscat  Eouge,  |         Muscat  Gris, 

&c.,  &c.,  in  all  thirteen  Synonyms. 

Adapted  only  to  the  house,  where  it  ripens  early,  and  being  of  "  best " 
quality,  is  highly  esteemed.     Bunches^  rather  long,  narrow,  slight  shoulders 
berries^  round,  medium  size,  grayish  red,  thick  bloom,  juicy,  rich,  musky 
Jiigh  flavor. 


THE  FOREIGN   GKAPE. 


269 


Royal  Muscadike. 


Chasselas  de  Fontainebleau, 
Golden  Chasselas, 
Chasselas  Dore, 
D'Arbois, 


Amiens, 
Chasselas, 
White  Chasselas, 
Chasselas  Blanc, 


Eaisin  d'Champagne, 
Amber  Muscadine, 
E«rl7  White  Teneriffe, 


This  is  highly  esteemed  ;  is  distinguished  from  White  Sweet  Water 
(often  sold  as  this  variety)  by  its  larger  berries  and  stronger  growth.  Grown 
out  of  doors,  it  requires  not  only  Winter  protection,  but  also  to  be  well 
supplied  with  wood  ashes,  as  otherwise  it  cracks  and  mildews. 

Allen  says,  the  Royal  Muscadine  and  Chasselas  of  Fontainebleau  are 
distinct,  but  only  in  size  of  bunch.  The  Early  White  Muscadine,  he  also 
says,  only  varies  from  this  in  ripening  a  few  days  earlier. 

Bunches^  large,  long,  shouldered ;  berries,  above  medium,  round,  greenish 
white,  becoming  amber  color  when  fully  ripe,  tender,  rich  delicious  flavor 
Middle  to  last  of  September. 


White  Muscat  of  Alexandria, 

Jerusalem  Muscat, 

Malaga, 

White  Muscat  of  Lunel, 


Muscat  of  Alexandria. 


Lunel, 

Frontniac  of  Alexandria, 
Muscat  d' Alexandria, 
White  Muscat, 


Tottenham  Park  Muscat, 
Passe-longue  Musque, 
Passe  Mu8qu6.         ^ 


Adapted  only  to  house  culture,  and,  even  then,  benefitted  by  artificial 
heat.  This  isprobably  the  "  Malaga  "  Grape  brought  to  this  country  in  jars 
and  sold  by  confectioners. 

^MwcAgj,  very  large,  loose,  irregular;  berries^  large,  oval,  pale  amber, 
thick  skin,  firm  flesh,  crisp,  musky,  rich  perfumed  flavor,  often  seedless.  A 
strong  grower. 

The  Cannon  Hall  Muscat,  is  esteemed  a  sub-variety  not  equaling  its 
parent. 

Traminer. 


Bed  Traminer, 
Fromentin  Eouge, 
Eother  Traminer, 
Bother  Klevner, 
Tokayer, 
Kleinbranner, 


Eothclauser, 

Eanfollga, 

Gris  Eouge, 

Fromentean, 

Decimanner, 

Eothedel, 


Eothfrankcn, 
St.  Clauser, 
Marzimmer, 
Ean  Folak. 
Eothe  Eeifler. 


Hardy  in  the  open  air,  being  free  from  mildew  or  rot,  a  productive  bearei, 
and  never  failing  to  perfectly  ripen  both  fruit  and  wood.  Allen  says  of  it, 
"  a  much-esteemed  wine  Grape  on  the  river  Maine."  It  is  described  in 
the  London  Horticultural  Society's  Catalogue.  It  deserves  a  place  in  every 
garden. 

Bunches^  medium  size,  compact ;  herries,  roundish  oval,  middle  size,  uni- 
form, pale  reddish,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  without  pulp,  rich  and  pleasant 
flavor.     Ripens  ten  days  before  Isabella. 


I 


White  Frontignan. 


White  Frontniac, 
Nepeana  Constantla, 
Eaisin  de  Frontignan, 
Moschata  Bianca, 


Moscatel  Commun, 
White  Constantia, 
Muscat  Blanc, 


Muscat  Blanc  de  Jura, 
Moscado  Bianco, 
Muscateller. 


An  old  productive  variety  suited  only  to  the  house.  Bunches,  middle  size^ 
rather  long,  rarely  shouldered :  berries^  middle  size,  round  rather  closely 
set;  skin^  thin,  dull  white  or  greenish  yellow,  thin  white  bloom  )  fleshy  deli« 
cate,  sugary,  rich  musky  flavor 


NECTARINES. 

The  Nectarine  is  claimed  to  be  only  a  sport  in  nature  from  the 
Peach,  to  which  occasionally  plants  grown  from  seeds  return  ;  record 
is  also  made  of  the  Nectarine  tree  producing  both  Peaches  and  Nec- 
tarines on  the  same  tree.  Of  this  we  confess  some  little  unwilling- 
ness of  belief ;  certain,  however,  it  is  that  the  trees  so  closely  resem- 
ble the  Peach,  as  not  to  be  detected  except  when  in  fruit. 

Grown  under  glass,  or  South,  where  the  heat  is  greater  than  at 
the  North,  the  Nectarine  is  a  really  fine  fruit ;  but  here  it  is  inferior 
to  the  Peach,  possessing  a  flavor  partaking  of  the  peculiar  flavor  and 
taste  of  the  pit.  When  we  say  the  trees  are  undistinguishable  from 
the  peach,  we  speak  the  general  view ;  closely  examined,  the  wood 
may  be  found  slightly  more  smooth,  and  possibly  a  trifle  firmer  or 
closer  grained.  The  trees  are  usually  propagated  by  budding,  in 
same  manner  and  time  as  the  Peach,  and  their  after  culture  is  the 
same. 

The  fruit  of  the  Nectarine  being  smooth  skinned,  is  equally  liable 
to  attack  from  curculio  as  the  Plum,  and  the  same  remedies  are 
adopted  for  prevention ;  we,  therefore,  refer  the  reader  to  the  article 
under  head  of  Insects  injurious  to  the  Plum.  The  same  marks  dis- 
tinguishing varieties  in  the  leaf  are  found  in  the  Nectarine,  as  in  the 
Peach,  and  used  accordingly. 

CLASS  I.     Most  generally  esteemed. 

Boston. 
Lewis,     I     Perkins'  Seedling. 

American.  Claimed  to  have  originated  from  a  peach-stone.  It  is  pro- 
bably one  of  the  very  best  Nectarines,  and  well  adapted  to  all  sections  of 
our  country. 

Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  sometimes  eight  inches 
round,  roundish  oval ;  skin,  light  yellow,  with  deep  red  cheek,  shaded  olf 
by  a  mottling  of  red  ;  flesh,  yellow  to  the  stone,  sweet,  with  a  pheasant, 
peculiar  flavor ;  stone,  small,  pointed.     Free-stone.     First  September. 

Down  TON. 

Foreign.  Fcowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  oval  ,• 
skin,  pale  green,  with  violet  red  cheek ;  flesh,  pale  green,  melting,  rich^ 
high  flavor.    Free-stone.    Last  of  August. 

270 


UNTESTED    VARIETIES,    ETC.  271 


Violet  Hative, 
Petite  Violet  Hative, 
Early  Brugnon, 
Brugnon  red  at  Stone, 


Early  Violet. 

Ilampton  Court, 
Large  Scarlet, 
New  Scarlet, 
Aromatic, 


Brugnon  HatH 
Violet  Musk, 
Violet  red  at  Stone, 
Lord  Selsey's  Elruge. 


Foreign.  Tree,  very  hardy,  often  confounded  with  Elruge,  from  which 
it  is  distinguished  by  its  deep  red  flesh  and  dark  colored  stone. 

Flowers,  small ;  glands^  reniform  ;  fruity  large,  roundish,  narrowed  at 
apex  ;  suture^  shallow ;  skin,  yellowish  green  in  shade,  dark  purplish  red, 
mottled  with  pale  brown  dots,  in  sun ;  flesh,  whitish,  red  at  stone,  melting, 
juicy,  rich  and  high  flavored  ;  stone^  roundish,  reddish  brown.  Free-stone. 
Last  of  August. 

Elruge. 

Common  Elruge,      I     Anderson's,      I     Oatland's, 
Claremont,  |     Temple,  |     Spring  Grove. 

Foreign.  An  old  variety  that  has  always  maintained  a  first  character 
wherever  correctly  grown. 

Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  :  fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval ;  suture, 
distinct  only  at  apex  ;  skin,  pale  greenish  shade,  violet  or  blood  red,  dotted 
with  brown  specks  in  sun;  flesh,  greenish,  slightly  stained  with  pale  red  at 
stone,  juicy,  rich,  high  flavor  ]  stone^  oval,  rough.  Free-stone.  Early  Sep- 
tember. 


CLASS  IL     Embraces  varieties,  many  of  which  are  new  and  untested^  others 
suited  only  to  certain  localities. 

Barker. 

Foreign.  "  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large  obovate,  dark 
red  next  sun,  pale  yellowish  green,  where  shaded ;  flesh,  fine,  yellowish 
white,  rayed  with  bright  red  at  the  stone  ;  stone,  large  ;  kernel,  bitter.  Free- 
stone.    August."     New,  not  yet  fruited  in  this  country. 

Duke  or  Tellier's. 

Due  du  Tellier's,      I      Du  de  Tello,  I     Du  Tilly's. 

Du  Timers,  |     Duke  de  Tilley,      | 

Foreign.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  :  fruit,  above  medium,  round- 
ish oblong,  pale  green,  purplish  red  cheek  ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  red  at 
stone,  second  rate  flavor.     Free-stone.     Last  August. 

Early  Newington. 

Early  Black  Newington,      I     New  Early  Newington,      I      Early  Black. 
Lucombe's  Black,  |     Lucombe's  Seedling,  | 

Foreign.  Flowers,  large,  glandless.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  ovate,  point 
at  apex,  pale  green,  with  shades  of  red  marbled  in  sun  ;  flesh,  greenish 
white,  red  at  stone.     Cling-stone.     Early  September.     Valued  South. 

French  Yellow. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  greenish  yellow,  dull  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yel- 
low, juicy,  rich.     Cling-stone.     September.     (W.  R.  P.) 


272  THE    NECTAEINE. 

Hardwicke. 

Hardwicke  Seedling,     |     Hardwicke's  Seedling. 

Foreign.  Flowers,  small  ;  glands,  reniform  :  fruit,  large,  roundish  oval, 
pale  green,  violet  red  cheek  :  flesh,  pale  green,  little  marked  with  red  at 
stone,  juicy.     Free-stone.     Last  August. 

Hunt's  Tawny. 

Hunt's  Large  Tawny,     |     Hunt's  Early  Tawny. 

Foreign.  Flowers,  small,  glandless ;  fruit,  below  medium,  roundish 
ovate,  point  at  apex,  pale  orange,  red  cheek,  russety  specks  :  flesh,  orange, 
juicy.     Free-stone.     Middle  August. 

Large  Early  Violet. 
Violette  Grosee. 
Foreign.     Similar  to  Early  Violet,  a  trifle  larger,  and  less  high  flavored. 

Neate's  White. 

New  White,  I     Flanders,  |     Large  White. 

Cowdray  White,     |     Emerton's  New  White,     | 

Foreign.  Flowers,  large  :  glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  above  medium,  round, 
while  reddish  cheek  in  the  sun  ;  flesh,  white,  juicy.  Free-stone.  Early 
September. 

Oldenburg. 

English.  New ;  not  yet  fruited  in  this  country.  It  is  described  as  of  "  me- 
dium size,  ovate  form,  dark  red  on  pale  yellow ;  flesh,  separating  freely 
from  the  stone,  juicy,  melting,  sugary,  vinous." 

Orange. 
Pitmaston''s  Orange,     |     "William's  Orange,     I     "William's  Seedling. 

Foreign.  Flowers,  large  ;  glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  ovate, 
acute  pomt  at  apex,  orange  yellow,  with  dark  brownish  red  cheek ;  flesh, 
yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet.  Free-stone.  Last  August.  Valued 
South. 

Red  Roman. 

Old  Roman,     I      Brngnon  "Violet  Musqufee, 
Boman,  |     Brugnon  Musqu^e. 

Foreign.  An  old  variety,  which  proves  best  adapted  to  our  northern 
sections.  Flowers,  large ;  glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  above  medium,  roundish, 
greenish  yellow,  with  dull  red  cheek,  and  russety  specks  ;  flesh,  firm, 
greenish  yellow,  deep  red  at  stone,  juicy,  vinous.  Cling-stone.  Early 
September. 

Stanwicke. 

First  fruited  in  this  country  by  Caleb  Cope,  Esq.,  Phila.  From  its  high 
praise  in  England,  where  it  originated,  and  the  fact  of  our  clear  sunny 
clime  adding  to  the  richness  and  sugary  character  of  both  Peach  and  Nec- 
tarine, as  compared  with  England,  we  are  led  to  suppose  this  will  prove 
the  very  best  Nectarine  extant. 

It  was  grown  from  a  stone  brought  from  Syria,  and  is  described  in  the 
journal  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society  as  above  medium  size,  round- 


SUPERSEDED  BY  BETTER  SORTS.  273 

ish  oval,  slightly  heart  shape  at  base ;  pale  greenish  white,  shaded  into 
deep,  rich  violet  in  sun ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  rich,  sugary,  and 
without  the  slightest  trace  of  prussic  acid  flavor;  stone,  middle  size, 
ovate,  a  prominent  sharp  edge,  rugged,  and  of  chocolate  color:  kernel, 
sweet. 


CLASS  III.     Superseded  by  better  sorts. 

Bboomfucld. 

American.  Glands,  renifonn;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  dull  yellow,  red  cheek;  flesh,  yellow, 
pleaeant ;  eecond  rate.    Cling-stone.    Middle  September. 

Faikchild's. 

Fairchild's  Early. 

Forei)?n.  Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  small,  round;  yellowish  green,  red  check;  flesh,  yellow, 
dry,  poor.    Free-stone.    Early  August. 

Golden. 

Orange,         1        Fine  Gold  Fleshed. 

Foreign.  Glands,  reniform ;  ftuit,  medium,  roundish  ovate ;  light  yellow,  Ted  in  sun;  flesh, 
orange  yellow,  firm,  sweet ;  second  rate.    Cling-stone.    Early  September. 

MUBEET. 

Murry,         |        Black  Murry. 

Foreign.  Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  ovate ;  pale  green,  red  cheek ;  flesh 
greenish  white,  sweet,  good  flavor;  poor  bearer.    Free-stone.    Last  August. 

Newington. 

Scarlet  Newington,       I     Smith's  Newiugton,     [     Bough  Roman, 
Scarlet,  French  Newington,  Anderson's  Bound. 

Old  Newington,  \     Sion  Hill,  | 

Foreign.  Glandless;  fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  greenish  yellow,  red  in  sun;  flesh,  firm, Juicy 
deep  red  at  stone.    Cling-stone.    Middle  September. 

Pbince's  Golden. 
American.    Glands,  reniform ;  about  one-fourth  larger,  and  a  week  later,  otherwise,  of  second 
quality,  and  resembling  the  Golden. 

Petebbobottgh. 
Late  Green,     |     V«rmash,     |     Genoa,  or  Genoese. 

Foreign.  Under  the  last  synonym,  it  nas,  of  late,  been  disseminated  as  new.  Glands,  reni- 
form; fruit,  small,  roundish,  green,  with  dull  red  in  sun;  flesh,  greenish  white.  Free-stono, 
Early  October. 

Sweet  Yellow. 
Janue  Lisse,         |        Late  Yellow. 

Foreign.  Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  small,  yellow,  with  dull  red  cheek  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellom^ 
dry.    Free-stone.    October. 


12» 


THE   PEACH. 

Persica  vulgaris,  Dec. — Rosacea  of  Botanists. 

Found  wild  on  the  Himalayan  mountains,  and  not  mentioned  in 
Jewish  history,  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  Peach  is,  as  generally 
understood,  a  native  of  Persia  and  also  of  China.  It  was,  however, 
introduced  into  Italy  by  the  Romans,  and,  as  early  as  1550,  was  cul- 
tivated in  Britain.  About  the  year  1680  it  was  introduced  into  this 
country,  and,  with  the  exception  of  portions  of  the  Northern  New 
England  States  and  Northern  New  York,  it  is  now  cultivated  in  every 
settled  portion  of  our  States.  History  clothes  the  Peach  with  delete- 
rious qualities,  and  Pliny  mentions  that  it  was  supposed  the  King  of 
Persia  had  sent  them  into  Egypt  to  poison  the  inhabitants,  with 
whom  he  was  then  at  war.  In  portions  of  China,  Spain,  Italy,  and 
the  South  of  France,  as  well  as  our  own  country,  the  peach  is  grown 
without  aid  of  glass,  or  artificial  heat,  or  by  means  of  walls,  etc. ;  we 
have,  therefore,  looked  to  receive  some  variety  from  abroad  that 
would  surpass  our  American  Seedlings,  but,  as  yet,  none  have  been 
introduced. 

The  wood  of  the  peach,  being  of  a  more  open,  coarse  fibre  than 
that  of  most  fruits,  we  find  it  more  susceptible  to  sudden  and  severe 
changes  of  temperature,  and  therefore  less  hardy,  and  of  shorter  dura- 
tion. That  this  character  is  materially  afi^ected  by  soil,  seems  not  to 
admit  of  a  doubt ;  writers  generally  conceding  that  while  in  unfavor- 
able soils  the  peach  decays  in  four  to  ten  years,  in  favorable  ones  it 
continues  healthy  and  vigorous  for  forty  or  fifty  years,  and,  with  the 
addition  of  being  annually  correctly  and  freely  pruned,  piay  be  made 
to  produce  regularly  for  near  one  hundred  years.  Of  this  we  speak 
more  at  length  under  the  head  of  Soil. 

Propagation.  By  Seed.  The  seed  of  the  peach,  if  carefully 
planted  in  the  Autumn,  will  often  vegetate  in  the  ensuing  Spring, 
and,  in  good  soil,  make  a  growth,  the  first  year,  of  three  to  four  feet ; 
but  in  order  to  succeed  surely,  it  is  best  to  gather  the  stones  from 
late  fruiting  varieties,  of  hardy,  healthy  trees ;  spread  them  about 
four  inches  thick,  on  some  light,  sandy  knoll,  and  cover  with  about 
four  inches  earth.  In  Spring,  when  the  frost  is  fully  out  of  the 
ground,  leaving  it  fit  for  working,  these  stones  will  be  found  to  have 
mostly  cracked  and  the  germ  just  started ;  they  should  then  be  care- 
fully planted  in  rows,  four  feet  apart,  and  one  seed  every  foot  in  the 
row,  covered  about  two  inches  deep.  The  stones  that  are  not  cracked 

274 


BY   BUDDING.  2Y5 

by  the  frost  should  be  taken  and  carefully  cracked,  by  placing  on  a 
wooden  block  and  striking  the  side  edge  with  a  hammer  ;  this  will  not 
injure  the  germ,  as  is  often  done  when  they  are  cracked  by  striking 
the  ends.  Separated  from  the  stone,  the  kernels  should  be  planted 
same  as  above,  but  in  rows  by  themselves,  as  all  are  not  sure  to 
grow,  and,  even  if  they  did,  would  not  as  soon  as  those  already 
started,  and  therefore,  the  rows  in  culture  would  often  have  trees 
unfitted  for  budding  at  same  time  ;  or  frequently  those  coming  from 
the  lastrD9ined  kinds  would  be  entirely  too  small  for  budding  the 
first  yeRr. 

It  \'s  well  to  know  that  most  of  the  yellow-fleshed  peaches  have  a 
tendency  to  produce  varieties  similar  to  the  parent ;  hence  the  innu- 
merable new  sorts  that  now  swell  the  nursery-men's  catalogues,  and 
that  are  yearly  being  introduced  to  the  public  as  "  highly  superior" 
If  an  orchard  is  desired  to  be  produced  of  seedlings,  by  selecting 
seeds  of  the  Yellow  Rareripe,  Crawford's  Early,  Bergen's  Yellow, 
Lemon  Cling,  and  Crawford's  Late,  it  is  very  probable  a  collection 
would  be  obtained  preserving,  in  a  great  measure,  the  characters, 
qualities,  and  times  of  ripening  of  these  varieties.  So,  also,  may  the 
periods  of  ripening  of  each  kind  be,  to  a  certain  extent,  hastened  or 
retarded,  by  selecting  pits  of  the  first  or  last  that  ripen  on  each  par- 
ticular tree. 

The  grower  should,  however,  recollect  that  while  there  is  a  strong 
tendency  in  these  varieties  to  reproduce  themselves,  their  capability  so 
to  do  is  often  destroyed  by  the  intermixture,  while  in  flower,  of  some 
other  variety  which  is  perhaps  adjoining  them  only  a  few  feet ;  hence, 
in  order  to  feel  any  degree  of  certainty  toward  the  raising  of  kinds 
valuable,  or  resembling  the  parent,  it  is  necessary  that  the  tree  from 
which  the  pits  are  taken  should  stand  perfectly  isolated,  or  certainly 
distant  two  hundred  rods  from  any  other  peach  tree. 

Those  who  have  not  the  dry  sandy  knoll  wheron  to  place  the  pits, 
to  prepare  them  for  the  ensuing  Spring,  may  place  them  in  a  moist 
cellar  until  nearly  the  close  of  Winter ;  then  take  them  out,  soak 
them  in  water  two  or  three  days,  spread  them  on  the  ground  and 
cover  two  or  three  inches  of  sawdust  or  leaf  mold  over  them ;  thus 
exposing  them  to  action  of  frost  until  the  season  for  planting. 

By  Budding.  The  seed  sown  as  above  will,  early  in  the  month 
of  September,  be  found  to  have  grown,  in  good  soil,  from  three  to 
four  feet,  when  they  should  be  budded  as  near  the  ground  as  possible  ; 
and  in  October  one-half  of  the  entire  top  should  be  cut  back — not 
the  limbs  pruned  off,  leaving  bare  stems — but  the  growth  of  every 
limb,  should  be  shortened  or  cut  back  one- half ;  this  is  to  prevent 
injury  from  high  winds  or  heavy  snows,  which  frequently  break  the 
tree  just  at  the  insertion  of  the  bud. 

Some  bud  upon  the  Plum  stock  for  the  purpose  of  dwarfing  the 
tree ;  and  when  so  done  the  month  of  August  is  best.     The  e^u^cft 


276  THE   PEACH. 

time  cannot  be  stated,  as  seasons  vary  even  in  the  same  section  of 
country,  but  the  watchful  eye  will  soon  learn  to  detect  the  period 
when  the  young  stock  is  about  to  form  its  terminal  bud,  and  then  is 
generally  the  best  time.  If  the  bud  is  inserted  too  early  in  the  sea- 
son, on  the  peach  stock,  it  is  liable  to  overgrow  and  "  gum." 

Budding  the  peach  may  also  be  performed  in  the  month  of  June, 
on  trees  of  two  or  more  years  old.  It  is  done  in  same  manner  as 
that  in  common  budding,  except  in  selecting  the  buds,  you  select  a 
young  shoot,  of  about  one  to  two  inches  grown,  and,  cutting  it  back  to 
one  or  two  leaves,  you  insert  and  tie  as  in  the  commoa  mode. 

By  Grafting.  This  is  rarely  performed  at  the  North,  but  may  be 
made  tolerably  successful  if  performed  very  early  on  trees  standing 
in  warm,  light  soil.  A  strong,  sharp  knife  or  spade  should  first  be 
used  around,  cutting  off  all  the  roots  of  the  tree,  at  about  one  foot 
from  the  body  of  a  tree  four  feet  high — the  tree  headed  back  about 
one  half,  and  the  lower  limbs  cut  in  to  about  two  buds  each — the 
graft  inserted  in  the  manner  termed  tongue  or  whip-grafting,  tied 
with  soft  bark,  and  covered  with  a  ball  of  grafting-clay.  When 
the  graft  has  made  one  foot  growth,  the  ligature  should  be  loosed, 
and  the  lower  limbs  cut  in  smoothly  to  the  body.  Some  cultiva- 
tors in  the  Southern  States  graft  into  the  crown  of  the  root,  and  when 
the  stocks  are  small  it  is  a  good  way ;  but  the  cleft-grafting  mode  is 
then  best. 

Transplanting.  In  transplanting  from  the  nursery  to  the  orchard, 
the  limbs,  or  branches,  should  be  shortened  back  to  the  form  of  a 
pyramidal,  rounded  head,  having  the  lower  limbs  within  two  feet  of 
the  ground,  and  not  exceeding  one  foot  long.  The  side  roots  should 
only  have  their  ends  smoothed  with  a  sharp  knife,  all  broken  or 
bruised  roots  cut  away,  and  the  tap  root  cut  off  to  within  one  foot  of 
the  crown. 

Distances  apart.  On  light,  sandy  soils,  twelve  feet  apart  each  way 
is  sufficient  for  the  Peach ;  but  on  good  strong  soil,  the  trees  require 
from  eighteen  to  twenty-five  feet,  in  order,  when  full-grown,  to  enable 
them  to  mature  their  fruit  with  full  exposure  to  the  sun. 

Soil  and  Situation.  The  soil  whereon  to  make  plantations  of  the 
Peach  is  a  matter  of  great  import,  as  thereby  hang  the  main  chances 
of  success  or  failure.  The  following  analysis,  made  by  B.  Kirtland, 
Esq.,  of  Poland,  Ohio,  from  three  esteemed  varieties,  viz. :  Yellow 
Rareripe,  Morris  Red  Rareripe,  and  Morrisania,  will  be  found  ex- 
tremely useful  to  every  planter,  as  it  is  easy  to  get  an  analysis  made 
of  soils,  and  from  the  two  the  planter  will  know  at  once  which  par- 
ticular manure  is  required  to  perfect  his  fruit,  and  give  vigor  to  hia 


SOIL  AND   SirUATION.  277 

trees.  Equal  quantities  of  limbs  and  twigs  frora  the  three  kinds 
above-named,  were  taken,  and  after  having  been  thoroughly  dried 
(whereby  they  lost  about  44  per  cent  of  water),  carefully  burned 
with  a  moderate  heat,  yielded  as  follows : 

Charcoal  and  Sand 3.180 

Silica 1.480 

Perphosphate  of  Iron 2.174 

Potash 12.545 

Soda ; . .  2.000 

Sulphate  of  Lime 2.258 

Lime 23.951 

Phosphate  of  Lime 21 .699 

Magnesia 7.052 

Peroxide  of  Manganese .800 

Chloride  of  Sodium 699 

Carbonic  Acid 33.350 

111.188 
Loss  in  Analysis ^ 3.812 


115.000 


These  analyses  show  the  wood  of  the  Peach  tree  as  next  to  the 
Pear  in  amount  of  phosphates,  and  also  the  erroneous  impression  so 
generally  current,  that  the  Peach  requires  a  light,  sandy  soil.  The 
most  vigorous,  healthy  trees  we  have  ever  seen,  are  growing  on  the 
borders  of  the  Ohio  river,  on  what  is  termed  limestone  soil,  and 
where  perfect  drainage  is  naturally  formed  by  the  hills.  On  the 
prairies  the  trees  grow  rapidly,  but  to  us  have  the  appearance  of  a 
forced,  green-house  plant,  and  unable  to  endure  aught  but  genial  air^ 
while  feeding  thus  upon  one  or  two  of  the  elements  of  growth,  and 
at  the  same  time  devoid  of  others  requisite  to  the  perfection  of  healthy 
wood.  Lime  and  bone-dust,  we  judge,  will  be  found  especially 
beneficial  in  perfecting  truly  healthy  trees,  capable  of  enduring  the 
great  changes  of  climate  on  our  western  prairies.  If  to  this  appli- 
cation be  added  the  practice  of  shortening-in  during  the  month  of 
September,  and  perfect  drainage  of  water  from  the  roots,  we  believe 
the  tree  w^ill  be  found  to  endure  more  successfully  the  extreme 
changes  of  climate. 

The  duration  of  the  Peach  tree  we  consider  greatly  dependent 
upon  the  soil  being  properly  drained,  and  containing  the  proper  pro- 
portions of  food  toward  forming  perfect  wood.  The  doctrine  of  ex- 
cretions of  vegetables  is  one  which  we  are  yet  inclined  to  support, 
having  been  unable  to  succeed,  even  with  renewed  preparation  of  the 
soil,  in  growing  two  successive  crops  of  the  same  kind  of  tree  upon 
the  same  plot. 

A  rank,  luxuriant  tree,  with  shoots  spongy,  sappy,  plethoric,  un 


278  THE  PEACH. 

ripened,  and  incapable  of  being  matured,  with  the  roots  in  an  un 
drained,  cold,  or  wet  soil,,  is  too  often  regarded  as  thrifty,  when  in 
truth  it  is  but  the  expression  of  a  false  stimulant,  as  in  the  human 
frame,  exciting  only  to  destroy. 

The  situation  of  a  peach-orchard  should,  if  possible,  be  upon  high 
ground,  as  less  subject  to  extreme  and  severe  changes  of  tempera- 
ture, and  as  tending  to  more  perfect  maturity  of  wood  in  Fall  of 
year,  and  later  period  of  blooming  in  Spring.  If  the  trees  are  low- 
branched  and  well  shortened-in,  supplied  with  requisite  inorganic  ele- 
ments in.  the  soil,  the  lay  of  the  land  to  the  east,  south,  or  north,  will 
only  afifect  the  time  of  ripening  the  fruit ;  that  to  the  south  maturing 
about  one  week  earlier  than  that  toward  the  north.  Elevated  situa- 
tions, surrounded  by,  or  bordering  on,  bodies  of  water,  will  often  fur- 
nish fruits  when  adjacent  valleys  fail;  and  this  is  especially  true  where 
the  bodies  of  water  do  not  entirely  freeze  over  during  Winter,  the 
southern  shores  of  several  of  our  lakes  rarely  failing  to  produce 
peaches,  when  the  entire  crop  is  destroyed  five  or  ten  miles  back  in 
the  interior.  Even  slight  knolls  often  protect  the  crop,  an  instance 
of  which  we  had  in  our  own  grounds,  where  trees  were  distant  only 
thirty  feet ;  in  one  night  all  of  the  buds  upon  the  lower  limbs,  or 
more  than  half  way  up,  being  destroyed  on  the  tree  standing  on  what 
would  be  termed  the  level,  while  on  the  tree  on  the  knoll  not  one  was 
injured. 

The  destruction  of  buds  by  extreme  cold  in  the  Winter  is  of  rare 
occurrence,  except  the  tree  has  been  excited  by  a  season  of  warm 
weather,  or  has  been  grown  in  the  manner  called  "  thrifty,"  previously 
noted.  Where  trees  are  steadily  and  healthily  grown,  they  are 
capable  of  withstanding  20°  to  25°  below  zero  without  injury,  unless 
immediately  followed  by  clear,  warm  sun,  or  the  tree  being  in  an 
immature,  unhealthy  state. 

SecLson  to  Transplant.  Throughout  the  Northern  and  Western 
States  it  is  best  to  transplant  the  Peach  in  the  Spring.  South  or 
Southwest,  Fall  or  mid-winter  may  be  best;  but  from  remarks  of 
many  writers,  we  incline  to  the  belief,  that  early  in  March  or  the  last 
of  February  is  best,  as  they  occasionally  have  some  severe  changes 
in  January,  very  trying  to  newly  planted  trees.  The  ground  should 
always  be  planted  in  the  Fall. 

Cultivation,  The  ground  about  peach  trees  should  always  be  kept 
clean  ;  if  planted  on  light,  sandy  soil,  running  through  an  orchard 
with  a  cultivator  so  as  not  to  break  the  roots ;  if  upon  rich  prairie  or 
limestone  soils,  the  ground  may  be  plowed  and  cropped  without  in- 
jury ;  but  on  the  sandy,  hght  soil,  no  crop  except  the  white  turnip 
should  ever  be  grown,  and  that  pays  best  to  be  turned  under  by  a 
very  shallow  plowing,  of  say  two  inches  deep.  On  rich,  deep  prairie 
toils,  it  is  best  not  to  stir  the  ground  after  mid-summer. 


PRUNING,   ETC. 


279 


Pruning.  The  fruit  being  borne  only  on  wood  of  the 
preceding  year,  one  of  the  great  objects  in  pruning  is 
to  keep  all  parts  of  the  tree  furnished  with  a  regular 
and  constant  succession  of  annual  bearing  shoots.  P. 
Barry,  in  his  "  Fruit  Garden,"  has  the  following,  so  cor- 
rectly descriptive  of  the  mode,  that  we  adopt  it,  together 
with  a  cut  illustrative  of  buds,  on  which  C,  D,  E^  are 
fruit  buds,  jP,  G^  Hy  leaf  buds,  /,  double  buds,  C,  triple 
buds  ;  the  two  side  buds  being  fruit  buds,  and  the  centre 
one  a  leaf  bud.  By  referring  to  the  branch,  it  will  be 
seen  that  it  is  furnished  with  a  certain  number  of  wood 
buds  and  fruit  buds.  At  the  base,  there  are  always  one 
or  more  wood  buds. 

Now,  if  that  shoot  were  not  pruned,  all  the  fruit  buds 
on  it  would  produce  fruit,  one,  tw^o,  or  three  of  the  wood 
buds  at  the  top  would  make  new  shoots ;  these  would 
necessarily  be  very  weak,  in  consequence  of  the  number 
of  fruit  below  them.  At  the  end  of  the  season  .there 
would  be  a  long,  vacant  space,  entirely  destitute  of  a 
young  shoot  or  a  living  bud.  This  is  the  way  that  the 
interior  or  lower  parts  of  trees  become  so  soon  degar- 
nished. 

But  when  that  shoot  is  shortened,  we  will  say  one  half, 
the  sap  is  retained  in  its  lower  parts,  one  half  of  the 
fruit  buds  are  removed,  and  the  consequence  is,  that 
large  and  fine  fruits  are  obtained  from  those  remaining ; 
young  vigorous  shoots  are  produced  from  the  lower  buds 
to  bear  next  year,  and  take 
the  place  of  those  which  have 
already  borne.  In  this  way  re- 
gular uniform  crops  of  large 
and  fine  fruit  are  obtained,  and 
a  constant  succession  of  young 
shoots  is  kept  up. 


To  form  the  head  of  a  stand- 
ard Peach  tree.  We  will  sup- 
pose  it   the   intention  to  form  a      Form  of  a  low  standard  peach 

standard  tree,  with  a  trunk  two  t^ee,  with  a  stem  two  feet  high, 

„  .       ,     .    ,  ,  1     and  a  round,  open  head. 

feet   m   height,  and   a   round, 

open,  and  symmetrical  head, 
like  figure.  We  take  a  yearling  tree  and  cut  it  back  to  within  two 
feet  and  a  half  of  the  ground  in  the  Spring.  Below  this  cut  a  cer- 
tain number  of  shoots  will  be  produced,  from  which  three  will  be 
selected  to  form  the  main  branches  or  frame-work  of  the  head.  All 
the  others  are  rubbed  off  when  two  or  three  inches  long  or  sooner. 
At  the  end  of  the  season  we  have  a  tree  with  three  branches. 


280  THE    PEACH. 

The  second  year  these  three  branches  are  cut  back  full  one  half 
their  length,  and  from  each  we  take  a  shoot  to  continue  the  branch, 
and  one  to  form  a  secondary  branch.  The  other  shoots  produced 
below  these  are  pinched  or  checked  to  prevent  them  from  interfering 
with  the  growth  of  the  leading  branches.  In  the  Fall  of  the  year 
we  have  a  tree  with  six  leading  branches,  and  some  bearing  shoots 
below  on  the  older  wood. 

The  third  year  each  of  these  six  branches  is  shortened  one-half,  in. 
order  to  obtain  more  secondary  branches,  and  some  fruit  branches 
on  the  lower  parts.  All  young  shoots  on  the  old  wood,  whether 
fruit  branches  or  not,  should  be  cut  back  one-half,  or  as  far  as  may 
be  necessary,  to  cause  the  wood  buds  at  their  base  to  push,  and  make 
shoots  to  bear  next  year. 

The  formation  of  the  head  goes  on  as  described  for  two  or  three 
years  more,  when  it  is  complete  ;  for  peach  trees,  properly  pruned, 
do  not  assume  such  wide  spreading  forms  as  they  do  naturally.  The 
main  branches  and  secondary  branches  should  be  at  equal  distances 
throughout,  and  far  enough  apart  to  give  the  bearing  wood  on  their 
sides  the  full  benefit  of  the  sun  and  air. 

An  equality  of  vigor  should  also  be  preserved  amongst  them  by 
summer  pinching.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  a  very  vigorous  shoot 
start  up  in  a  peach  tree,  and  appropriate  so  much  of  the  sap  as  to 
injure  a  whole  branch ;  these  should  be  checked  the  moment  their 
character  is  observed,  unless  they  may  be  wanted  to  fill  a  vacancy. 
Every  part  of  the  branches  should  be  furnished  with  bearing  shoots, 
and  these  should,  every  Spring,  be  shortened-in  one  half  or  more,  to 
produce  others  at  their  base,  whilst  those  that  have  borne  are  cut 
out. 

With  the  advice  above,  as  well  as  of  most  writers,  to  shorten  back 
or  prune  the  Peach  in  the  Spring,  we  do  not  fully  agree ;  believing, 
rather,  that  if  the  operation  be  performed  in  September,  it  will  en- 
able the  tree  to  more  fully  perfect  the  remaining  buds,  and  fit  it  to 
endure  changes  of  temperature  during  Winter. 

Diseases  and  Insects  injurious.  The  Curl  of  the  Leaf.  The  first 
developed  leaves,  in  the  Spring,  often  become  diseased  with  a  spongy 
and  malignant  growth,  exhibiting  reddish  blotches  or  swellings  on 
the  upper  §ide,  that,  after  two  or  three  weeks,  causes  them  to  fall  off. 
"  This  occurs  at  a  period  when  the  vigorous  circulation  of  the  sap 
requires  a  corresponding  action  in  those  important  organs.  A  second 
growth  is  soon  forced  out,  which  ultimately  restores  the  tree  to  its 
wonted  force  and  vigor.  It  is,  however,  evident,  that  though  the 
recuperative  powers  of  nature  may,  for  once,  twice,  or  even  thrice, 
restore  a  growth  of  leaves,  the  shock  must  at  length  impair  the 
vitality,  and  induce  an  unhealthy  condition."  This  curl  of  the  leaf 
is  produced  by  the  punctures  of  a  small  plant-louse,  the  '*  Aphis 
^ersica"  fully  described  by  Dr.  Harris  in  his  work  on  Insects. 


DISEASES    ArfD   INSECTS.  281 

A  mixture  of  tobacco  water  and  strong  soap-suds,  applied  with  a 
syringe,  early,  or  as  soon  as  the  leaves  are  one-third  grown,  will  be 
found  a  good  remedy.  Barry  regards  the  curl  of  the  leaf  induced 
by  sudden  change  of  weather,  a  number  of  warm  days  that  cause 
the  expansion  of  the  young  leaves,  followed  by  a  cold,  rainy  day ; 
the  more  severe  and  protracted  the  cold,  the  more  severe  and  fatal 
the  curl.  Soaping  the  limbs  of  the  trees  early  in  Spring,  or  wash- 
ing them  with  a  solution  of  sulphur  and  potash,  it  is  said,  M'ill  pre- 
vent the  curl. 

The  Yellows.  What  is  regarded  as  the  Yellows  is  little  known 
throughout  the  "West ;  neither  have  we  ever  observed  it,  to  any  ex- 
tent, in  the  New  England  States,  except  where  trees  were  procured 
from,  or  grown  on  poor,  sandy  soils,  enfeebled  and  imperfect  from 
their  first  start.  That  it  may  be  perpetuated  by  inoculation,  or 
sowing  seeds  from  trees  diseased,  we  have  no  doubt ;  it  therefore 
behooves  every  tree  grower  to  be  careful  from  whence  he  procures 
his  pits  for  stocks.  Prof.  Kirtland  says :  "  It  is  questionable  whether 
any  distinct  disease  occurs,  to  which  this  name  applicable.  Perhaps 
it  is  only  a  collection  of  symptoms  arising  from  causes  acting  either 
individually  or  collectively.  Facts  seem  to  favor  this  view,  though 
the  insight  of  popular  opinion  is  in  favor  of  its  being  a  specific  and 
contagious  disease."  Depredations  of  the  jEgeria  exitiosa,  Aphis 
persica,  exhaustion  of  elements  in  the  soil,  and  want  of  correct  prun- 
ing appear  to  be  the  primary  causes,  and,  in  reference  thereto.  Prof. 
Kirtland  further  remarks  :  "  In  estimating  the  power  and  extent  of 
these  causes,  it  should  be  recollected  that  an  injurious  impression, 
acting  constantly  upon  successive  generations  of  either  animal  or 
vegetable  species,  may  ultimately  establish  a  hereditary  entailment 
that  may  be  propagated  in  the  form  of  a  predisposition  to  disease, 
or  disease  itself.  The  converse  is  equally  true  in  producing  health 
or  physical  development," 

These  several  causes  have  been  exerting  their  influence  on  the 
Peach  tree  for  a  long  term  of  years,  impairing  the  stamina  and 
health  of  its  fruit  germs.  These  impressions  have  been  propagated 
and  re-propagated,  in  conjunction  with  the  action  of  the  primary 
causes  of  impairment,  till  at  length  we  have  only  a  sickly  progeny. 

The  remedy  is  to  cut  down  and  destroy  all  diseased  trees ;  the 
preventive  is  judicious  cultivation. 

Mildew.  This  is  the  name  applied  to  a  minute  fungus  which  at- 
tacks the  ends  of  the  young  branches  of  some  particular  varieties, 
termed  serrated  or  glandless.  It  checks  growth,  and  renders  the 
tree  unsightly.  Application,  by  means  of  a  syringe,  of  one  ounce  of 
nitre  to  one  gallon  of  water,  in  proportion,  will  destroy  it,  and,  at 
the  same  time,  add  to  vigor  and  health  of  the  tree.  Dusting  of  sul- 
phur is  by  some  advised. 

The  Peach'VJcrmj  or  Borer  {/Egeria  exitiosa),  was  known  as  earl^ 


2S2 


THE   PEACH. 


as  before  the  commencement  of  the  present  century,  and  has  been 
repeatedly  described.  There  are  two  sexes,  and  so  remarkably  dif- 
ferent that  some  natural- 
ists have  almost  hesitated  -  ^ 
in  arranging  them.  "  The 
insect,  in  its  perfect  state, 
is  a  slender,  dark  blue, 
four-winged  moth,  some- 
what like  a  wasp.  It 
commences  depositing  its 
eggs  in  the  soft  and  ten- 
der bark  at  the  base  of  the  trunk,  usually  about  the  last  of  June,  but 
at  different  times  from  June  to  October.  The  egg  hatches,  and  be- 
comes a  small  vvhite  borer, 
or  grub  (fig.  a),  which  even- 
tually grows  to  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  long,  penetrates 
and  devours  the  bark  and 
sap-wood,  and,  after  passing 
the  Winter  in  the  tree,  it  en- 
folds itself  in  a  cocoon  (fig.  h\  under,  or  upon  the  bark,  and  emerges 
again  in  a  perfect  or  winged  form,  in  June,  and  commences  deposit- 
ing its  eggs  for  another  generation." 

Multiform  have  been  the  prescribed  remedies  for  protection  against 
this  insect,  but  none  have  been  found  infallible  ;  and  the  careful  cul- 
tivator will  find  the  use  of  a  sharp  knife,  once  in  June,  and  again  in 
September,  applied  to  cutting  out  the  worm,  whose  location  is  easily 
discovered  by  exudation,  near  the  crown  of  the  roots,  of  gummy  mat- 
ter— a  far  better  preventive,  and  also  really  cheaper  than  heaping 
up  of  ashes,  cinders,  etc.,  etc. 

Gathering.  If  for  immediate  use  the  Peach  should  not  be  gathered 
until  fully  ripe,  but  if  intended  for  market,  it  is  necessary  often  to  gather 
while  yet  firm. 

Characters  and  Classification.  The  general  outward  characters 
of  many  kinds  are  so  nearly  similar  that  it  is  necessary  to  resort  to 
other  means  than  exhibited  in  the  fruit,  in  order  to  identify  varieties. 
This,  even  with  all  the  means  at  command,  is  often  very  difficult, 
owing  to  the  numerous  seedlings  constantly  being  produced.  The 
distinction  of  free-stones  and  cling-stones  (melters  and  pavies  of  the 
English)  is  the  most  natural  and  well  understood  ;  next,  the  distinc- 
tion by  means  of  what  are  termed  glands  on  the  leaves,  as  also  the 
indentations,  or  irregular  edge  of  the  leaf  termed  creneate,  serrated, 
and  coarsely  serrated ;  and,  lastly,  the  distinction  by  means  of  the, 
flowers,  as  large  or  small.  This  last  is  open  only  to  examination  a 
short  period,  and,  therefore,  is  not  used,  except  by  the  careful  ama* 
teur  pomologist,  or  correct  nurseryman. 


USES. 


283 


The  accompanying  figures  are  illustrative  : 

Figure  1,  the  ser- 
rated without  glands  ; 
figure  2,  coarsely  ser- 
rated, and  with  glo- 
bose glands  ;  figure  3, 
creneate  and  with  reni- 
form  or  kidney-shaped 
glands.  "The  form  of 
the  glands,"  observes 
Lindley,  "as  well  as 
their  position,  is  per- 
fectly distinct ;  they  are 
fully  developed  in  the 
Fig.i.  Fig.  2.        Fig.  3.  month  of  May,  and  con- 

tinue  to  the  last  permanent  in  their  character,  and  are  not  affected 
by  cultivation.  The  globose  glands  are  situated,  one,  two,  or  more, 
on  the  foot-stalks,  and  one,  two,  or  more,  on  the  tips  or  points  of  the 
serratures  of  the  leaves.  The  reniform  glands  grow  also  on  the 
foot-stalks  of  the  leaves,  but  those  on  the  leaves  are  placed  within  the 
serratures,  connecting,  as  it  were,  the  upper  and  lower  teeth  of  the 
serratures  together;  their  leaves,  when  taken  from  a  branch  of 
vigorous  growth,  have  more  glands  than  the  leaves  of  the  globose 
varieties.  It  will,  however,  sometimes  happen  that  glands  are  not 
discernible  on  some  of  the  leaves,  especially  on  those  produced  from 
weak  branches  ;  in  this  case,  other  branches  must  be  sought  for  which 
do  produce  them."  Lindley,  as  well  as  most  writers  since,  have  ren- 
dered these  classes,  with  sub-classes  or  divisions,  founded  mainly  on 
the  structure  of  the  leaves,  but  we  have  preferred  in  this  fruit,  as 
well  as  others,  to  embody  the  distinction  in  the  text  descriptive  of  a 
variety,  and  confine  ourself  to  the  practical  every-day  wanted  divi- 
sion of  "  best,"  "  very  good,"  and  "  good."  The  word  '*  Melocoton," 
only  meaning  "  peach,"  we  have  dropped,  and  only  use  it  in  connec- 
tion with  the  synonyms. 

Uses. — The  various  uses  made  of  the  peach  are  so  well  known  as 
not  to  require  a  word,  yet  the  profit  to  be  obtained  from  drying  or 
preserving  fresh,  the  fruit,  when  distant  from  market,  induces  us  to 
make  the  following  descriptions.  In  most  parts  of  the  country  where 
peaches  are  largely  cultivated,  the  fruit  is  dried,  and  in  this  state  sent 
to  market  in  very  large  quantities.  The  drying  is  performed  on  a 
small  scale,  in  spent  ovens  ;  on  a  large  scale,  in  a  small  drying  house 
heated  by  a  stove,  and  fitted  up  with  ventilated  drawers.  These 
drawers,  the  bottoms  of  which  are  formed  of  laths,  or  narrow  strips 
sufficiently  open  to  allow  the  air  to  circulate  through  them,  are  filled 
with  peaches  in  halves.  They  are  cut  in  two  without  being  peeled, 
the  etone  taken  out,  and  the  two  halves  placed  in  a  single  layer  with 


284  THE  PEACH. 

the  skin  downward.  In  a  short  time  the  heat  of  the  drying  house 
will  complete  the  drying,  and  the  drawers  are  then  ready  for  a  second 
filling.  Farther  south  they  are  spread  upon  boards  or  frames,  and 
dried  in  the  sun  merely ;  but  usually,  with  the  previous  preparation, 
of  dipping  the  peaches  (in  baskets)  for  a  few  minutes  in  boiling 
water  before  halving  them. 

Preserving  the  fresh  fruit.  Thomas  describes  the  process  as  fol- 
lows :  "  Prepare  the  canisters  in  the  best  manner,  of  good  tin — 
about  seven  or  eight  inches  in  length,  and  four  to  four  and  a  half  in 
diameter.  Whatever  be  the  size,  they  should  be  uniform,  that  they 
may  be  heated  alike.  The  fruit  selected  should  be  just  ripe  and  no 
more,  free  from  specks  or  bruises.  When  the  canisters  are  filled,  the 
tops  are  to  be  carefully  soldered  on,  leaving  a  hole  in  them  about  the 
size  of  a  small  pin  for  the  escape  of  the  air.  They  are  then  to  be 
set  in  a  vessel  of  water,  to  be  kept  boiling  moderately,  until  the  tem- 
perature of  the  fruit  is  raised  to  that  of  the  water.  The  way  in 
which  this  is  to  be  ascertained,  is  to  put  a  drop  of  water  on  the  pin 
hole,  which  will  continue  to  bubble  as  long  as  the  air  escapes  from 
the  canister.  When  the  internal  temperature  is  equal  to  that  of  the 
water,  no  more  air  will  escape.  The  water  is  then  to  be  wiped  off, 
and  a  drop  of  solder  immediately  put  in  its  place.  The  boiling 
water  should  be  raised  as  near  to  the  tops  of  the  canisters  as  possi- 
ble, so  as  not  cover  them.  If  the  operation  has  been  properly  con- 
ducted, the  ends  of  the  canisters  will,  shortly  after  the  cooling  has 
taken  place,  be  depressed,  in  consequence  of  the  external  pressure  of 
the  atmosphere.  The  degree  of  heat  to  which  the  fruit  is  subjected 
does  not  cook  it  in  the  least.  It  is  proper  that  the  canisters  should 
be  set  in  a  cool  place.  The  vessel  in  which  the  water  is  to  be  kept 
boiling,  must  of  course  have  a  level  bottom ;  and  every  one  who  is 
disposed  to  try  the  experiment  can  devise  one  for  himself." 


VARIETIES. 

The  varieties  of  the  Peach  have,  within  a  few  years  been  largely 
mcreased,  but  as  the  fruit  is,  when  matured,  quickly  perishable,  we 
have  endeavored  to  select  out  only  those  that  are  really  valuable,  and 
that  will  furnish  a  perfect  succession  from  earliest  to  latest.  Many 
varieties  are  undoubtedly  good  in  their  immediate  locality,  and  often 
perhaps  equal  the  best,  yet  there  seems  no  necessity  for  increasing 
the  numbers  unless  some  evident  superiority  is  found  either  in  fruit 
or  tree. 

The  periods  of  ripening,  which  we  have  attached  to  each  variety, 
mark  its  character  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  in  northern 
Ohio.  At  Cincinnati  it  will  often  be  found  two  weeks  earlier,  while 
at  Boston  or  Buffalo  it  will  be  eight  or  ten  days  later. 


MOST   GENERALLY  ESTEEMED.  285 


CLASS  I.     Varieties  most  generally  .esteemed. 


Yello-w  Alberge, 
Alberge  Juane, 
Purple  Alberge, 
Ked  Alberge, 


Alberge. 

Golden  Mignonne, 
French  Rareripe, 
Peche  Jaune, 
Gold-Fleshed, 


Yellow  Rareripe,  of  som^ 
Hardy  Galande, 
Golden  Rareripe. 


Foreign.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish, 
yellow,  purplish  cheek ;  Jlesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone.  Free-stone.  Middle 
August.     Valued  highly  for  market  purposes. 

Bergen's  Yellow. 
American.  It  much  resembles  yellow  Rareripe,  but  ripens  about  ten 
days  later  ',  a  moderate,  regular  bearer.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  ; 
fruit,  large,  globular ;  depressed,  broad  suture,  distinct,  rather  more  than 
half  round  ;  skin,  deep  orange,  with  a  broad  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellow,  melt- 
ing, and  of  luscious  flavor.     Free-stone.     Early  September. 

Brevoort. 
Brevoort's  Morria,  |  Brevoort's  Seedling  Melter. 
American.  A  moderate  but  regular  bearer..  Flowers,  small ;  glands, 
reniform ;  fruit,  medium  to  large,  round ;  rather  broad,  distinct  suture, 
deep  at  apex ;  skin,  dingy  white,  with  a  bright  red  cheek ;  flesh,  firm, 
slightly  red  at  stone,  sweet  and  highly-flavored.  Free-stone.  Early 
September. 

Crawford's  Early. 

Crawford's  Early  Melocoton,  |  Early  Crawford. 
American.  As  a  market  fruit,  one  of  the  most  deservingly  popular  of 
the  yellow-fleshed  varieties ;  productive.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose  ; 
fruit,  large,  oblong,  oval  sometimes  roundish,  point  at  apex  prominent ; 
suture,  shallow ;  skin,  yellow,  with  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  and, 
when  ripened  in  warm  sunny  weather,  rich  and  sweet,  at  other  times 
slightly  sub-acid.     Free-stone.     Last  of  August  to  10th  of  September. 

Crawford's  Late. 

Crawford's  Late  Melocoton,      |     Crawford's  Superb  Melocoton, 
Crawford's  Superb  Malacatune. 

American.  One  of  the  most  valuable  yellow-fleshed  late  varieties, 
deserving  place  in  all  collections ;  productive.  Flowers,  small  ;  glands, 
globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  suture,  shallow ;  skiri,  yellow,  with  dark 
red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  vinous,  and,  like  the  fore- 
going, depends  on  warm  sunny  weather  to  make  it  sweet.  Free-stone. 
Last  of  September  and  first  of  October. 

Cooledge's  Favorite. 
Cooledge's  Early  Red  Rareripe 
American.  Tree,  very  hardy  and  productive.  Flowers,  small  ;  glands, 
globose ;  fruit,  medium  to  large,  roundish,  largest  on  one  side  ;  suture,  at 
apex  only;  ^im,  white,  with  a  bright  red  cheek,  often  mottled;  flesh, 
melting,  juicy,  rich,  sweet  delicious  flavor.  Free-stone.  Twentieth  to  last 
of  August. 


286  THE   PEACH. 

Columbia. 

*  Indian  Peach,     |     Mulatto,     |     Italian  Peach. 

American.  Tree,  moderate  grower,  hardy,  young  wood  a  purplish  cast, 
moderate  regular  bearer.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  ;  fruity  large, 
roundish,  with  a  shallow  suture  half  round ;  skin^  singularly  marked  and 
striped  with  dark  red  ;  fleshy  yellow,  often  exhibiting  a  red  streak  next  the 
skin,  rich,  juicy,  and  excellent  flavor.  Free-stone.  More  grown  than  any 
variety  at  the  South.     Middle  to  last  of  September. 

Early  Newington. 

Early  Newington  Freestone,     |     Newington,     |     Smith's  Newington. 

Foreign.  This  variety  ripens  directly  after  the  forenamed.  Tree, 
hardy,  moderately  productive.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruity 
large,  roundish,  one  half  always  largest ;  suture,  distinct ;  skin,  yellowish 
white,  dotted  and  streaked  with  red,  the  cheek  a  rich  red  ;  fiesh,  white,  red 
at  the  stone,  to  which  many  particles  adhere  (if  not  fully  ripe,  it  has  the 
habit  of  a  cling),  juicy,  rich,  vinous  flavor.     Twentieth  to  last  of  August. 

Early  Tillotson. 

American.  This  variety  requires  a  strong  soil,  otherwise  it  is  liable  to 
mildew.  The  trees  are  hardy,  but  not  good  bearers  while  young,  nor  are 
they  rapid  growers.  Its  period  of  maturity  must,  however,  give  it  place 
for  market  purposes.  For  small  gardens,  where  only  three  or  four  days  are 
little  consequence,  it  is  not  advisable  to  plant  it.  Flowers^  small ;  leaves, 
glandless,  serrated ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish ;  skin,  nearly  white,  dotted 
with  red,  and  becoming  dark  red  in  the  aun  ;  jiesh,  whitish,  red  at  the  stone, 
to  which  the  flesh  partially  adheres,  juicy,  rich,  high  flavor.  Season, 
variable,  we  having  fruited  it  as  early  as  29th  July,  and,  again,  not  until 
10th  of  August,  but  always,  however,  a  few  days  before  Early  York  ;  and 
we  only  note  this  here  in  order  to  show  that  no  certain  dates  will  answer 
from  year  to  year  in  any  fruit. 

Early  York. 
Serrate  Early  York,     |     True  Early  York. 

Much  confusion  has  arisen  with  growers  respecting  this  peach,  owing  to 
the  same  name  having  been  applied  to  seedlings  in  New  Jersey.  Tree, 
hardy,  productive,  and,  from  the  period  of  ripening,  one  of  the  very  best. 
Flowers,  large  :  leaves,  serrated,  without  glands ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish 
oval ;  suture^  slight ;  skin,  with  pale  red  dotted  on  greenish  white  in  the 
shade,  and  becoming  dark  red  where  exposed  to  the  sun;  Jlesh,  greenish 
white,  tender,  melting,  full  of  rich,  sprightly  juice.  Free-stone.  Middle 
of  August. 

George  the  Fourth. 

American.  Tree,  vigorous,  hardy,  regular,  good  bearer.  Flowers, 
small  ;  glands,  globose  :  fruit,  above  medium  ;  suture,  broad  and  deep, 
making  one  half  larger  than  the  other ;  skin,  yellowish  white,  dotted  with 
bright  red,  on  one  side  a  rich  dark  red  cheek ;  flesh,  pale  rod  at  the  stone, 
melting,  juicy,  rich,  luscious  flavor.     Free-stone.     Last  of  August. 


MOST  GENEEALLT  ESTEEMED.  287 


Roval  Kensingrlon, 
Grlmwood's  Royal  Georgp, 
"     New  Royal  George, 
Large  French  Mignonne, 
French  Mignonne, 
6wi88  Mignonne, 


Purple  Avant, 
-   rlyP       -     - 


Grosse  Mignonne. 

Early  May, 
Early  Vineyard, 
Vineuse, 

Kiel's  Early  Puple, 
Ea  " 


Ronald's  Seedling  Galande, 
Pourpree  Hative, 
•  Belle  Beaute, 
Pourpree  de  Normandie, 
Vineuse  de  Fromentin, 
Mignonne, 
Early  Purple. 


Johnson's  Early  Purple, 
Superb  Royal, 
Royal  Sovereign, 
Early  Purple  Avant, 

Foreign.  The  Grosse  Mignonne,  or  Large  Favorite,  was  a  favorite 
peach  in  France  in  time  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  is  everywhere  esteemed, 
although  in  this  country  it  is  seldom  that  the  true  variety  is  cultivated. 
The  true  variety  has  large  flowers,  while  that  ofteu  grown  has  small 
flowers. 

Flowers^  large ;  glands^  globose ;  fruity  large,  roundish,  apex  depressed, 
with  a  deep,  hollow  suture ;  skiri^  dull,  greenish  yellow,  mottled  with  red, 
and  with  a  purplish  red  cheek ;  fleshy  yellowish  white,  marked  with  red 
at  the  stone,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  high,  vinous  flavor ;  stone^  small,  very 
rough.     Free-stone.     About'20th  August  to  1st  September. 

Heath  Cling-stone. 
White  Heath,     |     Fine  Heath,     |     Eed  Heath. 

American.  This  variety  is  extremely  valuable  in  the  Middle  and 
Southern  and  Western  States.  In  the  Northern  States  it  does  not  always 
ripen  well,  but  the  fruit  may  be  gathered,  wrapped  in  paper  same  as 
oranges,  and  laid  in  a  cool  room  and  kept  until  Christmas.  It  often  repro- 
duces itself  from  the  stone,  and  Bayne's  New  Heath  partakes  of  no  new 
qualities  over  many  other  of  its  seedlings.  The  trees  are  very  hardy,  often 
producing  on  our  Western  soils  when  all  others  fail.  Esteemed  all  South 
and  West. 

Flowers,  small ;  glands,  renifprm  :  fruit,  large,  oblong,  narrowing  to  both 
ends,  with  a  swollen  point  at  apex ;  suture,  one  side,  distinct ;  skin,  downy, 
cream-colored  white,  a  tinge  of  red  in  the  sun:  flesh,  greenish  white, 
adhering  closely  to  the  stone,  juicy,  rich,  lucious  flavor.  Cling-stone. 
October. 

Hyslop's  Cling-stone. 

American.  This  variety  should  take  the  place  of  Heath  in  all  Northern 
localities,  and,  indeed,  deserves  a  place  in  every  garden,  however  small. 
From  not  finding  it  noticed  in  any  work  since  Kenrick's  issue,  we  had  sup- 
posed it  probably  a  synonym,  but  have  been  unable  so  to  detect  it.  Trees 
are  hardy,  vigorous,  and  productive.  Flowers,  small;  glands,  reniform  ; 
fruit,  large,  oblong  roundish  ;  skin,  white,  with  a  deep,  rich  red  cheek ; 
flesh,  very  juicy,  melting,  rich,  and  luscious,  Cling-stone.  Early  in 
October. 

Jaques  Rareripe, 
Jaquish,     |     Jaques  Rareripe. 

American,  A  very  desirable  market  variety,  good  flavor,  and  very  cer- 
tain bearer. 

Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  distinct  suture  ; 
skin,  downy,  dull  yellow,  with  red  cheek :  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  the  stone, 
juicy,  rich,  slightly  sub-acid.     Free-stone.     Middle  of  September. 


288  THE  PEACH. 

Large  Early  York,  or  New  York  Rareripe. 

Livingston''8  l<ew  York  Eareripe,      I      Haine's  Early  Red, 
Ilonest  John,  I     Early  York  of  New  Jersey. 

American.  The  synonyms  which  we  attach  to  this  variety,  we  are 
aware,  are  questioned  by  some  good  pomologists,  but,  after  having  growr 
and  examined  the  trees  under  the  several  names,  we  confess  ourselves 
unable  to  distinguish  any  material  difference,  certainly  not  sufficient  to 
make  distinct  descriptions  requisite.  Trees,  vigorous,  healthy,  moderate, 
but  good  bearers.  Flowers^  sijiall  ;  glands^  globose ;  fruity  above  medium, 
roundish ;  skin^  whiti.sh,  with  marblings  and  dots  of  red,  with  a  clear,  rich 
red  cheek  where  exposed  to  the  sun ;  fiesh^  almost  white,  fine-grained, 
very  juicy,  rich,  mild,  excellent  flavor.     Free-stone.     Last  of  August. 

Late  Admirable. 


Eoyale, 
La  Eoyale, 
Peche  Eoyale, 
Bourdine, 


Bondin, 
Narbonne, 
Teton  de  Venus, 
French  Bourdine, 


Judd's  Melting, 
Motteux's, 
Pourpree  Tardive. 


Foreign.  An  old  variety,  the  trees  of  wliich  have  proved  successful 
wherever  grown.  Moderate  regular  bearer.  Flowers^  small ;  glands^ 
globose  ;  fruity  large,  roundish,  inclining  to  oval ;  suture^  bold,  apparently 
making  two  halves  of  the  fruit,  a  swollen  point  at  apex ;  skin,  yellowish 
green,  with  a  cheek  of  two  shades  of  red,  mingled,  or  marbled;  fiesh^ 
greenish  white,  juicy,  melting,  delicate,  delicious  flavor.  Free-stone. 
About  20th  September. 

Lemon  C ling-stone. 

Kennedy'  Carolina,  I        Largest  Lemon, 

Kennedy's  Lemon  Cling-stone,  Pine  Apple  Cling-stone, 

Long  Yellow  Pino  Apple,  |        Yellow  Pine  Apple. 

American.  The  flavor  of  this  variety,  except  grown  in  warm  climate 
and  good  soil,  would  not  place  it  among  the  first  class  ;  but  the  uniform 
hardihood  and  productiveness  of  the  tree,  together  with  the  fine  appear- 
ance of  the  fruit,  making  it  verv  desirable  for  marketing  purposes,  has 
induced  us  to  retain  it.  Flowers^  small ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruity  large, 
oblong,  with  a  projecting  point  at  apex  like  unto  a  lemon ;  skin^  fine 
yellow,  with  a  dark  brownish  red  cheek,  becoming  sometimes,  in  certain 
locations  South,  almost  a  crimson  red;  fleshy  firm,  yellow,  tinged  with  red 
at  stone,  juicy,  sprightly,  vinous,  sub-acid  acid  flavor.  Cling-stone. 
Middle  to  last  of  September.  The  "  Yellow  Blanton  Cling"  is  only  a  sub- 
variety,  ripening  a  few  days  later. 

Morris  White. 

Morris  White  Eareripe,         I     Lady  Ann  Steward,  I     Free-stone  Heath, 

White  Eareripe,  White  Malacaton,  Morris  White  Free-stone. 

Luscious  White  Eareripe,      |     Cole's  White  Malacaton,      |     Philadelphia  Free-stone. ' 

American.  This  variety  is  most  suited  to  the  Southern  and  Southwestern 
States,  where  it  is  a  most  delicious  fruit ;  but  grown  at  the  North,  it  is  one 
of  the  most  valuable  for  preserving  in  brandy,  and  always  commands  a 
high  price  therefor.  Tree,  vigorous,  moderate  bearer.  Flowers^  small; 
glands^  reniform  ,  fruity  large,  oval ;  suture^  moderate,  swollen  point  small ; 
skin^  downy,  greenish  white,  becoming  a  creamy  white  when  fully  ripe, 
rarely  a  purplish  tinged  cheek ;  fleshy  white  to  the  g  tone,  moderately  firm, 
Bweet  and  rich.     Free-stone.     Middle  of  September. 


MOST   G1.NERALLT  ESTEEMED. 
Malta. 

Peche  Malte,  I     Italian, 

Malte  de  Normandle,      |     Belle  de  Paris. 

Foreign.  The  true  Malta  is  less  known  than  a  spurious  sort  having 
globose  glands,  which  is  most  generally  known.  The  true  Malta  is  a  deli- 
cious fruit  for  the  private  garden,  but  not  desirable  for  marketing.  Flowers^ 
large ;  leaves^  serrated,  without  glands ;  fruity  above  medium,  roundish 
flattened,  with  a  broad,  shallow  suture  on  one  side  ;  skin,  pale,  dull  green, 
marked  on  the  sunny  side  with  broken  spots  and  blotches  of  dull  purple  ;. 
Jleshj  greenish,  with  a  little  dark  red  at  the  stone,  very  juicy  and  melting 
rich,  vinous,  delicious  flavor.     Free-stone.     Last  of  August. 

Morris  Red  Rareripe. 
Bed  Eareripe,  |  Largo  Bed  Bareripe. 
American.  Has  been  confounded  with  George  the  Fourth,  and  also  with 
Grosse  Mignon,  from  both  of  which  it  is  distinct.  The  large  Early  York  of 
New  Jersey  most  nearly  resembles  it,  but  is  quite  different.  It  is  univer- 
sally esteemed.  Trees,  vigorous  and  productive.  Flowers,  small ;  glands, 
globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  slightly  depressed  at  apex ;  suture,  well 
marked  ;  skin,  greenish  white,  with  a  lively  red  cheek ;  Jlesh,  greenish 
white,  red  at  the  stone,  melting,  juicy,  rich,  sweet  flavor.  Free-stone. 
Last  of  August. 

NiVETTE. 

White  Eareripe,     1     Veloatfe  Tardive, 
Nivette  Veloute,     |     Dorsetsliire. 

Foreign.     An  old  variety,  which  succeeds  most  admirably  throughout 

all  Northern  sections,  and,  where  known,  equally  well  South.     Trees, 

upright,  healthy  growth,  regular  bearers.    Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose  ; 

fruit,  large,  roundish,  inclining  to  oval ;  suture,  shallow,  point  of  apex 

slightly  depressed  :  skin,  yellowish  green,  and,  when  exposed  to  sun,  a 

bright,  lively,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  tinged  with  reddish  pink  at 

the  stone,  juicy,  melting,  with  a  rich,  delicious  flavor.     Free-stone.     Early 

in  September. 

Oldmixon  Cling -stone.   • 

Baltimore  Boso. 
American.  Of  the  Cling-stone  peaches  we  think  this  and  Hyslop's  the 
best,  and  deserving  place  in  every  collection.  Flowers,  small ;  glands^ 
globose  ',  fruit,  large,  roundish  oval ;  suture,  well  marked,  and  one  side  of 
fruit  slightly  larger  than  the  other,  without  mamelon  or  swollen  point ;  skin, 
yellowish  white,  withered  more  or  less  dotted,  and  becoming  bright  red 
cheek  where  exposed  fully  to  sun ;  flesh,  pale  white,  juicy,  rich,  high  and 
excellent  flavor.     Cling-stone.     Early  in  September. 

Oldmixon  Free-stone. 

Oldmixon  Clear-stone. 
American.  Said  to  have  been  produced  from  seed  of  the  Oldmixon, 
which  we  think  somewhat  doubtful.  It  is,  however,  a  variety  meriting 
place  everywhere,  as  it  always  produces  a  crop,  appearing  to  withstand  late 
Spring  frosts  better  than  many  others,  and  for  market,  its  ripening  just  at  a 
period  when  most  other  varieties  are  out,  makes  it  extremely  desirable. 
Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globoso  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  slightly  oval,  one 
•ide  swollen  ;  suture,  apparent  only  at  apex ;  skin,  a  mingling  of  yellowish 
13 


290  THE   PEACn. 

white  and  pale  green,  more  or  less  marbled  with  dull  red,  and  having  a 
deep  red  cheek  in  the  sun ;  fiesh^  white,  tinged  with  red  at  stone,  rich, 
sweet,  vinous,  excellent  flavor.     Fifth  to  fifteenth  September. 

•         President. 

American.  Trees,  healthy,  productive,  similar  to  the  Rareripes  ;  a  val- 
uable market  fruit.  Flowers^  small ;  glands,  globose  :  fruit,  large,  or  above 
medium,  roundish  oval ;  suture,  shallow;  skin,  downy,  pale  yellowish  green, 
with  a  red  cheek ;  Jlesh,  white,  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  high 
flavor  ;  stone,  rough,  and  unless  fully  ripe  the  flesh  adheres  slightly  to  it. 
Free-stone.     Middle  of  September. 

Prince's  Red  Rareripe. 
Late  Eed  Hareripe. 
American.  Trees,  vigorous,  productive,  and  fruit  of  a  grayish  appear- 
ance, distinguishing  it  from  all  other  varieties.  Flowers,  small ;  glands, 
globose  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  oval,  with  a  depressed  suture  and  sunken 
point  at  apex  ;  skin,  downy,  pale  grayish  yellow,  mottled  and  marbled  with 
red,  and  with  a  red  cheek  mottled  with  fawn-colored  specks  ;  flesh,  white, 
deep  red  at  stone,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  luscious  flavor.  Free-stone.  Early 
in  September. 

Red  Cheek. 

Eed  Cheek  Melocoton,      I     Malagatnne,      I     Lady  Gallatin, 
Hogg's  Melocoton,  Malacatune,  Yellow  Malagatune. 

Yellow  Melocoton,  |  | 

American.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose.  The  parent  of  most  of  the 
recently-introduced  yellow  peaches.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  oval,  swollen 
point  at  apex  ;  yellow,  deep  red  cheek ;  Jlesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  a 
little  sub-acid.     Free-stone.     Early  September. 

Red  Rareripe. 

Large  Eed  Eareripe,     I      Douglas, 

Early  Eed  Eareripe,     |     Burgess'  Beauty. 

American.    Flowers,  small ;  leaves,  glandless ;  fruit,  large,  round ;  suture, 

broad  ;  skin,  white,  mottled  with  red,  becoming  quite  red  in  sun  ;  flesh, 

whitish,   red  at  stone,  melting,  juicy,  sweet.     Free-stone.     Last   August. 

Sometimes  mildews.     From  this  variety  it  is  probable  most  of  our  rareripes 

have  been  produced. 

ROSEBANK. 

American.  Originated  with  James  Dougall,  Esq.,  C.  W.  Trees,  healthy, 
moderate,  but  regular  bearers  ;  leaf,  serrated  without  glands.  Fruit,  above 
medium,  round,  compressed  at  the  apex ;  suture,  deep,  extending  somewhat 
more  than  halfway  round;  skin,  whitish  yellow,  with  a  red  cheek,  where 
fully  exposed  to  the  sun,  the  red  becomes  almost  purple  ;  flesh,  thick,  whit- 
ish yellow,  very  little:  red  about  the  stone,  juicy,  rich,  excellent  flavor. 
Free-stone.     Middle  of  September. 

Sturtevant. 

Originated  by  E.  T.  Sturtevant,  of  Cleveland,  0.,  in  1826.    Although  an 

old  peach,  its  originator  has  never  brought  it  forward,  and  hence  it  is  as 

yet  little  known.     It  is  unquestionably  the  best  yellow-fleshed  peach  in 

existence.     Fruit,  medium  size  or  above,  roundish,  compressed ;  shallow, 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED.  29X 

broad  suture,  half  round,  followed  by  a  dark  line  ',  skin,  very  downy,  rich 
yellow,  mostly  covered  with  dark  rich  red,  very  dark  in  sun ;  stem,  set  in  a 
deep  oval-shaped  cavity  ',  Jlesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone,  and  the  lines  of  red 
running  into  its  flesh  nearly  one-half  its  thiclgiess  ;  stone,  very  small, 
roundish  compressed.     Free-stone.    Last  August,  first  September. 

Van  Zandt's  Superb. 

"Waxen  Eareripe. 
American.  A  variety  not  suited  to  market  purposes,  but  highly  desira- 
ble in  small  gardens  for  dessert  use.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose, 
obscure ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  one  side  enlarged  ;  suture,  distinct,  but 
not  deep  ;  skin,  white,  beautifully  sprinkled  and  marbled  with  clear  red, 
cheek  red,  dotted  with  carmine ;  Jlesh,  whitish,  tinged  with  red  at  the 
stone,  juicy,  sweet,  very  fine  flavor.     Early  in  September. 

Walter's  Early. 

American.  A  popular  orchard  variety,  adapted  to  light  soils.  Trees, 
healthy  and  productive.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  above 
medium,  globular  flattened ;  skin,  white,  with  a  rich  red  cheek ;  fleshy 
whitish,  tinged  with  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  sweet,  fine  flavor.  Free-stone. 
Last  of  August. 

Ward's  Free-stone. 
Ward's  Late  Free,     |     Ward's  Free. 

American.  We  have  examined  this  variety  for  several  years,  and  were 
^'e  to  have  but  one  late-ripening  variety,  should  unhesitatingly  select  this. 
The  Weld's  Free-stone  spoken  of  by  Mr.  Manning,  in  the  second  volume 
of  the  Horticulturist,  we  strongly  suspect  to  be  this  variety.  It  is  a  variety 
highly  successful  among  orchardists  in  Delaware,  and  so  far  as  we  have 
seen,  equally  valuable  at  the  North.     Trees,  vigorous,  healthy,  not  too 

rapid  growth.     Flowers,  small ;  glands, ;  fruit,  above  medium, 

roundish  ;  skin,  yellowish  white,  with  a  red  cheek,  where  exposed  to  the 
sun ;  flesh,  nearly  white,  rarely  tinged  with  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  vinous, 
and,  for  a  late  peach,  sweet  and  delicious  flavor ;  for  late  preserving,  it  is 
invaluable.     Free-stone.     Early  October. 

Washington. 
Washington  Eareripe,     \     Washington  Eed  Free-stone. 

American.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  broad,  de- 
pressed ;  suture,  broad,  deep,  nearly  round  ;  skin,  yellowish  white,  with 
crimspn  cheek  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  rich.  Free 
stone,  but  often  adheres  slightly.     Middle  September. 

Weld's  Free-stone. 
American.      Flowers,  small ;    glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  roundisl 
oval ;  greenish  white,  with  some  red.     First  to  Middle  October.     (Man 
ning.)     We  are  inclined  to  regard  this  as  probably  identical  with  Ward's 
Free-stone. 

White  Lmperial. 

American.  A  valuable  variety  for  the  northern  parts  of  our  country, 
being  hardy  and  vigorous,  and  a  regular  rnoderate  bearer.    South,  the  trees 


THE   PEACH. 

grow  too  rapid,  while  the  fruit  is  insipid.  It  seems  to  do  equally  well  in 
sandy  or  loamy  soil,  but  in  the  former  will  probably  sooner  require  some 
specific  stimulant.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large  or  above 
medium,  roundish,  broajj,  depressed  at  apex ;  suture,  not  deep,  but  well 
marked,  and  the  fruit  often  one  side  enlarged  ;  skin,  yellowish  white,  tinged 
or  marbled  with  light  purplish  red  towards  the  sun  •  Jlcsh,  nearly  white, 
melting,  juicy,  sweet,  delicate,  delicious  flavor.  Free-stone.  Last  of  Au- 
gust. 

White  Cling-stone. 

Large  White  Cling-stone,     j     Now  York  White  Cling-stone, 
Williamson's  New  York,     |     Selbey's  Cling. 

American.  We  think  the  Oldmixon  preferable,  and  this  variety  suited 
to  large  orchards. 

Flowers,  small ',  glands,  globose  ,  fruit,  large,  round,  small  swollen  point 
at  apex ;  suture,  shallow ;  skin,  yellowish  white,  little  covered  or  dotted 
with  red,  where  exposed  to  sun  ;  flesh,  whitish,  tender,  melting,  juicy,  sweet, 
high  flavor.     Early  September. 

Yellow  Rareripe. 

Yellow  Eed  Eareripe,       I     Marie  Antoinette, 
Large  Yellow  Kareripe,     |     French  Eareripe. 

American.  As  a  market  or  garden  variety,  this  has  no  equal  among^ 
yellow-fleshed  fruits.  Cultivators  should,  however,  be  careful  of  the  cor- 
rcctness  of  their  trees,  as  an  old  sort,  far  inferior,  and  often  known  under 
name  of  Yellow  Malacatune,  is  frequently  grown  for  this  variety.  Flowers, 
small ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  suture,  shallow,  extending 
rather  more  than  half  round,  a  small  point  at  apex  ;  skin,  deep  orange  yel- 
low, dotted  somewhat  with  red,  the  cheek  rich  red,  shaded  off  in  streaks ; 
flesh,  deep  yellow,  red  at  the  stone,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  vinous,  nearly  first- 
late  flavor.     Free-stone.     20th  to  last  August. 


CLASS  11.     Embraces  many  new  varieties,  and  others  suited  only  to  certain 
localities  or  very  large  orchards. 

Allen. 

American.     Small,  roundish ;   white,  red  cheek ;  juicy.     Free-stone. 
Middle  September.     (Cole.) 

ASTOR. 

American.     Glands,  globose  :  fruit,  above  medium,  yellowish  white,  red 
cheek,  deficient  in  flavor.     Last  of  August. 

'  At  WATER. 

American.     Closely  resembles  President,  and  may  prove  identical. 
Austin's  Late  Red. 

A  large  fruit ;  juicy  and  excellent.     Its  late  maturity  makes  it  a  valua- 
ble variety  for  preserves.     Latter  part  of  October. 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,   ETC.  293 

Bachelder. 

American.  Large,  round,  white,  with  deep  blush ;  flesh,  white,  juicy. 
Free- stone.     Middle  September.     (Cole.) 

Bagby's  Large. 

The  tree  has  a  peculiarj  slender  growth,  with  drooping  branches.  Fruit, 
oblong,  white,  juicy,  and  well  flavored.  Is  one  of  the  best  peaches  for  dry- 
ing.    Middle  of  August. 

Baldwin's  Late. 

American.  Fruit,  large,  oblong,  with  a  distinct  swollen  point  at  top ; 
skin,  greenish  white,  slight  red  cheek ;  flesh,  juicy,  melting.  Free-stone. 
Originated  South,  where  it  ripens  last  of  October,  and  can  be  kept  two  or 
three  weeks. 

Barrington. 

Buckingham  Mignonne,     |     Colonel  Ausley's. 
Foreign.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  whitish  yellow  and 
red  ;  flesh,  tinged  red  at  stone.     Free-stone.     September. 

Barnard. 
Early  Barnard,     \     Yellow  Barnard. 
American.    Much  resembles  Alberge. 

Baugh. 
American.     Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  terminated  with 
a  small  point ;  skin,  pale  yellow,  slight  blush  towards  the  sun ;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish, melting,  juicy,  sweet,  pleasant.     Free-stone.     Originated  at  the 
South,  where  it  ripens  first  October. 

Briggs. 

American.  Large,  roundish ;  whitish,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  white,  red  at 
stone ',  sweet.     Free-stone.     Early  September.     (Cole.) 

Belle  de  Beaucaire. 
Beauty  of  Beaucaire. 

Foreign.  Glands,  globose  ;  flowers,  small ;  fruit,  medium,  greenish  yel- 
low, red  cheek  ;  suture,  well  marked,  juicy.  Free-stone.  August.  Ripens 
in  July  at  South,  where  it  is  esteemed. 

Bellegarde. 


Early  Hoyal  George, 
Eed  Magdalen, 
French  Eoyal  George, 


Violetto  Hatlve, 
Violette  Hative  Grosse, 
Brentford  Mignonne, 


Ronald's  Mignonne, 
Large  Violet, 
Early  Galande. 


Eed  Magdalen, 
French  Eoyal ' 
Smooth-leaved  Eoyal  George, 

Foreign.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  round,  with  a 
point;  suture,  shallow,  yellowish  green,  red  cheek:  flesh,  little  red  at 
stone,  juicy.    Free-stone.     Early  September. 

Blanton  Cling. 

An.«rican.     Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  resembles  Lemon  cling,  ex 
cept  that  it  matures  somewhat  later,  and  is  more  juicy.    August, 


294  THE  PEACH. 

Blood  Cling-stone. 

Claret  Cling-stone,     |     Blood  Cling, 
American.     Valuable  only  for  pickling  and  preserving.     Flowers,  small ; 
glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  often  measuring  twelve  inches  round  ;  suture,  dis- 
tinct, skin,  downy,  dark,  clouded,  purplish  red  ;  flesh,  deep  red  throughout, 
firm,  juicy.     Last  September. 

The  old  French  Blood  Cling-stone  is  a  smaller  fruit  than  the  above,  and 
also  has  large  flowers.  The  Blood  Free-stone  is  a  variety  of  above,  medium 
size,  glandless  leaves,  and  less  valuable. 

Bordeaux  Cling. 
American.     Fruit,  large,  oblong  oval,  one-sided ;  color,  lemon  yellow, 
red  cheek;    flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  melting,  excellent.     Early 
August. 

Cable's  Late. 

Cable's  Late  Melocoton, 
American.     A  seedling  of  the  old  Red  Cheek,  and  resembles  Crawford 
Late,  only  ripening  some  six  days  earlier.     Free-stone. 

Cambridge  Belle. 
Hovey's  Cambridge  Belle. 
American.    Large,  roundish,  white  with   a  blush,   red   cheek,  juicy; 
"  good."     Free-stone.     Early  September.     (Hovey.) 

Carmine. 
American.     Glands,  reniform  ;  flowers,  small ;  fruit,  large,  oblong,  red- 
dish ;  flesh,  juicy,  sweet.     Free-stone.     August. 

Carpenter's  White. 
Raised  by  Wm.  S.  Carpenter,  upper  part  of  New  York  City.  Tree,  \'ig- 
orous  and  productive;  leaves,  very  large,  serrulate,  with  globose  glands. 
Fruit,  very  large  and  round ;  skin,  white,  with  a  slight  shade  of  green : 
flesh,  white  to  the  stone,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  and  of  excellent  flavor ;  sepa- 
rates from  the  stone.  Ripens  about  the  middle  of  October,  and  promises  to 
be  a  valuable  late  market  variety. 

Chinese  Peach. 

Flat  Peach  of  China,         |        Java  Peach,         |        Peen  To. 
Foreign.     Glands,  reniform  ;  flowers,  large  ;  fruit,  small,  flattened,  long, 
yellowish  green,  and  pale  red  ;  skin,  thin ;  pale  yellow,  red  at  stone,  to 
which  it  adheres ;  juicy,  delicate,  vinous  flavor ;  fitted  only  for  the  ama- 
teur's garden.     September;  July,  at  the  South, 

Chinese  Cling. 
Reniform  glands.  Flowers,  small;  fruit,  large,  globular;  sides,  com- 
pressed ;  suture,  quite  shallow ;  skin,  creamy  white,  shaded  and  marbled 
with  fine  red ;  flesh,  white,  red  at  the  stone  (which  is  adherent),  very 
juicy,  melting,  with  a  rich,  excellent  vinous  flavor.  Ripens  first  to  middle 
of  September :  at  the  South,  from  the  middle  of  July  to  first  of  August. 
Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.     Imported  from  China.     (Downing.) 

Clarke. 
American.     Large,  roundish,  yellow,  red  blush;   flesh,  yellow,  red  at 
Btone,  juicy,  sugary,  fine.     Early  September.     (Cole.) 


UlJTESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC.  295 

Clinton. 

American.  Only  suited  for  marketing.  Flowers,  large;  glands,  glo- 
bose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  yellowish  wiiite  with  red  cheek,  juicy.  Free- 
stone.    Last  of  August. 

Cole's  Early  Red. 
American.    Productive.    Flowers,  small :  glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  medium, 
roundish,  pale   yellow,  mostly  covered  with  red.  often  dry.      Free-stone. 
Last  August. 

Columbus  June. 

American.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  medium  to  large, 
flattened;  suture,  shallow;  skin,  pale,  yellowish  white,  rich  red  cheek; 
flesh,  slightly  red  at  stone,  melting,  juicy,  high  flavor.  Free-stone.  Origi- 
nated South,  where  it  ripens  in  June. 

DoNAHoo  Cling. 
From  Mr.  Donahoo,  Clark  county,  Ga.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  very 
large,  roundish  ;  suture,  quite  deep  on  one  side,  and  visible  entirely  around 
the  fruit ;  apex,  depressed  ;  skin,  creamy  white,  beautifully  dotted  and 
tinged  with  red  in  the  sun  ;  flesh,  white  to  the  stone,  exceedingly  juicy, 
excelling  the  Heath  cling  in  tenderness  of  texture,  and  equally  rich  and 
luscious,  and  a  most  desirable  variety.  Ripens  from  10th  to  20th  Septem- 
ber.    (Ga.  Pom.  S.  Report.) 

Double  Montagne. 
Doable  Moaatain,        |        Montagne,         |         Montauban. 

Foreign.  Almost  worthy  a  place  in  first  class.  Flowers,  large  ;  leaves, 
glandless  ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  pale  greenish  white,  with  two  shades 
of  red,  when  exposed  to  the  sun ;  flesh,  white,  delicate,  juicy,  fine.  Free- 
stone.    Last  of  August. 

Druid  Hill, 
American.     Glands,  globose :  fruit,  large,  roundish,  greenish  white,  red 
in  the  sun;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  inferior  to  Ward's  Free-stone. 
Free-stone.     September. 

Early  Chelmsford. 

Mammoth. 
Leaves,  glandless  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  suture,  clear  round,  deep  on 
one  side  ;  skin,  white,  with  a  bright  red  cheek  :  flesh,  white,  very  melting 
and  juicy;  of  a  very  delicious,  slightly  vinous  flavor.  Free-stone.  Twen- 
tieth to  last  of  August.  Hardy,  vigorous,  and  productive  ;  one  of  the  best, 
handsomest,  and  largest  of  early  peaches.  (Cole.)  It  also  succeeds  well 
at  the  South,  and  is  one  of  their  most  profitable  market  varieties. 

Eastburn. 

EaBtburn's  Choice. 
American.     Large,  roundish  ;  pale  yellow,  with  red  on  the  sunny-side; 
flesh,  yellowish,  red  near  the  stem,  juicy,  sprightly.     Free-stone.     Last  of 
September. 

Edward's  Late  White. 

From  Dr.  Baldwin,  Montgomery,  Alabama.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  de- 
pressed  at  the  summit;  suture,  distinct;  point  at  the  apex,  small,  and 


296  THE   PEACH. 

slightly  sunken ;  skin,  moderately  downy,  white,  with  a  beautiful  waxen 
red  cheek  J  flesh,  white,  red  at  the  stone,  slightly  adherent;  sweet,  juicy, 
and  of  excellent  flavor.  Ripe  first  of  October,  and  continues  all  the 
month.     (Wm.  N.  White,  MS.) 

Eliza. 

American.  Originated  at  Philadelphia.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large, 
round,  terminating  in  a  nipple ;  skin,  yellow,  with  mottled  red  cheek  j 
flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone.  Free-stone.  Last  of  September.  (W.  D.  B., 
in  Pomologist.) 

Elmira. 
American.     This  variety  originated  in  Mississippi,  by  M.  W.  Phillips, 
Esq.     We  have  not  seen   it,  nor  a  description,  but  it  is  spoken  of  as  a 
Cling-stone,  ripening  a  few  days  earlier  than  early  Tillotson,  and  being  very 
desirable  in  that  section. 

Favorite. 
Favorite  Red. 
American.     Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  above  medium,  oval,  white,  with 
much  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  firm,  red  at  stone.     September. 

Flewellen  Cling. 
Fruit,  large,  globular,  depressed  at  the  apex ;  skin,  downy,  yellowish 
white,  mostly  overspread  with  shades  of  red ;  dark,  dull  purplish  red  in 
the  sun,  the  lighter  tints  of  red  somewhat  in  stripes;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  red  at  the  stone,  to  which  it  firmly  adheres,  very  juicy,  sweet,  and 
high  flavored:  a  desirable  early  cling.  First  of  August.  (Wm.  N. 
White,  MS.) 

Fox's  Seedling. 

American.  Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  round,  white,  with  red  cheek.  Free 
stone.     September. 

FULKERSON. 
Fulkerson's  Early. 
American.  Leaves,  glandless ;  specimens  of  the  Fulkerson  Peach  were 
sent  us  20th  of  August,  1851,  by  its  originator,  R.  P.  Fulkerson,  Ashland, 
O.,  from  which  we  made  our  description.  Mr.  Fulkerson  states  it  hardy 
and  productive  when  Yellow  Rareripe,  Tillotson.  and  other  varieties  fail. 
Fruit,  medium,  obtuse  rounded,  sides  irregular,  unequal ;  suture,  half 
round ;  skin,  whitish,  rich,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  whitish  yellow,  tinged  with 
red  at  the  pit,  juicy,  rich  sweet  and  high  flavored  ;  stone,  small,  angular, 
flattened.    Free-stone.     20th  August. 

Galarde. 
Hardy  Galarde. 
Foreign.  Received  from  France  by  Messrs.  Parsons  &  Co.,  Flushing, 
L.  I.,  who  describe  it  thus  :  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  below 
medium  ;  suture,  deep  ;  skin,  downy,  dark  blood  color  on  one  side,  on  oppo- 
site, red  and  yellow  marbled;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  rich,  apri- 
cot flavor.     Free-stone.     Last  August. 

Gorgas. 
American.     Native  of  Philadelphia;  originated  with  Benjamin  Gulliss, 
from  a  stone  of  Morris  White.    Leaves,  serrate ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  with 


UNTESTED   VARIETIBS,   ETC.  297 

a  slight  prominence  at  the  apex  ;  dull  greenish  white,  clouded  and  blotched 
with  red  on  the  exposed  side  ;  cavity,  wide,  rather  deep  ;  stone,  free  ;  flesh, 
whitish,  slightly  stained  at  the  stone,  juicy  :  flavor,  saccharine  and  exceed- 
ingly luscious;  quality,  "best."  Free-stone.  Middle  to  end  of  Sep- 
tember. 

Green  Catherine. 

Doctor  Cooper. 

Probably  foreign.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  round, 
pale  green,  with  red  cheek  ;  flesh,  bright  red  at  stone,  tender,  juicy ;  very 
fine  South,  inferior  at  the  North.     Free-stone.     First  to  middle  September, 

Green  Rareripe. 
American.     Flowers,  small;  glands,  globose.     We  have   not  seen   it. 
Manning  says  :  medium  size,  productive,  fine  flavor.     Free-stone.     Middle 
September. 

Griswold. 

Large,  round,  greenish  white,  slightly  tinged  with  red ;  very  juicy  and 
high  flavored.     Middle  of  September. 

Hale. 
Hale^s  Melocoton. 
American.     Above  medium,  oblong,  flat  at  base;  suture,  slight,  yellow; 
flesh,  yellow,  rich,  sweet.     Free-stone.     Early  September.     (Cole.) 

Barker's  Seedling. 
American.     Glands,  globose;  flowers,  small ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  red- 
dish mostly ;  flesh,  yellowish,  sweet,  juicy.     Free-stone.     Early  Septem- 
ber. 

Hartshorn. 

American.  Large,  roundish,  oval,  yellow,  deep  blush;  flesh,  coarse; 
keeps  long.     Cling-stone.     Middle  September.     (Cole.) 

Hastings. 
American.      Flowers,  small ;    glands,  globose ;    fruit,  above  medium, 
round,  slightly  flattened ;    yellowish   wbite,  with  a  purplish  red  cheek, 
juicy,  delicious.     Free-stone.     Early  September.     (Manning.) 

Hatch. 
American.     Very  large,  roundish  pointed ;    suture,  shallow ;  deep  yel- 
low, blush  in  sun ;    flesh,  yellow,   melting,   sweet.     Free-stone.     Early 
September.     (Cole.) 

Hative  de  Ferrieres. 
New.     Early  French  variety.     Medium,  round,  a  little  one-sided,  white, 
nearly  covered  with  red,  juicy,  melting,  rich  vinous  flavor.    July. 

Henry  Clay. 

American.  Newly  introduced  by  A.  B.  Lawrence,  Woodville,  Miss.,  by 
whom  it  is  thus  described  :  Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  very  large,  deep  pur- 
ple in  sun,  shading  to  bright  pink  and  creamy  white ;  flesh,  grayish  white, 
tender,  peculiar  flavor,  partaking  of  strawberry  and  pine-apple ;  small 
stone,  parting  freely  from  the  flesh.  First  August.  September  at  the 
North. 

13* 


298  THE  PEACH. 

Hill's  Chili. 
Fruitj  medium,  roundish  elongated,  yellow,  with  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yel* 
loWj  juicy,  sweet,  slight  sub-acid ;  productive. 

HOFFNER. 
Ho£fher''s  Seedling. 
American.     Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  medium  or  above,  roundish,  whitish, 
with  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellowish  white.     Free-stone.     August. 

Honey  Peach. 
A  new  Seedling  peach,  originated  by  H.  Lyons,  Esq.,  of  Columbia,  S. 
C.  Fruit,  large,  oblong,  coming  to  a  sharp  recurved  point ;  the  color  of  the 
skin  is  of  a  yellowish  white  ground,  mottled  with  red  and  crimson ;  flesh, 
very  fine,  tender,  juicy,  of  a  peculiar  delicious  honeyed  sweetness,  white, 
with  a  few  red  veins  round  the  stone.  The  stone  has  the  same  peculiar 
sharp  recurved  point  as  the  fruit.  Tree,  a  thrifty  grower,  and  productive  ; 
the  foliage  is  small,  resembling  a  wild  seedling.  It  is  undoubtedly  one  of 
the  finest  peaches,  and  its  earliness  will  make  it  the  standard  market 
variety.  It  commences  ripening  at  the  South  about  June  25,  and  lasts 
until  July  15th.     (Berckmans'  Col.) 

^  Horton's  Delicious. 

Fruit,  large,  roundish,  inclining  to  oval,  depressed  at  apex,  point  very 
small,  and  within  the  depression;  suture,  shallow;  skin,  moderately 
downy,  of  a  rich,  creamy  white,  with  a  faint  blush  in  the  sun  ;  flesh,  white 
to  the  stone,  with  the  exact  flavor  of  a  Heath  cling ;  quality,  "  best." 
From  first  to  middle  of  October.     (Ga.  Pom.  S.  Rept.) 

Hubbard's  Earlt. 
IVIedium,  white,  with  a  little  red;    flesh,  juicy,  very  fair.      July  to 
August. 

Imperial — (Middleton^s). 
American.     Flowers,  small ;    glands,  globose ;    fruit,  large,  roundish; 
yellow,  with  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellowish,  sweet.     Free-stone.     September 
fifteenth. 

Imperial — (Pettit's.) 

American.  Flowers,  small;  glands,  globose;  fruit,  large,  roundish 
oval,  yellow,  with  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  sweet,  sub-acid. 
Free-stone.     Middle  September. 

Incomparable. 

Pavie  Admirable,     |     Late  Admirable  Cling. 
Foreign.     Valuable  only  for  market.     Trees,  healthy,  productive ;  flow- 
ers, small ;    glands,  reniform  ;    fruit,  large,  roundish,  swelling  a  little  on 
one  side,  yellowish  white,  with  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  red  at 
stone,  juicy.     C ling-stone.     Late  September. 

Jackson  Cling. 
Raised  by  Mrs.  L.  A.  Franklin,  Athens,  Ga.  Fruit,  large,  oblong,  with 
a  very  large,  swollen  point ;  skin,  rich,  dark  yellow,  covered  with  dark 
red  in  the  sun;  flesh,  rather  firm,  orange-yellow,  and  dark  red  at  the 
stone ;  juicy  sprightly,  rich,  and  delicious ;  quality,  "  best."  Last  of 
August.     (Ga.  Pom.  S.  Rep.) 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  29? 

Jones'  Early. 
American.     Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  white, 
with  pale  red  in  sun;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  red  at  stone,  juicy.     Freo- 
etone.     Middle  August.     (Hovey.) 

Jones'  Large  Early. 
American.     Glands,  reniform ;    fruit,  large,  roundish  flattened ;    suture, 
deep  ;    greenish  white  with  crimson  cheek  ;    flesh,  white,  melting,  pink  at 
stone.     Free-stone.     Middle  August.     (Hovey.) 

Jose  Sweet. 
American.     Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish, 
broad ;    suture,  deep ;    greenish  white,  dull  red  cheek,  juicy,  delicious  fla- 
vor.   Free-stone.     Last  September. 

Kenrick's  Heath. 

Heath  Free-stone,     |     Heath  Free. 
American.     Flowers,  small;    glands,    reniform;    fruit,  large,   oblong, 
swollen  point  at  apex  ;  suture,  slight ;  greenish  white,  purplish  red  cheek; 
flesh,  greenish  white,  red  at  stone,  coarse,  juicy,  sub-acid.     September. 

La  Grange. 
American.     Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  oblong,  greenish  white,  little 
red  in  sun ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  not  eq^ual  to  many  others  at  same 
time  ripening.     Free-stone.     September. 

Lady  Parham. 
Large,  round,  yellowish  white,  downy ;  flesh,  pale  red  at  the  stone,  re- 
sembles Baldwin's  October.     Of  Southern  origin. 

Lincoln. 
American.     Glands,   globose;   fruit,    large,   roundish;    broad   suture; 
downy,  yellow,  with  purplish  red  ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  atstone,  juicy,  sweet. 
Free-stone.     Early  September.     (Cole.) 

Madeira. 

Hill's  Madeira,     |     Madeira  Free-stone, 
American.     A  variety  now  little  known,  and,  we  think,  never  much  out 
of  Southern  Ohio.     Fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  suture,  well  marked,  not  deep  ; 
yellow,  with  rich  red  cheek  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather  firm,  rich,  and,  in  warm 
seasons,  sugary  and  delicious.      Free-stone.     Early  September. 

Madeleine  of  Courson. 

Madeleine  de  Courson,      I     True  Eed  Magdalen,     |     Madeleine  Eouge, 
Eed  Magdalen,  |     French  Magdalen,         |     Kouge  Paysanne. 

Foreign.      Glandless ;   fruit,   medium,  roundish,   yellowish  white,  red 
cheek ;  flesh,  white,  red  at  stone.     Last  August. 

Malden. 

Early  Maiden. 
American.     Flowers,  small ;  leaves,  glandless.     A  variety  originated  by 
James  Dougall,  Esq.,  of  C.  W.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish  compressed,  one 
side  enlarged  ;  suture,  distinct ;  skin,  white,  with  reddish  blush  cheek  j 
flesh,  white,  juicy,  sprightly.    Free-stone.    Last  August. 


300  THE  PEACH. 

Merriam. 
American.     Glands,  gionose;  large,  oval,  light  yellow,  red  cheek  ;  Hesh, 
yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet.     Free-stone.     Last  September.     (Cole.) 

Moore's  Favorite. 

American.  Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  white,  bright  blush ; 
flesh,  white,  juicy,  vinous.     Free-stone.     Early  September.     (Cole.) 

Moore's  June. 
Below  medium,  globular ;  suture,  shallow ;  cavity,  deep  ;  skin,  yel- 
lowish, nearly  covered  in  the  shade  with  red  dots  and  marblings,  and  deep 
red  in  the  sun ;  flesh,  white,  marbled  with  red  from  the  skin  to  the  stone 
in  the  darker  colored  ones,  but  red  only  at  the  stone  where  grown  in  the 
shade,  juicy,  vinous,  pleasantly  flavored,  and  good  j  flowers,  small ;  glands, 
reniform.  Free-stone.  Origin,  Athens,  Ga.  Last  of  June  and  first  of  July. 
(William  N.  White,  MS.) 

Molden's  White. 

Origin,  Molden  Mountain,  on  the  Chesapeake  ;  a  fine  white  peach,  valu- 
able for  its  lateness. 

Fruit,  large,  oblong  ;  suture,  on  one  side,  distinct,  one  side  usually  a 
little  larger  than  the  other  j  skin,  creamy  white,  rarely  with  a  tinge  of  red ; 
flesh,  white  to  the  stone,  juicy,  sweet,  melting,  and  excellent.  Separates 
from  the  stone.     Ripe  last  of  September,  and  first  of  October. 

Monstrous  Clingstone. 

Pavie  de  Pompone,         I     Pavie  de  Pomponne  Grosse,     I     Pavie  Camu 
Monstrous  Pompone,      I     Pavie  Monstreux,  I     Gros  Melocoton, 

Monstrous  Pavie,  |     Pavie  Eouge  de  Pompone,        |     Gros  Persique  Kougc 

Foreign.  A  variety  which  succeeds  finely  in  rich,  deep  soils,  often  of 
very  fine  flavor,  but  apt  to  be  deficient.  Its  very  large  size  makes  it  sell 
readily.  Flowers,  large  ',  glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  very  large,  roundish  oval, 
swollen  point  at  apex,  obtuse ;  suture,  marked  half  round  ;  skin,  yellowish 
white,  with  red  mostly  overspreading  it ;  flesh,  firm,  yellowish  white,  deep 
red  at  stone,  juicy.     Cling-slone.     Last  October. 

Montgomery's  Late. 
Glands,  reniform;  flowers,  large  ;  fruit,  large,  round,  depressed  at  apex; 
suture,  shallow,  but  distinct ;  skin,  downy,  yellowish  white,  dotted  with 
red,  and  having  a  dull  red  cheek ;  flesh,  pale  white,  red  at  the  stone,  very 
juicy,  melting,  and  of  very  fine  flavor.  Separates  from  the  stone.  A  hardy 
and  desirable'  kind.  Ripens  the  first  of  September,  and  continues  nearly  all 
the  month.     (Wm.  N.  White,  MS.) 

Morrisania. 

Momsania  Pound,     |     Hoffman's  Pound,     |     Morrison's  Pound. 
American.     Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  round,  greenish  white,  dull  red 
cheek ;  flesh,  yellowish  white ;  poor  bearer.     September. 

Mrs.  Poinsett. 
American.     Origin  in  South  Carolina.     Glands,  globose;   fruit,  laige, 
globular;  suture,  distinct,  regular  ;  skin,  brownish  yellow,  veined  with  red; 
flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  partially  cling-stone.    First  September. 


UNTESTED  VABIETEES,   ETC.  301 

Newman. 
American.     Large,  round,  greenish  white,  with  a  blush  j  flesh,  white 
juicy,  sweet.     Free-stone.     Middle  September.     (Cole.) 

Noblesse. 
Vanguard,  |  Mellishe's  Favorite,  |  Lord  Montague's  Noblesse. 
Foreign.  The  '•  Double  Montague"  is  said  by  some  to  be  identical  with 
this  old  variety.  We  have  fruited  them  two  years,  but  the  Double  Mon- 
tague under  unfavorable  circumstances,  so  that  we  are,  as  yet,  unwilling 
to  place  them  as  identical,  although  their  identity  is  not  improbable. 
Flowers,  large ;  leaves,  glandless ;  fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  oblong, 
pale  greenish  white,  with  two  shades  of  red  where  exposed  to  sun  j  flesh, 
greenish  white,  melting,  juicy.     Free-stone.     Last  of  August. 

Nonpareil. 

Scott's  Nonpareil. 

American.  Glands,  globose  :  fruit,  large,  roundish  oblong,  yellow,  with 
red  cheek,  much  like  Crawford's  Late.     Free-stone.     September. 

Old  Newington. 
Newington  Cling,     |     Newington,     |     Large  Newington 
Foreign,     Glandless ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  yellowish  white  with  red 
cheek ;  flesh,  pale  yellowish  white,  red  at  stone,  juicy.     September. 

Orange  Cling-stone. 

American.  Flowers,  small,  serrated,  glandless  ;  fruit,  large,  round  ; 
suture,  well  marked;  deep  orange,  occasionally  dark  red  cheek;  flesh,  yel- 
low, firm,  juicy,  vinous.     Cling-stone.     Middle  September. 

Orchard  Queen. 
Beine  des  Vergers. 

Foreign.  Comes  with  high  praise  ;  should  be  tested.  Tree,  vigorous  , 
new  shoots,  reddish ;  glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  oval,  depressed  at 
apex ;  skin,  yellow,  purplish  red  in  sun  :  flesh,  yellowish  white,  red  at  stone, 
melting,  vinous.     Free-stone.     September. 

Owen. 
Owen's  Lemon,     |     Owen's  Lemon  Eareripe. 
American.     Glands,  globose  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  suture,  distinct  ; 
yellow,  purplish  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet.     Free- 
stone.    Middle  September. 

Paragon. 

Prince's  Paragon. 

American.  Flowers,  large ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  oval, 
yellowish  green,  with  red  cheek ;  suture,  shallow,  terminating  in  a  point 
at  apex ;  flesh  white,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet,  rich.  Free-stone.  Middle 
September. 

Poinsett. 

American  :  originated  in  South  Carolina.  Glandless  ;  fruit,  large, 
roundish  oval,  ruddy  yellow ;  flesh,  firm,  juicy.    Cling-stone.    September. 


302  THE   PEACH. 

Poole's  Yellow. 
Pvwle's  Large  Yellow,      |     Poole's  Late  Yellow  Free-stone. 
American.     Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  suture,  half  round  ; 
deep  yellow,  dark  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stone,  rich,  juicy.     Free- 
stone.    Last  of  September. 

President  Church. 

Raised  "by  the  Rev.  A.  Church,  President  of  the  Franklin  College,  Ga. 
Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  inclining  to  oval  j  suture,  shallow, 
often  a  mere  line,  with  a  small  point  at  the  apex,  which  is  rarely  depressed  ; 
skin,  pale  red  in  the  shade,  beautifully  mottled  and  washed  with  dark  red 
in  the  sun  ;  flesh,  white,  pale  red  at  the  stone,  very  juicy,  melting,  and  of 
delicious  flavor.     Middle  September. 

Prince's  Climax. 

Originated  on  the  farm  of  George  Mitchell,  Flushing,  Long  Island ;  very  pro- 
ductive. Fruit,  large,  oval  ;  skin,  yellow,  with  crimson  cheek,  and  two- 
thirds  mottled  with  crimson  ;  flesh,  yellow,  very  rich,  aromatic,  pine-apple 
flavor  ;  adheres  to  the  stone.  Ripens  the  middle  and  end  of  September. 
(Wm.  R.  Prince's  MS.) 

Prince's  Excelsior. 

Originated  -with  William  R.  Prince,  Flushing,  Long  Island.  Fruit,  very 
large,  round  ;  suture,  slight,  a  mere  line,  ending  in  a  flattened  depression 
at  top,  where  there  is  a  slight  cavity,  and  a  little  abortive  mamelon  :  skin, 
a  most  splendid  pure  bright  orange  color ;  flesh,  golden  yellow  to  the  stone, 
very  rich,  luscious,  aromatic,  apricot,  or  exquisite  orange  flavor,  sweet  and 
rich ;  separates  freely  from  the  stone.  Ripens  middle  of  October  ;  well 
suited  to  the  South.     (W.  R.  Prince's  MS.)     (Downing.) 

Prince  John. 

Large,  oblong,  orange  yellow,  very  juicy  and  delicious;  resembles  the 
Crawford's.     Ripens  latter  part  of  July. 

Reeves'  Favorite. 
American.     Distinct  from  "  Favorite  "  of  Coxe.     Flowers,  small ;  glands, 
globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  yellow,  with  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellow, 
juicy,  sometimes  a  little  acid.     Free-stone.     Early  September. 

Rodman's  Red. 
American.      Flowers,  small  ;    glands,  reniform ;    fruit,  large,  oblong, 
mostly  red  in  sun;  flesh,  whitish,  firm,  juicy.     Cling-stone.     Last  of  Sep- 
tember. 

Scott's  Magnate. 
A  noble  variety  of  the  Red  Rareripe.     Glands,  reniform ;   fruit,  very 
large,  round,  depressed ;  skin,  pale  yellow,  with  a  dark  red  cheek ;  flesh, 
white,  luscious,  and  well  flavored.     Ripens  early  in  September.     (Down- 
ing-) 

Scott's  Nectar. 

Another  very  fine  seedling  from  the  Red  Rareripe.     Glands,  globose 
fruit,  large,  round,  somewhat  depressed  ;  color,  red,  shaded  on  pale  yellow 
ground,  and  bright  red  next  the  sun ;  flesh,  white,  very  sweet,  and  of  the 
highest  flavor.    Ripens  early  in  September.     (Downing.) 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,   ETC.  303 

Stetson's  Seedling. 
American.  Glands,  globose  ;  flowers,  small ;  fruit,  large,  roundish ;  su- 
ture,  indistinct ;  skin,  greenish  white,  marbled,  and  shaded  with  crimson 
in  the  sun ;  flesh,  white,  pink  at  the  stone,  very  melting,  juicy,  brisk,  rich, 
and  luscious.  Free-stone.  Ripens  from  middle  to  last  of  September. 
(Hov.  Mag.) 

Shanghai. 
From  North  of  China.     Flowers,  large  ;  leaves,  creneated ;  glands,  reni. 
form  :  fruit,  large,  roundish  :  pale  yellow  in  shade,  crimson  red  in   sun ; 
flesh,  pale  yellow,  deep  red  at  the  stone,  to  which  it  partially  adheres. 
(Jour.  L.  H.  Society.) 

Sites'  Old  Zack. 

A  variety  esteemed  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  where  it  originated.  Fruit,  above 
medium :  yellow,  with  dull  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  separating 
freely  from  the  stone.     1st  to  15th  September. 

Skinner's  Superb. 

A  free-stone  yellow  peach,  originated  at  the  South,  where  it  ripens  early 
in  August,  and  is  regarded  as  "  very  good." 

Smith's  Favorite. 

American.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  deep  suture ;  yel- 
low, red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  swept.  Free-stone.  Middle  Septem- 
ber. 

Smock  Free. 

Smock,     I     Saint  George. 

American.  Valuable  market  sort.  Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  oval, 
compressed  sides ;  orange  yellow,  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  bright  yellow,  red  at 
stone,  juicy,  rich.     Free-stone.    Last  September. 

Snow. 

American.  Only  suited  to  sunny  exposures,  and  rich,  deep,  warm  soils. 
Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  medium,  round ;  suture,  slight ; 
skin,  thin,  clear  white  ;  flesh,  white,  juicy.  Free-stone.  Early  Septem- 
ber. The  blossoms  of  this  variety  are  white,  and  the  wood  is  a  light 
green. 

Stephenson  Cling. 

From  Thomas  Stephenson,  Clark  county,  Ga.  Fruit,  large,  roundish ; 
suture,  distinct ;  skin,  very  downy,  of  a  creamy  tint,  shaded  with  flesh- 
color — the  tint  deepening  in  the  sun  to  a  dark,  dull,  purplish  red,  where 
fully  exposed  ;  flesh,  white,  somewhat  tinged  with  red,  and  deep  red  at  the 
Btone  ;  flesh,  very  tender,  melting,  juicy,  delicious,  tinous  flavor.  One  of 
the  best.     September  12th.     (Ga.  Pom.  S.  Rep.) 

Strawberry. 
Eose. 

American.  Glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  below  medium,  surface  mostly  red; 
flesh,  whitish ;  too  small.    Free-stone.    August. 


304:  THE   PEACH. 

Stump  the  World. 

Fruit,  very  large,  roundish,  a  little  oblong ;  skin,  creamy  white,  wiih  a 
bright  red  cheek;  suture,  shallow,  rather  more  than  h-^if  round j  flesh, 
white,  juicy,  and  high  flavored ;  very  productive.     A  fin'^  market  variety, 

SUSQUEHANNAH. 
Griffith's  Melocoton. 
American.     Glands,  reniform;  flowers,  small ;  fruit,  larffo,  oblong  round- 
ish ;  yellowish  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  juicy,  sweet,  delicious.     Fr9e-stone.     Mid- 
dle September. 

Tarbell. 

American.  Large,  roundish,  flattened  at  base  ;  suture^  r.early  round ; 
yellow,  mostly  covered  with  red;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at  stoi  n,  juicy,  sweet. 
Free-stone.     Middle  September.     (Cole.) 

Tippecanoe. 

American.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  la/f^e,  roundish  ; 
yellow,  red  in  sun  ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  sprightly.  Cling-stoxic.  Middle 
to  last  of  September. 

There  is  also  a  Free-stone  variety  under  this  name,  which  originated  in 
Ohio.  It  is,  however,  rarely  grown,  and  we  know  of  no  description,  nor 
have  we  seen  the  fruit. 

Troth's  Early  Red. 

American.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish, 
bright  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  juicy,  sweet.  A  new  variety  ;  very  productive, 
and  valued  highly  as  an  early  market  sort  ripening  about  time  of  early 
Fillotron. 

Tuft's  Early. 

American.  Glands,  globose ;  large,  roundish ;  yellowish  white,  red 
cheek  ;  flesh,  white,  red  at  stone,  juicy,  sweet.  Free-stone.  Last  of  Au- 
gust. 

Tuft's  Rareripe. 

American.  Glands,  globose  ;  medium,  roundish  ;  red  and  yellow ;  flesh, 
yellow,  sweet.     Free-stone.     Middle  September.     (Cole.) 

Walburton. 
Walburton  Admirable. 

Foreign,  teaves,  glandless,  serrated  ;  fruit,  above  medium,  roundish 
oblong  ;  greenish  white,  with  red  cheek ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  melting, 
and  separating  freely  from  the  stone.     Late  September. 

Washington  Cling-stone. 

American.  Requires  a  warm  climate  and  good  soil.  Valuable  South, 
not  at  the  North.  Flowers,  small ;  glands,  reniform  ;  fruit,  medium.,  round- 
ish ;  yellowish  green,  with  gray  specks  and  a  tinge  of  red  in  sun ;  juicy, 
tender,  and  rich,  sweet  flavor.    Last  September. 


BUPERSEDED  BY  BETTEK  SORTS.  306 


CLASS  III.     Superseded  by  better  sorts 

Acton  Scott. 

Foreign.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek,  flat,  pale  white,  often 
Mtter.    August. 

Anne. 

Early  Anne,         |         Green  Nutmeg. 
Foreign.    Glandless ;  fruit,  small,  greenish  white,  poor  flavor.    Early  August. 

Admirable. 

Early  Admirable,    |    L'Admirable,    |    Belle  de  Yitry. 

Foreign.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  red  at  stone. 
lugust. 

Almond. 

Foreign.    Glandless ;  fruit,  small,  light  yellow,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  red  at  stone.    Septem1>er. 

Belle  de  Vitky. 

Admirable  Tardive,         |         Bellis. 

Foreign.    Glandless ;  fruit,  medium,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek ;  fleih,  firm,  red  at  stone. 
Last  September. 

Bbautt  of  Salisbtjbt, 

Foreign .    Trees  mildew ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek,  juicy.  Freo-stone. 
September. 

Baltimore  Beatjtt. 

American.  Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek.  Free-stoncb 
August. 

Bullard's  Clingstone. 

American.    Large,  round,  white,  with  red  cheek,  juicy,  fine.    September.    (Kenrick.) 

Bullard's  Seedling. 
American.  Large,  round,  pale  yellow  and  red.  Free-stone.  Middle  of  September.    (Kenrick.) 

Bennett's  Barebipe. 

American.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  whitish  yellow  and  red,  deficient  in  flavor.    August. 

Belle  Chevreitse. 

Foreigi^    Glands,  reniform;  fruit,  medium,  oval,  greenish  white,  with  red  cheek;  flesh, 
white,  rea  at  stone.    Free-stone.    September. 

Belzae's  Early  Eaeebipe. 

American.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  round,  red  in  sun;  flesh,  streaked  with  red, 
August. 

Chilian. 

American.    Glands, ;  fruit,  medium,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek,  deflcient  In   flavor. 

Free-stone.    September. 

Canaey. 

American.    Fruit,  medium,  canary  color ;  flesh,  yellow,  not  colored  at  stone,  to  which  it 
adheres  closely.    September. 

Cable's  Medium  Melocoton. 

American.    Glands,  globose;  fruit,  large,  yellow  and  red;  flesh,  yellow,  sub-acid.    Sep- 
tember. 


306  THE   PEACH. 

Cable's  Eablt. 

Cable's  Early  Melocoton. 

American.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  yellow  and  red ;  flesh,  yellow,  sub-acid.    September. 

Congress. 
Congress  Cling, 
American.    Glands,  reniform;  fruit,  large,  whitish  with  red,  juicy ;  poor  bearer,    September. 

Chanoellob, 

Chanceliere,  I     Noisette,  I    ^Edgar's  Late  Melting. 

Late  Chancellor,      |     Stewart's  Late  Galande,      j 

Foreign.  Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  oval,  yellowish  white,  crimson  cheek ;  flesh,  red 
next  fltone.    Free-stone.    September, 

Caeet's  Mammoth  Cling. 
Ajnerican.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  little  above  medium,  oval ;  flesh,  white.    September. 

CnABLOTTE. 

Old  Koyal  Charlotte  I      New  Eoyal  Charlotte, 

Grimwood's  Koyal  Charlotte,    |      Kew's  Early  Purple. 

Foreign.  Glandless ;  fruit,  above  medium,  ovate,  greenish  white,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  white 
red  at  stone.    September. 

Catherine  Cling, 

Foreign.  Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  roundish  oval,  one  side  enlarged,  yellowish  green, 
red  in  sun ;  flesh,  firm,  yellowish  white,  red  at  stone.    September. 

Down  Eastee, 

Hall's  Down  Easter. 

.  American.    Large,  roundish,  deep  suture,  yellow,  broad  red  cheek,  good,  hardy,  productive. 
20th  September.    (Cole.) 

Empeeoe  of  Eitssia. 

Cut-leaved,  I        New  Cut-leaved, 

Serrated,  j         Unique. 

American.  Mildews  badly ;  glandless ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  white,  red  cheek; 
flesh,  firm,  yellowish  white.    Free-stone.    August. 

Eaely  Eobinson  CRrsoE. 
American.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  round,  whitish,  with  red  in  sun.    September. 

Gest's  Superb. 

Gest's  Large  Free-stone. 

American.  Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  yellowish  white  and  red ;  flesh,  firm"' 
sub-acid.    September. 

Golden  Ball. 

American.  Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  orange  yellow,  with  red  cheek;  flesh, 
yellow,  pink  at  s>tone,  j  uicy,  but  not  equal  to  Bergen's  Yellow,  with  which  it  ripens.  Early 
September.  There  is  a  Golden  Ball  cultivated  at  the  South ;  but  whether  it  is  this  variety,  or 
distinct,  we  do  not  know. 

Ispahan. 
Pecher  d'lspahan. 

Foreign.  Glandless ;  fruit,  small,  round,  whitish  green ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  a  little  sub- 
acid.   September. 

Late  Yellow  Albeegb. 

October  Yellow,    |    Algiers  Yellow,    |   Algiers  "Winter. 

Foreign,  Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval,  yellow  when  ripe ;  flesh,  firm, 
yellow,  dry.    October. 


SUPEKSEDED  BY  BETTER  60ETS.  307 

La  Fatbttb  Clingstone. 
American.    Fruit,  large,  oval,  yellow,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellcvr,  poor.    September. 

La  Fayette. 

American.    Fruit,  above  medium,  round,  whitish,  crimson  in  the  sun ;  flesh,  stained  with 
red.    September. 

Melting.  * 
Large  Melting. 

American.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  whitish,  with  red  cheek ;  flesh,  white,  red  at  stone « 
poor  bearer.    Free-stone.    September. 

Maqistbate. 

Majestrate. 

American.    Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  large,  greenish  white,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  juicy,  not  high 
flavor.    Free-stone.    September. 

Monstrotjs  Free-stone. 

American.    Glands,  globose;  fruit,  large,  round,  pale  yellow  and  red;  flesh,  yellowiish 
white ;  poor  bearer.    September. 

Phfleigeb. 
American.    Fruit,  large,  yellow,  juicy,  good  flavor,  poor  bearer.    Free-stone.    September. 

Eed  Nutmeg. 

Brown  Nutmeg,  I      Avant  Eouge, 

Early  Eed  Nutmeg,       |     Eed  Avant. 

Foreign.    Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  small,  round,  pale  yellow,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellowish, 
ted  at  stone.    Early  August. 

EoTAL  George. 

Early  Eoyal  George,      I      Lockyer's  Mignonne,      I      Superb, 

New  Eoyal  George,  Griflin's  Mignonne,  Eed  Magdaline. 

Millet's  Mignonne,         |  | 

Foreign.    Mildews  badly ;  glandless ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  pale  white,  red  dots,  and 
marbled  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  whitish,  red  at  stone.    Last  of  August. 

EOSANNA. 

Foreign.    Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  medium,  yellow,  and  purplish  red ;  flesh,  yellow,  red  at 
Btone.    Free-stone.    September. 

SWALSH. 

Pouble  Swalsh,         |         Swalze. 

Foreign.    Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  medium,  ovate,  yellow,  red  cheek ;  flesh,  white,  red  at 
stone ;  poor  bearer.    Free-stone.    September. 

Sweet  Water. 
Early  Sweet  Water,         |         Large  American  Nutmeg. 
There  are  two  varieties  under  this  name;  one  with  globose  glands,  and  one  glandless; 
neither  as  valuable  as  Tillotson. 

Scott's  Early  Eed. 
American.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  much  dashed  with  red ;  flesh,  whitish, 
juicy.    Free-stone.    August. 

Smith's  Newington. 
Early  Newington,         |         Smith's  Early  Newington. 

Foreign.    Glandless;  fruit,  medium,  oval,  pale  yellow,  streaked  with  purplish  red  in  sun; 
flesh.  Arm,  pale  yellow,  red  at  stone.    Cliug-stone.    August. 

Smock  Clingstone. 
American.    Large,  oblong,  yellow  and  red ;  flesb,  yellow,  juicy,  sub-acid,    September. 


308  THE  PEACH. 

Spbiko  Gboyx. 

Foreign.     Glands,  globose;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  red  cheek:  flesli, 
greenish  yellow,    Free-stone.    September. 

SULHAMSTBAD. 

Foreign.    Glandless,  mildews ;  fruit,  large,  roundish,  pale  yellow,  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellowiah 
white,  sweet.    September. 

Slocum's  Eaely. 
American.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  large,  yellow  and  red ;  flesh,  yellow.    August. 

SlEBOLT. 

American.    Glands;  fruit,  above  medium,  greenish  yellow,  with  red  cheek ;  flesh,  yellowish 
whitK.    Free-stone.    September. 

Tick. 
Tice's  Eed  and  Yellow. 

American.    Fruit,  large,  yellow,  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy ;  poor  bearer.    Free-stone. 
September. 

Vandebmaek. 

American.    Fruit,  large,  roundish ;  flesh,  acid.    A  cling-stone.    September. 

Whitb  Nutmko. 

Early  "White  Nutmeg,   |   Avant  Blanche,   |    White  Avant 

*^         Foreign.    Glandless ;  fruit,  small,  oyal,  greenish  white ;  flesh,  white  to  the  stone.    Early 
August. 

Whitb  Blossom. 

White  Blossomed  Incompatable,        |        Willow  Peach. 

American.    Glands,  reniform;   fruit,  above  medium,  oval,  white;  flesh,  white  to  stone. 
Free-stone.    September.. 

Weeping. 

Eeid's  Weeping. 

American.    Glands,  reniform ;  only  ornamental  as  a  tree,  and  does  not  deserve  to  be  claised 
In  fruits. 

Tate's  Eaelt. 
American.    Much  resembles  Early  York,  but  far  inferior. 

Yellow  Admieable. 

Orange,  I        Apricot  Peach, 

Abricotee,         |        Admirable  Jaune. 

Foreign.    Glands,  reniform ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval,  yellow,  little  red  in  sun;  flesk 
yellow,  slightly  red  at  stone,  dry.    Free-stone.    September. 

ZoAE  Beatttt. 

American.    Glands,  globose ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  mostly  red  where  exposed  to  nu 
flesh,  tinged  with  red.    Free-stone.    September. 


THE  PEAE. 

Pyrus  communis,  L.     RosacecB  of  Botanists. 

Native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  the  Pear  has  long  been  cultivated, 
but  not  until  within  the  past  three  centuries  has  there  been  any  con- 
siderable number  of  sorts  esteemed  valuable  as  dessert  fruits,  except 
they  were  cooked.  Of  Van  Mons,  Knight,  and  others,  and  their  ex- 
ertions in  originating  and  improving  fruit,  have  we  before  written, 
and  to  their  skill  and  care  do  we  owe  many  of  our  best  imported  va- 
rieties ;  while,  in  this  country,  we  are  not  the  less  indebted  to  such 
men  as  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  David  Thomas,  M.  P.  Wilder,  J.  P.  Kirt- 
land,  W.  D.  Brinckle,  and  many  others,  for  the  importation,  origin, 
and  dissemination  of  the  best  varieties  throughout  the  States. 

Our  pioneer  settlers  all  planted  seeds  of  the  Pear,  as  well  as  of 
the  Apple ;  and  while  in  nearly  all  the  middle  portions  of  the  States 
there  are  immense  trees,  healthy  and  vigorous  as  the  native  forests, 
few  of  these  chance  seedlings  prove  in  fruit  more  than  about  one  re- 
move from  the  wild  state.  To  this  fact,  and  the  erroneous  impression 
that  "  he  who  plants  Pears,  plants  for  his  heirs,"  we  attribute  the 
neglect  of  fruit-growers,  for  years,  to  plant  any  considerable  number 
of  Pear  trees.  Gradually,  however,  as  facilities  of  traveling  have 
increased,  giving  opportunity  of  comparing  impressions  with  practice 
and  results,  and  information  become  freely  disseminated  through  our 
agricultural  and  horticultural  journals,  have  pear  plantations  increased, 
until  at  this  time  there  are,  probably,  yearly  planted  in  the  States  not 
less  than  one  million  of  trees. 

In  almost  every  State  there  appear  certain  localities  where  the 
Pear  succeeds  most  perfectly,  continuing  to  increase  in  size,  vigor, 
and  productiveness,  from  year  to  year.  The  following  may  be 
selected  from  many :  Danvers,  in  Mass. ;  Hartford,  and  East  New- 
Haven  County,  in  Conn. ;  Vincennes,  in  la. ;  Detroit,  in  Mich. ;  and 
North-western  or  Central  New- York.  And,  indeed,  we  may  find  it 
difficult  to  name  a  place  where,  with  the  appropriate  care  in  culture 
we  have  pointed  out,  the  Pear  may  not  be  grown  healthy  and  pro- 
ductive. 

Propagation — By  Seed.  The  propagation  of  the  Pear  by  seed  is 
the  same  as  that  of  the  Apple,  if  we  except  the  fact  that,  as  the  roots 
of  the  Pear  the  first  year  are  generally  confined  to  the  one  "  tap- 
root," as  it  is  termed,  and  a  few  fibres,  it  is  necessary  chat  the  soil 
be  at  least  two  feet  deep.  Old  pasture  ground  or  meadow,  trenched 
with  the  spade,  is  the  best  for  the  growing  of  pear  seedlings. 

309 


310  THE   PEAR. 

The  propagating  by  grafting,  budding^  etc.,  is  also  the  same  in  the 
Pear  as  in  the  Apple,  and  usually  performed  at  same  season.  The 
remarks  we  made  relative  to  root-grafting  on  pieces  of  roots  are  also 
equally  applicable  to  the  Pear  as  the  Apple.  Some  practice  the 
grafting  on  pieces  of  root,  and  plant  deep  to  induce  the  rooting  of 
the  Pear  from  the  graft ;  this  is  easily  done,  but  we  see  no  advantage ; 
and  our  experience  with  trees,  roots  so  formed,  has  not  been  favor- 
able ;  we  have  found  the  roots  thrown  from  the  Pear  small  and  in- 
sufficient to  sustain  the  tree,  while  those  of  the  old  root,  on  taking 
up,  were  diseased,  apparently  from  some  want  of  action  in  the  circu- 
lation of  sap-vessels. 

Hardihood.  The  comparative  hardihood  of  American  over  foreign 
varieties  has  been  much  lauded,  but  as  yet  w^e  do  not  think  sustained 
by  experiment.  Propagation  on  healthy  or  unhealthy  stocks  we 
think  has  had  more  to  do  with  it  than  aught  else.  Until  within  a 
a  few  years  past,  most  of  the  pears*  worked  on  pear  stocks  in  this 
country  were  on  suckers,  and  this  we  imagine  the  foundation  of 
most  said  respecting  the  comparative  hardihood  of  native  over  for- 
eign  varieties. 

Stocks  and  Adaptation  of  Trees  grown  thereon.  Healthy  seedling 
pear  stocks,  usually  two  years  old  and  about  three-eighths  to  half  an 
inch  diameter  at  crown,  are  regarded  best  for  grafting  on,  while  the 
same  left  to  grow  until  August,  are  usually  suitable  size  for  budding. 
The  quince,  apple,  thorn,  and  mountain  ash,  are  all  more  or  less  used 
for  growing  what  are  termed  dwarf  trees.  Of  these  the  quince' is 
best,  tliorn  next,  and  apple  the  least  desirable.  Of  the  quince,  seed- 
lings are  not  desirable  to  use  for  this  purpose,  as  they  do  not  run  even 
in  growth ;  but  cuttings  grown  from  what  is  generally  known  as  the 
Angiers  variety  should  be  procured.  The  thorn  and  mountain-ash 
are  used  often  with  advantage  on  dry  gravelly  or  sandy  soils,  where 
the  quince  roots  do  not  appear  as  well  suited. 

While  a  very  large  number  of  varieties  will  take,  and  grow  for  a 
year  or  two  finely,  there  are  comparatively  few  that  succeed  for  a 
series  of  years  in  continued  vigor  and  productiveness,  when  grown 
on  any  stock  but  that  of  the  pear ;  and  while  the  cultivation  is  now 
very  extensive  on  the  quince  root,  we  can  not  but  fear  that  in  eight- 
tenths  it  will  prove  unprofitable  to  the  grower  ;  and  in  the  remaining 
two-tenths,  require  equally  as  much  care  in  supplying  nutrition  and 
pruning,  as  a  system  of  root  pruning  when  grown  on  pear  roots. 
There  are,  however,  some  sorts  of  the  fruit  that  seem  improved  by  be- 
ing worked  on  quince,  as  Duchesse  d'Angouleme,  Easter  Buerre,  etc., 
and  this  is  a  strong  item  in  favor  of  the  quince  stock ;  and  therefore, 
while  advising  its  use,  we  must  not  forget  always  to  mention  that 
without  careful  and  high  culture  the  grower  will  meet  disappointment. 
About  one  hundred  years  may  be  taken  as  the  natural  duration  of  the 
Pear  on  pear  roots,  when  grown  in  soil  supplied  with  the  elements 


TRANSPLANTING,    ETC.  311 

necessary  to  sustain  it ;  and  about  thirty  or  forty  years  the  natural 
duration  when  worked  on  the  quince  root,  and  regularly  pruned  and 
cultivated.  Instances  are  of  course  recorded  and  known,  where  trees 
exist  for  longer  periods,  while  hundreds  decay  and  are  gone  in  one 
half  the  time.  The  demand  for  pear  trees  on  the  quince  has  been  so 
great  for  some  years  past  that,  too  often,  little  regard  has  been  paid 
to  the  stock ;  and  we  have  now  in  our  grouuds  rows  of  bearing  trees 
on  quince  roots,  all  of  one  kind,  received  from  France,  from  which, 
although  receiving  the  same  care  and  attention,  there  may  be  selected 
those  that  ere  many  years  must  of  necessity  decay,  as  the  stock  and 
tree  are  not  adapted  one  to  the  other.  Again,  as  before  remarked, 
there  are  varieties  that,  while  they  grow  apparently  well  for  a  few 
years,  decay  on  fruiting  the  second  year.  The  success  of  the  Pear 
on  quince  roots  trained  en-pyramid  in  the  old  country  has  been  con- 
fined to  but  few  varieties,  and  these  kept  under  a  steady  yet  high 
state  of  cultivation.  Orcharding  with  the  pear  on  the  quince,  in  the 
manner  of  most  orcharding  in  this  country,  will  never  repay  the  first 
cost  of  the  trees  ;  but  if  trees  are  selected  of  varieties  known  to  have 
been  long  successful,  and  a  system  of  culture  pursued  which  shall 
meet  the  requirements  of  the  fibrous  roots  of  the  quince,  then  may 
the  grower  look  for  profit  and  pleasure  in  the  result;  but  equally 
gratifying  and  profitable  would  be  the  result,  if  we  except  a  few  va- 
rieties of  foreign  origin,  when  grown  on  the  pear,  and  annually  root- 
pruned  ;  added  to  which,  if  one  half  the  trees  were  taken  out  after 
twenty  years,  the  balance  would  form  a  fine  permanent  orchard,  to 
be  managed  as  our  apple  orchards.  In  small  gardens,  where  the 
quince  stock  is  advised  by  nearly  all  writers  (and  correctly  so,  if  the 
right  varieties  are  selected),  success  will  not  be  had  without  an  ap- 
preciation by  the  grower  of  the  extent  of  roots  formed  by  the  quince, 
and  the  system  of  culture  required  to  supply  the  food  of  the  plant, 
as  well  as  knowledge  in  how  to  prune,  and  also  some  little  knowledge 
of  the  amount  of  fruit  the  young  tree  is  capable  of  ripening  and  con- 
tinue in  health ;  the  tendency  being  rather  to  over-production  and 
exhaustion. 

Transplanting y  Selection  of  Trees,  and  Distances  apart.  The  roots 
of  the  Pear  have  few  laterals  except  grown  on  shallow,  rich  soil,  and 
in  transplanting,  it  is  therefore  requisite  to  secure  as  much  of  the 
large  root  as  possible.  If  in  taking  up  they  are  mostly  destroyed, 
the  branches  will  have  to  be  shortened  in  and  cut  out.  On  the  quince 
root,  when  well  grown,  there  will  need  little  attention,  except  to  head 
back  to  a  regular  shape,  and  prune  smooth  the  ends  of  each  root,  as 
often  directed  in  this  work  ;  and  in  setting,  taking  care  that  the  earth 
is  even  with  the  junction  of  the  pear  on  the  quince. 

Trees  on  pear  roots  for  the  orchard  or  garden  are  best  at  about 
three  years  old,  and  five  to  seven  feet  high,  well  grown,  and  shaped 
as  noted  in  the  apple.     Dwarf  trees  or  those  on  quince  roots,  are 


312  THE   PEAK. 

be=.t  at  one  year  from  the  bud;  for,  as  a  general  thing,  the  nursery- 
Tasin  has  neither  the  time,  nor  will  the  price  paid  for  trees  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  labor  in  this  country,  warrant  him  in  a  system 
of  careful  and  correct  pruning  in  nursery  row  ;  neither  can  a  tree 
bo  so  evenly  shaped  as  when  transplanted  to  more  open  and  exposed 
positions. 

The  distance  apart  of  Pear  on  pear  roots  for  large  orcharding, 
should  be  from  twenty  five  to  thirty  feet,  while  that  of  dwarfs  for 
gardens  should  be  ten  to  fifteen  feet.  Dwarfs  are  now  much  planted 
intermediate  in  large  permanent  orchards,  but  as  a  whole,  the  prac- 
tice is  not  to  be  advised,  unless  the  grower  intends  to  cultivate  such 
orchard  with  care  and  attention,  superior  to  the  ordinary  method  of 
plowing,  planting  potatoes,  etc. 

Soil  and  Manures.  The  pear  roots  thrive  best  in  a  soil  where  the 
subsoil  is  at  once  dry  and  moist ;  that  is,  where  it  is  open  arid  porous 
sufficient  to  admit  of  free  drainage,  and  yet  where  the  roots,  extend- 
ing deeply  and  freely  in  it,  reach  moisture  in  season  of  extreme 
drought.  Cold  clay  is  a  bad  subsoil,  and  where  it  exists  in  the  ground 
of  a  prospective  orchard,  it  should  be  deeply  and  thoroughly  sub- 
soiled,  and  well  drained.  The  Pear  on  quince  roots  succeeds  best  in 
rich,  deep,  moist,  loamy  ground,  even  enduring  considerable  water 
better  than  dry  sand.  The  following  is  the  analysis  of  the  ash  of 
the  Pear  as  made  by  Dr.  Emmons : 

Sap-wood.  Bark. 

Potash 22.25  6.20 

Soda 1.84  

Chlorine 0.31  1.70 

Sulphuric  Acid 0.50  1.80 

Phosphate  of  Lime 27.22  6.50 

Phosphate  of  peroxide  of  iron 0.31  

Carbonic  Acid 27.69  37.29 

Lime 12.64  30.36 

Magnesia 3.00  9.40 

Silex 0.30  0.40 

Coal 0.17  0.65 

Organic  Matter 4.02  4.20 


100.25  98.30 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  what  is  most  wanted  in  the  soil  to  pro- 
duce healthy  foliage  and  wood  in  the  Pear.  As  a  general  thing,  soils 
usually  are  or  become  deficient  in  lime  and  the  phosphates,  and 
the  cheapest  remedy  is  liberal  dressing  of  wood  ashes  and  bone  dust ; 
or  in  sections  where  bone  dust  is  not  easily  attainable,  dig  in  around 
the  tree  whole  bones  from  the  use  of  a  family,  or  procured  from  a 
slaughter-house.  Potash  dissolved  in  water  and  applied  to  vegetable 
mould  from  the  woods,  and  this  dug  in  around  the  tree,  is  also  a  cheap 
*nd  ready  way  of  supplying  food  requisite.     Iron  filings,  etc.,  from 


PRUNING. 


313 


smith-shops  is  also  good,  and  hence  the  impression  of  some,  that 
through  it  the  blight  was  cured  or  prevented.  The  fact  being  only 
that  a  certain  element  requisite  to  health  was  exhausted  in  the  soil. 

Pruning.  In  connection  with  what  we  have  recorded  under  this 
head  on  a  previous  page,  we  add  the  following,  as  directly  applicable 
to  the  Pear.  It  is  from  the  experience  of  Thomas  Rivers,  Esq., 
England,  one  of  the  most  successful  pyramidal  pear  tree  growers  in 
the  world  : 

"  If  root-pruned  pyramidal  trees  are  planted,  it  will  much  assist 
them  if  about  half  the  blossom  buds  are  thinned  out  with  sharp- 
pointed  scissors,  or  a  penknife,  just  before  they  open  ;  otherwise  these 
root-pruned  trees  on  the 
quince  stock  are  so  full  of 
them,  that  the  tree  receives 
a  check  if  they  are  all  allow- 
ed to  expand.  About  ten  or 
fifteen  fruit  may  be  permit- 
ted to  ripen  the  first  season  ; 
the  following  season  two  or 
three  dozen  will  be  as  many 
as  the  tree  ought  to  be  allow- 
ed to  bring  to  perfection,  in- 
creasing the  number  as  the 
tree  increases  in  vigor,  al- 
ways remembering  that  a  few 
full -sized  and  well -ripened 
pears  are  to  be  preferred  to  a 
greater  number,  inferior  in 
size  and  quality. 

"  Summer  pinching  in  the 
youth  of  the  tree  is  the  only 
remedy,  if  it  is  not  well  fur- 
nished below;  and  a  severe 
remedy  it  is,  for  all  the 
young  shoots  on  the  upper 
tiers,  including  the  leader, 
must  be  pinched  closely  in 
May  and  June  till  the  lower 
ones  have  made  young  shoots 
of  a  sufficient  length  to  give 
uniformity  to  the  tree.  This  requires  much  attention  and  trouble ; 
it  is  better  to  be  careful  not  to  plant  any  tree  for  a  pyramid  that  is 
not  well  furnished  with  buds  and  branches  to  its  base.  A  tree  of 
this  description  may  soon  be  made  to  assume  the  shape  of  the  fore- 
going figure,  which  is  a  perfect  pyramidal  pear  tree,  such  as  it  ough» 
to  be  in  July,  before  its  leading  side  shoots  and  perpendicular  Icaderc 
U 


314 


THE   PEAB. 


are  shortened,  which  is  best  done  towards  the  end  of  August ;  this 

shortening  must  be  made  at  the  marks ,  and  all  the  side  shoots 

shortened  in  the  same  maneer  ;  and  also  the  leading  shoot.  Hooked 
pruning  scissors  will  be  found  the  best  implement  to  prune  with. 
The  spurs  are  the  bases  of  the  shoots  that  have  been  pinched  in 
June." 

Planting  and  after  man- 
agement. As  before  men- 
tioned, the  autumnal  and 
early  winter  months  are  to 
be  preferred  for  planting  ; 
care  should  be  taken  in  se- 
lecting trees  that  are  fur- 
nished with  buds  and 
branches  from  bottom  to 
top ;  but  if  a  young  gar- 
dener intends  to  plant,  and 
wishes  to  train  up  his  trees 
so  that  they  will  become 
quite  perfect  in  shape,  he 
should  select  plants  one 
year  old  from  the  bud  or 
graft ;  these  will,  of  course, 
have  good  buds  down  to 
the  junction  of  the  graft 
with  the  stock.  The  first 
Spring,  a  tree  of  this  de- 
scription should  be  headed 
down  so  as  leave  the  shoot 
about  eighteen  inces  long ; 
if  the  soil  is  rich,  from  five 
to  six  and  seven  shoots  will 
be  produced ;  one  of  these 
must  be  made  the  leader, 
and  if  not  inclined  to  be 
quite  perpendicular,  this 
must  be  fastened  to  a  stake. 
As  soon  in  Summer  as  the  leading  shoot  is  ten  inches  long,  its  end 
must  be  pinched  off,  and  if  it  pushes  forth  two  or  more  shoots,  pinch 
all  off  but  one  to  about  two  inches,  leaving  the  topmost  for  a  leader ; 
the  side  shoots  will  in  most  cases  assume  a  regular  shape ;  if  not, 
they  may  be  this  first  season  tied  to  slight  stakes  to  make  them  grow 
in  the  proper  direction.  This  is  the  best  done  by  bringing  down  and 
fastening  the  end  of  each  shoot  to  a  slight  stake,  so  that  an  open  py- 
ramid may  be  formed  ;  for  if  it  is  too  close  and  cypress-like,  enough 
air  is  not  admitted  to  the  fruit ;  they  may  remain  unpruned  till  th§ 


PLANTING,   ETC.  315 

end  of  August,  when  each  shoot  must  be  shortened  to  within  eight 
buds  of  the  stem ;  *  this  will  leave  the  tree  like  the  preceding  figure, 
and  no  pruning  in  Winter  will  be  required. 

The  second  season  the  trees  will  make  vigorous  growth  ;  the  side 
shoots  which  were  topped  last  August  will  each  put  forth  three,  four, 
or  more  shoots  ;  as  soon  as  these  are  four  inches  long  they  must  be 
pinched  off  to  within  three  inches,  all  but  the  leading  shoot  of  each  side 
branch  ;  this  must  be  left  on,  to  exhaust  the  tree  of  its  superabundant 
sap,  till  the  end  of  August.  The  perpendicular  leader  must  be  top- 
ped once  or  twice  ;  in  short,  as  soon  as  it  has  grown  ten  inches,  pinch 
off  its  top,  and  if  it  breaks  into  two  or  three  shoots,  pinch  them  all 
but  the  leader,  as  directed  for  the  first  season ;  in  a  few  years,  most 
symmetrical  trees  may  be  formed. 

When  they  have  attained  the  height  of  six  or  eight  feet,  and  still 
continue  to  grow  vigorously,  it  will  be  necessary  to  commence  root- 
pruning  to  bring  them  into  a  fruitful  state. 

I  have  thus  far  given  directions  for  those  who  are  inclined  to  rear 
their  own  pyramids.  Much  time  and  attention  are  required ;  but 
the  interest  attached  to  well-trained  pyramids  will  amply  repay  the 
young  cultivator. 

I  will  now  endeavor  to  give  directions  for  the  management  of  trees, 
adapted  for  the  gardener  of  mature  age,  who  feels  somewhat  impa- 
tient if  his  trees  do  not  begin  at  once  to  be  fruitful.  A  most  valuable 
auxiliary  to  precocious  fruitfulness  in  pears  is  the  quince  stock  ;  pears 
grafted  on  it  may  be  safely  recommended  for  all  soils  of  moderate 
depth  and  fertility,  and  even  for  light  and  sandy  soils  I  am  induced 
to  advise  it,  only  in  those  circumstances  the  trees  must  have  more 
care  and  higher  cultivation.  In  soils  of  that  nature  I  should  recom- 
mend the  surface  of  the  soil  round  the  tree  to  be  covered,  during 
June,  July,  and  August,  with  short  grass,  moss,  or  manure,  and  to 
give  them  once  a  week,  in  dry  weather,  a  drenching  with  guano  water 
(about  two  pounds  to  six  gallons),  which  must  be  well  stirred  before 
it  is  used ;  each  tree  should  have  twelve  gallons  poured  gradually 
into  the  soil :  by  this  method  the  finest  fruit  may  be  produced  ;  and 
as  it  is  very  probable  that,  ere  many  years  elapse,  we  shall  have 
exhibitions  of  pears,  this  will  be  the  mode  to  procure  fine  specimens 
to  show  for  prizes. 

Monsieur  Cappe's  method  of  pruning  in  the  Garden  of  Plants 
(Jardin  des  Plantes),  France,  where  all  are  on  their  own  or  pear 
roots,  is  thus  described  by  the  late  A.  J.  Downing  in  the  Horticul- 
turist. These  pyramidal  pear  trees,  it  is  well  known,  are  regarded 
as  the  most  perfect  of  specimens. 

"  M.  Cappe  confines  his  pruning  to  three  seasons  of  the  year.  In 
the  month  of  March,  or  before  the  buds  start,  he  shortens  back  with 

♦  There  are  generally  three  or  four  ftl?ortive  buda  at  the  base  of  each  shoot ;  these  must  not 
t)e  reckoned. 


316 


THE   PEAR. 


Fig.  1. 


the  knife  all  the  leading  shoots,  fig.  1,  «,  a, — that  is,  the  terminal 
shoots  at  the  end  of  each  side  branch.  Of  course,  this  forces  out  not 
only  a  new  leading  shoot,  at  the  end  of  the  branch,  but  side  shoots, 
h,  b,  at  various  places  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
shoot.  The  side  shoots  are  left  to  grow  till  the 
end  of  May.  They  have  then  pushed  out  to  about 
four  or  five  inches  in  length.  The  ends  of  all  these 
side  shoots  are  then  pinched  off,  leaving  only  about 
an  inch  and  a  half  at  the  bottom  of  the  shoot. 

"  Fig.  2  shows  one  of  the  branches,  with  the  side 
shoots,  as  they  are  at  the  end  of  June.  The  dotted 
lines,  h,  b,  show  the  point  to  which  these  shoots 
should  be  pinched  off. 

"  The  terminal  or  leading  shoot,  e,  is  left  entire, 
in  order  to  draw  up  the  sap,  which  would  other- 
wise force  all  the  side  shoots  into  new  growth. 
Notwithstanding  this  precaution,  in  luxuriant  seasons  the  side  shoots 
will  frequently  push  out  new  shoots  again,  just  below  where  they 
were  pinched.  This  being  the  case,  about 
the  last  of  August  M.  Cappe  shortens  back 
these  new  side  shoots  to  about  an  inch  and 
a  half.  But  this  time  he  does  not  pinch 
tliem  off*.  He  breaks  them,  and  leaves  the 
broken  end  for  several  days  attached  and 
hanging  down,  so  that  the  flow  of  sap  is  not 
so  suddenly  checked  as  when  the  branch 
is  pinched  or  cut  off,  and  the  danger  of  new 
shoots  being  forced  out  a  third  time  is 
thereby  effectually  guarded  against. 

"The  object  of  this  stopping  the  side 
branches,  is  to  accumulate  the  sap,  or,  more 
properly,  the  organizable  matter  in  these 
shortened  branches,  by  which  means  the  remaining  buds  become 
fruit-buds  instead  of  wood-buds.  They  also  become  spurs,  distributed 
over  the  whole  tree,  which  bear  regularly  year  after  year,  sending 
out  new  side  shoots,  which  are  pinched  back  in  the  same  manner 
every  Summer. 

"  In  order  to  keep  the  tree  finely  proportioned,  the  eye  of  the 
pruner  must  be  a  nice  one,  that  he  may,  with  a  glance,  regulate  the 
pruning  of  the  terminal  branches  or  leaders,  which,  as  we  have  just 
said,  are  shortened  back  in  March — for  then  is  the  time  to  adjust 
any  extravagances  of  growth  which  the  tree  may  have  run  into,  on 
either  side  ;  and  in  the  summer  pinching  the  balance  of  growth  is 
adjusted  by  pinching  the  side  shoots  that  start  out  nearest  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  quite  short,  say  an  inch  and  a  half,  while  those  that 
Start  near  the  bottom  of  the  branch  (or  the  centre  of  the  tree) 


Fie.  2, 


INSECTS   AND   DISEASES.  317 

where  they  have  less  nourishment,  are  left  from  four  to  five  inches 
long. 

*'  Understanding  this  mode  of  pruning,  nothing  is  easier  than  to 
form  pyramidal  pear  trees  of  the  most  perfect  symmetry  and  beauty 
of  form.  But  in  order  to  have  the  branches  regularly  produced 
from  the  ground  to  the  summit,  you  must  plant  a  tree  which  is  only 
a  couple  of  feet  high,  so  that  you  can  form  the  first  tier  of  branches 
quite  near  the  ground,  by  cutting  back  the  leader  at  the  very  outset ; 
for  if  the  tree  is  once  allowed  to  form  a  clean  body  or  stem,  of  course 
it  is  impossible  afterwards  to  give  it  the  requisite  shape  and  fullness 
of  branches  at  the  bottom." 

All  this  our  readers  will  understand  relates  more  especially  to 
the  art  of  pruning,  as  adapted  to  high  or  garden  culture.  Standard 
trees  in  the  orchard  require  only  the  same  or  similar  pruning  to  that 
pursued  in  the  Apple ;  very  few  trees,  in  fact,  requiring  aught  but  a 
thinning  out  of  branches,  or  rather  a  preventing,  while  young,  of  the 
branches  becoming  too  thick. 

Insects  and  Diseases,  The  Scolytus  pyri  is  an  insect  described  by 
Harris.  This  is  by  some  counted  as  the  cause  of  a  species  of  blight. 
Its  presence  has,  however,  been  rarely  met  with,  and  doubts  arise 
among  many  cultivators  whether  it  is  as  prevalent,  and  the  cause  of 
as  much  destruction,  as  reported. 

The  Bupestris  divaracata^  and  perhaps  some  allied  species,  is  found 
in  the  larvse  state  under  the  bark,  on  the  bodies  of  both  the  Pear  and 
Apple ;  and  what  is  often  taken  for  sun-blight,  is  the  effect  of  this 
insect.  The  bark  appears  blackened  on  the  body  of  the  tree,  on  the 
South  or  Southwest  side.  Cutting  it  away  carefully,  and  destroying 
the  larvae  in  months  of  July  to  September,  and  washing  the  body  first 
with  lye-water,  or  strong  soap-suds,  and  covering  it  with  a  coating  of 
gum  shellac,  dissolved  in  alcohol,  is  the  remedy. 

The  slug  Selandria  cerasi  appears  on  the  leaf  of  both  Cherry  and 
Pear  in  June,  July,  and  August.  It  is  about  half  an  inch  long,  of  a 
dull,  greenish  brown,  slimy,  shining,  offensive  appearance.  It  is 
easily  destroyed,  if  taken  in  time,  by  scattering  ashes  or  even  dirt 
over  the  Reaves  early  in  morning,  or  while  the  dew  is  on,  following 
up  the  application  some  four  or  five  days.  The  frozen-sap  blight, 
etc.,  often  so  destructive  to  trees  in  the  West,  we  have  remarked  on 
in  previous  pages,  and  refer  thereto. 

Bark  Lice,  or  Scale  insects,  are  often  found  upon  the  Pear,  as  well 
as  the  Apple.     See  "  Apple  Insects,"  for  remedies. 

"  The  Psylla,  or  jumping  louse,  is  probably  identical  with  the  same 
species  that  infests  the  Pear  tree  in  Europe.    In  some  of  its  forms  it 


318  '  THE  PEAK. 

is  found  on  pear  trees  from  May  to  October ;  and  probably  two  or 
more  broods  are  produced  every  year.  These  little  insects  live  by 
suction,  and  obtain  their  food  by  puncturing  the  bark  of  the  young 
shoots,  mostly  in  the  vicinity  of  the  buds.  They  defile  the  shoots  with 
the  fluid  which  they  discharge  in  large  quantities,  and  which  soon 
forms  a  blackish  crust  on  the  bark.  The  best  remedy  that  occurs  to 
me  is,  a  wash  of  strong  soap-suds  and  sulphur,  applied  with  a  brush 
to  the  branches  in  the  Spring,  before  the  buds  expand.  A  solution 
of  whale-oil  soap,  thrown  upon  the  trees,  will  kill  the  insects,  but  will 
have  to  be  repeated  at  intervals  through  the  Summer." 

Selection  of  varieties  known  to  be  permanently  successful  on  the 
Quince.  As  we  have  before  remarked,  while  there  are  a  great  many 
varieties  that  at  first  take,  and  grow  well  on  the  quince  stock,  there 
are  but  few  comparatively  that  are  permanently  successful.  It  there- 
fore becomes  the  planter  to  select  with  care,  and  plant  with  a  view 
to  permanence,  only  those  that  are  known  to  succeed.  Of  the  error 
of  planting  indiscriminately,  we  have  had  practical  experience,  as  in 
planting  the  grounds  of  our  residence  we  looked  to  the  testing  of  va- 
rieties, and  therefore  ordered  and  planted  one  tree  only  of  a  sort.  On 
a  double  border  so  planted,  containing  over  two  hundred  sorts,  we  in 
three  years  discarded  one  half,  and  feel  confident  that  not  more  than 
one  half  of  the  remainder  will  answer  to  continue  permanently.  As 
yet,  few  of  our  American  native  Pears  can  be  depended  on  when 
grown  on  the  quince,  and  as  all  introduced  are  of  the  quality  described 
when  grown  on  pear  roots,  we  advise  most  planters  so  to  procure 
them.  "  Cultivated  on  the  pear  stock,  the  trees  in  general  grow  vi- 
gorously in  a  light,  deep,  alluvial  soil,  provided  always  that  the  sub- 
soil is  free  from  stagnant  water.  The  form  and  quality  of  the  fruits 
depend  in  a  great  measure  on  the  conditions  of  the  soil  and  subsoil, 
careful  cultivation,  proper  management  of  the  trees,  and  vigor  of  the 
stocks." 

Gathering  of  the  Fruity  and  Uses.  "  Gather  pears  of  the  summer 
sorts  rather  before  they  are  ripe,  as,  when  thoroughly  so,  they  eat 
mealy  if  kept  above  a  day  or  two;  even  when  gathered  as  they  ought 
to  be,  in  a  week  or  less  they  begin  to  go  at  the  core.  They  should 
not,  however,  be  gathered  when  they  require  much  force  to  pull  them 
off.  Autumn  pears  must  also  not  be  full  ripe  at  the  time  of  gathering, 
though  they  will  keep  longer  than  the  Summer.  Winter  pears,  on  the 
contrary,  should  hang  as  long  on  the  trees  as  they  may,  so  as  to  es- 
cape frost,  which  would  make  them  flat  in  flavor,  and  not  keep  well. 
Generally  they  may  hang  to  the  middle  of  October  on  full  standards, 
a  week  longer  on  dwarfs,  but  not  after  they  are  ripe.  The  art  of 
gathering  is,  to  give  them  a  Jlift,  so  as  to  press  away  the  stalk,  and  if 
ripe,  they  readily  part  from  the  tree.     Let  them  be  quite  dry  when 


FORMS   AND   SIZES   COMPARATIVE.  319 

pulled,  and  in  handling,  avoid  pinching  the  fruit,  or  in  any  way  bruis- 
ing it ;  as  gathered,  lay  them  quietly  in  shallow  baskets." 

This  process  of  gathering  at  the  proper  time,  in  connection  with 
their  after  maturing  in  a  fruit-room  or  house  of  equable  temperature, 
has  often  very  much  to  do  in  deciding  the  quality  of  a  pear.  Many 
varieties  are  entirely  worthless  as  dessert  pears,  unless  so  ripened, 
when,  with  this  care,  they  are  really  the  most  delicious.  Others, 
again,  as  is  the  case  with  most  varieties  maturing  late,  require  simply 
to  be  put  away  in  barrels  in  the  cellar,  like  apples,  and  a  few  days 
before  wanted  for  use,  brought  out  and  placed  in  a  warm  room. 

The  old  criterion  of  a  good  pear,  viz. :  one  with  a  sugary  aromatic 
juice,  soft  sub-liquid  pulp,  or  melting,  as  in  the  White  Doyenne,  or 
fine  crisp  and  "breaking,"  as  in  the  Bergamottes ;  firm,  juicy,  yet 
austere  for  cooking,  as  in  the  Pound,  is  equally  good  at  this  day  as 
when  first  written. 

The  common  uses  of  the  pear  are  for  dessert,  baking,  stewing,  dry- 
ing, preserving,  marmalades,  and  for  perry.  For  the  latter  use,  large 
orchards  of  the  more  common  hardy  sorts  have  heretofore  been 
planted,  and  the  result  found  more  profitable  than  the  same  amount 
of  ground  appropriated  to  the  apple  for  cider. 

Varieties  and  Nomenclature.  The  number  of  varieties  now  known 
is  something  over  twelve  hundred,  but  of  these  it  is  more  than  pro- 
bable over  one  thousand  may  be  discarded,  and  then  leave  more  than 
have  qualities  to  sustain  their  continued  culture  when  compared  with 
the  best.  Throughout  the  West,  the  pear  culture  is  only  in  its  in- 
fancy, and  we  therefore  place  far  less  in  our  first  class  than  probably 
may  seem  worthy  that  position  by  our  Eastern  pear  amateurs  ;  but 
we  would  rather  our  Western  growers  should  plant  varieties  worthy 
their  attention,  than,  as  a  whole,  devote  time  to  testing.  We  shall 
not  pretend  in  this  work  to  even  note  all  varieties,  but  shall  only 
speak  of  those  most  known  in  our  own  language,  while  we  could  wish 
(and  probably  may  do  so,  as  far  as  possible,  at  a  future  time)  to  trans- 
fer all  names  into  the  English  language ;  we  have  at  this  time 
thought  best  in  most  cases  to  retain  the  foreign  name,  but  in  the  first 
class  giving  the  English  meaning  directly  underneath,  and  in  same 
size  type. 

Forms  and  Size  comparative.  Our  forms  illustrative  of  the  terms 
used  in  description,  are  from  the  Transactions  of  the  Massachusetts 
Horticultural  Society.  These  are  founded  on  the  fundamental  figure 
of  a  circle,  and  on  this  is  drawn  the  form  of  the  fruit ;  and  where  the 
circle  forms  not  a  part  of  the  fruit  form,  it  is  shown  by  dots.  It 
should  always  be  recollected,  that  in  the  pear,  piriform  is  with  the 
small  end  at  the  stem  j  while  in  the  apple  it  is  at  the  calyx. 


320 


THE   PEAK. 


Obovate. 


Ovate. 


Oblong. 


©lobular;  obtuse  pyriform. 


Globular:  acute  pyriform. 


FORMS   AND  SIZES   COMPARATIVE. 


321 


OboYftte;  acute  pyrlform. 


OT»te  pyrlform. 


Oblong  pyrlfonu. 

14* 


Obovatc  obtuse  pyriform. 


THE  PEAR. 


OWong  obovate  pyrifonn. 


Oblong  oyate  pyrlforoi. 


Of  size  comparative,  we  take  the  Seckel  as  small;  the  White 
Doyennfe,  or  Virgalieu,  as  medium ;  the  Bartlett  as  large. 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


323 


CLASS  I.     Most  generally  esteemed. 

Ananas  D'Ete. 
Ananas,  of  aome^     \     Poire  Ananaa. 


Foreign.  A  superior  variety  that  deserves  extensive  planting.  Tree, 
vigorous,  light  brown  wood,  with  white  oblong  dots,  early  regular  bearer, 
fruit  always  large  and  excellent. 

Fruit,  large,  oblong,  obovate  pyriform,  angular ;  colovj  dull  yellowish 
green,  with  much  rough  brown  russet  marbling ;  stem,  largest  at  base 
or  where  it  joins  the  fruit,  and  with  a  lip  one  side ;  calyx,  open,  short  divi- 
sions ;  basin,  shallow,  open ;  core,  compact,  capsules  small;  seeds,  long 
ovate;   flesh,  whitish,  flne-graiued,  buttery,    melting,   sweet,  perfumed 


324  THE  PEAK. 

Last  August  and  early  September.    This  variety  varies  much  in  form.    Our 
figures  are  from  specimens  from  same  tree. 


Bartlett. 


■William's  Bon  Chretien,     I     Poire  Guilliaume, 
'WllUam^s»  I     Delavoult  de  Clement. 


•  An  English  variety,  originated  about  1770.  Now  extensively  grown, 
and  too  well  known  to  really  need  description.  The  trees  are  vigorous,  and 
early  productive  of  fair,  handsome  fruit,  either  on  Pear  or  Quince  root. 

Fruity  large,  ovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  surface  somewhat  uneven  j  colorj 
clear  light  yellow,  tinged  with  blush  in  sun  when  ripe,  russet  around  the 
stem,  and  minute  russet  dots  over  whole ;  stem,  short,  thick ;  calyx,  medium, 
partly  open;  basin,  shallow,  furrowed  ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  broad  ovate  ■ 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy,  vinous.  Middle  August  to  middle 
September. 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


825 


Belle  Lucrative. 
Fondante  d'Antomne,    |     Signeur  d'Espeifn. 


A  Flemish  variety.  Tree,  of  moderate  growth ;  productive  bearer,  young 
shoots  long,  yellowish  gray.  Thus  far,  does  well  on  the  Quince.  If  picked, 
and  fruit  ripened  in  house,  one  of  the  very  best. 

Fruity  medium,  obovate  pyriform ;  color,  pale  yellowish  green,  slightly 
russeted ;  stem^  stout,  often  fleshy ;  calyx,  short,  open ;  basin,  medium , 
core,  medium  j  seeds^  ovate ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  aromatic,  sweet.  Last 
September. 

Bextrre  Giffard. 

Beurrfe  Gifford. 

Foreign.     Tree,  moderate  grower,  long  slender  shoots,  dark  reddish, 
good  bearer  on  Quince  or  Pear.    Fruit,  medium  pyriform,  yellowish  green 
to  pale  yellow,  red  in  sun,  pale  russet  specks ;  stem,  long,  slender,  curved 
calyx,  open ;  core,  small ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  "  very  good. 
Last  of  August. 


326 


THE    PEAK. 


Due  d'Aremberg, 
Colmar  Deschamps, 
L'Orphelines, 


Beurre  d'Arembero. 


Soldat  Laboureur,  qfiome^ 
Deschamps, 
D'Aremberg  Parfait, 


Benrrfe  des  Orphelinea, 
Orpheline  d'Eugheiu. 


A  foreign  variety  which  has  been  often  confounded  with  Glout  Vorceau 
and  Soldat  Laboureur,  from  both  of  which  it  is  distinct.  The  wood  i» 
strong,  long-jointed,  yellowish  brown,  dotted  with  pale  gray  specks ;  leaves, 
narrow,  deeply  serrated ;  trees,  very  hardy,  bear  young  on  the  pear  root, 
annually  and  abundantly  ;  the  fruit  hangs  well,  and  may  be  gathered  and 
ripened  at  will  from  December  to  February.  A  warm,  rich  soil  suits  it 
best. 

Fruity  above  medium,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  tapering  toward  the 
stem,  where  it  often  terminates  in  a  fleshy  junction ;  color ^  dull  pale  green, 
at  maturity  light  yellow,  clouded  with  green,  with  traces  and  patches  of 
light  cinnamon  russet ;  stem^  short,  stout,  uneven,  set  obliquely,  without 
depression ;  calyx^  small,  closed,  segments  short ;  hasin^  rather  deep ;  core^ 
medium  j  seeds^  light  brown,  acutely  pointed ;  fiesh^  white,  juicy,  melting, 
vinous.    December  to  February. 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


327 


DieL 

Diel's  ButterWrne, 
Dorothfee  Eoyal, 
Grosse  Dorotn^e, 


BUEKRE   DiEL. 

Bnerrfe  "Royal, 
DesTrois  Tours, 
Dd  Melon, 


Melon  do  Kops, 
Buerre  Magniflqne, 
Bearr^  Incomparable. 


Foreign.  Grows  and  fruits  well  on  Pear  or  Quince,  but  is  best  on  Quince. 
Tree  vigorous,  the  foliage  large;  wood,  olive  brown,  with  grayish  specks , 
very  productive. 

Fruity  large,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  surface  rather  uneven ;  color ^  dull 
green,  bright  yellow  when  mature,  russet  specks,  and  scattered  russet  and 
greenish  brown  patches;  sterrij  stout,  and  slightly  curved  ;  cavity,  narrow 
calyx,  medium,  open,  long  segments ;  basin,  abrupt ;  core,  large  ;   seeds 
dark  brown ;  Jlesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  especially  near  the  core 
juicy,  melting,  perfumed.    October  to  last  November. 


328 


THE  F£AS. 


Beurre  Moire. 
BeoTT^  Moire. 


Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  upright  grower,  early,  productive  bearer,  often 
blossoms  the  second  time  in  a  season,  and  sets  fruit,  which,  of  course,  does 
not  mature  ;  promises  well.  Fruity  large,  obovate  oblong  pyriform,  pale 
green,  with  dots  of  darker  green,  and  occasionally  a  russet  patch ;  stem, 
one  inch,  stout,  slight  lip  on  one  side  of  depression ;  calyXj  small,  short, 
stiff  segments ;   corCj  small ;   seedsy  imperfect ;  skin^  thick,  harsh ;  flesh. 


white,  juicy,  vinous,  half  melting,  sprightly ;  "  very  good." 
December. 

Brandtwine. 


November  and 


American,  from  the  banks  of  the  Brandywine  river.  Tree,  thrifty,  rapid 
grower,  long  upright  shoots,  regular  and  abundant  bearer.  Fruit,  medium, 
varying  in  form,  generally  obovate  pyriform,  running  into  the  stem,  which 
is  fleshy,  and  rather  obliquely  set;  color,  dull  yellowish  green,  reddish 
brown  in  sun,  marked  with  russet  dots  and  streaks,  and  much  russeted 
about  eye ;  calyx,  open,  segments  few ;  basin,  smooth,  moderate  depth ; 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


329 


core^  small,  compact ;  seeds,  few,  dark  brown ;  jiesh^  white,  raAer  coarse, 
melting,  juicy,  vinous.  Last  of  August,  first  of  September.  Succeeds  on 
Quince. 

/  Beurre  Bosc, 

Calebasse  Bosc,     j     Marianne  Nouvelle,     |     Bosc's  Flaschenbime, 


A  foreign  variety,  raised  in  1807,  by  Van  Mons.  It  is  an  early,  annual, 
and  productive  bearer  on  the  pear  roots,  and  should  have  a  place  in  the 
smallest  collection.  Tree,  vigorous,  with  long  brownish  olive  shoots  strag- 
gling or  diverging.  The  fruit  varies  some  in  size  and  form,  as  see  our 
checked  outline  in  engraving,  but  it  is  always  fair  and  smooth. 

Fruity  large,  obovate  acute  pyriform  3  color^  dark  yellow,  nearly  covered, 


830 


THE   PEAK. 


dotted  and  marbled  with  cinnamon  russet,  slight  brownish  red  in  sun  ; 
stem,  usually  long,  slender;  calyx,  medium,  segments  partially  erect ;  basin, 
round,  shallow,  sometimes  a  little  uneven  ;  core,  small  ;  seeds,  blackish ; 
ilesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  perfumed.  October,  or  last  of 
September. 


Beurre  d'Anjou. 

Niell,  I     Poire  Niell, 

Beurr*  Niell,      \     Ne  Vina  MexiTlB^  of  some  catalogues^ 


I     Colniac  Bosc, 


Fondante  du  Bois,  erroneously. 


Foreign.  An  old  pear  in  Loudon's  select  list  of  1834,  recently  intro- 
duced under  a  new  name,  and  grown  on  Quince.  It  is  found  of  the  highest 
excellence.  It  succeeds  equally  well  on  Pear  or  Quince,  but  largest  on 
Quince. 

Fruit,  large,  long,  oblong  obovate  pyriform,  obtuse  at  stem  ;  color,  pale  yel- 
low, dull  blush,  and  numerous  small  specks  of  faint  russet ;  calyx,  open,  seg- 
ments thick,  reflexed ;  basin,  round,  not  deep,  russeted  ;  stem,  short,  curved, 
and  obliquely  inserted  in  a  shallow  cavity  j  core,  small  ;  seeds,  long 
pointed ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  sprightly,  delicious 
to  the  core.    October  and  November. 


MOST  GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 


331 


Doyennfe  d'Hiver, 
Doyenn6  du  Printemps, 
Bergamotte  de  la  Pentecote, 
Beurr^  de  la  Pentecote, 
Beurre  d'Hiver  do  Bruxelles, 


Beurre  Easter. 

Beurr6  Eoup^, 

Du  Patre, 

Beurrfe  de  Paques, 

Phillippe  de  Paques, 

Bezi  ChaumontcUe  trfea  gros, 


Chaumontel  trfes  groa, 
Canning, 
Seigneur  d'Hiver, 
Pater  Noster. 


Foreign.  Requires  rich,  warm  soil,  and  some  care  m  ripening,  when  it 
is  one  of  the  very  finest  of  pears.     It  is  best  on  Quince. 

Fruit,  large,  globular  obtuse  pyriform ;  color,  yellowish  green,  with  rus- 
set spots,  and  occasional  specimens  grown  in  sun  have  a  brownish  russet 
cheek ;  stem,  medium  to  short ;  cavity,  rather  deep  ;  calyx,  generally  small ; 
basin,  narrow,  rather  deep ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  long,  ovate  acute  pyri- 
form ;  Jlesh,  white,  buttery,  juicy,  sweet.     January  to  May. 

Beurre  St.  Nicholas. 
St  Nicholaa,     [     Duchess  of  Orleans. 
Foreign.    Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  upright,  olive-colored  wood,  leavei 


332 


THE  PEAE. 


dark  blue  green,  narrow.  Thus  far  productive  and  healthy  on  Quince :  one 
little  tree,  two  years  planted,  this  season  yielded  forty-three  beautiful 
epecimens. 

Fruit,  large,  oblong  ovate  pyriform,  greenish,  becoming  greenish  yellow, 
with  stripes  and  patches  of  dull  thin  russet,  sometimes  red  cheek  in  sun  ', 
stem,  variable,  fleshy  at  base  ;  calyx,  small,  open,  short  segments  :  fleshy 
melting,  juicy;  "  very  good."     October. 

Beurre  Coit. 
A  new  variety,  raised  by  Col.  Coit.  of  Euclid,  0.     We  first  ate  of  it  in 
1846,  when  we  made  our  notes  in  its  favor.     Since  that  we  have  seen  it 

several  times,  and  as  we 
write  this,  September  25, 
1853,  have  the  fruit  before 
us.  It  is  worthy  a  place 
in  all  collections.  The 
tree  is  hardy,  vigorous, 
upright,  spreading  in  form, 
dark  brown  shoots,  and 
early  good  bearer  on  the 
pear  root.  Our  drawing 
was  made  from  a  specimen 
pulled  in  August,  and  is 
below  an  average  size. 

Fruit,  above  medium, 
obtuse  pyriform,  slightly 
angular  ,•  color,  rich  brown 
russet,  mostly  overspread- 
ing a  yellow  ground,  with 
a  brownish  red  cheek  in 
sun ;  stem,  rather  short ; 
cavity,  shallow,  with  un- 
equal projections  ;  calyx, 
with  segments  nearly  erect, 
surrounded  by  depressed 
crescent-shaped  furrows  in 
a  shallow  basin  ;  core, 
small ;  seeds.hlackish ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  melting, 
buttery,  juicy,  sweet  vin- 
ous.    Last  Sept.  and  Oct. 

Beurre  Langelier. 

A  foreign  pear,  newly  introduced ;  it  has  fruited  but  few  times  in  this 
country,  but  may  safely  be  placed  as  "  best." 

Fruit,  large,  obovate  pyriform,  contracted  toward,  and  terminating  ob- 
tusely at,  stem  ',  color,  light  green,  becoming,  at  maturity,  pale  yellow,  with 
a  dull  red  cheek  in  sun,  and  numerous  gray  russet  dots ;  stem,  one  inch,  or 
more,  long,  angularly  inserted,  without  depression  ;  calyx,  medium ;  basin, 
shallow,  plaited ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  long,  ovate  pyriform ;  flesh,  yellow- 
ish white,  melting,  juicy,  fine-grained,  sub-acid;  slight  perfume.    Novem- 


ber to  January. 


MOST   GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 

Black  Worcester. 
Blftck  Pear  of  "Worcester,     j     Parkinson's  Warden,   |     Iron  Pear, 


833 


A  valuable  and  profitable  variety  for  marketing  and  cooking  purposes  ; 
shoots,  dark  olive,  diverging ;  tree,  hardy  vigorous. 

Fruit,  large,  obovate  oblong;  color,  dull  green,  with  numerous  mar- 
blings  and  specks  of  dark  iron  russet ;  stem,  stout,  in  a  slight  depression  ; 
calyx,  rather  small  ;fiesh^  firm,  coarse,  austere.     November  to  February. 

Bloodgood. 

American.  From  Flushing,  L.  I.  The  tree  is  a  moderate  grower,  with 
reddish  brown,  short-jointed  wood  ;  a  regular  bearer.  We  think  it  requires 
a  rich,  deep,  warm  soil  to  produce  good-flavored  fruit.  Fruit,  medium,  or 
below,  ovate  obovate,  yellow,  with  russet  marblings  and  dots ;  calyx,  open ; 
stem,  fleshy  at  base  ;  core,  small ;  jlesh,  yellowish  white,  melting  ;'  "very 
good."     Early  August. 

Bon  Chretien  Fondante. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  hardy,  productive  on  Quince  or  Pear.  Fruit, 
medium,  roundish  oblong  oval,  yellowish  green,  brownish  red  in  sun,  and 
much  russet ;  stem,  medium,  curved ;  calyx,  small,  partly  closed ;  hasin, 
furrowed  ;  core,  large  ;  flesh,  white,  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  a  little  gritty  j 
"  very  good."     September,  October. 


BUFFUM. 


American.  Native  of 
Rhode  Island.  It  is  very 
successful  wherever  grown, 
admirably  adapted  to  stan- 
dard orcharding,  an  up- 
right, strong  grower,  red- 
dish brown  shoots,  always 
productive  of  fair,  even- 
sized  fruit ;  not,  however, 
of  more  than  second-rate 
quality. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblong 
obovate  ;  color,  brownish 
green,  becoming  yellow, 
bright  red,  suffused  in  sun ; 
brown  dots  and  a  little 
russet )  stem,  half  to  inch 
long,  slight  depression ; 
calyx,  with  short  recurved 
segments  ;  basin,  round  5 
core,  rather  small  ;  seeds , 
dark  brown  ;  flesh,  white, 
buttery,  sweet.  Septem- 
ber. 


334 


THE  PEAR. 


Delices  d'Hardenpoint. 
Dfelices  d'Ardenpont,        |        Dellced'Hardenpont  0/ ^»(7«r«. 


Foreign.  Tree,  hardyj 
moderate  grower  ;  shoots, 
upright,  yellowish  brown, 
good  bearer ;  deserves  more 
attention. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish, 
pale  yellow,  with  many 
gray  dots  and  russet  in 
sun  ;  sterrij  varying ;  calyx, 
small,  closed  ;  basin,  round, 
slightly  uneven  ;  core,  me- 
dium ;  seeds,  broad,  ovate  ; 
Jleshj  whitish,  buttery,  melt- 
ing, juicy,  almost  "  best." 
October. 


Dix. 
American.  Origin,  Boston,  Mass.  Tree,  hardy,  vigorous,  young  shoots, 
pale  yellow,  upright,  slender,  unproductive  while  young,  well  suited  to 
extensive  orcharding.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  pyriform ;  skin,  little  rough, 
yellow,  with  russet  dots,  and  around  the  stem  :  stem,  set  obliquely,  raised 
one  side,  short,  stout,  thickest  at  each  end ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  shallow ; 
core,  marked  with  a  dark  gritty  circle,  extending  toward  the  stem  ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  melting,  a  little  harsh,  juicy,  sweet.  October  and  No- 
vember. 

Doyenne  d'Ete, 


Summer  Virgnlieu, 

Duches8  do  Berry  d'Etfe  of  Blvort, 


Summer  Doyennfe, 
Doyenne  de  Juliet. 


Foreign.  Trees,  moderately  vigorous,  dull  brownish  red  wood,  early 
and  abundant  bearers,  unsuccessful  on  Quince. 

Fruit,  rather  small,  roundish  obtuse  pyriform  ;  color,  yellowish  green, 
nearly  yellow  when  fully  mature,  side  exposed  to  sun  with  a  bright  mar- 
bled red  cheek  ;  )stem,  rather  long,  fleshy  at  base,  inserted  without  depres- 
sion ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  small, 
dark  brown  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  buttery,  juicy,  sugary, 
sprightly.     Last  of  July. 

Doyenne  Boussouck. 

Double  PhiUipi. 


Plymouth, 
Beurre  de  Mesode, 


Doyenne  Boussouck  Nouvelle,     I 
Providence,  j 

Foreign.  A  variety,  we  believe,  first  introduced  to  this  country  in  1841, 
by  William  Kenrick.  Tree,  vigorous  ;  wood,  reddish  brown,  sprinkled 
with  large  round  grayish  specks ;  a  good  and  regular  bearer  j  a  little  vari- 
able in  quality. 


MOST    GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 


835 


Fruit,  large,  globular,  obtuse  obovate  pyriform  ;  coIoTj  yellow,  with 
tracings  of  russet,  and  large  russet  specks  ;  stem,  short,  stout,  fleshy  at 
base  ;  cavity,  shallow;  cali/x,  medium,  open  ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds^  small, 
almost  black,  abortive ;  ^e^A,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  melting,  juicy, 
vinous,  sweet  perfume.    October. 

Doyenne  Gris  d'Hiver  Nouveau. 


Doyennfe  Marbre, 
Doyenn*  d'Alencon, 


St.  Michael  d'Hiver, 
Doyenne  d'Hiver  d'AIencon. 


Gray  Butter  Pear, 
Gray  Doyennfe, 
Doyenne  Rouge, 
Doyenne  Roux, 


Doyenne  Gray. 

Doyennfe  d'Automne, 
Gray  Dean's, 
Doyenne  Gris, 
Red  Doyennfe, 


Foreign.  Proves 
valuable  on  th« 
Quince 

Fruit,  medium  or 
above,  obovate, 

obtuse  pyriform, 
slightly  angular,  or 
one  side  longest  ; 
color,  pale  dull  yel- 
low, with  many 
small  brown  russet 
specks ;  stem,  short, 
stout  r  calyx,  me- 
dium ;  basin,*'  irre- 
gular, abrupt ;  core, 
medium  ;  seeds, 
dark  brown,  long, 
pointed :  flesh,  whit- 
ish, rather  coarse- 
grained, melting, 
juicy,  vinous,  a 
little  astringent  un- 
less well  ripened 
January  to  May. 


St.  Michel  Dorfe, 
Doyenne  Galeux. 


This  has  been  confounded  with  "  Boussouck,''  and  with  •'  Surpasse  Vir- 
galieu,"  but  is  distinct.  It  is  a  good  bearer  on  Pear  or  Quince,  a  hardy 
tree,  with  upright,  grayish  brown  shoots. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  obovate  or  obtuse  pyriform  ;  skin,  covered  with 
smooth  cinnamon  russet ;  stem,  curved  ;  cavity,  rather  deep ;  calyx,  .small, 
closed  ;  basiii,  shallow ;  f£sh,  white,  fine-grained,  buttery,  melting.    Oct 


336 


THE   PEAB. 


Dearborn's  Seedling. 

Done's,     |     Wheeler's  New  St.  Micnael. 

Raised  by  General  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn,  about  1819,  at  Roxbury,  Mass. 
Tree,  vigorous,  erect,  yet  spreading;  requires  little  pruning;  productive 
on  the  pear  root ;  quality  variable. 

Fruity  rather  small,  roundish,  inclining  to  obovate,  narrowing  a  little  to 
the  stem ;  color^  pale  yellow,  little  russet  at  base  of  stem,  and  surface 
dotted  with  small  russet  dots ;  calyx,  with  short  thick  segments  ;  stem,  long, 
slender,  curved  ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  dark  brown,  long,  pointed  ;  fleshy 
yellowish  white,  fine-grained,  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  delicately  perfumed. 
August. 

Doyenne  White. 


White  Dean 

Virgalieu, 
Butter  Pear, 
St.  Michael, 
Virgaloo, 
Bergiiloo. 
Yellow  Butter, 


White  Beurr<i, 

White  Autumn  Beurr6 

Kegnier, 

Dean's, 

Warwick  Bergamotte, 

Snow  Pear, 

Pine  Pear, 


St.  Michael, 
Doyennfe, 
Doyennfe  Blanc, 
Beurrfe  Blanc, 
Keigner, 

And  twelve  others  of 
French  and  Dutch. 


An  old  variety,  everywhere  esteemed  when  well  grown.  Trees,  hardy, 
productive  either  on  Pear  on  Quince. 

Fruit,  medium,  obovate  pyriform ;  color,  clear  pale  yellow,  regularly 
sprinkled  with  small  dots,  often  a  fine  red  cheek  ;  stem,  medium,  brownish  ; 
cavity,  small,  round  ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ;  basin,  shallow,  slightly  plaited  ; 
fiesh,  white,  fine-grained,  melting,  juicy,  buttery,  delicious.  September  tc 
November. 

The  Doyenne  Panachee  is  a  sub-variety,  differing  from  this  in  its  more 


pyriform  shape,  and  its  color  being  yellow,  green  and  red  striped, 
juicy,  not  high  flavored.    October. 


It  is 


MOST  GENEBALLY  ESTEEMED. 


Flemish  Beauty. 


B«IIe  do  FlandcTB, 
Bosche  Nouvelle, 
Bosch. 


Fondante  du  Bols,  erroneomHy^ 
Bosc  Sire. 
Imperatrice  de  France, 


B^anrr^  Bpence,  oftom^ 
Poire  Davy. 


Foreign.  This  variety  is  deserving  of  far  more  general  cultivation  than 
it  has  yet  received.  It  succeeds  most  admirably  on  the  Quince,  and  on  the 
rich  soils  of  Illinois,  we  have  seen  it  far  surpass  even  the  most  highly 
nursed  specimens  of  Boston  amateur  gardens.  The  tree  is  vigorous,  with 
upright,  dark  brown  shoots. 

Fruity  large,  oblong  obtuse  obovate ;  color^  pale  yellow,  mostly  covered 
with  marblings  and  patches  of  light  russet,  and  in  sun,  rich  reddish  brown  • 
stem^  one  to  one  and  a  half  inch  long ;  cavity^  narrow,  deep  ]  calyx,  shcrf , 
open ;  basin,  round,  small ;  core,  medium,  with  oblong  capsules ;  seedSj 
oblong  pyriform;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  not  very  fine-grained,  juicy,  melt- 
ing, sugary.  Last  of  September.  Does  not  keep  long. 
li 


338 


THE  FEAB. 


Fulton. 

American.  Native  of 
Maine.  Tree,  very  hardy, 
yearly  and  abundant  bearer, 
well  suited  for  standard 
orcharding  at  the  West  j 
young  shoots,  slender,  red- 
dish brown. 

Fruity  small,  obovate ; 
color^  at  first  gray  russet, 
becoming  dark  cinnamon 
russet ;  calyx^  open,  seg- 
ments nearly  erect ;  basiriy 
round,  regular  ;  stem,  one  to 
two  inches  long  ;  cavity,  nar- 
row; core,  encircled  by  a 
coarse  line,  but  of  itself 
small,  compact  ;  seeds^ 
blackish  ;  flesh,  half  butter>-, 
moderately  juicy,  sprightly. 
October,  November. 


Golden  Beurre  of  Bilboa. 


Hooper's  Bilboa. 


Foreign.  From  Spain. 
Tree,  hardy,  requires  rich, 
strong,  heavy  soil,  when  it 
is  an  abundant  bearer  of 
fair,  regular,  medium-siz- 
ed fruit  of  second-rate 
quality. 

Fruit,  medium,  obovate ; 
color,  rich  yellow,  with 
russet  around  the  stem, 
and  many  russet  dots  and 
patches  over  the  entire  sur- 
face ;  stem,  slender ;  cavity, 
slight ;  calyx,  small,  mostr 
ly  open,  short  stiff  seg- 
ments ;  basin,  shallow ; 
flesh,  fine-grained,  melting, 
juicy,  sometimes  a  little 
acid  and  harsh.  Septem- 
ber. 


most   generally  esteemed. 
Glout  Morceau. 


839 


Goulu  Morceau, 
Gloux  Morceau, 
Beurrfe  d'Hardenpont, 
Hardenpont  d'Hiver, 


Colmar  d'Hiver, 

Beurrfe  d'Hiver  Nouvelle, 

Linden  d'Automne, 


Eoi  de  "Wurtemberg, 

And  five  more  of  German. 

Beurre  d'Aremberg,  of  the  Frti^ch, 


This  variety  is  regarded  as  among  the  most  delicious  of  Flemish  pears. 
The  rendering  of  its  name  to  sugared  or  honeyed  pear  is  only  expressive  of 
its  quality,  and  equally  so  of  many  more ;  and  as  this  cannot  claim  the 
title  par  excellence,  we  see  not  hut  it  must  retain  its  original,  and  those 
who  grow  it  must  speak  the  name  as  best  they  may. 

It  is  an  unproductive  variety  while  young,  either  on  Pear  or  Quince ; 
trees  on  the  latter  stock  even  requiring  ten  years  to  bring  them  well  into 
bearing ;  once  at  maturity,  it  is  an  abundant  bearer.  It  is  a  beautiful 
grower,  making  a  perfect  pyramidal  head  with  little  pruning.  It  is  also 
easily  distinguished  by  its  dark  olive-green  or  blue-green  wood  and  its  wavy 
leaves. 

Fruity  large,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  often  angular,  and  surface  rough ; 


340 


THE  PEAR. 


color,  pale  greenish  yellow,  russeted  around  the  stem,  and  traces  of  russet 
and  greenish  gray  russet  specks  over  the  whole  surface ;  stem,  one  to  one 
and  a  half  inch  long,  often  without  cavity,  but  flesih  raised  one  side ;  calyx, 
medium,  segments  half  reflexed ;  basin,  rather  deep,  often  furrowed  or  uneven, 
like  the  general  surface  of  the  fruit,  which  is  frequently  apparently  scal- 
loped ;  core,  large ;  seeds,  large,  ovate,  pointed  ;  Jlesh,  white,  fine-grained, 
buttery,  juicy,  sugary,  perfumed.     December  to  February. 

Howell. 

American.  Native  of  New  Haven,  Conn.,  recently  introduced  to  notice. 
Fruit,  large,  obovate  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  small  russet  dots,  faint  red 
blush  in  sun ;  stem,  often  curved,  without  depression ;  calyx,  open  ;  basin, 
irregular ;  Jlesh,  melting,  juicy,  slightly  acidulous,  delicate  aroma.  Oc- 
tober. 

Jalousie  de  Fontenat  Vendee. 


Foreign.  We  have  never 
fruited  a  pear  that  has  given 
us  more  satisfaction.  On  the 
Quince  it  is  a  fine  grower,  and 
inclined  to  over-bear.  It  must 
not  be  confounded  with  the 
"  Jalousie,"  a  third-rate  varie- 
ty. Young  shoots  upright ; 
brownish  yellow. 

Fruit,  medium  or  above, 
ovate  pyriform  ',  color,  dull  yel- 
low, with  brownish  red  cheek, 
and  patches  and  dots  of  russet, 
often  the  russet  covering  one 
half  the  surface ;  stem,  vary- 
ing, often  obliquely  set  on, 
with  a  fleshy  ridge  at  side ; 
calyx,  with  segments,  long, 
half  open  ;  basin,  shallow ; 
core,  medium  or  small ;  seeds, 
long,  ovate ;  flesh,  white,  but- 
tery, melting,  juicy,  sweet,  aro- 
matic. Last  September,  early 
October. 


Lawrence. 

Native  of  Flushing,  L.  I.  An  abundant  bearer  on  pear  roots,  exceedingly 
desirable  for  Western  orcharding.  Tree,  hardy,  moderate  growth  ;  wood, 
light  yellowish  brown,  rather  thorny.  S.  B.  Parsons  says,  "  Succeeds  very 
finely  on  Quince,'' 

fruitj  above  medium,  long,  obovate,  obtuse  at  stem ;  color,  pale  red  yel- 


MOST  GENERALLY   ESTEEMED,  341 

♦ 

low,  marbled  with  dull  green,  small  dark  specKs,  and  russet  at  each  end  ; 
calyx^  large,  closed ;  basin^  open,  furrowed ;  stem^  medium  length,  stout, 
swollen  at  junction  with  tree;  cavity^  round,  deep;,  core,  medium;  seedsj 
small,  dark  brown ;  fiesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy,  gritty  at  core,  slightly 
sugary.    November  to  February. 

KiRTLAND. 

Seedling  Seckel, 
Kirtland'8  Seedling, 
Elrtland's  Beurre. 

Grown  from  seeds 
of  the  Seckel  pear, 
by  H.  T.  Kirtland, 
of  Mahoning  Co., 
Ohio.  Tree,  vigor- 
ous, hardy,  early 
and  very  productive 
bearer  on  the  pear 
root ;  shoots,  yellow- 
ish brown,  upright, 
stout ;  succeeds  well 
on  Quince. 

Fruity  medium,  of- 
ten above  obovate, 
obtuse  pyriform ; 
color,  rich  yellow, 
overspread  with 
cinnamon  russet ; 
stem,  usually  stout, 
medium  length, 
curved ;  calyx,  short, 
reflexed,  persistent  ; 

basin,  shallow ;  core,  small ;   seeds,  short,  ovate,  blackish ;  fleshy  white, 

melting,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic.     September. 

Long  Green,  of  Coxe. 

Verte  Longne  de  la  Mayenne  ?     I     Mouth  Water,     [     Muscat  Floure, 
Verte  Longue,  |     New  Autumn,     |     Mouille  Bouche. 

This  is  an  old  foreign  variety,  always  excellent,  and  an  abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblong,'  ovate  pyriform ;  color,  green  with  dark  green 
specks  ;  stem,  medium  length,  slender;  calyx,  with  long  reflexed  segments; 
basin,  very  shallow ;  core,  above  medium  ;  seeds,  dark  brown  ;  jlesh,  yel- 
lowish white,  melting,  juicy,  delicious.     October. 

The  Striped  Long  Green,  Verte  Longue  Panachee,  resembles  the  above, 
but  is  smaller,  and  of  no  great  value,  aside  from  its  prettily  striped  ap- 
pearance. 


343 


Native  of  Roxbury,  Mass.  It  is  a  hardy  tree,  vigorous,  spreading,  rather 
drooping  as  it  grows  old,  always  bears,  and  fruit  always  regular  and  even 
in  size.  If  well  ripened,  it  is  a  fine,  delicious  fruit,  otherwise  not  more 
than  second  quality.  It  is  profitable  as  a  standard  orchard  variety,  but  re- 
quires rich  deep  soil,  or  its  immense  crops  exhaust  too  rapidly,  causing  the 
fruit  to  be  quite  small  and  insipid.  Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish  ob- 
ovate,  obtuse  at  stem  ;  color,  dark,  becoming  pale  green  with  many  russet 
specks ;  stem,  long,  slender,  shallow  depression ;  calyx,  large ;  segments^ 
broad,  in  divisions ;  basin,  almost  obscure  ;  core,  above  medium  for  size  of 
fruit;  seeds,  large,  ovate;  Jlesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  meltiugj 
juicy.     November  to  February. 

Elizabeth.     (Manning's.) 

Elizabeth  Van  Mons,     I     Van  Mons  No.  154. 

Foreign.  Received  under  number,  and  named  by  the  elder  Manning ; 
young  wood,  reddish  brown.  Fruit,  small,  obovate  rounded,  lemon  yellow, 
red  in  sun.  slight  traces  of  russet ;  calyx,  small,  open  ;  core,  large ;  flesh] 
yellowish  white,  melting,  sugary,  juicy;  "  very  good."     Last  August. 


MOST  GEKEEALLY  ESTEEMED. 


BU 


Bordenave, 


Lodge. 
I        Smith's  Bordenave. 


American.  From  vicinity  of  Philadelphia.  Requires  rich,  warm,  sandy- 
soil,  when  it  is  one  of  the  best;  on  cold  clay  it  is  hardly  "very  good." 
Fruit,  medium,  or  above,  sometimes  large,  varying  in  form,  (see  our  en- 
graving) ;   when  fully  mature,  yellowish,  with  rich  golden  russet,  and 


patches  of  dull  russet ;  calyx,  with  short,  half  reflexed  segments ;  corty 
medium  ;  seeds,  blackish;  flesh,  whitish,  a  little  gritty  at  core,  juicy,  melt- 
ing, "  very  good."     September  and  October. 

Madeleine. 
Citron  des  Cannes,     |     Magdalen. 

Foreign.  Tree,  very  vigorous,  strong  grower,  a  little  liable  to  frozen  sap- 
blight  on  the  rich  Western  soils,  until  it  has  acquired  the  age  of  ten  or 
more  years  ;  very  productive  on  pear  or  quince  root. 

Fruit,  below  medium,  obovaie,  oblong  pyriform ;  stem,  long,  slender,  at 
base  one  side  of  fruit  a  little  enlarged  ;  color,  pale  yellowish  green,  a  lit- 
tle brownish  blush,  and  russet  specks  on  those  exposed  most  to  sun ;  calyXf 


BU 


THE   PEAK. 


with  long,  persistent,  irregularly  placed  segments ;  basing  obscure,  slightly 
plaited;  core,  small;  seeds,  ovate;  Jleshj  white,  juicy,  melting,  sweet, 
slightly  perfumed.     Fifteenth  to  last  July. 

The  Striped  Madeleine  Citron  des  Carmes  Panachee,  differs  from  the 
former  in  being  striped  with  light  yellow,  flesh  more  sweet  and  less  juicy. 
It  is  not  as  vigorous  in  growth,  the  wood  shorter  jointed,  striped  red  and 
yellow,  and  said  to  be  less  liable  to  blight. 

NOUVEAU   POITEAU. 
New  Pear. 

For^gn.  Tree,  upright,  vigorous,  an  early  bearer,  and  thus  far  success- 
ful on  both  pear  and  quince  stock. 

Fruit,  above  medium,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriforrn,  contracted  or  one-sided 
at  neck ;  color,  pale  green,  with  many  dark  green  dots,  and  a  few  russet 
stripes  or  blotches ;  stem,  about  one  inch  long,  medium  size,  set  on  and 
not  into  the  fruit;  calyx,  medium,  with  broad  segments  half  reflexed; 
basin,  irregularly  contracted ;  core,  medium,  capsules  long,  ovate ;  seeds, 
obovate  pyriform ;  flesh,  white,  fine  grained,  juicy,  melting,  rich  aroma. 
November. 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


345 


Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey. 

Louise  Bonne  d'Avranches, 

Beurrfe  or  Bonne  Louise  d'Araudore, 

WiUiam  the  Fourth. 

The  "Good  Louise  of  Jer- 
sey," from  the  Isle  of  Jersey, 
proves  one  of  the  best  pears 
grown  on  the  quince  stock  in 
this  country.  Tree,  hardy, 
very  productive,  snoots  vigor- 
ous, upright. 

FruiL  large,  (our  drawings 
were  made  ere  the  fruit  had 
swollen  its  full  size,  and  are 
not  more  than  half  size,)  ob- 
long pyriform ',  skin^  glossy, 
smooth,  green  in  shade,  brown- 
ish red  in  sun,  dotted  with 
gray  dots  ;  stem^  about  one 
inch  long,  moderately  stout,  a 
little  curved,  fleshy  enlarge- 
ment at  base;  calyx^  open, 
segments  large,  reflexed ;  6a- 
sin,  shallow  ;  core^  small ; 
seeds^  long,  ovate  pointed; 
fleshy  white,  juicy,  melting, 
delicious.    October. 


Paradise  D'Aiitomne. 


Calebasse  Bosc 


Foreign.  This  is  esteemed  by  many  pomologists  as  superior  even  to  the 
Beurre  Bosc,  which  it  much  resembles.  Tree,  of  very  vigorous  growth, 
shoots  at  first  upright,  afterwards  straggling  and  pendulous  ;  wood,  reddish 
brown,  with  large  whitish  gray  specks,  very  productive.  Fruity  large, 
obovate  acute  pyriform,  irregular  and  uneven  surface ,  color^  dull  yellow, 
covered  with  bright  rUsset,  deepening  on  the  sunny  side ;  calyx^  rather 
large,  open  ;  segments^  reflexed ;  hasin^  furrowed ;  stem^  about  one  and  a 
half  inch  long,  rather  slender,  obliquely  attached  to  the  fruit  by  a  fleshy, 
and  often  times  wrinkled  base ;  core^  small ;  seeds^  long,  pointed ;  jiesh, 
yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  buttery,  melting,  juicy,  delicious.  Sep- 
tember  and  October. 


15* 


346 


THE  PEAB. 


Dochcss  De'Ben-fe,  of  some, 
"Winter  Bell, 
Bretagne  le  Conr, 
Uredale's  St.  Germain, 
Uvedale'8  Warden, 


Pound. 


Germain  Baker, 
Lent  St.  Germain, 
Pickering  Pear, 
Du  Tonnean, 
Belle  de  Jersey, 


Piper, 

Union, 

Chamber's  Large, 
Belle  Angevine. 


Foreign.  Tree,  strong,  vigorous  grower,  very  productive,  very  valuable 
for  cooking,  and  profitable  orchard  sort. 

Fruit,  very  large,  oblong  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  with  dull  brown 
and  brown  russet  patches ;  stem,  long,  stout,  curved ;  cavity,  deep  oblique 
angular ;  calyx,  large ;  Jlesh,  white,  firm,  astringent.    December  to  March. 


Ott. 

American.  Native  of 
Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.  This 
is  by  many  Eastern  pomolo- 
gists  classed  as  "best;" 
specimens  we  have  had,  have 
not  merited  more  than  to  be 
classed  "  very  good."  Fruit, 
small,  roundish,  greenish 
yellow,  with  little  russet,  and 
rarely  faint  red  cheek  in 
sun ;  stem,  medium,  a  little 
curved  ;  calyx,  rather  large, 
open,  reflexed;  core,  below 
medium ;  seeds,  blackish  ; 
flesh,  yellowish,  melting, 
juicy,  slightly  aromatic. 
August.  We  believe  this 
pear  will  prove  valuable  as 
a  standard  orchard  sort  at 
the  Southwest. 


ROSTIEZER. 


Foricgn.  Tree,  strong,  upright  grower,  large  foliage,  dark  olive-colored 
wood  ;  an  early,  free,  abundant  bearer ;  succeeds  on  Quince. 

Fruit,  below  medium,  obovate  pyriform ;  color,  dull  green,  reddish  brown 
cheek  in  sun ;  whitish  specks,  and  traces  of  thin  russet ;  stem,  long,  slen- 
der, without  depression ;  calyx,  medium,  open ;  basin,  very  shallow ;  core, 
small ;  seeds^  ovate  pointed ;  flesh,  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  perfumed.  Last 
of  August. 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED. 


347 


Patency. 

Paquency, 

Poire  de  Payeacy. 

Poire  de  P6rigord, 

Payenchi, 

Payenchi  de  P^rigoid. 

Foreign.  Tree  of  vigor- 
ous growth,  early  bearer, 
and  especially  profitable  on 
the  Quince. 

Fruit,  medium,  pyriform, 
extending  into  the  stem, 
which  is  stout,  uneven,  dark 
brown;  color,  at  first  dull 
pale  green,  becoming  brown- 
ish yellow  at  maturity,  many 
russet  dots  and  patches  round 
stem  and  calyx,  few  in  cen- 
tre, occasionally  a  tinge  of 
dull  red  in  sun ;  calyx,  open, 
segments  half  erect ;  basin, 
very  shallow ;  core,  small ; 
seeds,  oblong  pointed,  dark 
brown ;  flesh,  w^hite,  rather 
coarse,  melting,  juicy,  su- 
gary, vinous.    October 


Sheldon. 


Penfield,        |        Wayne. 

American.  Native  of  western  Central  New  York.  Tree,  vigorous, 
erect,  hardy,  good  bearer  on  pear,  young  shoots  short-jointed,  light  yellow- 
ish. Fruit,  medium  or  above,  roundish,  a  little  angular,  sometimes  obo- 
vate,  pale*  greenish  russet,  light  red  or  bronzed  in  sun,  little  specked  with 
dark  russet ;  stem,  short,  rather  stout,  slightly  curved ;  calyx,  medium,  open, 
broad  short  segments ;  core,  rather  large  :  seeds,  dark  brown  ;  flesh,  a  little 
coarse,  and  gritty,  at  core,  otherwise  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  sprightly,  aro- 
matic ;■  nearly  "  best."     October. 


Seckel, 
Sickle, 


Seckel. 

New  York  Red  Cheek, 
Eed-cheeked  Seckel, 


Sycle. 


The  original  tree  of  this  variety,  according  to  Dr.  Brinckle,  stands  in 
Passyimk  township,  on  the  Delaware  river,  about  three  and  a  half  miles 
from  Philadelphia.  No  one  variety  has  become  so  generally  known  in  this 
country  a»  the  Seckel,  and  in  our  Southern  and  Middle  States,  no  one 


S48 


THE  PEAE. 


variety  deserves  so  extended  culture.     North,  it  should,  when  possible, 

be  planted  in  warm,  rich,  sandy  loam, 
and  sheltered  situations.  The  tree 
is  of  slow  growth  ;  wood,  short-joint- 
ed, stout,  forming  a  round  head,  and 
of  only  medium  size  on  the  pear 
stock,  and  well  suited  to  garden 
planting. 

Fruit,  small,  (ourdra\sing  too  small 
for  a  fair  average),  rounded,  obtuse 
pyriform;  color,  brownish  green  at 
first,  becoming  yellowish  brown,  with 
a  lively  red  russet  cheek  ;  stem,  short, 
slightly  curved,  set  in  a  very  slight 
depression ;  calyx,  small,  open  ',  basin, 
shallow ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  broad, 
ovate ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy, 
buttery,  spicy,  aromatic,  sweet  Sep 
tember  and  October. 


Prince's  St.  Germain. 


I        Brown  St.  Germain. 


New  St.  Germain, 

Raised  from  the  seed 
of  the  old  St.  Germain, 
nearly  fifty  years  since, 
at  the  Prince  Nurseries, 
Flushing,  L.  I.  Tree, 
hardy,  thrifty,  very  pro- 
ductive; the  fruit  keeps 
well,  and  requires  no 
more  care  to  ripen  than 
apples ;  shoots,  reddish 
brown. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblong 
obovate  pyriform ;  color, 
green  and  pale  yellow 
marbled,  and  covered 
nearly  with  brownish 
russet  specks  ;  stem,  long, 
slender,  (our  drawing 
shows  only  a  portion  of 
it ) ;  cavity,  slight,  nar- 
row ;  cahjx,  with  broad 
segments  without  divis- 
ions ;  basin,  regular,  even,- 
not  deep ;  core,  small ; 
seeds,  oblong  ovate ; 
Aesh^  white,  juicy,  melt- 
ing, sweet,  vinous.     December  to  March. 


MOST  GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 


349 


SOLDAT  LaBOUREUR  d'EsPERIN. 
Aoguste  Van  Krans,         |         Beurre  de  Ehine. 


This  variety  is  usually  grown  in  this  country  under  the  name  of  Soldat 
Laboureur.  It  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  -'Soldat  Laboureur'*  of  the 
French,  which  is  regarded  as  our  Beurre  d'Aremberg.  It  was  grown  by 
Major  Esperin,  of  Malines ;  is  of  strong,  vigorous,  upright  growth,  yellow- 
ish brown  wood,  succeeding  finely  on  the  Quince,  producing  abundantly, 
and  its  fruit  well  disseminated  over  the  tree,  always  large  and  fair,  but  of 
only  second-rate  quality. 

Fruit,  large,  generally  oblong  obovate  pyriform,  sometimes  obovatc  pyri- 
form  ;  color,  greenish  yellow,  becoming  yellow,  with  many  patches,  stripes 
and  dots  of  russet ;  stenij  short,  slout,  cun'cd,  in  a* slight  round  depression, 
or  rather  a  raised  lip  one  side  ;  calyx,  open,  sometimes  round,  regular,  and 
without  divisions,  others  have  stout  persistent  segments  in  divisions ; 
core,  compact,  with  outer  concentric  lines ;  seeds,  obovate  ;  Jlesh,  rather 
coarse,  juicy,  melting,  perfumed  j  "  very  good."     December  to  February. 


350 


THE  PEAK 


St.  Andre. 
Poire  Bt  Audi*. 


Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  healthy  grower,  early  bearer.  Fruit,  above 
medium,  globular  acute  pyriform,  sometimes  obovate  pyriform ;  colotj 
yellowish  green,  with  dark  green  specks,  rarely  a  brownish  red  cheek  in 
sun ;  stem,  medium,  swollen  or  fleshy  where  it  joins  the  fruit :  calyx,  me- 
dium, open,  segments  varying ;  basin,  very  shallow,  sometimes  slightly  fur- 
rowed ;  core,  small,  compact ;-  seeds,  oblong  pointed,  light  brown ;  Jlesh, 
greenish  white,  fine-grained,  buttery,  juicy,  sprightly,  vinous,  perfumed. 
September. 

Skinless. 

Sanspean,        |        Poire  Sans  Pean,        |        Fleur  de  Gnignes. 

Foreign.  An  old  variety,  that  on  rich,  deep,  strong,  clayey  soils  is  pro- 
ductive, and  often  "  best."  Fruit,  small,  oblong  pyriform,  pale  greenish 
yellow,  light  red  specks  in  sun;  stem,  long,  slender;  calyx,  closed;  fleshy 
white,  juicy.     Early  August. 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED.  351 

Stevens'  Genesee. 
^uise  de  Prasse,        |        Ouenisey,        |        Stephens^  Geneseew 


Native  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.  It  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  of  pears  for 
all  collections,  either  on  Pear  or  Quince ;  a  fine  grower,  with  diverging, 
dark  gray  shoots  ;  productive. 

Fruity  large,  roundish  obovate ;  color^  greenish  yellow,  becoming  yellow ; 
sterriy  rather  stout ;  cavity,  narrow ;  calyx  with  short,  stiff,  connected  seg- 
ments, half  reflex ed ;  basin,  medium,  regular ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  ovate 
pyriform,  blackish ;  flesh,  white,  half  buttery,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic.  Sep- 
tember.    Even  windfalls  of  this  variety  are  extremely  fine. 

Tyson. 

This  fine  variety  was  found  in  a  hedge  near  Jenkintown,  Pa.,  about 
1792-4.  The  tree  is  of  vigorous,  upright  growth,  with  reddish  brown 
wood  J   a  moderate,  regular  bearer. 

Fruit,  rather  below  medium,  roundish  pyriform,  irregular;  color,  dull 
yellow,  shaded  with  red  in  sun,  little  russeted,  and  with  numerous  black 
specks ;  stem,  rather  long,  moderately  stout,  curved,  and  obliquely  attached 
to  the  fruit  by  a  fleshy  junction,  swollen  on  one  side ;  calyx,  open,  with 
short  segments  ;  basiyi,  round,  shallow ;  core  and  seeds,  small ;  flesh,  white, 
fine-grained,  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  aromatic.  Thus  far  succeeds  on 
Quince.    August. 


352 


THE  PEAK. 


SURPASSE    ViRGALIEU. 
Beurre  Van  Mons,     I    Burpasse  Vigilouse,     |     Colmar  Van  Mons,  of  $ome. 


Origin  uncertain,  probably  an  American  seedling,  first  disseminated  by 
the  late  Andrew  Parmentier,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  It  is  a  regular  abundant 
bearer  on  Pear  or  Quince,  a  vigorous,  healthy  tree,  with  yellowish  brown 
wood,  upright  growth. 

Fruity  medium,  varying  in  form ;  (see  our  drawings,  the  specimens  from 
which  they  were  made  all  being  pulled  by  ourself  from  the  same  branch  ;) 
color^  yellowish,  with  brownish  red  in  sun,  minute  dots,  and  often  sprink- 
lings of  russet;  calyx,  generally  small,  erect,  open ;  basin,  slight;  stevtj 
varying ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  broad,  ovate  ;  fleshy  white,  fine-grained,  juicy, 
aromatic.     October. 

Urbaniste. 
St.  Marc,     |     Louise  of  Orleans,     |     Beurr6  Picqnery. 

Foreign.  Moderately  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy,  well  suited  to  rich  soils 
West ;  young  shoots,  upright,  short-jointed,  grayish  yellow ;  not  an  early 
bearer,  but  when  in  bearing  produces  regularly  and  abundant.  Fine 
grower  and  bearer  on  Quince. 

Fruit,  medium,  obovate  pyriform  ;  color,  pale  yellow,  with  gray  dots,  and 
a  few  russet  streaks ;  stem,  about  an  inch  long,  rather  stout ;  cavity,  shal- 
low :  calyx,  small,  generally  closed ;  basin,  narrow,  abrupt ;  core,  medium 
or  small ;  seeds,  obovate  pointed  ;  flesh,  white,  yellowish,  buttery,  melting, 
vinous.    October  and  November. 


MOST  GENERALLY   ESTEEMED. 


353 


Thompson's. 

Foreign.  Tree  of 
vigorous,  diverging 
habit;  young  wood, 
yellowish  olive,  with 
grayish  specks;  bears 
on  the  Pear  about 
the  sixth  year. 

Fruit,  large,  obo- 
vate  obtuse  pyri- 
form,  surface  un- 
even;  color,  lemon 
yellow,  with  brown- 
ish red  cheek  in  sun, 
some  russet  dots  and 
marblings,  and  rus- 
set at  the  stem ;  sienij 
short,  usually  plant- 
ed or  set  on  angular- 
ly, with  a  fleshy  rim 
one  side;  ca/i/x,  with 
connected  lialf-clos- 
ed  segments  ,  ba- 
sin, round,  narrow, 
abrupt ;  core,  medi- 
um ;  capsules  and 
seeds,  formed  like 
the  fruit ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  melting,  sugary,  slightly  aromatic.  Octo- 
ber to  November. 


Van  Assene. 


Van  Assche,     |     Vanassfi,     |  •  Van  Assbe. 

This  is  a  new  pear,  first  fruited  at  the  West,  in  the  grounds  of  A.  H. 
Ernst,  Cincinnati,  who  has  disseminated  it  freely,  and  thus  far  it  has 
proved  "  best."  Leaves,  light  yellow  green  ;  young  wood,  yellowish  red  ; 
tree,  a  vigorous,  erect  grower,  an  abundant  and  early  bearer,  succeeding 
well  on  the  Quince.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate  obtuse,  largest  near  the  eye, 
flattened  at  both  ends,  occasionally  slightly  ribbed  ;  calyx,  small ;  basin, 
smooth,  wide,  rather  shallow,  ribbed ;  stem,  one  and  a  half  inch  long, 
rather  slender,  slightly  sunk ;  skin,  smooth  and  fair,  light  yellow  in  the 
shade,  sprinkled  with  dark  dots,  light  red  on  the  sunny  side,  sprinkled  with 
carmine  dots ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  melting.  September  and  early  October ; 
August  at  Cincinnati  and  South. 


354 


THE  PEAR. 


Vicar  of  Winkfield. 


Vicar  of  "Wakefield, 
Le  Cure, 


Monsieur  leCurfe, 
Clion. 


Foreign.  First  found  growing  wild  in  a  wood  by  M.  Clion,  a  French 
curate,  hence  the  names,  Clion,  Le  Cure,  &c. ;  afterwards  it  was  grown  in 
a  garden  at  Winkfield,  Berkshire,  by  Rev.  Dr.  Rhara,  and  received  the 
name  of  Vicar  of  Winkfield,  concentrating  the  two  associations  in  the  one 


name,  and  which,  being  of  our  own  language,  is  to  be  preferred.  It  is  a 
most  profitable  variety,  grown  on  the  quince  stock,  and,  although  only 
second  quality,  it  is  always  fair  and  large.  Tree,  a  vigorous  grower,  with 
large,  roundish,  glossy  leaves ;  shoots,  diverging,  dark  olive  color. 

Fruity  large,  oblong  obovate  pyriform ;  color ^  dull  pale  green  at  first 


MOST  GENEEALLT  ESTEEMED.  355 

becoming  pale  yellow,  with  sometimes  a  brownish  cheek,  marked  with 
brown  dots  over  the  whole  surface ;  calyx,  with  open  reflexed  segments  ; 
stem,  an  inch  or  more  long,  rather  slender,  obliquely  inserted  without  depres- 
sion ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  oblong  ovate  ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  sprightly ; 
'  very  good."     November  to  January. 


Winter  Nelis. 

Nellis  d'Hiver,  |     Beurre  de  Malines,       I     Milanaise  Cuvolior, 

Bonne  do  Malines,     |     La  Bonne  Malinoise,     i     Etourneao. 


Foreign.  As  a  standard  Winter  pear,  if  we  were  to  select  but  the  one, 
it  would  be  this  variety.  The  tree  is  vigorous,  though  with  slender 
diverging  shoots ;  very  hardy ;  an  early  prolific  bearer  on  Pear  or  Quince. 
It  requires  rich,  strong  soil  to  produce  good-sized  fruit,  and  is  well  suited  to 
extensive  planting  on  our  Western  lands. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  narrowing  towards  the  stalk ;  colovy 
yellowish  green,  much  covered  and  dotted  with  gray  russet ;  stem,  rather 
long,  a  little  curved ;  cavity,  narrow :  calyx,  open,  with  short  segments ; 
hasin,  shallow;  core,  medium;  capsules,  ovate;  seeds,  oblong  pyriform, 
curved  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  buttery,  melting,  sugary,  aromatic.  Novem- 
ber to  middle  January. 


356 


THE    PEAE. 


Washington. 
Eobertson. 

American  :  native  of  Dela- 
ware. Tree  of  healthy,  mo- 
derate growth,  with  slen- 
der, diverging,  reddish  brown 
shoots  ;  an  annual  bearer. 

Fruity  medium,  roundish 
ovate,  or  ovate  pyriform ; 
color^  lemon  yellow,  tinged  in 
sun  with  red  and  reddish 
russet,  and,  near  the  stem, 
patches  of  clear  russet ;  stemj 
an  inch  long,  inserted  in  a 
narrow  cavity,  sometimes  al- 
most obsolete,  and  then  there 
is  a  fleshy  lip  one  side  of 
stem ;  calyx^  small,  long 
pointed  segments ;  hasin^ 
round,  regular;  core,  rather 
small,  lying  near  the  apex; 
seedsy  obovate  pyriform,  black- 
ish ',Jleshy  white,  juicy,  sweet. 
September. 


ZoAR  Beauty. 

Zoar  Seedling. 

American  :  native  of  Ohio 
Tree,  vigorous  grower;  dark 
brown  shoots  •  early  and  abund- 
ant bearer. 

Fruity  a  little  below^  medium, 
varying  in  form,  usually  as  seen 
in  our  engraving  ;  color y  light 
yellow,  with  greenish  spots,  red 
in  the  sun,  with  deep  red  spots  ; 
sterriy  generally  long,  slender, 
curved,  plaited,  with  slight  de- 
pression one  side ;  calyXy  large, 
for  size  of  fruit ;  basiny  shallow ; 
corCy  medium ;  seedsy  obovate,  or 
broad  ovate ;  fleshy  yellowish 
white,  a  little  coarse,  juicy^ 
sweet.    Early  August. 


THSTTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  357 


CLASS  II.     Embraces  varieties  many  of  which  are  new  and  untested^  and 
others  suited  only  to  certain  localities. 

Abbe  Edouard. 

Foreign.  Tree,  a  beautiful  pyramid,  very  vigorous  on  Pear  and  Quince. 
Fruit,  medium,  turbinate  :  skin,  bright  green,  becoming  bright  yellow  at 
maturity ;  flesh,  white,  half  fine,  melting,  half  buttery,  juice  abundant, 
sugary,  and  agreeably  perfumed,  resembles  Janimett.     November. 

Abbe  Mongein. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  of  first  quality,  immensely  large,  weighing  forty-two 
ounces,  recommended  by  M.  Tourres  as  a  delicious  fruit.    Ripe  March  and 
April.     (Hor.  Mag.) 

Abbot. 

From  Providence,  R.  I.  Wood,  slender,  dark  reddish,  productive.  Fruit, 
medium,  oblong  obovate,  dark  green,  reddish  brown  cheek  ]  calyx,  small ; 
flesh,  melting,  sugary,  sprightly ;  core,  large.     Middle  to  last  September. 

Adams. 
American.  Wood,  short-jointed,  moderate  healthy  grower.  Fruit, 
medium,  obtuse  ovate  pyriform  ;  deep  yellow,  tinged  with  pale  red  in  sun, 
dotted  with  russet  specks  ;  stem,  short,  wrinkled,  fleshy,  obliquely  inserted  ] 
calyx,  small,  closed ;  short  segments ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  vinous, 
perfumed ;  core  small ;  seeds,  medium.  September  and  October.  New. 
Originated  in  Waltham,  Mass.     First  fruited  in  1847. 

Adele  de  St.  Denis. 

Baronne  de  Mello,     |     Poire  His. 

Foreign.  Grows  fine  and  bears  abundantly  on  Quince.  Fruit,  medium, 
obovate  acute  pyriform,  yellowish  russet ;  stem,  short,  stout,  fleshy  at  base ; 
flesh,  greenish  white,  melting,  juicy,  sub-acid ;  "  very  good."  Middle 
October. 

Adelaide  de  Reves. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  and  very  fertile  on  Pear  or  Quince.  Fruit, 
large  enough,  roundish,  Bergamotte  or  turbinate  ;  skin,  bright  green,  becom- 
ing lemon  yellow  at  the  time  of  ripening ;  flesh,  white,  half  fine,  melting, 
juice  very  abundant,  sugary,  vinous,  well  perfumed,  of  first  quality.  Ripo 
last  half  of  October.     (An.  Pom.) 

Alexander. 
Originated  in  the  town  of  Alexander,  Genesee  Co.,  N.  Y.  Young 
shoots  yellowish,  rather  stout;  leaves,  narrow,  acuminate,  deep  green; 
fruit,  medium  or  below,  obovate,  slightly  irregular  and  often  one-sided ; 
Btem,  one  and  a  quarter  inch,  curved,  fleshy  at  base,  in  a  shallow  cavity ; 
calyx,  small,  partly  closed;  segments,  short,  irregular;  basin,  narrow, 
medium  depth ;  skin,  yellowish  green,  rather  thick,  often  overspread  with 
cinnamon  russet ;  flesh,  white,  a  little  coarse,  and  gritty  at  core,  melting, 
very  juicy,  with  rich,  sugary  flavor  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  small,  nearly  black 
and  pointed.    September  and  October. 


358 


THE  PEAR. 


Alexandre  Lambre. 
Foreign.    Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  compressed  at  ends,  yellowish  green, 
mottled  with  red  in  sun,  russet  at  base  of  stem  and  calyx ;  stem,  stout , 
calyx,  in  a  flat  basin ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  melting,  juicy,  sweet ;  core, 
small  'j  seeds,  plump,  acute  pointed.     November,  December. 

Alexandrine  Douillard. 
Foreign.    Tree,  vigorous.    Fruit,  above  medium,  pyriform  ovate ;  yel- 
lowish J  stem,  long ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  sugary.    November,  December. 

Ananas  de  Gourtrai. 
Foreign.    Tree,  very  vigorous  and  productive,  takes  readily  any  form ; 
turbinate,  pyriform ;  skin,  citron-yellow  at  maturity,  beautifully  colored  on 
the  sunny  side ;  flesh,  white,  firm,  buttery,  melting,  sweet  and  juicy,  plea- 
santly perfumed,  but  not  musky.   Ripens  at  the  end  of  August.    (An.  Pom.) 

Andrews. 


American.  An  early  bearer,  a  little  disposed  to  decay  at  core,  otherwise 
highly  desirable.  Fruit,  large  (our  drawing  too  small  for  an  average), 
roundish,  ovate  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  dull  red  cheek,  scattered  dots 
and  russet  patches :  calyx,  open ;  segments,  long,  half  reflexed ;  basin, 
small ;  stem,  one  to  one  and  a  quarter  inch,  curved,  often  set  without 
depression  3  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  vinous,  nearly  "  best."   September. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  359 

Alpha. 

Foreign.  Very  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong  obovate,  pale  yellowish 
green,  with  reddish  dots,  brown  blush;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  buttery; 
"very  good."    October. 

Althorpe  Crassane. 

Foreign.  Quality,  variable.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  obovate,  rough, 
pale  green,  with  dark  green  suffused  dots,  and  spots  of  russet,  tinge  of 
brown  ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  juicy,  rather  coarse;  "very  good."  October 
and  November. 

AUGUSTE   DE   MaRAISE. 

Seedlings  of  Van  Mons,  of  Belgium.  Fruit,  large,  pyriform ;  skin,  rough, 
dotted  and  patched  with  deep  brown ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin, 
shallow ;  flesh,  buttery,  sweet,  juicy,  delicious  flavor.    October. 

Baneerbine. 

Foreign.  The  specimens  from  which  we  describe  were  from  Messrs. 
Ellwanger  and  Barry.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  greenish  yellow,  with 
small  russet  dots ;  stem,  stout ;  calyx,  open,  broad  segments ;  core,  large ; 
flesh,  breaking,  coarse.    October. 

Barry. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium  size,  sometimes,  large,  pyriform,  irregularly 
shaped ;  skin,  rough  red,  spotted  on  the  sunny  side,  yellow  greenish  on  the 
opposite ;  calyx,  small,  set  in  a  narrow  basin ;  stalk,  obliquely  inserted ; 
flesh,  white,  coarse,  tender  at  the  centre,  very  juicy,  sugared  and  perfumed. 
October. 

Belle  Crainese. 

Elize  d'Heyst. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  below  medium,  globular  obovate,  pale  greenish  yellow 
with  dirty  green  or  brown  specks;  stem,  slender;  calyx,  open;  flesh, 
white,  coarse-grained,  juicy ;  "  good."     February  to  March. 

Belle  de  Noel. 

Fondante  de  Noel,     |     Belle  apres  Noel. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  rather  below  medium,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  pale 
greenish  yellow,  with  few  russet  spots,  dark  red  cheek,  with  carmine  dots ; 
calyx  medium  ;  segments,  half  reflexed ;  basin,  shallow,  slightly  furrowed  ; 
core,  large  ;  flesh,  whitish,  melting,  juicy  ;  "  very  good."     December. 

Belle  de  Thouars. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  pyriform  angular,  rich  brown  russet ;  short 
stem;  cavity,  little  plaited;  calyx,  half  open;  shallow  basin ,  core,  small; 
seeds,'  ovate ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy;  "very  good."  October  and 
November. 

Bellb  Excellent. 

Foreign.  Resembles  Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey.  Oblong  pyriform,  ycUorw, 
red  blush,  with  raised  specks  on  surface.    October. 


?>60  THE  PEAR. 

Belle  Julie. 

Foreign.  Tree,  upright  grower.  Fruit,  medium,  long  ovate,  yellowish 
green,  cinnamon  russet,  bronzed  red  in  sun  ;  stem,  short,  stout ;  calyx, 
medium,  reflexed  j  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy ,  '•  very  good."  October  and 
November.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Belle  Epine  Dumas. 

Epine  Dnmas,     |     Da  Mas,     |     Due  de  Bordeaux. 

Foreign.  Heretofore  considered  as  a  synonym  of  Vicar  of  Winkfield. 
Fruit,  large,  oblong  pyriform,  dull  yellow,  with  red  cheek  in  sun ;  flesh, 
fine  grained,  juicy,  sugary;  "very  good."     November,  December. 

Bergamotte  Hambourg. 

Belgium.  Tree,  vigorous,  good  bearer.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  com- 
pressed at  ends,  greenish  yellow,  rough,  dotted  with  brownish  red  in  sun ; 
flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  sugary,  perfumed.     September  and  October. 

Beurre  Beaulieu. 

Foreign.     Fruit,  above  medium,  obovate  pyriform,  yellow,  with  russet 
spots  and  blotches  ;  short,  stout  stem  j  calyx,  open ;  basin,  ishallow ;  flesh, 
October. 

Beurre  Benoist. 

Beurrg  Angoste  Benoit,  |  Benolts. 
Foreign.  Tree,  not  vigorous,  but  very  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  obo- 
vate ;  skin,  bright  green,  spotted  and  shaded  with  brown  russet ;  stalk,  of 
moderate  length,  inserted  in  a  cavity  ;  calyx,  open,  in  a  regular  basin;  flesh, 
white,  fine,  melting,  juice  abundant,  sugary,  and  well  perfumed.  Ripe,  end 
of  September. 

Beurre  Brown. 


Beurrfe  Gris, 
Beurre  Rouge, 
Beurre, 
Golden  Beurrfe, 
Gray  Beurrfe, 


Beurrfe  Vert, 
Badham's, 
Beurre  d'Or, 
Beurre  Doree, 
Beurre  d'Amboise, 


Bcurrfe  d'Amblense, 
Beurre  du  Koi, 
Poire  d'Amboise, 
Isambert, 
Isambert  le  Bon. 


An  old  variety ;  does  finely  in  warm,  rich  soil,  but  a  peculiar  vinous 
taste,  not  admired  by  every  person.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong  obovate,  yel- 
lowish green,  with  thin  russet,  reddish  brown  in  sun ;  flesh,  greenish  white, 
melting,  juicy,  vinous,  sub-acid.     September. 

Beurre  Charron. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  greenish  yellow;  stem,  long;  calyx, 
small,  closed  ;  basin,  deep  ;  flesh,  juicy,  melting,  buttery ;  "  best."  Octo- 
ber.    (T.  S.  H.  &  Co.) 

Beurre  Crapaud. 

Beurre  Cadet. 

Foreign.  Vigorous  and  productive  on  Pear  or  Quince,  fine  for  extreme 
northern  sections,  proving  hardy.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  deep 
yellow,  red  in  sun,  small  russet  dots  ;  stem,  stout,  curved ;  calyx,  partially 
closed;  core,  large;  flesh,  yellowish  melting,  sugary,  juicy;  " very  good.'*' 
October. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  361 

Beurre  de  Beaumont. 

3eri  Vaet. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellowish  green,  brownish 
red  in  sun.  covered  with  dark  green  or  russely  specks .:  stem,  short;  calyx, 
closed;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  juicy,  sweet;  "very  good."     Last  September 

Beurre  de  Ranz. 

Beurr6  RaBce,       I     Beurre  de  Flanders,  I     Baerr^  Nolrchidn. 

Beurre  Epine,       |     Hardenpont  du  Prlntemps,     | 

Foreign.  Very  variable,  rarely  "very  good."  Tree,  a  straggling,  pen- 
dulous habit.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  obtuse  pyriform,  dark  green,  bronzed  in 
sun,  russet  at  crown,  russet  dots  over  surface ;  stem.  long ;  calyx,  open ;  core, 
small ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  coarse,  juicy.     December  to  April. 

Beurre  de  Rhine. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  large,  pyriform,  irregular;  stem,  stout;  calyx,  open, 
basin,   shallow,  light  yellow,  rough  spots ;    flesh,  white,  rather  coarse  ; 
^'  good."     Grows  well  on  Quince.    October  and  November. 

Beurre  Fouqiere. 

A  foreign  pear,  introduced  by  J.  C.  Lee.  Fruit,  of  medium  size,  obo- 
vate ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  with  patches  and  points  of  light  russet,  and 
some  dark  green  spots ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  coarse-grained,  a  little 
gritty  at  the  core,  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  and  good.  October.  (Robert 
Manning.) 

Beurre  Kossuth. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  turbinate  rounded,  surface  uneven ;  stem,  curved, 
inserted  upon  a  little  projection  ;  calyx,  in  divisions,  dull  yellowish  green, 
traced  and  dotted  with  gray  bronze,  yellowish  at  crown,  greenish  at  stem ; 
flesh,  fine,  buttery,  sugj,ry,  juice  acidulated.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Beurre  Leon  le  Clerc. 
Foreign.  Fruit,  above  medium,  oval,  approaching  elongated  pyriform, 
skin,  yellowish  green,  thickly  speckled  with  large  russet  dots ;  stalk,  long, 
curved,  inserted  in  a  cavity  by  a  lip;  basin,  abrupt,  deep;  calyx,  par- 
tially closed ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  but  not  high  flavored. 
October. 

Beurre  Mollett's  Guernsey. 

Mollett's  Guernsey  Chaumontelle. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  ovate  pyriform.  yellowish  green,  with  dark 
brown  russet  in  sun  ;  calyx,  large  ;  stem,  stout ;  flesh,  yellowish,  melting, 
vinous ;  "  very  good."     December. 

Beurre  Preble. 
American.     Fruit,  large,  oblong  obovate,  greenish  yellow,  with  russet 
and  green  spots ;  flesh,  white,  buttery ;  "  very  good."     October  and  No- 
vember. 

Beurre  Suisse 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  obovate  oblong,  striped  green,  red  and  yellow 
Only  desirable  as  a  curiosity.     October. 
16 


362  THE   PEAR. 

Beitrre  Winter. 
Raised  by  Thomas  tlivers,  England.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  spread* 
ing,  an  early  and  abundant  bearer.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate  elongated 
pyriform ;  skin,  greenish,  rough,  spotted  with  russet  ;  stalk,  stout,  curved, 
inclined  at  its  insertion  ;  calyx,  firmly  closed,  set  in  a  shallow  irregular 
basin;  flesh,  yellowigh  finegrained,  melting,  buttery,  vinous  or  sub-acid. 
January,  February. 

Beurre  Bennert. 

Yoreign.  A  new,  hardy,  late,  melting  pear  of  small  size  from  the  collec- 
tion of  Van  Mons.     Ripe  February.     (Riv.  Cat.) 

Beurre  Gens. 
Tree,  vigorous,  very  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  irregularly  obovate, 
inclining  to  conic,  truncate  ;  skin,  rough,  greenish,  slightly  shaded  on  the 
sunny  side  and  thickly  covered  with  russet  dots  ;  stalk,  short  and  thick,  in- 
serted in  a  cavity  at  an  inclination ;  calyx,  open,  stiff,  in  a  broad,  rather 
deep,  uneven  basin ;  flesh,  sugary,  perfumed,  excellent.     September. 

Beurre  d*Elberg. 
Foreign.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous.  Fruit,  large,  obtuse  pyriform  ; 
skin,  pale  yellow,  often  with  a  blush,  slightly  speckled  with  russet  ;  stalk, 
medium,  stout,  curved,  inserted  in  an  irregular  cavity  :  calyx,  small,  open, 
set  in  a  very  small  basin;  flesh,  whitish,  somewhat  coarse,  juicy,  buttery, 
melting,  sweet,  and  perfumed.     November. 

Beurre  Hamecher. 
Foreign.     Fruit  medium,  elongated-oval,  inclining  to  pyriform,  angular, 
and  irregular  ;  stalk,  large,  long,  curved,  inserted  at  an  inclination  by  a 
lip ;  calyx,  small,  and  closed,  set  in  a  shallow,  irregular  basin  ;  flesh,  melt- 
ing, sugary,  and  excellent.     October,  November. 

Beurre    Duhaume. 

Foreign.  Tree,  a  moderate  grower,  productive,  young  wood  yellowish 
brown.  Fruit,  medium,  oblate  turbinate,  very  much  depressed,  with  a 
suture  along  one  side ;  skin,  rough,  covered  with  thin  russet,  and  thickly 
sprinkled  with  russet  dots  ;  stalk,  short,  thick  and  fleshy,  inserted  by  a  lip 
at  an  inclination ;  calyx,  open,  segments  stiff;  basin,  irregular ;  flesh,  coarse, 
buttery,  juicy,  melting,  with  a  pleasant  vinous  flavor.  November  to 
February. 

Beurre  Millet  of  Angers. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  and  very  productive,  young  wood  yellowish 
brown.  Fruit,  medium,  angular,  somewhat  conic  ;  skin,  greenish,  covered 
with  russet,  and  thickly  sprinkled  with  minute  russet  dots  :  stalk,  medium, 
stout,  curved,  inserted  in  a  rather  abrupt  cavity  :  calyx,  closed,  set  in  a 
deep,  irregular  basin;  flesh,  greenish,  somewhat  buttery,  exceedingly  juicy, 
melting,  with  a  brisk  vinous  flavor,  sometimes  astringent,  November  to 
January.     (Downing.) 

Beurre  d'Amalis. 

Beurrfe  d'Amanlis,         ]         Beurre  d'Amaulis. 
Foreign.     A  free,  vigorous  grower  on  Pear  or  Quince ;  said  to  bear  well ; 
our  experience  has  been  the  reverse.     Fruit,  large,  ovate  oboyate,  ^ull 


UNTESTED   VAEIETIES,   ETC.  363 

yellowish  green,  with  reddish  brown  cheek,  brown  dots,  russet  patches  ; 
Btem,  long,  obliquely  set;  calyx,  open;  basin,  shallow  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  a 
little  coarse,  often  austere  ;  '•  very  good."     Early  September. 

There  is  also  a  striped  Beurre  d'Amalis,  differing  not  materially,  except 
in  being  striped  red,  yellow,  and  green. 

Beurre  Bymont. 

Bymont. 
Above  medium,  obovate  truncated,  russety ;   stem,  rather  long,  curved, 
slight  lip ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  shallow ;   flesh,  juicy,  sweet,  perfumed  j 
"  very  good,"  perhaps  "  best."     New ;  foreign.     October,  December. 

Beurre  Nantais. 

Bearri  de  Nantes. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  crimson  cheek,  rus- 
set dots ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  sugary  ;  ''  very  good."     September. 

Beurre  Superfine, 
Foreign ;  with  some  very  fine,  others  unproductive.     Fruit,  large,  pale 
green,  traces,  and  patches  of  russet,  dull  brownish  cheek;  flesh,  juicy. melt- 
ing, slight  aroma;  "very  good."     Succeeds  on  Quince.     Middle  to  last 
October. 

Beurre  Van  Marum. 

Gross*  Calebasse  of  Langlier,     I     Triomph  de  Nord, 
Triomph  de  Hasselt,  I     Boutielle. 

Foreign.  A  very  early  and  productive  bearer  on  pear  ;  the  fruit  always 
fair.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  pyriform,  dull  greenish  yellow ;  stem,  long  ; 
calyx,  large;  flesh,  white,  hardy;  "good;"  its  bearing,  its  recommendation. 
October. 

Beurre  Bachelier. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  very  large,  oblong,  obovate  pyriform,  greenish  yellow ; 
stem,  stout ;  cavity,  deep  ;  flesh,  firm,  sugary.     December.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Beurre  Millet. 

Madam  Millet. 

Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obtuse   pyriform,  pale  yellow,  with 

large  pale  russet  specks  ;  stem,  short,  stout ;  calyx,  small,  open ;  core,  small ; 

flesh,  yellowish  white,   melting,  juicy,  vinous.     Tree,   healthy  grower. 

November  to  January. 

Beurre  Brettonneau. 

Bcuirfe  Bretouneau. 
Foreign.      Does  not  succeed  on  the  Quince  ;  very  fine  on  Pear  ;  very 
hardy,   thorny  wood.     Fruit,  large,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  yellow,  dot- 
ted with  russet ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sugary.     February  to  April.     (Rivers, 
in  Hort.) 

Beurre  d*Ajlbert. 

Poire  d'Albert,     |     Poire  Prince  Albert 
Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous,  dark  wood,  good  bearer.     Fruit,  medium,  pyra- 
midal, angular,  dark  russet,  bronzed  in  sun  ;  stem,  stout,  curved,  swollen 
at  base ;  calyx,  partly  open ;  gore,  small ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  coarse^ 
melfjig,  juicy.    October. 


364  THE  PEAR. 

Beurre  Gris  d'Hiver  Nouveau. 

Bourrfe  Gris  d'Hiver,      I     Beurre  Oris  Superieure, 
Beurrfe  de  Lucon,  |     St.  Michael  d'Hiver. 

Foreign.  Very  similar  to  Brown  Beurre,  except  in  its  time  of  ripening. 
Tree  a  poor,  irregular  grower,  with  dark  reddish  brown  wood.  Fruit,  me- 
dium, obovate  obtuse  oblique,  rough,  dull,  yellow,  cinnamon  russet,  red- 
dish, bronzed  in  sun,  and  dotted  with  dark  specks;  stem,  short,  stout, 
obliquely  inserted  :  calyx,  small,  open ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting, 
juicy,  vinous;  core,  large.     December  to  February. 

Beurre  Comice  de  Toulon. 
Foreign.      Tree,  vigorous,    productive.      Fruit,  large,   oblong  obovate, 
pale  yellow,  with  red  dots,  highly  colored  in  the  sun  ^  flesh,  white,  melt- 
ing, juicy.     November,  December. 

Beurre  Phillippe  Delfosse. 
Foreign,     Tree,  vigorous.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  brown, 
tinge  of  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  sugary.     December. 

Beurre  de  Wetteren. 
Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous,  thorny.    Fruit,  medium,  turbinate,  cinnamon 
russet ;  flesh,  fine,  yellowish  white,   buttery,  sugary,   perfumed  ;  "  very 
good." 

Beurre  Judes. 

Longue  de  Monkowty,     |     Longue  de  Nakourto, 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  pyriform,  dull  yellowish  green,  russet  patches 
and  dots ;  stem,  long  ;  calyx,  open ;  basin,  furrowed ;  flesh,  melting,  but- 
tery, sweet ;  variabl  e,  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  sharp  pointed.     October. 

Beurre  de  Konink. 

,  Beurre  de  Konig,  of  Downing. 
Belgium.     Fruit,  medium,  oblate,  yellowish  green,  with  russet  and  brown 
dots  ;  stem,  medium  length,  stout,  inserted  in  shallow  cavity ;  calyx,  open  • 
basin,  broad  j  flesh,  white,  melting,  vinous,     October. 

Beurre  de  Montgeron. 

Beurre  de  Montigeron,  |  New  Frederick,  of  Wurtemberg. 
Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive,  promises  to  succeed  on  Quince. 
Fruit,  medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  deep  yellow,  suffused  with  bright  vermilion 
in  sun,  a  few  pale  gray  specks ;  stem,  Itng,  swollen  at  base  ;  calyx,  large, 
open,  in  a  broad,  open  basin  ;  segments,  thick,  broad ;  core,  small ;  seeds, 
large,  light  colored  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine,  juicy,  melting,  sugary,  per- 
fumed.    October.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Beurre  Benoits. 

Beurre  Auguste  Benoits. 
Foreign.  Wood,  reddish  brown.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  depressed,  irre- 
gular, dull  green,  bronzed  with  red,  dotted  with  russet  specks ;  stem,  short, 
fleshy  at  base  ;  calyx,  small,  short  segments  ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  coarse, 
vinous,  sprightly,  musky  •  core,  large,  gritty ;  seeds,  obovate,  brown.  Oc- 
tfjber. 


UNTESTEP    VARIETIES,   ETC,  365 

Beurre   Duhaume. 
Foreign.    Fruit,  mediurrij  obovate,  brownish  russet ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy ; 
"  good."     November. 

Beurre  Kennes. 
Medium,  oblate  turbinate,  angular  or  oblique,  greenish,  with  thin  rus- 
set and  shade,  dull  crimson  russet,  and  crimson  dots ;  stem,  varies,  fleshy 
ring  at  base  :  calyx,  large,  open;  flesh,  whitish,  buttery,  juicy,  sweet,  per- 
fumed ;  '•  good  "  or  '•  very  good."     October. 

Beurre  Naver. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium  or  above,  turbinate ;  stem,  medium,  inserted 
without  depression  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  pleasant  j 
"  very  good."     October. 

Beurre  Soulange  ? 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  acute  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  tracings  of  russet ; 
stem,  curved,  fleshy  at  base ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  pleasant.     Oc- 
tober, November. 

Beurre  Spence  ? 

Medium,  globular,  short  pyriform,  greenish,  yellow  at  maturity,  shaded 
crimson  and  russet,  russet  dots ;  stem,  fleshy  at  insertion ;  calyx,  closed ; 
basin,  abrupt ;  flesh,  juicy,  melting,  vinous ;  core,  small.     September. 

Beurre  Richelieu. 
Large,  obovate  oblong,  obtuse  pyriform,  truncate  irregular,  greenish  yel- 
low dots  ;  stem,  stout,  slight  lip  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  broad,  shallow,  fur- 
rowed ;  flesh,  buttery,  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  aromatic;    "  good"  to  "very 
good."     November. 

Beurre  Six. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous  on  pear  stock.  Fruit,  large,  pyriform,  light 
green,  dotted  with  brown,  and  a  deeper  shade  of  green;  flesh,  white  but 
tery,  melting,  sugary,  perfumed.    November. 

Beurre  Delfosse. 
Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  brown, 
tinge  of  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  perfumed.     No- 
vember, December. 

Beurre  Berckmans. 
Medium,  turbinate  or  short  pyriform  ;  yellowish,  rough  russet ;  stem,  at 
right   angles,  large ;  calyx,  small,  basin,  shallow,  furrowed  ;  flesh,  white, 
juicy,  melting,  highly  perfumed  ;  core,  small ;  "  very  good."     November. 

BuERRE  Leon  Le  Clerc. 
Above  medium,  oval  obovate  elongated,  yellowish  green,  with  large  rus- 
set dots ;  stem,  curved,  large,  inserted  with  a  lip ;  calyx,  partly  closed , 
basin,  deep  ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  melting,  sweet ;  "  good."     October. 

Beau  Present  d'Artois. 
Foreign.    Fruit  large,  oblong  obovate  pyriform,  gray  and  green  spotted ; 
stem,  large,  short;  calyx,  short,  broad;  flesh,  white,  with  green  lines, 
tender,  juicy,  sugary.     September.     (Hov.  Mag.) 


366  THE  PEAE. 

Bergamotte   d'Esperif. 

Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  dull  green,  with  dots  and  patches  o 
russet ',    calyx,    closed ;   basin,  furrowed ;    flesh,   buttery,  melting,  juicy, 
sweet  j  "  very  good ;"  very  productive  in  clusters.     December  to  February, 

Bergamotte  Gaudry. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellowish  green,  with  russet  dots ; 
flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy ;  "  good."     November. 

Bergamotte  Cadette. 

Benrrfe  Beauchamps,    I     Beauchanjps,        I     Bergamotte  Buffo, 
Ognonet,  |     Poire  de  Cadet,     |     Bergamotte  Crapaud. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  hardly  medium,  roundish  obovate,  pale  green,  rarely 
little  red  in  sun ;  stem,  long,  stout ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  flesh,  buttery, 
juicy,  sweet  ;  requires  care  in  ripening.  October  to  December.  Wood, 
light  olive  brown ;  productive  on  Pear  or  Quince. 

Beurre  Audobson. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  acute  pyriform,  yellowish  green  at 
maturity,  dull  red  cheek  in  sun,  and  numerous  russet  dots ;  stem,  short, 
stout ;  calyx,  large,  open ;  flesh,  melting,  tender,  juicy ;  "  very  good." 
October.     (Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

Beurre  Clairgeau. 
Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  light  yellow  wood.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  obo- 
vate pyriform ;  color,  mostly  russet,  reddish  in  sun :  stem,  short,  stout ; 
calyx,  small,  open ;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather  coarse,  juicy,  vinous ;  "  very- 
good."  October,  November.  This  will  probably  prove  one  of  the  most 
valuable,  as  a  large-sized  pear,  and  desirable  as  an  orchard  variety,  on  the 
pear  root.  Growing  strong,  and  bearing  very  young ;  does  not  succeed  on 
Quince. 

Beurre  Esperin. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  ovate  pyriform,  yellow,  with  patches,  tracings 
and  dots  of  russet ;  stem,  short,  swollen  at  base,  obliquely  inserted,  slight 
lip  ;  calyx,  small,  with  segments  united  ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  large  ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  a  little  coarse,  melting,  juicy ;  "  very  good."     October. 

Beurre  Sterckman. 

Beurre  Hardy. 
Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous,  large  strong  shoots ;  succeeds  on  Quince  or 
Pear.     Fruit,  medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  dull  greenish  ground,  nearly  cov- 
ered with  russet  •  stem,  short,  stout ;  calyx,  open ;  flesh,  white,  melting, 
juicy,  sub -acid.     October. 

Bezi  de  Montigny. 

Trouvfe  de  Montigny,      I     Doyennfe  Musque, 
Louise  Bosc,  |     Beurr^  Komain. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  brownish  olive  wood.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate, 
yellowish  green,  with  russet  specks  and  dots  ;  stem,  long,  curved,  rather 
stout ;  calyx,  small,  open,  reflexed  ;  core,  large ;  flesh,  white,  fine,  melting, 
juicy,  sugary.    October. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  367 

Bezi  de  la  Motte. 

Bein  ArmudI,  |  Beurre  Blanc  de  JetBej. 
Foreign..  A  vigorous,  hardy  sort,  well  suited  to  orcharding.  Fruit, 
medium,  obovate  rounded,  yellowish  green,  with  many  small  russet  dots  ; 
stem,  short,  rather  stout,  slightly  curved  ;  calyx,  small,  open,  reflexed  seg- 
ments :  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  plump,  ovate  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  rather 
coarse,  sugary,  juicy,  melting ;  '•  very  good."     October. 

Bezi  de  Naples. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  ovate  obovate,  light  yellowish  green,  with 
blotches  and  stripes  of  darker  hue,  occasional  russet  patches  and  dots  ;  stem, 
stout ;  calyx,  small ',  basin,  furrowed ;  flesh,  fine,  buttery,  juicy,  sweet  j 
"  very  good."     Last  September. 

Bezi  Sanspareil. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  small,  globular,  obtuse  pyriform,  dull  gi-eenish  yellow, 
much  russet,  and  in  sun,  a  little  crimson  ;  stem,  long  ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx, 
open;  segments,  long;  core,  medium:  seeds,  purplish  black;  flesh,  yellow- 
ish white,  melting,  juicy,  aromatic ;  "  very  good,"  if  not  "  best."  February 
to  March. 

Bezy  d'Esperen. 

Foreign.  Tree,  a  moderate  grower ;  good  bearer.  Fruit,  large,  elongated 
pyriform ;  skin,  dull  yellow,  sprinkled,  and  patched  with  russet,  and  thickly 
covered  with  russet  dots  ;  stalk,  rather  long,  stout,  inserted  by  a  ring  or  lip 
at  an  inclination,  in  a  small,  irregular  cavity ;  calyx,  small,  open,  set  in  a 
very  deep,  acute  basin,  surrounded  by  russet ;  flesh,  juicy,  with  a  sprightly, 
vinous  flavor.     October,  November. 

Bezy  Garnier. 
Foreign.    Fruit,  pyriform,  very  beautiful ;  flesh,  white,  breaking,  very 
juicy,  sugary.     April.     (Pap.  Cat.) 

Bezy  Quessoy  d'Ete. 

Foreign.  Tree,  of  good  vigor,  and  of  exceeding  fertility.  Fruit,  moder- 
ate size,  roundish  oval,  of  almost  equal  diameters ;  skin,  rough,  thick,  and 
altogether  covered  with  gray  russet,  becoming  russet  fawn  at  maturity ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine,  half  melting,  very  juicy,  sugary,  and  deliciously 
perfumed.  This  pear  is  very  beautiful,  and  of  first  quality,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  little  grit  about  the  core.  Ripe  towards  the  middle  of  September. 
(An.  Pom.) 

Beadnell. 

Beadnell's  Seedling. 
Foreign.  Tree  vigorous,  abundant  bearer;  shoots  long,  bright  chestnut 
color ;  white  dots ;  fruit,  middle-sized,  turbinate,  stalk  short ;  eye  a  little 
open ;  skin,  pale  yellowish  green  on  the  shaded  side,  red  next  the  sun,  much 
speckled  with  whitish  gray  dots ;  flesh  melting,  exceedingly  juicy.  Last 
September. 

Benoist  Nouveau. 

Foreign.  The  specimen  from  which  we  describe  was  received  from 
Messrs.  Ellwanger  &  Barry.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  greenish 
yellow,  brown  cheek,  dull  russet  marblings,  and  indistinct  brown  specks ; 


THE   PEAK. 

stem,  stout:  cavity,  deep,  narrow;  calyx,  open;  core,  sn.all;  seeds,  long^ 
ovate  pointed ;  flesh,  breaking,  juicy,  rather  astringent,  requires  careful 
ripening.     February  to  April. 

Bergen  Pear. 

A  chance  seedling,  found  in.  a  hedge  on  land  formerly  belonging  to  Simon 
Bergen,  of  New  Utrecht,  Long  Island.  Tree  vigorous,  and  early  bearer, 
productive.  Fruit,  large,  turbinate ;  skin,  very  thin,  smooth,  clear  yellow, 
with  a  beautiful  red  cheek  on  the  sunny  side  ;  stalk,  rather  long,  slightly 
curved,  inserted  at  an  inclination,  in  a  very  small  depression  ;  calyx,  small ; 
basin,  very  shallow;  flesh,  white,  fine  grained,  buttery,  juicy,  melting, 
with  a  sweet,  excellent  flavor  ;  core,  small,  with  few  seeds.  Ripens  last 
of  September.     (T.  G.  Bergen.) 

Belle  Fondante. 

Fruit,  medium,  pyramidal,  turbinate  ;  skin,  pale  yellow,  clouded  with 
green,  irregularly  patched  with  russet,  especially  around  the  eye ;  flesh, 
juicy,  buttery,  very  fine  grained  and  rich,  with  a  perceptible  astringency. 
October.     (Rob.  Manning.) 

Bergamotte  Heimburg. 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous  and  very  productive.  Fruit,  large,  Bergamotte 
shaped ;  skin,  rough,  green,  changing  to  lemon  yellow  when  ripe,  dotted 
with  brown,  and  tinged  with  red  next  the  sun ;  flesh,  white,  very  fine, 
somewhat  buttery,  juice  abundant,  sugary,  perfumed.  Ripe  early  in  Oc- 
tober.    (Gard.  Chron.) 

Bergamotte  Leseble. 

Foreign.  Tree  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  oblate,  or 
Bergamotte  shaped ;  skin,  yellow,  with  a  sunny  cheek,  numerous  small 
dots,  and  russeted  patches;  stalk,  long,  curved,  inserted  in  a  depression; 
calyx,  large,  open,  broad;  basin,  irregular;  flesh,  juicy,  buttery,  melting, 
sweet  and  perfumed.     October.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Bergamotte  de  Millepieds. 

Foreign.  Fruit  of  medium  size,  roundish,  resembling  Belle  de  Brussels; 
skin,  greenish,  rather  dark,  dotted  ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  first  rate 
Ripens  September.     (Leroy's  Cat.) 

Bleeker's  Meadow. 

Spice  Bntter,  j     Tleidelberg, 

Large  Seckel,  |     Feaster. 

American.  Tree,  free  grower,  hardy  and  productive.  Fruit,  medium, 
roundish,  yellowish ;  quality,  "  good."     October,  November. 

Bonne  de  Ezee. 

Bon  d'Ezee,        |        Bonne  des  Haies. 

Foreign.  Tree  of  short,  stocky  habit ;  wood,  yellowish ;  fruit,  large, 
obtuse  pyriform,  light  yellow  and  pale  red,  and  somewhat  russeted  ;  stem, 
rather  short,  uneven;  calyx,  partly  closed;  short  segments;  core,  large, 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy,  sugary ;  "  very  good."     September. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  369 

Bonne  Charlotte. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous  and  productive ;  fruit,  moderate  size,  variable 
in  form,  generally  resembling  Doyenne ;  skin,  smooth,  lightly  washed  with 
purple  on  the  side  of  the  sun ;  fleshy  moderately  fine,  more  buttery  than 
melting,  sugary,  and  strongly  perfumed.  Should  be  gathered  early.  It  is 
a  long  time  in  use.     Ripe  middle  of  August.     (Al.  Pom.) 

Bon  Gustave. 
Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous  ;    fruit,  medium,  pyriform,  light  green,  nearly 
covered  with  russet ;  flesh,  white,  sugary,  perfumed.     December,  January. 
(Hov.  Mag.) 

BouviER  Bourgermestre. 

Foreign.  Growth  moderate.  Fruit,  above  medium,  obtuse,  pyriform, 
green,  yellow  at  maturity,  rarely  red  cheek  in  sun;  stem,  rather  long; 
calyx,  small ;  basin,  narrow,  deep ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  pleasant 
sweet ;  "  good."     October,  November. 

Brandes  St.  Germain. 

Foreign.  Considering  its  season,  R.  Manning,  Esq.,  considers  this  a 
very  desirable  variety.  Tree,  moderate  grower,  succeeding  finely  on  Quince, 
very  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong  oval,  brownish  yellow,  with  smooth 
russet ;  stem,  short,  stout;  calyx,  small ;  flesh,  juicy,  vinous ;  "  very  good." 
November,  December. 

Bringewood. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  pyriform,  yellowish  brown  and  russet ;  stem, 
long  and  slender ;  calyx,  open,  prominent ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  gritty  at 
core,  the  rest  buttery;  "very  good."     November.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Brielmont. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  obovate  oblong,  angular,  yellow,  with  greenish 
and  russet  specks  ;    calyx,  prominent ;   basin,  open ;  flesh,  white,  melting ; 
"  good."     October. 

Caen  du  France. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  mostly  yellowish  russet  and 
reddish  dots;  stem,  rather  long;  calyx,  open;   flesh,  fine,  juicy,  sweet; 
"  very  good."     December,  January. 

Capiaumont. 
Beurrfe  Aurore,  |  Beurrfe  Capiaumont,  |  Beurr*  Caloma. 
Foreign.  This  is  a  profitable  orchard  and  market  variety,  on  Pear  or 
Quince.  A  free  grower  :  branches,  grayish  yellow.  Fruit,  medium,  glo- 
bular, acute  pyriform,  yellow,  with  cinnamon  red  cheek,  and  russet  dots 
and  streaks ;  stem,  curved ;  calyx,  large ;  flesh,  buttery,  sweet,  a  little 
astringent;  "  very  good."     September,  October. 

Calhoun. 

American.     Native  of  New  Haven,  Conn.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish, 
yellow,  with  much  of  russet  traced  and  dotted  ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  small ; 
core,  medium;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy;  "very  good."    Oc- 
tober, November. 
16* 


370  THE  PEAR. 

Capsheaf. 
American.      Native  of  Rhode  Island.     Tree,  hardy,  wood  yellowiefl. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  cinnamon 
russet;   stem,  short;  calyx,  closed;   core,  large;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
fine,  melting,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  very  good."     October. 

*    Catinka. 
Foreign.     Fruit,   large,   oblong  pyriform,  yellowish;  flesh,  fine,  juicy ^ 
*  very  good,"  and  will  probably  prove  ''  best."     We  have  only  seen  it  once. 
November. 

Canandaigua. 

Catherine. 
American.     From  Central  New  York.     Fruit,  large,  resembling  Bart- 
lett ;  flesh,  white,  fine,  juicy ;  "  good."     Tree,  vigorous,  upright  grower 
on  Quince  or  Pear,  productive.     September. 

Calebasse  d'Ete. 

Summer  Calebasse. 
Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  hardy ;  foliage,  light  green.  Fruit,  above  me- 
<iium,  oblong  pyriform,  irregular,  dull  green,  little  brown  in  sun,  rich  yel- 
low at  maturity,  russet  at  stem  and  eye ;  stem,  long ;  calyx,  small ;  core, 
small ;  seeds,  long ;  flesh,  white,  fine,  buttery,  juicy,  sugary,  perfumed. 
One  of  the  best.     Last  August  and  early  September. 

Camerlyn. 
Foreign.  Vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  pyriform  ;  skin, 
yellow,  with  numerous  brown  dots  and  a  slightly  marbled  cheek ;  stalk, 
long,  slightly  inclined  in  a  small  cavity  surrounded  by  russet ;  calyx,  open ; 
basin,  small  and  shallow ;  flesh,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  sugary,  with  a  very 
peculiar,  aromatic  flavor.     September,  October, 

Canandaigua. 

Catherine. 

Origin  uncertain;  supposed  to  have  been  brought  from  Connecticut  to 
Canandaigua  about  the  year  1806  ;  vigorous  and  productive. 

Fruit,  rather  large,  irregular,  obtuse  pyriform,  surface  uneven,  resem- 
bling Bartlett ;  skin,  lemon  yellow  ;  stalk,  medium  or  rather  short,  inclined  j 
calyx,  open ;  basin,  small ;  flesh,  whitish,  not  very  fine,  buttery,  and  melt- 
ing, with  a  vinous  somewhat  sugary  flavor.     September. 

Cassante  de  Mars. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous.  Fruit,  which  is  borne  in  clusters,  resembles 
Doyenne  blanc;  skin,  smooth,  bright  green,  becoming  golden  yellow  at 
maturity,  striped  and  shaded  with  fawn  ;  flesh,  when  in  full  perfection  is  half 
melting,  juicy,  sugary,  vinous,  and  well  perfumed.  December  to  April.  ( Al. 
Pom.) 

Catherine  Gardette. 

Raised  by  Dr.  W.  D.  Brinckle,  of  Philadelphia.  Foliage  much  waved, 
young  shoots  short-jointed,  yellow-olive  on  the  shaded  side,  brownish-olive 
on  the  side  exposed  to  the  sun,  with  many  minute  white  dots;  buds, 
pointed.  Size,  above  medium,  roundish  obovate ;  skin,  fair,  yellow,  with 
numerous  small  carmine  dots  on  the  exposed  side;  stalk,  one  inch  long, 


ETC.  371 

curved,  inserted  by  a  fleshy  termination  into  a  slight  depression ;  calyx, 
small,  set  in  a  rather  deep,  regular  hasin  ;  flesh,  fine  texture,  buttery ;  fla  • 
vor,  delicious,  with  a  delicate  aroma;  quality,  "best."  Beginning  of  Sep- 
tember.    (Trans.  A.  P.  S.) 

Camerling. 

Medium,  yellow,  brown  dots,  marbled  cheek ;  stem,  rather  stout,  curved, 
inserted  by  slight  inclination  in  a  small  cavity ;  calyx,  open ;  basin,  shal- 
low; core,  small;  flesh,  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  aromatic  peculiar  flavor; 
"  very  good."     September  to  October. 

Chaptal. 

Beurrfe  ChaptaL 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium  or  above,  roundish,  ovate  obovate,  greenish 
yellow:  stem,  curved;  cavity,  slight ;  calyx,  large,  open;  basin, shallow ; 
core,  medium ;  seeds,  oblong ;  flesh,  white,  breaking,  juicy ;  "  very  good.'^ 
December,  January. 

Chancellor. 

Green's  Qermantown,  |  Early  St.  Germain. 
Probably  a  native  of  Pennsylvania.  Tree,  healthy,  abundant  bearer ; 
young  wood,  slender,  yellowish  brown.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  obovate  pyri- 
form,  green,  with  minute  brown  specks  and  some  russet  blotches,  rarely  a 
faint  brown  cheek  ;  stem,  one  inch  long,  rather  thick ;  cavity  small,  irregu- 
lar ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  contracted  ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  long,  yellowish 
brown;  flesh,  melting;  "  very  good."     Last  September. 

Charles  Van  Mons. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  below  medium,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  yellowish 
green,  brownish  red  cheek,  and  russet  dots ;  stem,  slender,  curved,  depres- 
sion one  side  ;  calyx,  large,  open  ;  segments,  broad,  completely  reflexed ; 
basin,  shallow ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  obovate  pyriform  ;  flesh,  whitish, 
melting,  juicy,  vinous  ;  '•  very  good,"  if  not  "  best."     January. 

Charles  Van  Hoogten. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  above  medium,  obovate  acute  pyriform,  dull  pale  yel- 
low ;  stem,  stout,  enlarged  at  base ;  calyx,  open ;  segments,  short ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy ;  "  very  good."  Promises  valuable :  good 
grower,  productive.     Early  October. 

Christmas. 
Noel. 

American.  New;  from  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Fruit,  medium,  ovate  rounded  , 
skin,  rough,  bronzed,  russety  ;  stem,  stout,  slight  depression ;  calyx,  small ; 
basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  a  little  gritty,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  very  good."  Decem- 
ber, January.     (Warder's  Notes.) 

Choice  d*  un  Amateur. 

Foreign.  New.  Tree,  upright,  strong  growth.  Fruit,  large,  oblong 
ovate,  smooth,  pale  green ;  core,  small ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  su- 
gary.    (Hov.  Mag.) 


372  THE   PEAK. 

Charlotte  de  Brower. 

Foreign.  Very  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  greenish 
golden  russet,  with  spots  of  yellow  in  sun  ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  small ;  long 
segments ;  core,  small ;  flesh,  pinkish  white,  half  melting,  buttery,  juicy, 
perfumed.     November.     (Ho v.  Mag.) 

Church. 
From  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.     Medium,  obovate  acute  pyriform,  yellowish 
green,  spotted  and  marbled  with  russet;  stem,  medium;  calyx,  closed; 
basin,  medium ;  flesh,  buttery,  juicy,  sweet,  aromatic.     July,  August. 

Chaumontel. 

Bezi  de  Chaumontelle,     I     Winter  Beurrfe, 
Beufre  d'Hiver,  |     Oxford  Chaumontel, 

Foreign.  Requires  rich  warm  soil.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  obovate  ;  skin, 
rough,  yellowish,  brownish  red  in  sun,  russet  dots  ;  stem,  one  inch,  curved ; 
calyx,  medium ;  basin,  deep  ;  core,  small :  seeds,  flattened ;  flesh,  buttery, 
melting ;  "  very  good."     November,  January. 

Citron. 
American.     Native  of  New  Haven,  Conn.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish 
obovate,  dull  green,  sprinkled  with  small  russety  dots ;  flesh,  a  little  coarse, 
greenish  white,  melting,  juicy;  "  very  good."     Last  August. 

Cooke. 
Origin,  King  George  County,  Virginia.     Tree,  a  very  strong,  vigorous 
grower,  and  productive.     Introduced  by  H.  R.  Roljy,  Fredericksburgh,  Vir- 
ginia.    Fruit,  rather  large,  irregularly  pyramidal;  color,  pale  yellow ;  flesh, 
juicy,  buttery,  melting,  sweet,  rich  and  vinous.     (Roby.) 

Collins. 

Watertown. 

American.  From  Watertown,  Massachusetts ;  supposed  a  seedling  of 
white  Doyenne  ;  a  regular,  abundant  bearer.  Fruit,  large  or  above  medium, 
roundish  obovate,  yellowish  green,  mottle«l  with  dull  red  in  sun,  some  rus- 
set ;  stem,  short,  curved ;  calyx,  large,  open ;  core,  large :  flesh,  white, 
vinous,  juicy,  sweet,  melting.     September. 

CoLMAR  Epine. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  large,  roundish  obtuse  oblong,  dull  green,  with  cloud- 
ings of  darker  hue;    flesh,  white,  melting,  vinous,  juicy;  "very  good." 
September. 

CoLMAR  d'AlOST. 

Comtesse  d'Alost,     J     Duchesse  d'Alost,     )     Delies  d'Alost. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit,  large,  elongated  pyri- 
form, sometimes  obovate ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  with  a  red  cheek,  sprink- 
led with  many  green  or  brown  dots,  often  much  russeted ;  stalk,  large, 
rather  long  and  curved,  inserted  in  a  slight  depression ;  calyx,  open ;  seg- 
ments, long ;  basin,  shallow  and  uneven ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  melting, 
juicy,  slightly  astringent. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC. 


373 


Columbia. 


I     Columbian  YirgaloaBe. 


Columbian  Virgalieu, 
Native  of  Westchester 
county,  N.  Y.  Without 
being  of  more  than  second 
quality,  its  hardihood  of 
tree,  productive  habit,  and 
fruit  uniformly  smooth 
and  fair,  make  it  a  valu- 
ble  as  well  as  profitable 
variety.  Tree,  thrifty; 
young  shoots,  yellowish 
brown. 

Fruit,  large  or  above 
medium,  oblong  obovate 
pyriform ;  color,  at  first 
pale  green,  becoming, 
when  ripe,  fine  golden 
yellow,  dotted  with  small 
gray  dots  ',  stem,  medium 
size,  slightly  curved  ;  ca- 
lyx, rather  small,  partial- 
ly open,  or  half  closed; 
basin,  shallow ;  core,  me- 
dium ;  seeds,  oblong  pyri- 
form ;  flesh,  white,  mode- 
rately juicy,  sweet;  va- 
riable quality.  Decem- 
ber to  January. 


CoLMAR  Neill. 
Foreign.    Fruit,  large,  obovate,  pale  yellow ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  melt* 
ing ;  '  good."     October. 

COMPTB  DE  LaMY. 


Beurrfe  Curtfe, 
Dingier, 


Marie  Louise  the  Second, 
Marie  Louise  Nova. 


Foreign.  Tree,  upright.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellow, 
brownish  red  cheek,  small  russet  dots  :  stem,  long ;  calyx,  small ;  flesh, 
white,  fine-grained,  buttery ;  "  good."     Early  October. 

CoMTE  Lelieur. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  upright,  moderately  productive.  Fruit,  me- 
dium, turbinate ;  skin,  yellowish  green,  with  a  brownish  red  cheek,  speckled 
■with  gray  and  patched  with  russet :  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine-grained, 
melting,  juicy,  sweet,  and  very  high  flavored.  September.  (Rob.  Man- 
ning.) 


374: 


THE  PEAR. 


COMTE  DE  Fl  ANDRE. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  prolific.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate  acute  pyri* 
form,  yellowish,  traced  with  russet,  occasional  red  in  sun ;  stem,  stout, 
fleshy  at  base ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sweet  sub-acid  j  very  good.  Novem- 
ber, December.     Promises  to  become  valuable. 

ConSeilleur  Ramuez. 

Conseilleur  Eanwez. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  dull  green,  clouded 
and  traced  with  russet;  flesh,  melting,  tender ;  "good."     October.     Valu- 
ble  as  a  market  sort. 

Ck)UNTESS    OF    LUNAY. 
Comtesse  de  Lunay. 


Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous  ;  very  productive  on  Quince  ;  has  been  much 
disseminated  as  "  Doyenne  d'Ete."  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate  ; 
Bkin,  smooth,  pale  yellow,  often  thinly  sprinkled  with  red  in  sun,  some  rus- 
set specks,  and  russet  at  base  of  stem ;  stem,  long,  largest  where  it  joins 
the  tree  ;  cavity,  slight,  often  a  little  lip  one  side  of  stem ;  calyx,  large, 
open,  with  long  reflexed  segments ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  brown ;  flesh> 
white,  rather  coarse,  melting,  juicy;  "  very  good."    October. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  376 

COTER. 

Foreign.  Tree,  healthy;  young  wood,  short-jointed,  light  yellow.  Fruit, 
medium,  regular  obovate,  pale  green ;  flesh,  fine-grained,  tender,  melting, 
juicy  ;  "  very  good."     November. 

Cross. 

Winter  Cross. 

American.  From  Massachusetts.  Tree,  hardy,  slender,  grayish  yellow 
wood.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  deep  yellow,  with  russet  dots  and 
patches ;  stem,  stout ;  calyx,  small ',  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy  •  "  very 
good."     November,  January. 

Gushing. 

American.  Native  of  Hingham.  Mass.  Tree,  hardy,  of  slender,  diverg- 
ing growth.  Fruit,  medium,  ovate  obovate,  light  greenish  yellow,  small 
gray  dots,  dull  red  cheek;  calyx,  small ;  stem,  one  inch  long;  flesh,  white, 
fine-grained,  melting,  sweet ;  "  very  good."     September. 

Dallas. 

American.  From  New  Haven,  Conn.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate, 
dull  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  red  russet ;  stem,  medium  ;  calyx,  large, 
open ;  core,  rather  small ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy,  vinous ; 
"  very  good."     November. 

Dana's  No.  19. 

Raised  by  Francis  Dana,  of  Roxbury,  Mass.  Fruit,  large,  obovate,  swel- 
ling out  at  the  base  ;  stalk  of  moderate  length,  inserted  in  a  rather  slight 
depression ;  skin,  yellow  and  thick ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy,  half  melt- 
ing, with  a  pleasant  perfumed  flavor.     November.     (Hov.  in  Mag.) 

Dana's  No.  16. 

Raised  by  Francis  Dana,  of  Roxbury  Mass.  Fruit,  under  medium,  obo- 
vate ;  skin,  yellow  russet,  with  dark  russet  specks  ;  stem  in  a  very  slight 
depression  ;  calyx,  open,  in  a  deep  cavity ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy, 
tender,  sweet,  high  flavored.     November.     (Hov.  in  Mag.) 

De  Louvain. 
Poire  de  Louvain. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  obovate  acute  pyriform,  dull  greenish  yellow, 
rough  russet  dots  and  patches ;  stem,  long,  medium  size,  curved ;  calyx, 
large ;  basin,  shallow ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds,  blackish ;  flesh,  greenish  white, 
crisp,  juicy,  astringent,  valuable  only  for  baking.     January,  March. 

Desiree    Cornelis. 
Comelis. 

Foreign:  Tree,  vigorous,  productive,  thorny.  Fruit,  large,  roundish 
ovate ;  skin,  rough,  pale  green,  yellowish,  and  tinged  red  in  sun ;  calyx, 
open ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  melting,  sugary.  Early  September.  (Hov. 
Mag.) 


376  THE  PEAK. 

Delices  d^Hardenpont  du  Nord  and  Beigium, 

Fondante  PariBelle  du  Cornice  Horticule,     I     Beurre  Curtet,  \fA.  Leroy. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  pyriform,  yellow,  gray  spotted;  calyx,  small; 
flesh,  coarse,  melting,  sugary,  "good."  October.  Promises  to  become 
valuable. 

Des  Nonnes. 

Poire  des  Nonnes,     |     Beurre  de  Brignais,     |     Des  Nones. 
Foreign.     New.     Fruit,  medium,   turbinate,  clear  light  yellow,  many 
small  brown  dots ;  stem,  long,  slender  ]  calyx,  small,  closed ;  basin,  shallow ; 
flesh,  whitish,  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  perfumed  ;    "  very  good,"  perhaps 
"  best."     September. 

Deux  Sceurs. 

A  fine  tree,  very  productive.  Fruit,  large,  elongated,  pyriform ;  skin, 
green,  spotted  with  dark  brown  ;  flesh,  fine  yellowish,  green,  buttery,  very 
sugary,  with  a  decided  flavor  of  almonds.     November.     (Al.  Pom.) 

De  Bavay. 

Poire  de  Bavay. 
Foreign.     Succeeds  and  bears  well  on  quince  or  pear  stock.     Fruit, 
medium,  turbinate,  dull  yellow,  dotted  and  traced  with  russet ;  calyx,  large, 
open;  flesh,  juicy,  agreeable  sub-acid;  "  very  good."     October,  November. 

Delices  Charles  Van  Mons. 

Delices  de  Charles. 
Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  medium,  pyriform ;  skin,  fine,  lemon  yellow, 
thinly  washed  with  russet,  quite  like  the  Golden  Beurre,  which  it  also  re- 
sembles in  size  and  shape;  stalk,  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  inserted 
without  depression  ;  calyx,  small,  open,  and  placed  in  a  narrow  and  shal- 
low basin ;  flesh,  melting,  vinous,  juicy,  and  refreshing. 

Delices  de  Mons. 
Foreign.    Fruit,  medium,  pyriform,  uneven  surface  ;  stem,  half-inch  long ; 
calyx,   small ;    skin,  yellowish  green  in  shade,  russet  in  sun,  dotted  and 
spotted  with  gray ;    flesh,  yellowish,  melting,  juicy,  perfumed ;    "  very 
good."     September,  October. 

De  Sorlus. 
Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous;  branches,  straight,  erect,  compact;  wood, 
yellowish,  grayish  white  dots  ;  free  bearer.  Fruit,  large,  turbinate ;  stem, 
one  side,  short,  curved ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  color,  yellowish  green,  gray 
russet,  marbled  most  at  stem ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy.  October, 
December. 

DiCKERMAN. 
Dikeman,  |  Pardns,  No.  2. 
From  New  Haven,  Conn.  Good  grower  and  bearer,  medium,  roundish 
oblate,  yellowish,  minute  dots ;  stem,  short,  curved,  fleshy  at  insertion ; 
calyx,  small ;  segments,  persistent ;  basin,  shallow,  uneven ;  flesh,  whitish, 
buttery,  juicy,  melting,  vinous,  perfumed;  core,  small;' "very  good." 
September,  October. 


ETC.  377 

DiLLEN. 

Deacon  Dillen,     |     Dillon,     j     Doyennfe  Dillen. 

Foreign.  This  has  been  heretofore  considered  a  synonym  of  Beurre 
Diel ;  it,  however,  proves  distinct.  Tree,  not  vigorous,  branches  erect, 
diverging ;  grayish  rough  wood.  Fruit,  large,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform, 
greenish  yellow,  russet  at  stem:  stem,  short;  calyx,  small;  flesh,  fine, 
melting,  tender,  juicy,  vinous.     October,  November. 

DiLLER. 

Probabably  a  native  of  Pennsylvania.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous  ;  wood, 
short-jointed,  reddish  brown,  a  regular  and  abundant  bearer.  Fruit, 
medium,  ovate  obovate,  angular,  golden  yellow,  sprinkled,  and,  in  sun, 
mostly  covered  with  light  cinnamon  russet ;  calyx,  open ;  basin,  shallow ; 
core,  small ;  seeds,  long,  black,  pointed :  flesh,  yellowish  white,  buttery, 
sugary  ;  "  very  good,"  or  "  best."  September.  It  must  not  be  confounded 
with  the  Dillen,  a  foreign  variety. 

DOCTEUR     BOUVIER. 

Foreign.  A  vigorous  tree,  covered  with  long,  sharp  spines,  forming  a 
beautiful  pyramid;  very  productive. 

Fruit,  large,  elongated  pyriform  ;  skin,  light  green,  taking  a  slight  tint 
of  yellow  at  maturity,  and  mottled  with  russet ;  flesh,  white,  fine,  half  but- 
tery, half  melting,  sufficiently  juicy,  vinous,  and  of  a  perfume  most  agree- 
able.    February,  March.     (Al.  Pom.) 

DoCTEUR    CaPRON. 

Foreign.  A  new  pear  of  good  promise.  It  has  a  thick  skin  of  greenish 
yellow  color,  covered  with  blotches  of  russet,  red  in  the  sun,  and  russet 
specks  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  of  a  pleasant,  rather 
spirited  flavor.     October,  November.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

DoCTEUR  LeNTIER. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  pyriform  ; 
skin,  bright  green, becoming  slightly  yellow  at  maturity;  flesh,  fine,  melt- 
ing, buttery,  juice  abundant,  sugary,  and  deliciously  perfumed.  Mature 
at  the  end  of  October  and  November.     {An.  Pom.) 

DocTEUR  Trousseau. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  pyriform;  skin,  green,  spotted  with  red,  and 
sprinkled  with  gray  dots ;  stalk,  strong  and  woody ;  flesh,  firm,  white, 
melting,  buttery,  with  an  abundance  of  perfumed  sugary  juice.  November, 
December.    (An.  Pom.) 

Dow. 

Raised  by  Dr.  Eli  Ives,  New  Haven,  Conn.  Tree  upright,  vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit,  rather  above  medium,  obovate,  acutely  pyriform,  sometimes  tur- 
binate; skin,  rough,  yellowish  green,  sprinkled  with  russet  dots,  and  a  few 
small  patches  of  russet ;  stalk,  long,  inserted  at  an  inclination  in  a  very 
slight  cavity;  calyx,  large,  open,  set  in  a  very  small  basin  ;  flesh,  white,  but- 
tery, juicy,  melting,  with  a  good  vinous  flavor,  sometimes  slightly  astrin- 
gent.    September,  October.     (Downing.) 


^78  THE   PEAK. 

Doyenne  du  Comics. 

Doyenne  du  Cornice,  of  Angers. 
Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous,  productive.      Fruit,  large,   obtuse  pyriforn, 
greenish  yellow,  russet  specks,  red  around  stem  ;  stem,  short :  calyx,  open  j 
basin,  deep ;  core,  large ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy,  sugary  j 
"  very  good."     October,  November. 

Doyenne  Defais. 

Beurre  Defais,  |  Doyenne  D'Affay. 
Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  ;  skin,  smooth,  yellow,  often  with  a  fine 
red  cheek ;  stalk,  stout,  about  one  inch  long,  inserted  in  a  deep  cavity ; 
calyx,  spreading,  placed  in  a  deep,  narrow  basin  ;  flesh,  fine,  white-grained, 
very  buttery,  melting,  juicy,  rich,  high-flavored,  and  delicious.  Tree, 
robust,  and  a  great  bearer.     "  Promises  well.''     October. 

Doyenne  Downing. 

Foreign.  Raised  and  dedicated  by  M.  Leroy  (France)  to  the  memory  of 
A.  J.  Downing. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  irregular;  green  yellowish,  speckled  with  russet 
dots;  stem,  short,  obliquely  inserted;  flesh,  white,  crisp,  juicy,  sugary, 
slightly  acidulated.     September. 

Doyenne  Gaubalt. 

Chapen. 
Foreign.  Promises  a  valuable  variety  for  orcharding,  on  Pear  roots. 
Fruit,  medium  to  large,  obovate  acute  pyriform  ;  surface,  uneven,  dull  pale 
yellow,  with  a  few  traces  of  russet ;  stem,  short,  thick  flesh  next  the  fruit ; 
calyx,  small ;  basin,  deep ;  core,  small ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  very 
good."     November,  December. 

Doyenne  Robin. 

Beurrfe  Kobin. 
Foreign.  Fruit,  rather  large,  bergamot-shaped,  greenish,  covered  with 
russet  dots  and  spashes  ;  stem,  usually  very  long  and  thick ;  deep,  narrow 
cavity  ;  calyx,  small,  narrow  ;  moderately  deep  basin  ;  seed,  large,  black  ; 
flesh,  melting,  somewhat  granular;  flavor,  pleasant;  quality,  "very  good." 
Succeeds  on  Quince.     September. 

Doyenne  Sieulle. 

Benrrfe  Sieulle,  |  Sieulle,  |  Bergamotte  Sieulle. 
Foreign.  A  variety  requiring  high  culture  ;  does  best  on  Quince,  under 
garden  culture.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  oblong,  dull  yellowish 
green,  with  fine  red  cheek  in  sun,  scattered  russet  specks  :  stem,  stout ; 
calyx,  open;  core,  large;  flesh,  white,  melting,  sugary,  vinous,  juicy; 
"  very  good,"  sometimes  "  best."     October,  November. 

Doyenne  Santellete. 

Sentilet. 
Foreign.  An  old  variety,  little  known.  Tree,  vigorous  ;  wood,  stout, 
yellowish.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  pyriform,  dull  yellowish  green, 
traces,  streaks,  and  dots  of  russet,  red  in  sun ;  stem,  long,  slender  ;  calyx, 
small,  open ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  vinous,  melting,  juicy ;  "  very  good." 
October. 


UNTESTED  VABIETIES,   ETC.  379 

Doyenne  Rose. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  above  medium,  oblong,  ovate  pyriform,   yellow,  blush 
rod  cheek,  patches  and  dots  of  russet;  stem,  stout,  set  without  depression; 
calyx,  with  short,  stiff  segments  ;  core,  small ;  flesh,  white,  coarse,  juicy ; 
*'  good."     October. 

Duchess  d*Alost. 

Comtesse  d'Alost,     )     Delices  d'Alost. 

Large,  elongated  pyriform,  or  oval,  greenish  yellow,  red  cheek,  brownish 
dots  and  russet ;  stem,  stout,  long ;  calyx,  open,  segments  long ;  basin,  shal- 
low, uneven  3  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy ;  core,  small ;  "  very  good." 
October. 

Duchess  d'Angouleme. 

Foreign.  A  valuable  variety  for  market,  on  the  Quince,  and  on  the 
Quince  only.  It  succeeds  well  at  the  Southwest.  High  culture  of  this  variety 
produces  very  large  and  very  good  fruit,  otherwise  it  is  indifferent  in 
size  or  character.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  obovate  pyriform,  dull  greenish  yel- 
low, traced  and  dotted  with  russet ;  stem,  rather  long,  stout ;  calyx,  me- 
dium, partly  open ;  basin,  deep,  uneven  ;  core,  below  medium ;  seeds,  ob- 
long pyriform;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  juicy;  "very  good."  An  extremely 
variable  fruit,  unreliable.  October.  The  striped  Duchess  d'Angouleme 
differs  only  in  the  fruit  being  striped  yellow  and  green. 

Due  DE  Brabant. 

Miel  de  'Waterloo,  I     Fondante  des  Charneause,    I     Beurrfe  de  "Waterloo, 

Desirfee  Van  Mons,         I     Eccellentissima,  of  some,  Fondante  du  Cornice. 

Beurre  de  Charneati,     |  | 

Vigorous,  productive,  large,  oval  pyriform,  angular,  greenish  shade,  crim- 
son in  sun,  greenish  dots  ;  stem,  long,  curved,  flesh  at  base  ;  calyx,  large, 
open,  segments  persistent;  basin,  irregular,  ribbed;  flesh,  whitish,  granu- 
lar, vinous;  core,  medium; '"very good."     October,  November. 

Duchess  de  Berri  d*Ete. 

Souverain  d'Etfe,  |  Duchess  of  Beny. 
Foreign.  This  name  has  sometimes  been  applied  to  the  Duchess  of  An- 
gouleme,  which  is  entirely  distinct.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  spreading  ; 
shoots,  reddish  brown.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  clear  pale  yel- 
low, dotted  with  small  russet  specks ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  small ;  seeds, 
large ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  sugary.  Sep- 
tember and  October.     The  Duchess  de  Berri  is  a  synonym  of  "  Pound." 

Duchess  de  Mars. 

Captif  de  St.  Helena. 
Foreign.  Fruit,  below  medium,  oblong  obovate,  yellow,  mostly  covered 
with  russet,  ruddy  in  sun  ;  stem,  set  without  depression ;  calyx,  small, 
closed ;  core  and  seeds,  small  ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  perfumed  ;  "  very 
good,"  if  not  "  best."  This  succeeds  well,  and  this  fruit  is  best  grown  on 
Quince.    October  and  November. 

Due  d'Orlsans. 
Foreign,  new.    Fruit,  medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  golden  yellow,  with 
reddish  brown  dark  specks ;  stem,  slender ;   flesh,  white,  juicy,  melting. 
«ugary,  vinous.     November,  Deeember. 


380 


THE  PEAR. 


DUNDAS. 

Parmentier. 

Foreign.     Rather  liable  to  drop  before  mature.     Fruit,  medium,  obovato 

ovate,  yellow,  greenish  black  dots,  deep  red  cheek  in  sun  ;  stem,  stout ; 

calyx,  small ;  flesh,  yellowish,  melting,  perfumed ;  "  very  good."     October 

and  November. 

DUNMORE. 


Foreign.  A  good  grower  and  early  bearer  on  pear  roots  ;  requires  rich, 
high  culture  ;  shoots,  slender,  erect,  brownish  slate  color.  Fruit,  large  to 
very  large  (our  drawing  made  from  an  unripe  specimen),  oblong  obovate, 
greenish,  dotted  and  speckled  with  brownish  red  russet,  patches  of  rough 
russet  near  calyx;  when  not  fully  ripe,  dark  green  specks  underneath  the 
skin  ;  stem,  rather  long  ;  fleshy  at  base  ;  calyx,  open ;  segments,  much  re- 
flexed  ;  core,  rather  large ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  buttery,  melting ;  "  verjf 
good."     September  and  October. 


TINTESTED    VARIETIES,   ETC. 


381 


DuPUY  Charles. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous.  Fruit,  medium,  pyriform;  skin,  rough,  be 
comes  yellow  at  maturity,  and  chiefly  covered  with  fawn  russet ;  flesh, 
whitish  green,  melting,  juicy,  very  sugary.  An  excellent  fruit,  ripening 
the  end  of  November.     (Al.  Pom.) 


Amire  Joannet, 

Joanette, 

St.  John's  Pear, 


Early  Sugar. 

j     Archdiic  d'Et6, 
Sugar  Pear, 


Harvest  Pear, 
St  Jean. 


Foreign.  Only  valued  for  ripening  very  early.  Fruit,  small ,  pyriforra, 
light  green  to  yellowish,  faint  blush;  flesh,  white,  sugary;  '-'good,"  if  eaten 
just  in  perfection,  otherwise  mealy.     July. 

Elizabeth.  (Edwards.) 

American.  From  New  Haven,  Ct.  Fruit  medium,  roundish  obtuse 
pyriform,  angular,  lemon  yellow,  russet  specks  and  patches ;  stem,  short  j 
calyx,  large,  open;  core,  large  ;  flesh,  white,  rather  coarse,  melting,  juicy, 
vinous;  "  very  good,"  often  "  best."     October. 

Early  Butter  of  Cincinnati. 

This  is  a  variety  which  our  Cin- 
cinnati Pomologists  seem  unable  to 
recognize  with  any  known  descrip- 
tion. We  have  been  unable  to  ex- 
amine the  fruit  in  perfection,  but 
some  small  specimens  received,  from 
which  our  drawing  was  made,  in- 
duced a  guess  at  Dearborn  Seedling. 
The  original  tree  at  Cincinnati  is 
said  to  have  been  probably  brought 
from  New  Jersey.  It  is  of  upright 
growth,  short-jointed,  yellowish 
brown  wood,  forming  a  handsome 
symmetrical  head.  Fruit,  small, 
oblong  ovate,  narrowing  most  to 
the  stem,  light  greenish  yellow, with 
dark  green  specks,  rarely  a  bronzed 
red  in  sun  ;  calyx,  prominent ;  seg- 
ments, bold,  reflexed ;  core,  compact; 
seeds,  few,  defective ;  flesh,  white, 
juicy,  buttery ;  "  very  good."  Last 
July. 


Echassery. 


Ecliasserie, 
Bezi  d'Echassie, 


Bezi  de  Chasserie, 
Jagdbirne. 


Foreign.  Poor  grower.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval,  pale  green, 
yellowish,  dotted  with  gray  when  ripe :  calyx,  open ;  flesh,  melting,  but- 
tery, sweet ;  '•  good."     November  and  December. 


382  THE  PEAB, 

Emilb  d'Heyst. 

This  fruit  is  dedicated  by  Major  Esperen  to  the  son  of  his  friend,  L.  E. 
Berckmans,  of  New  Jersey. 

A  Belgian  fruit.  Tree  of  moderate  vigor ;  a  healthy  and  good  grower, 
but  straggling  and  not  easily  brought  to  a  pyramidal  form.  It  seems  well 
suited  to  this  climate  and  grows  well  on  Quince.  Young  wood,  fawn  or 
light-brown,  rather  slender.  Fruit,  large,  or  above  medium  size,  long  cale- 
basse  form ;  color,  light  green,  washed  and  waved  with  fawn  and  russet, 
becomes  bright  yellow  at  the  time  of  maturity ;  stem,  variable,  but  rather 
long,  sometimes  fleshy,  inserted  in  an  uneven  cavity ;  calyx,  small,  set  in 
a  deep,  narrow  basin,  surrounded  by  uneven  protuberances ;  flesh,  buttery, 
melting,  very  juicy,  exceedingly  fine,  sugary  and  well  perfumed.  Ripen- 
ing well  through  November.     (L.  E.  Berckmans.) 

Emile  Bivort. 

Dedicated  by  Bonvier,  to  the  daughter  of  the  distinguished  Belgian  Po- 
mologist,  A.  Bivort. 

Tree,  of  slow  growth,  but  very  hardy,  with  reddish  or  light  brown,  up- 
right, stout,  short  shoots.  Fruit,  medium,  oblate,  inclining  to  conic,  very 
much  depressed ;  skin,  deep  orange-yellow,  much  covered  with  russet ; 
stalk,  short  and  fleshy,  inserted  in  a  rather  deep  cavity,  surrounded  by 
protuberances ;  calyx,  small,  inserted  in  a  deep  well  formed  basin  ;  flesh, 
yellowish,  buttery,  melting,  abounding  in  rich,  sugary,  vinous  juice,  with 
a  peculiar  flavor,  somewhat  resembling  quince.  Ripe  October,  November. 
(Berckmans.) 

Etewood. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  branches  very  strong,  stout,  yellowish  brown, 
with  large  white  specks ;  fruit,  below  medium,  obovate,  pale  greenish  yel- 
low, russet  traces  and  specks;  stem,  long,  slender;  calyx,  small,  open; 
core,  large ;  flesh,  white,  rather  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  sub-acid ;  "  very 
good."     October. 

FiGUE  OF  Naples. 

Figue  de  Naples,         }     Comtesse  de  Frenol, 
Fig  Pear  of  Naples,    |     De  Vigne  Pelone. 

Foreign.  Grown  by  some  under  name  of  Beurre  Bronze.  Tree,  vigor- 
ous, productive,  shoots  upright,  brown  ;  fruit,  medium,  oblong  obovate, 
pale  greenish  yellow,  dull  red  in  sun,  russety  :  calyx,  small ;  stem,  stout, 
fleshy  knob  at  base  :  flesh,  juicy,  pleasant,  breaking;  "  good."     October. 

Fig  d'Alencon. 

Vert  Longue  de  la  Mayenne. 
Medium,  long,  oval,  curved,  green,  netted  with  russet;   stem,  short, 
thick  at  junction;  calyx,  open ;    basin,  shallow ;    flesh,  greenish,  coarse; 
core,  small;  ''good."     October,  November. 

FiGUE. 

Figue  Vert 

Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous,  hardy  productive  on  either  Pear  or  Quince. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblong  pyriform,  green,  much  overspread  with  yellow  and 

red  russet;  stem,  stout,  fleshily  set  upon  the  reck;    calyx,  open,  without 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC.  383 

divisions  ;   core,  rather  large ;   flesh,  white,  juicy,  melting,  slightly  per- 
fumed j  "  very  good."  November. 

FONDANTB    SeRRURIER    DB    MeILLOT. 

Berrurier  d'Autonme. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong  obovate,  yellow,  with  russet  specks 
and  blotches  ;  stem,  in  a  deep  cavity ;  basin,  shallow;  flesh,  melting,  juicy, 
"  good."     October. 

FONDANTE    DES    PrES. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  turbinate  pyriform,  greenish  lemon  yellow ; 
stem,  medium,  fleshy  at  base ;  flesh,  white,  sweet,  agreeable.     October. 

FoNDANTE  Agreeable. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellowish  green,  slightly 
russeted  ;  stem,  planted  angularly,  fleshy  at  base  ;  calyx,  open }  basin, 
shallow;  flesh,  tender,  melting,  juicy,  delicately  aromatic;  very  good,  if 
not  best ;  core,  large ;  seeds,  plump.     August,  September. 

FoNDANTE    DE  MaLINES. 

Fondante  de  Malines  (Esperin.) 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate, 
pale  yellow,  traced  and  much  covered  with  red  russet  and  brownish  red, 
occasional  spot  of  vermilion  in  sun  ;  stem,  long;  calyx,  small  ;  core,  large; 
flesh,  white,  buttery,  melting,  sweet;  "  very  good."     October. 

Fondante  Van  Mons. 

Foreign.  Tree,  good  grower  and  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish 
obovate,  greenish  yellow,  marbled  with  red  and  some  russet  specks ;  stem, 
stout,  curved ;  calyx,  large,  open ;  core,  large ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
coarse,  melting,  buttery,  sweet ;  "  very  good."     October. 

Forelle. 

Trout  Pear,     ]     Poire  Truite,     |     Forellenbirne. 

Foreign.  Deserves  more  attention  than  it  has  yet  received.  Tree,  vig- 
orous, productive  on  Quince  or  Pear  ;  wood,  violet  red,  young  shoots,  downy. 
Fruit,  medium,  oblong  obovate,  dull  yellow  in  shade,  vermilion  in  sun, 
grayish  dots,  margined  with  crimson  ;  stem,  slender  ;  calyx,  partly  open  ; 
core,  medium;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  buttery,  melting,  juicy,  vinous; 
"  very  good  "  or  "  best."     October,  November. 

Frederick  of  Wurtemberg. 

Frederick  de  Wnrtemburg. 

Foreign.  Well  known  and  extensively  grown  in  this  country.  Tree, 
very  early  and  productive  bearer;  young  wood,  strong,  yellowish  brown; 
fruit  decays  rapidly  at  core,  often  worthless  ere  the  grower  thinks  it  ripe. 
Fruit,  large,  angular  pyriform, uneven  surface,  dull  yellow,  crimson  cheek; 
stem,  stout,  usually  set  on  or  thickening  into  the  fruit ;  calyx,  open  ;  basin, 
shallow;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  melting ;  "good."     September. 


THE   PEAR. 

1'leur  de  Neige. 

Snow  Flower. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium  or  above,  tapering  by  a  mamelon  protuberance 
to  its  junction  with  the  stem  which  meets  it  by  a  fleshy  enlargement ;  calyx, 
small,  partially  closed,  in  a  small,  shallow  basin  ;  surface,  very  uneven ; 
color,  yellowish  green,  mottled  with  thin  russet ;  flesh,  somewhat  granular 
a^id  coarse,  but  sweet  and  high  flavored.     Ripens  middle  of  October. 

Florimont  Parent. 

Foreign.  Tree,  of  moderate  vigor  and  fertility.  Fruit,  very  large,  pyra- 
midal, swelled  towards  its  centre-  skin,  green,  pointed  and  striped  >yith 
brown  russet,  becomes  deep  yellow  at  maturity ;  flesh,  coarse,  melting, 
iuicy,  sugary,  and  agreeably  perfumed.     End  of  September.     (Al.  Pom.) 

Frankford. 

Origin,  on  the  premises  of  Eli  Merkins,  near  Frankford,  Philadelphia.  A 
new  fruit,  and  said  to  be  an  acquisition.  Size,  medium,  roundish,  some- 
times inclining  to  pyriform,  not  unfrequently  obovate ;  skin,  yellow,  con- 
taining many  russet  dots,  especially  towards  the  crown,  and  having  occa- 
sionally a  faint  blush  on  the  part  exposed  to  the  sun ;  stalk,  rather 
short,  thick,  and  fleshy  at  its  termination,  inserted  in  a  small  cavity ;  calyx, 
medium,  open,  set  in  a  shallow,  moderately  wide  basin ;  flesh,  fine  texture 
and  buttery;  flavor,  exceedingly  rich,  with  a  delicious  aroma  j  quality. 
"  best."     November.     (Int.  Rept.) 

Franklin. 
Native  of  Georgia.     Fruit,  large,  oblong  turbinate,  irregular,  narrowing 
to  the  eye ;  green,  clouded  with  shades  of  darker  green,  and  dotted  with 
dark  green  gray  dots ;  basin,  shallow,   oblique ;  stem,  medium,  one  side 
fleshy  at  base ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sweet.     January.     Valued  South. 

Frederika  Bremer. 

Virgalieu,  erroneously,  of  some. 

American.  From  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish 
obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish,  becoming  pale  yellow  with  slight  rus- 
set dots ;  stem,  one  to  one  and  a  half  inch  long,  rarely  a  cavity ;  calyx, 
open,  short,  erect  segments;  basin,  rather  deep,  slight  furrows;  core, 
medium ;  seeds,  blackish ;  flesh,  white,  a  little  coarse,  melting,  juicy. 
Quality,  variable  ;  often  only  "  good."     October,  November. 

Gansel's  Bergamot. 

Broca'8  Bergamot,      I     Staunton,  I      Gurle's  Buerrfe, 

Ives'  Bergamot,  |     Bonne  Eouge,     |     Diamant. 

Foreign.  An  old  variety,  with  few  superiors  when  well  grown.  It 
requires,  a  warm,  rich  soil ;  on  cold  clay  it  is  almost  tasteless.  Tree, 
vigorous,  spreading,  succeeds  well  on  Quince,  productive.  Fruit,  large, 
roundish  obovate,  yellowish  brown  russet,  red  in  sun,  russet  dots  and 
patches  ;  stem,  short ;  cavity,  deep  ;  calyx,  open  ;  basin,  deep  ;  core,  large ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  coarse,  melting,  juicy ;  •'  very  good,"  or  '^  best. 
October. 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC.  385 

Gansel's  late  Bergamot. 
Foreign.     An  new  variety  recently  introduced,  very  much  resembling  the 
preceding,  except  its  period  of  maturity  being  extended  into  December.     It 
is  also  said  to  have  less  color  in  sun,  and  the  flesh  entirely  free  from  granu- 
lations.    Tree,  vigorous,  and  productive  on  the  pear  root. 

Gansell's  Seckel. 

Medium,  oblate,  rough,  uneven ;  yellow,  with  thin  russet :  stem,  short, 
Btout,  inserted  in  a  broad,  shallow  cavity  :  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  abrupt ; 
flesh,  coarse,  aromatic  :  "  very  good."     November. 

General  de  Lourmel. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium  size,  resembling  Doyenne ;  skin,  greenish, 
irregularly  spotted  and  dotted  with  russet ;  flesh,  delicate,  juicy,  melting, 
sugary.     Ripening  in  November.     (Leroy's  Cat.) 

General  Taylor. 

Native  of  Maryland.  The  tree  supposed  to  be  the  original  one  grows 
near  Baltimore,  and  is  25  or  30  years  old. 

Size,  under  medium ;  form,  turbinate,  obscurely  pyriform,  broad  at  the 
crown ;  color,  cinnamon  russet,  becoming  fawn  on  the  exposed  side  ;  stem, 
inserted  into  a  very  small  cavity ;  calyx,  partially  closed,  set  in  a  broad, 
not  very  deep,  furrowed  basin  ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  dark  brown,  ovate,  no 
angle  at  the  obtuse  end ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  granular,  becoming  but- 
tery and  melting,  but  somewhat  gritty  at  the  core ;  flavor,  as  high  as  the 
Seckel,  aroma,  delicious  ;  quality,  "  best."     November.     (Ad.  Int.  Rept., 

Gerardin. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  somewhat  irregular ;  skin,  yellow,  with  many 
spots  and  patches  of  rough  russet,  and  a  reddish  tint  towards  the  sun ;  flesh, 
coarse,  buttery,  astringent,  granular,  tolerably  good.     September. 

Gideon  Paridante. 

Foreign.  Fruited  with  us  this  year  for  the  first  time.  Fruit,  medium, 
obovate  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  with  brown  red  cheek  in  sun,  and 
marbled  red  russet  over  surface  ;  stem,  one  and  a  half  inch  long,  angularly 
planted,  with  a  lip  one  side  ',  calyx,  open,  narrow  segments  ;  basin,  shallow  ; 
core,  medium ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  sugary ;  "  very  good,"  nearly  "  best." 
Last  September  and  October. 

Glory  of  Combrone. 
This  variety  we  have  fruited  several  years  upon  the  pear  stock.  It  is  a 
fine  grower,  healthy  and  hardy,  and  deserves  extensive  cultivation.  Fruit, 
above  medium,  or  nearly  large,  oblong  pyriform,  regular ;  skin,  yellowish, 
mostly  overspread,  marbled  and  dotted  with  warm  brownish  yellow  russet ; 
stem,  i  inch  long,  moderately  stout,  and  planted  in  a  slight  cavity  ;  calyx, 
medium  size;  segments,  open,  reflexed ;  basin,  medium  depth,  regular; 
flesh,  whitish  yellow,  granulated,  almost  buttery,  melting,  juicy,  abounding 
in  saccharine,  high-flavored,  delicious  ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  nearly  black 
oblong  pyriform  acuminates.  Twentieth  September  to  tenth  October. 
17 


386  THE   PEAK. 

Grand  Soleil., 
Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  erect,  well-formed,  productive.  Fruit,  medium^ 
roundish,  orange  yellow,  with  a  russety  red  blush,  few  russet  specks ;  stem, 
medium,  swollen  at  base  ;  calyx,  small,  closed  ;  core,  large  ;  seeds,  obovate ; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  little  coarse,  buttery,  melting,  sugary,  aromatic; 
"very  good,"  nearly  -'best."     November. 

Graslin. 
Large,  oval  pyriform,  green,  sprinkled  with  russet ,  stem,  thick  at  junc- 
tion :  calyx,  open ;  segments  stiff;  basin,  abrupt,  furrowed ;  flesh,  whitish, 
granular,  juicy,  rich,  vinous  ]  core,  large  ]  "  very  good."    October,  November. 

Green  Mountain  Boy. 

American.  Fruit,  medium  or  above,  roundish  obovate,  sometimes  angu-; 
iar  pyriform  J  stem,  varying;  calyx,  open,  reflexed  segments;  golden  yel- 
low or  russety  yellow,  with  numerous  russety  brown  specks ;  core,  rather 
large;  seeds,  long,  flattened;  flesh,  yellowish,  melting,  juicy,  sweet;  ''very 
good."     October. 

Groom's  Princess  Royal. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  of  medium  size,  roundish ;  skin,  greenish  brown,  with 
tinge  of  brownish  red,  and  some  russet  tracings ;  stalk,  short  and  thick,  set 
in  a  very  trifling  depression  ;  calyx,  small,  open,  set  in  a  shallow  basin ; 
flesh,  buttery,  melting,  a  little  gritty  near  the  core,  but  sweet  and  high- 
flavored.     January  and  February. 

Grosse  Marie. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  oblate  pyriform ;  skin,  yellow,  covered  with 
cinnamgin  russet ;  stalk,  inserted  without  depression ;  calyx,  partially 
closed;  flesh,  juicy,  tender,  with  a  rich,  perfumed  flavor  resembling  Brown 
Beurre.     October. 

Gros  Rousselet  d'Aout. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  of  pyramidal  form,  very  productive.  Fruit, 
medium  pyriform ;  skin,  green,  becoming  golden  yellow  at  maturity,  shaded 
with  russet  and  spotted  with  fawn  ;  flesh,  whitish,  fine,  melting,  very  juicy, 
sugary,  vinous,  deliciously  perfumed.     Ripens  in  August.     (Al.  Pom.) 

Hacon's  Incomparable. 

Downham  Seedling. 
Foreign.  A  hardy,  productive  variety ;  spreading,  rather  drooping 
branches  ;  deserves  more  attention  than  yet  received,  young  shoots  slender, 
olive  color,  diverging ;  fruit,  rather  large,  roundish  obtuse  pyriform.  dull 
yellowish  green  and  pale  brown,  with  many  russet  streaks  and  dots ;  stem, 
rather  long,  straight ;  calyx,  with  small-  divisions ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh, 
white,  buttery,  melting,  sugary,  juicy,  nearly  if  not  quite  "best."  October, 
November. 

Hagerman. 

Hampton. 
American.  From  Flushing,  L.  I.  Fruit,  small,  roundish  yellow,  overspread 
with  thin  golden  russet,  red  cheek  in  sun ;  stem,  short,  stout ;  calyx,  open, 
segments,  reflexed  ;  basin,  shallow  ;  core,  small  ;  seeds,  broad  ovate ;  flesU, 
juicy,  sprightly,  pleasant ;  "  very  good."     September. 


UNTESTED  VAEIETIES,   ETC. 


387 


Haddington. 


American.  From  seed  of  Pound  Pear,  grown  by  J.  B.  Smith,  Esq.,  at 
Haddington,  Pa.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit,  above  medium,  oblong 
obovate  pyriform,  greenish  yellow,  brownish  cheeks,  and  russet  dots  and 
patches  ;  stem,  medium ;  cavity,  shallow  ;  calyx,  medium  ;  segments,  short, 
erect;  core,  medium;  seeds,  long,  ovate;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  aromatic; 
"  very  good."     January  to  April. 

Hampton. 

Cluster  Pear. 

American.  Originated  with  W.  C.  Hampton,  Ohio.  Very  productive , 
fruit  hanging  in  clusters.  Fruit,  small,  roundish,  slightly  obovate  flattened, 
in  most  specimens,  a  distinct  suture  half  around  like  unto  a  plumb ;  color, 
light  yellow  ground,  mostly  overspread  with  reddish  russet  in  sun,  and  rus- 
set marbling  in  shade,  whitish  gray  dots  on  the  sunny  side ;  stem,  i  to  |  inch 
long,  slightly  curved,  generally  set  without  depression,  and  fleshy  at  ba.se  ; 
calyx,  open  ;  segments,  fine,  disconnected,  partially  reflexed  :  basin  shallow; 
flesh,  white,  juicy,  buttery,  melting,  delicio\i§  flavor;  core,  medium;  seeds, 
plumpj  brownish  black.     August, 


388 


THE  PEAR. 

Hampton  Virgalieu. 


Originated  with  W.  C.  Hampton,  of  Mount  Victory,  Hardin  Co.,  0.,  from 
a  seed  of  the  White  Doyenne.     Tree,  vigorous,  hardy,  very  uroductive. 


Fruit,  medium  size  or  above,  globular,  or  slightly  obtuse  pyriform,  yel- 
lowish green,  with  many  russet  dots  and  marblings  of  russet,  the  russet 
becoming  reddish  brown  in  sun ;  stem,  short,  stout,  with  little  or  no  cavity; 
basin,  moderately  deep,  regular ;  calyx,  with  five  segments,  nearly  erect, 
open  ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  juicy,  rich,  vinous,  excellentj  core,  small,  eat- 
able even  to  the  capsules  ;  seeds,  full,  oblong  pyriform.     Oct  and  Nov. 

Hankers, 

Hamus, 
Origin,  uncertain ;  has  generally  been  considered  a  synonym  of  Gushing, 
but  proves  distinct ;  Mr.  C.  M.  Hovey,  first  pointed  out  the  error.  Shoots, 
upright,  brownish  yellow.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong,  rounded  at  crown, 
obtuse  at  stem,  yellowish  green  to  pale  yellow,  with  large  pale  russet 
patches  and  dots ;  stem,  stout,  swollen  at  base  ;  calyx,  small,  open ;  core, 
large;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  vinous;  "very  good."     September. 

Hanover. 
From  Hanover  furnace,  New  Jersey.     In  size  it  is  usually  rather  small, 
ipund  obovate,  green,  with  dull  green  russet  markings,  and  a  brown  cheek; 


UNTESTED    VARIETIES,   ETC. 


389 


stem,  one  inch,  shallow  cavity,  usually  angular ;  calyx,  open,  plaited,  some- 
times furrowed,  irregular  basin ;  se;eds,  large,  plump,  acuminate ;  flesh, 
greenish  yellow,  melting,  juicy,  pleasant :  '•  good."     (W.  D.  B.) 

Harvard. 

Boston  Epargne,        j         Cambridge  Sugar  Pear. 

American.  Native  of  Cambridge,  Mass.  Tree,  hardy,  vigorous,  up- 
right, productive.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong  pyriform,  russety  olive  yellow, 
reddish  cheek ;  stem,  rather  stout,  not  sunk ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  narrow  ; 
seeds,  long,  obovate  ;  flesh,  white,  juicy;  "very  good;"  liable  to  dec^'  at 
core.     September. 

Hawe's  Winter. 

Origin,  King  and  Queen  counties,  Va.,  on  the  farm  of  the  Hawe's  family. 
Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  slightly  flattened  ; 
color,  at  maturity,  dull  yellow,  with  russet  spots ;  flesh,  a  little  coarse, 
very  juicy,  rich,  sweet,  vinous.     November  to  January.     (H.  R.  Roby.) 

Heathcot. 
Gore's  Heathcot. 


Native  of  Waltham,  Mass.  Tree,  hardy,  a  moderate  grower,  branches 
Blender,  when  grown  makes  a  compact  head  unless  well  thinned  out;  young 
shoots  reddish  brown. 

Fruit,  medium  or  above,  obovate  rounded ;  skin,  rough ;  color,  greenish 


390  THE  PEAR. 

yellow,  yellow  increasing  at  maturity,  some  russet  around  stem  and  eye , 
stem,  medium;  cavity  shallow;  calyx,  partly  closed;  basin,  narrow;  core, 
above  medium ;  seeds,  dark  brown,  pointed ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  juicy, 
vinous  and  sprightly.    October. 

Henkel. 
Foreign.  Tree,  fine  grower,  young  shoots,  grayish  brown ;  an  early,  verv 
productive  bearer  on  pear  roots  ;  valuable  for  orcharding.  Fruit,  large, 
obovate,  somewhat  obtuse  pyriform,  dull  yellow,  patches  of  russet  and 
green  specks ;  stem,  long,  curved ;  calyx,  open ;  segments,  short ;  basin, 
uneven  ;  core,  medium;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  rather  coarse,  juicy,  vinous, 
"  very  good."     Early  September. 

Henrietta. 

Edwards'  Henrietta. 

American.     Native  of  New  Haven,  Conn.     Tree,  vigorous,  hardy,  pro 

ductive.     Fruit,  medium,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  dull  yellow  crimson 

spots  in  sun.  russet  at  base  of  stem  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  furrowed  ;  core, 

large  ;  flesh,  white,  rather  coarse,  melting,  juicy  ;  "  good."     Last  August. 

Henrietta. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  small  or  medium,  turbinate  ;  skin,  rough,  almost  en- 
tirely covered  with  russet ;  flesh,  white,  half  fine,  melting,  abounding  in 
juice,  sugary,  agreeably  perfumed.     A  very  good  fruit,  ripening  in  Novem- 
ber.    (Al.  Pom.) 

Henri  Bivort. 
Foreign.     Tree,  very  vigorous.     Fruit,  large,  obtuse  pyriform ;  calyx, 
open  ;  skin,  smooth,  pale  green,  with  brownish  specks ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  half  buttery,  juicy,  melting,  perfumed..   September. 

Henry  the  Fourth. 

Ananas,  I     Beurre  Ananas,     i     Jaquin. 

Poire  Ananas,     |      Henri  Quatre,         | 

Foreign.  Tree,  hardy,  good  bearer,  young  shoots  diverging,  yellowish 
brown.  Fruit,  small,  roundish  pyriform,  greenish  yellow,  with  small  gray 
dots  r  stem,  long,  slender,  swollen  at  base ;  calyx,  small ;  flesh,  whitish, 
rather  coarse,  juicy  ;  "  good."     Early  September. 

Hericart  de  Thury. 

Foreign.  A  good  grower,  of  peculiar  habits  and  appearance,  rather  pyra 
midal,  but  with  diverging,  crooked  limbs  of  a  deep  brown  or  purple  hue 
Not  an  early  nor  a  very  profuse  bearer. 

Fruit,  pyramidal,  turbinate:  skin,  rather  rough,  with  a  decided  cinna 
mon  color ;  stalk,   long,   and  curved,  inserted  in  a  small  abrupt  cavity  . 
calyx,   closed,  deeply  sunk ;  basin,  uneven.     Flesh,   yellowish,  compact^ 
buttery,  sufficiently  juicy,  with  a  peculiar  rich  flavor.     January  and  Feb- 
raary.     (L.  E.  Berckmans.) 

Hericart. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  obtu.se  pyriform,  light  pale  greenish  yellow,  russet 
dots  and  patches  ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  calyx,  small ;  segments,  reflexed  ; 
core,  small ;  seeds,  long  ;  flesh,  rather  coarse,  breaking,  juicy,  very  sweet ; 
"  very  good."  Early  September.  Some  specimens  we  have  had  of  this 
p^-oved  almost  best ;  we  think  it  improves  with  age  of  trees. 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC. 


391 


Honey. 
This  IS  a  delicious  little  pear,  received  some  year  since  by  Professor 
Kirkland,  and  which  we  have  been  unable  to  recognize  with  any  descrip- 
tion published,  if  we  except  a  slight  note  in  Prince's  Pomological  Man- 
ual.    The  tree  is  moderately  vig- 
orous ;  wood,  yellowish  brown,  an 
early    and    productive    bearer   of 
fruit,   uniform   in  size    and  regu- 
lar  shape.      Our   drawing    is   too 
small. 

Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish, 
tapering  slightly  to  the  stem  :  color, 
rich  golden  russet  yellow,  with 
faint  blush,  many  small  red  russet 
dots,  and  occasional  patches  of 
brown  russet;  stem,  rather  stouf, 
uneven,  without  depression  ;  calyx, 
with  open  half  reflexed  segments ; 
basin,  shallow,  little  russeted  ;  core, 
medium;  seeds,  ovate,  blackish; 
flesh,  yellowish  white,  juicy,  but- 
tery, a  little  coarse-grained,  sweet, 
perfumed.  Ripe  a  few  days  be- 
fore Bartlett. 


HOVEY. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium  size,  pyriform,  regular,  resembles  the  Beurre 
Capiaumont;  skin,  fair,  smooth,  yellow,  speckled  and  dotted  around  the 
eye ;  calyx,  set  outside  ;  stem,  obliquely  inserted  ;  flesh,  yellow,  melting, 
juicy,  sugary,  perfumed  and  vinous.     September. 

HOSEN-SCHENCK. 

Schenck's  Pear,       I         Schenck's  August  Watermelon, 
Smokehouse,  j         Butter  Pear. 

American.     From  Pennsylvania.     Fruit,  large,  obovate,  yellow,  melting 

not  high  flavor ;  quality,  variable.     Last  of  August. 

Hull. 
American.     Native  of  Somerset,  Mass.     Tree,  vigorous,  upright ;  wood, 
reddish  brown.     Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  yellowish  green,  dull  red,  and 
russet ;  stem,   long ;    calyx,   half  open ;  core,   large ;  flesh,  white,  rather 
coarse,  gritty  at  core,  juicy;  "good."     October. 

Huntington. 
From  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.     Below  medium,  ovate  obovate,  green  with 
a  slight  crimson  tinge  near  calyx ;  stem,  long,  slender;  deep,  broad,  uneven 
cavity  ;  calyx,  closed  ;  basin,  abrupt,  dotted  with  a  few  russet  circles  ;  flesh, 
melting,  juicy,  buttery,  delicate.     Tree  an  early  bearer.     September. 

Inconnue  Van  Mons. 
Foreign.     Best  on  Quince.     Fruit,  medium,  oblong  pyriform,  dull,  pal© 
green,  traces  and  dots  of  russet ;  stem,  long,  slender ;  calyx,  open ;  basin, 


392  THE   PEAR. 

deep ;  flesh,   melting,   buttery ,    "  very  good."      December  to  February, 
/Wilder,  in  Hort ) 

Island. 
From  Gowanus,  L.  I.     New.     Said  to  be  of  medium  size,  pyramidal 
form,  and,  when  ripe,  a  pale  yellow,  rich  aromatic  flavor,  and  very  pro- 
ductive. 

Ives'  Bergamot. 

Raised  by  Dr.  Eli  Ives,  New  Haven,  Conn.  Tree  closely  resembles  the 
Seckel,  and  is  very  productive.  Fruit,  medium  or  small,  Bergamot  shape, 
protuberant  at  calyx ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  with  slight  traces  of  russet ; 
stalk,  short  and  thick,  inserted  by  a  ring  or  lip ;  flesh,  rather  coarse,  but- 
tery, melting,  juicy,  with  a  Gansel's  Bergamot  flavor.  Ripens  first  of 
September.     (Downing.) 

Ives'  Pear. 

Raised  by  Dr.  Eli  Ives,  New  Haven,  Conn.  Tree,  vigorous  and  very 
productive.  Fruit,  small,  irregularly  turbinate^  inclined ;  skin,  greenish, 
with  a  brownish  red  cheek  ;  stalk,  long,  inserted  by  a  fleshy  ring  or  lip  j 
calyx,  open ;  basin,  very  small ;  flesh,  juicy,  melting,  sugary,  and  good. 
Ripens  first  of  September. 

Ives'  Seedling. 

Raised  by  Dr.  Eli  Ives,  New  Haven,  Conn.  Fruit,  nearly  medium,  some- 
what globular ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  shaded  with  crimson ;  stalk,  short 
and  thick;  calyx,  small,  nearly  closed  ;  basin,  shallow  and  irregular;  flesh, 
whitish,  coarse,  and  granular,  juicy,  melting,  with  a  refreshing  sugary 
flavor,  well  perfumed.     Ripe  about  the  first  of  September. 

IvEs'  Virgalieu. 
American.     Below  medium,   pyriform,  greenish,  shades    dull  crimson, 
russet  dots ;  stem,  fleshy  at  base,  or  with  a  lip  ;  calyx,  small,  open  ;  basin, 
irregular  ;  flesh,  whitish,  granular,  juicy,  sweet,  vinous;  "  good,"  or  "very 
good."     October. 

Jackson. 
Origin,  New  Hampshire.  Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit,  medium, 
oblate,  short  pyriform,  or  turbinate ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  somewhat  rus- 
seted ;  stalk,  long  and  curved,  fleshy  at  its  junction,  inserted  in  a  slight 
cavity  ;  calyx,  small  and  open,  set  in  a  rather  deep,  abrupt  basin  ;  flesh, 
white  and  juicy ;  flavor,  brisk  and  vinous.  Ripens  the  last  of  September 
(Downing.) 

Jackson's  Seedling. 

Originated  by  S.  S.  Jackson,  Cincinnati,  from  seed  of  the  Seckel,  Size, 
below  medium,  larger  than  Seckel ;  color,  similar,  but  less  russety ;  flavor, 
very  good,  not  as  spicy  as  the  Seckel.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  and  does 
well  on  Quince. 

Jaminette. 

Josephine,  j         Sabine,  I         Beiirrfe  D'Anstrade, 

Colmar  Jaminette,         j        D'Austrasie,       [         Willielmine. 

Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous,  not  an  early  bearer.     Fruit,  above  medium, 

obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  green,  with  russety  brown  dots  and  patches  ;  stem, 

stout ;  calyx,  open  ;  flesh,  white,  rather  gritty  at  core,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  good." 

November,  December.   This  has  proved  with  us,  for  two  years  past,  a  great 

bearer,  and  one  of  the  best  of  Winter  Pears. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   Era  393 


Epargne, 

6  rosso  Cuisse  Madame, 

Beau  Present, 

Poire  de  Tables  des  Princes, 


Jargonelle. 

Saint  Sampson, 
Saint  Lambert, 
Sweet  Summer, 


Eeal  Jargonelle, 
Jargonelle  oj 
Belle  Verge. 


Jargonelle  of  the  EngUih. 

-  -le  " 


Foreign.  An  old  variety,  abundant  bearer,  now  surpassed,  for  all  except 
large  collections  by  more  recently  originated  sorts.  Fruit,  large,  long,  ovate 
pyriform,  greenish  yellow,  little  brown  in  sun  ;  stem,  long  :  calyx,  open, 
prominent;  flesh,  yellowish,  coarse,  juicy;  "  good,"  often  "very  good." 
August. 

Jean  de  Witte. 

Nos.  1,482,  1,082,  and  1,60S  of  Van  Mona. 

Foreign.  Tree,  moderate  growth,  short-jointed  wood,  upright.  Fruit, 
medium  or  above,  obovate,  narrowing  to  the  stem,  pale  yellow,  little  russet ; 
flesh,  melting,  juicy,  vinous,  slightly  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good."  November 
to  January. 

Jersey  Gratioli. 

Foreign.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  abundant  bearer,  succeeds  on  Quince ; 
wood,  stout,  short-jointed.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  oblong  obovate,  slightly 
angular,  greenish  yellow,  blush  in  sun,  russet  specks,  and  also  at  base  of 
stem  and  crown  ;  stem,  stout,  obliquely  inserted ;  calyx,  open,  short  seg- 
ments ;  core,  medium  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  little  coarse,  melting,  juicy, 
vinous.     September,  October.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

JOHONNOT. 
Franklin. 
American.  Native  of  Salem,  Mass.  Tree,  moderate,  healthy  grower, 
upright,  spreading ;  wood,  dark  reddish  brown ;  suited  to  orcharding  in  our 
Western  rich  soils ;  productive.  Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish  obovate, 
angular,  greenish  yellow,  dull  russet ;  stem,  stout,  fleshy  at  base  ,  calyx, 
large,  open ;  core,  large,  seeds,  small ;  flesh,  white,  rather  coarse,  melting, 
juicy,  vinous;  almost  "best."     September. 

Jones. 
Small,  acute  pyriform,  cinnamon  russet,  reddish  in  sun,  juicy,  buttery, 
sweet;  "very  good."     November. 

Josephine  de  Malines. 
Foreign ;  not  an  early  bearer  or  a  good  grower ;  best  on  Pear.     Fruit, 
medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellow  blush  in  sun,  traces  and  specks  of  rus- 
set;  calyx,  open;   core,  large:  flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  fine,  juicy, 
vinous  ;  "  very  good."     December,  January. 

Jules  Bivort. 
Foreign.    Tree,  moderate  grower,  productive.     Fruit,  large,  obovate, 
dull  greenish  yellow  dotted  with  brown,  and  red  tinge  in  sun ;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish white,  melting,  half  buttery,  sugary,  vinous.    November. 

Julienne. 
Origin  uncertain.     Tree,  thrifty,  upright,  light  yellowish  brown  shoots, 
productive,  and  in  warm,  rich,  sandy  soils  often  very  fine  ;  in  cold  clay  it 
is  inferior ;  best  on  Quince.    Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish  obleng  obo- 
17* 


194: 


THE  PEAK. 


vate,  clear  bright  yellow,  with  a  little  of  fine  russet  marblings  and  patches , 
stem,  rather  stout ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  core,  compact ;  seeds,  blackish , 
flesh,  white,  rather  coarse,  half  buttery,  sweet ;  "  very  good."     August. 

King  Edward's. 

Jackman's  Melting. 
Foreign.     Tree,  thrifty ;  shoots,  upright,  dark  brown.     Fruit,  large,  pyri- 
form,  yellow,  with  patches  of  dull  russet,  red  cheek  in  sun  ;  stem,  short ; 
calyx,  small ;  flesh,  yellowish,  buttery,"  melting,  variable  ;  "  good."     Octo- 
ber. 

KiNGSESSlNG. 

Leeches  Kingsessing. 

American.  Native  of  Kingsessing  township,  near  Philadelphia.  Tree, 
upright,  vigorous,  somewhat  thorny;  young  shoots,  yellowish  green  or 
brownish  olive,  gray  dots.  This,  when  better  known,  will,  we  think,  take 
position  in  first  class.  It  is,  however,  not  a  very  early  bearer,  and  on 
Quince,  requires  double  working.  Fruit,  large,  or  above  medium,  obovate, 
sometimes  obtuse  pyriform,  sea-green,  with  patches  of  dark  green ;  stem, 
stout,  fleshy  at  base :  calyx,  small ;  basin,  shallow;  flesh,  buttery,  delicate ; 
"  best."     Last  August. 


Knight's  Seedling. 
EnighVs  £.  I.  Seedling. 

Native  of  Cranston, 
R.  I.  Tree,  vigorous, 
hardy,  and  early  pro- 
ductive ;  wood,  smooth, 
yellowish. 

Fruit,  medium,  obo- 
vate, tapering  a  little 
to  the  stem  ;  color,  yel- 
lowish green,  with  a 
brown  red  cheek  in  sun, 
brownish  specks,  and 
dull  russet  around  the 
calyx ;  stem,  medium 
or  rather  long,  curved  ; 
calyx,  medium ;  seg- 
ments, broad,  partially 
reflexed ;  core  and  seeds, 
medium;  flesh,  white, 
not  fine-grained,  melt- 
ing, juicy,  sugary.  Sep- 
tember. 


Knight's  Monarch. 
Foreign.     A  vaiiety  requiring  very  high  culture  ;  wood,  light  olive  color. 
Fruit,  large,  obovate  oblong,  yellowish  brown,  tinged  with  red,  dotted  with 
gray;  stem,  short:  calyx,  open;   flesh,  yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy. 
January. 


395 

Las  Can  as. 

Foreign.  Tree,  upright,  vigorous,  early,  good  bearer.  Fruit,  medium  or 
below  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  partly  covered  with  thin  russet ,  seeds,  black; 
flesh,  juicy,  sweet,  nearly  "  best."     October. 

La  Juive. 
Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous ;    branches,  upright.     Fruit,  above  medium, 
pyriform,  yellow,  with  gray  specks  ;  stem,  short ;  flesh,  yellowish,  buttery, 
juicy.     Ootober. 

Lamoriciere. 
General  Lamoriciere. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  pyriform,  gray,  with  green  dots ;  stem,  stout , 
calyx,  large,  closed ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  melting,  buttery,  juicy.     Last 
September. 

Laherard. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  above  medium,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  lemon  yel- 
low, brownish  red  cheek  in  sun;  calyx,  closed;  stem,  stout;  flesh,  white, 
melting,  juicy,  pleasant,  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good. '     October.     Succeeds  on 
Quince. 

Laure  de  Gltmes. 

Foreign.  Tree,  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  oval  turbinate,  dull  yellow, 
nearly  covered  with  orange  russet;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  open;  flesh,  white, 
melting,  juicy,  pleasant ;  '•  good."     October,  November. 

Lenawee. 

Origin,  uncertain.  Grown  at  Adrian,  Michigan,  and  introduced  by  Dr. 
D.  K.  Underwood  of  that  place,  and  description  made  by  T.  M.  Cooley. 

Fruit,  medium  to  large,  ovate  pyriform,  generally  more  or  less  one-sided, 
surface  frequently  irregular  ;  skin,  lemon  yellow,  with  small  russet  specks, 
and  a  lively  vermilion  cheek  in  the  sun ;  stalk,  an  inch  long,  curved,  in- 
serted without  depression,  sometimes  below  a  fleshy  protuberance ;  calyx, 
small,  set  in  a  shallow  basin ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  tender,  buttery,  with 
a  high  and  quite  peculiar  aromatic  flavor.  Ripens  first  to  middle  of  August. 
(Downing.) 

Leopold  L 

Foreign.  Tree  of  moderate  vigor.  Fruit,  large,  turbinate  pyriform; 
skin,  smooth,  green,  spotted  with  brown  russet ;  flesh,  whitish,  melting, 
buttery,  juicy,  sweet,  and  strongly  perfumed.  Ripens  middle  of  December, 
and  keeps  till  January.     (Al.  Pom.) 

Lee's  Seedling. 

American.  Native  of  Salem,  Mass.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  ovai, 
greenish  russet,  brown  in  sun ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  open;  core,  large  ;  flesh, 
white,  coarse,  juicy  ;  '•  good."     September. 

LiBERALE. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  rather  large,  elongated,  truncate  pyriform ;  skin,  green- 
ish yellow,  sprinkled  with  brown  or  russet,  and  having  patches  of  russet ; 
stem,  long,  curved,  inserted  in  a  cavity  at  an  inclination  ;  calyx,  large  and 
open  ;  basin,  broad  and  shallow  ;  flesh,  juicy,  melting,  sweet,  ri^i  and  pecu- 
liarly  aromatic.     October. 


396  THE   PEAB 

LlEUTANANT    VOilKV IS, 

Foreign.  Fruit,  of  large  size,  resembling  in  color  Glout  Morceau  ;  sKin, 
yellow,  netted  and  spotted  with  russet ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  half  melting. 
Ripe  from  February  to  April.     (Leroy's  Cat.) 

LiMON. 
No.  8  of  Van  Mons,     |     Beurre  Haggenton. 

Foreign,  This  promises  to  take  a  first-class  rank.  Tree,  moderately 
vigorous;  shoots,  long,  slender,  reddish  brown.  Fruit,  above  medium,  obo- 
vate  roundish,  yellow,  with  faint  red  cheek ;  stem,  rather  short ;  basin, 
shallow;  flesh,  white^  melting,  juicy,  nearly  "  best."     August. 

Locke. 
Locke's  New  Beurr^. 
American.     From  West   Cambridge,  Mass.      Fruit,   medium,  roundish 
obovate,  yellowish  green,  spotted  with  shades  of  darker  green  and  russet ', 
stem,  medium  ;  calyx,  small,  half  closed  ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy,  vin- 
ous J  "  good."     November  and  December. 

Louis   Dupont. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous  and  beautiful,  promises  to  be  fertile.  Fruit, 
sufficiently  large,  sometimes  in  the  form  of  Doyenne,  but  ordinarily  longer 
and  more  turbinate ;  skin,  smooth,  dull  green,  passing  to  yellow  at  matu- 
rity, strongly  shaded  with  fawn  russet,  sometimes  striped  and  marbled  ; 
flesh,  white,  half  fine,  melting,  juicy,  sweet,  and  perfumed.  A  fruit  of  first 
quality,  ripening  towards  the  end  of  October.     (An.  Pom.) 

Lycurgus. 

A  variety  originated  by  Geo.  Hoadley,  Esq.,  of  Cleveland,  from  seed  of 
the  Winter  Nelis,  collected  from  fruit  grown  on  a  Winter  Nelis  tree  in 
close  proximity  to  a  tree  of  Martin  Sec.  The  fruit  has  outward  form,  and 
russet  yellow  skin,  closely  resembling  the  Martin  Sec,  and  its  texture  melt- 
ing and  juicy  and  sprightly,  as  the  Winter  Nelis,  but  with  the  sweet  saccha- 
rine of  the  Martin  Sec. 

Fruit,  below  medium,  generally  oblong  pyriform,  occasionally  oblong 
obovate  pyriform  ;  color,  rich  dull  yellow,  overspread  with  brownish  yellow 
russet ;  stem,  usually  three-fourth  inch  long,  slender,  set  without  depres- 
sion, and  one  side  a  slight  lip ;  calyx,  large  in  proportion  to  the  size  of 
fruit,  open  ;  segments,  connected  ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  yellowish,  hard, 
and  of  breaking  texture,  until  fully  ripe,  when  it  becomes  melting,  juicy, 
and  extremely  sweet,  with  a  spicy,  sprightly,  and  slightly  vinous  charac 
ter  ;  core,  compact ;  seeds,  large  :  capsules,  close.     Janifary. 

Madame  Eliza. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  wood  stout.  Fruit,  large,  pyriform  :  skin, 
smooth,  bright  green,  and  becomes  almost  yellow  at  maturity  ;  flesh,  rosy, 
fine,  buttery,  melting,  abounding  with  sweet  juice,  very  agreeably  perfumed. 
November.  { Al.  Pom.)  Excellent  in  Belgium,  promising  well  here.  The 
tree  is  hardy,  but  has  an  awkward,  rather  crooked,  and  declining  habit, 
and  very  narrow  leaves.    The  young  shoots  are  olive  gray. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   STO,  397 

McLaughlin. 

Origin  unknown  ;  probably  an  American  seedling.  Tree,  moderate, 
healthy  grower,  productive.  Fruit,  above  medium,  oblong  obtuse  pyriform, 
pale  yellow,  with  brownish  red  in  sun ,  stem,  short,  swollen  at  junction 
with  tree ;  calyx,  open  ;  core,  medium ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  a  little 
coarse  juicy;  "  very  good."     November  and  December. 

McLaughlin. 

A  native  of  Maine,  first  described  in  the  N.  E.  Farmer.  Tree,  hardy 
and  vigorous. 

Fruit,  large,  elongated,  obtuse  pyriform ;  skin,  rough,  greenish,  mostly 
covered  with  russet,  which  becomes  yellowish  at  maturity,  with  a  warm, 
sunny  cheek;  stalk,  short,  inserted  at  an  inclination,  with  some  appearance 
of  a  lip  ;  calyx,  open,  set  in  a  shallow,  corrugated  t)asin ;  flesh,  whitish, 
not  very  fine,  juicy,  and  melting;  flavor,  sweet  rich,  and  perfumed.  No- 
vember to  January. 

Madam  Ducar. 

Foreign.  Tree,  pyramidal,  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  oval, 
slightly  depressed  at  base  and  crown  :  skin,  smooth,  bright  green,  becoming 
yellow  at  maturity ;  flesh,  white,  half  fine,  very  juicy,  sugary,  and  slightly 
perfumed.     Ripens  the  middle  of  August.     (Al.  Pom.)     Good  in  Belgium. 

Malconaitre  d'Haspin. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  obovate,  dull  yellow,  brownish  red  cheek, 
coarse  dots,  russet  at  calyx  ;  stem,  set  in  a  slight  depression  ;  calyx,  closed ; 
basin,  deep  ;  flesh,  juicy,  tender,  sub-acid,  perfumed  ;  core,  medium  ;  seeds, 
small.  Tree,  vigorous,  hardy  and  productive.  Promises  to  prove 
valuable. 

Malcomaitre. 

Foreign.  We  suppose  this  name  to  be  only  a  synonym  of  the  foregoing  , 
but  our  tree,  received  of  EUwanger  and  Barry,  produces  a  small,  greenish 
yellow  fruit,  with  a  coarse,  yellowish  flesh,  rotting  at  core,  and  ripening 
in  August. 

Martha  Ann. 

Danas  Seedling,  No  1. 

American.  Fruit,  above  medium,  obovate  oblong,  smooth,  yellow,  with 
russet  specks ;  calyx,  closed ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  tender,  sub-acid  , 
"  good." 

Marianne  De  Nancy. 

Foreign.  Tree,  moderate  grower.  Fruit,  medium,  greenish  yellow, 
streaked  and  dotted  with  russet;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  melting,  sugary,  vinous. 
September  and  October. 

Marie  Parent. 

Foreign.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous.  Fruit,  large  pyriform,  surface  un- 
even ;  stalk,  short,  inclined ;  calyx,  in  a  large  furrowed  cavity  ;  skin,  golden 
yellow  at  maturity;  flesh,  white,  very  fine,  melting,  somewhat  buttery, 
very  juicy,  sugary,  and  deliciously  perfumed.    October.     (An  Pom.) 


398  THE   PEAR. 

Marie  Louise. 
Forme  de  Marie  Louise,     I     Princes  de  Parme,  I     MarU. 

Marie  Chretienne,  [     Braddick's  Field  Marshal,     | 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  rather  straggling,  or  diverging  and  drooping^ 
with  olive  gray  colored  shoots  ;  requires  rich,  warm,  sandy  soil,  otherwise 
It  is  only  a  "  good  -'  pear.  It  is  hardy  and  productive.  Fruit,  large,  ob- 
long pyriform,  dull  green,  becoming  pale  yellow,  with  marblings,  dots  and 
patches  of  russet,  and  russet  at  crown  and  base  of  stem;  stem,  medium, 
obliquely  set  in  a  slight  cavity,  or  with  a  raised  lip  on  one  side  ;  calyx, 
open,  irregularly  formed  :  segments,  connected  ;  core,  small  ;  seeds,  broad, 
ovate  ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  melting,  juicy,  vinous  ;  "  very  good."  Last 
of  September  and  October. 

March  Bergamotte. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  greenish  yellow ;  flesh,  buttery,  gritty 
at  core;  *'good."     Mjiwoh.-     '-'_. 

^■<^_  Martin  Sec. 

Eoussellet  d'Hlver, 
Foreign.       Fruit,  medium,   or   below,   obovate   angular,   yellow,  with 
small  specks,  bright  red  one  side;    stem,    long,  slender;    calyx,    in    an 
abrupt  furrowed  basin ;    flesh,  yellowish,  half  melting,  juicy ;  "  good.'* 
December. 

Mather. 

Originated  with  John  Mather,  near  Jenkinstown,  Montgomery  Co.,  Pa, 
Fruit,  below  medium  size,  obovate  ;  skin,  red,  with  occasionally  a  mot- 
tled cheek,  and  russeted  around  the  stem,  which  is  obliquely  inserted  by 
fleshy  rings  without  depression  ;  calyx,  medium  ;  basin,  very  small ;  flesh, 
a  little  coarse,  but  buttery;  flavor,  delicate  and  pleasant.  August.  (Ad. 
Int.  Rep.) 

Maynard. 

Origin  unknown  ;  grown  in  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate 
pyriform  ;  skin,  yellow,  with  russet  dots  and  a  crimson  cheek ;  stalk,  obli- 
quely inserted,  fleshy  at  its  junction  ;  calyx,  open,  in  a  slight  depression  ; 
flesh,  white,  juicy,  and  sugary.     Ripe  last  of  July.     (Dr.  Eshleman.) 

Merriam. 
American.  From  Roxbury,  Mass.  Tree,  thrifty,  productive,  supposed 
a  seedling  from  Gray  Doyenne.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  dull  yellow,  much 
covered  with  smooth  pale  russet ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  coarse,  juicy,  sugary  :  core,  large  :  seeds,  dark  brown. 
Last  of  September.     fHov.  Mag.) 

MiGNONNE    d'HiVER. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  inclining  to  pyriform  ;  skin,  very  rough, 
russet  ;  stalk,  stout,  inserted  by  a  lip,  often  at  a  great  inclination ;  calyx, 
partially  closed,  set  in  a  small  basin  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  granular,  nearly 
melting,  brisk,  sweet,  and  rich,  slightly  astringent.     November. 

MiLLOT  DE  Nancy. 
Foreign.     A  pyramidal  tree,  very  fertile,  producing  at  the  same  time  at 
the  extremity  of  its  branches  and  its  long  spurs. 

Fruit,  small,  or  medium,  regularly  pyriform  ;  skin,  smooth,  light  green, 


UNTESTED  VAEIETIES,   ETC. 


399 


becoming  yellow  a  long  time  before  its  maturity ;  flesh,  "^vhitish  yellow, 
buttery,  melting,  not  deficient  in  juice,  sugary,  and  very  agreeably  perfumed. 
October,  November.     (A.  Pom.)         .  ,  . 

^jg^  MiLLOT  de^N/ncy. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  qjatuse  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  with  patches 
and  traces  of  russet;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sugary;  "good."  January. 
(Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

Mitchell's  Russet. 

Origin  Bellville,  Illinois.  Fruit,  medium,  or  small,  obovate,  inclining  to 
conic;  skin,  rough,  dark  russet,  thickly  covered  with  gray  dots  ;  stalk, 
long,  inserted  in  a  small  cavity  by  a  ring  or  lip ;  calyx,  open  ;  basin,  un- 
even ;  flesh,  juicy,  melting,  rich,  highly  perfumed.     November.    (Downing.) 

MOCCAS. 

Foreign.  Tree,  very  vigorous,  "^r'^HfJ^l^^i  ^.nd  productive.  Fruit, 
medium,  obovate  roundish,  greenish  yellovr,  browif  cheek  in  sun,  and  a  few 
russet  dots  ;  stem,  long,  curved  ;  calyx,  partly  open  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  melt- 
ing, juicy ;  "  very  good."     December.  ' 

MONSEIGNEUR    AfFRE. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  somewhat  angular;  skin,  rough, 
greenish,  considerably  covered  with  thick  russet,  and  thickly  sprinkled  with 
russet  dots  ;  stalk,  long,  curved,  inserted  in  a  moderate  cavity  ;  calyx,  small, 
open,  persistent ;  basin,  broad ;  flesh,  white,  rather  coarse,  granular,  rich, 
and  perfumed.     November. 

MOYAMENSING. 
Smith's  Moyamensing. 

Native  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Tree,  vigor- 
ous, wood  yellowish 
brown,  with  light  dots, 
regular  and  abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit,  medium, 
roundish  obovate  ; 
color,  lemon  yellow, 
with  occasional  blot- 
ches and  lines  of  yel- 
lowish russet ;  stem, 
short,  stoutjOften  fleshy, 
calyx,  large  ;  basin, 
furrowed,  broad,  and 
rather  deep  ;  core,  me- 
dium ;  seeds,  ovate  ; 
flesh,  white,  buttery, 
melting,  juicy, ''  best." 
August. 

Muscadine. 
American.     From  near  Ncwburgh.,  N.  Y.      Fruit,  medium,  roundish, 
obovate,  pale  yellowish  green,  with  brown  dots  ;   stem,  an  inch  long ; 


4:00  THE  PEAR. 

calyx,  with  reflexed  segments;  basin,  shallow;  flesh,  wlijte,  buttery,  melt« 
ing,  musky  ;  shoots,  stout,  dark  gray  brown.  Last  August,  first  Sep- 
tember. 

Muskingum. 

American.  Supposed  a  native  of  Ohio^  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obo- 
vate,  greenish  yellow,  numerous  russet  specks  ;  stem,  long,  slender  ;  calyx, 
open  ;  segments,  short,  connected ;  flesh,  white,  coarse  ;  "  good."  Last 
August. 

Marechal  de  la  Cour. 

Consieller  de  la  Cour,     |     Due  d'Orleans. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  branches  long,  thorny  at  ends,  early  bearer. 
Fruit,  large,  oblong  pyriform,  or  ovate,  yellowish  green,  vermilion  in  sun; 
stem,  broken,  inserted  with  a  lip  one  side  ;  calyx,  large,  open ;  flesh,  white, 
fine,  melting,  juicy,  vinous ;  "  promises  well." 

Napoleon. 
MfedaUle,     |     Eoi  de  Eome. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  upright  grower,  olive-colored  shoots,  fruit 
largest  and  finest  on  Quince,  very  productive.  Fruit,  large,  obtuse  to  obo- 
vate,  and  rounded  pyriform  ;  greenish  yellow,  smooth  ;  stem,  varying, 
usually  stout ;  calyx,  medium,  open ;  flesh,  white,  tender,  juicy ;  "  good.'' 
Valuable  as  a  market  sort  on  Quince.  River  says  the  Napoleon  d'Hiver  is 
not  sufficiently  distinct  to  be  retained.     October. 

Ne  Plus  Meuris. 

Belgian.  An  unprepossessing  looking,  uneven,  dull  russet  fruit,  of  very 
fine  flavor.  The  tree  grows  upright,  has  short-jointed,  olive-colored  shoots* 
and  bears  in  thick  bunches  or  clusters. 

Fruit,  medium,  or  rather  small,  roundish,  usually  very  irregular,  with 
swollen  parts  on  the  surface ;  skin,  rough,  dull  yellowish  brown,  partially 
covered  with  iron-colored  russet  ;  stalk,  quite  short,  set  without  depression, 
in  a  small  cavity  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  buttery,  melting,  with  a  sugary 
and  very  agreeable  flavor.     January  to  March. 

Nonpareil. 
American.     A  new  variety  from  Western  New  York  ;  too  small  for  any 
but  amateurs.     Fruit,  small,  roundish  flattened  at  apex,  russety  yellow, 
with  red  specks ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  large  ;  core,  large ;  flesh,  fine,  melt- 
ing, juicy,  sugary,  vinous;  nearly  "  best."     November. 

Oakley  Park. 

Oakley  Park  Bergamotte. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow,  with  rus- 
set; calyx,  partly  open;  stem,  slender;  flesh,  buttery,  melting  ;  "good." 
October. 

Omar  Pasha. 

From  France.  New.  Productive.  Fruit,  medium,  turbinate,  roundish, 
irregular,  clear  green,  dotted  and  specked  with  russet  about  tlio  stem  ; 
flesh,  fine,  tender,  juicy,  sugary,  vinous.     Early  September. 


UNTESTED  "VARIETIES,   EIC. 


401 


Onondaga. 
Swan's  Orange,     |     Onondaga  Seedling. 
Probably  a  native  of  Farmington  Ct.     It  takes  its   name  from  having 
been  first  brought  to  notice  by  cultivators  in  Onandaga  Co.     N.  Y.     Tree 
vigorous,  with  strong,  upright,  olive-colored  shoots.    In  quality  it  is  variable, 
not  succeeding  in  all  locations. 

Frait,  large,  ovate  obovate ;  color,  pale  greenish  yellow,  becoming  golden 
yellow  at  maturity,  many  gray  russet  dots,  and  occasionally  a  dull  blush  in 


sun  ;  stem,  one  to  one  and  a  half  inch  long,  inserted  without  depression, 
but  with  lip  of  fruit  folded  unevenly  around  it ;  calyx,  rather  small,  closed ; 
basin,  shallow,  abrupt  and  marked  with  patches  of  cinnamon  russet  ,  core, 
compact ;  seeds,  small  ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  buttery.  October  and  No- 
vember. 


402  THE   PEAK. 


Ontario. 


Origin,  Geneva,  Ontario  County,  N.  Y.  Tree  vigorous  and  prod;iDtive, 
said  to  be  a  valuable  market  variety. 

Fruit,  medium,  elongated  obtuse  pyriform,  somewhat  irregular,  skin, 
pale  yellow,  thickly  covered  with  gray  or  green  dots  ;  stalk,  long,  curved, 
inserted  by  a  fleshy  ring  in  a  rather  large  depression  ;  calyx,  partially  closed, 
or  open  in  a  shallow,  irregular,  corrugated  basin ;  flesh,  white,  granular, 
juicy,  almost  melting,  with  a  sweet  pleasant  flavor.  Ptipens  last  of  Septem- 
ber.    (Downing ) 

Orange   Bergamotte. 
Orange  Pear. 

Foreign.  An  old  variety,  great  bearer,  valuable  only  for  cooking.  Fruit, 
above  medium,  pyriform  ;  yellow,  russet  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellowish,  sprightly 
astringent.     September  and  October. 

Orpheline  Colmar. 
Foreign.  Tree  vigorous,  very  fertile.  Fruit,  very  large,  pyriform  ;  skin, 
bright  green,  becomes  somewhat  yellow  at  maturity,  striped  and  dotted 
with  gray,  brown,  and  black,  and  shaded  with  russet  fawn  on  the  sunny 
side,  and  around  the  calyx  and  stem  ;  flesh,  whitish  yellow,  fine,  melting,  a 
little  granular  around  the  core,  juicy,  sweet,  and  perfumed.  A  beautiful 
and  excellent  fruit,  ripening  about  the  middle  of  October.     (An.  Pom.) 

Osband's  Summer. 
Oaband's  Favorite,  |  Summer  Vergalieu,  of  some. 
American.  Native  of  Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.  Fruit,  below  medium,  ovate 
obovate  pyriform,  clear  yellow,  small  green  dots,  and  rarely  a  slight  red 
cheek  in  sun ;  skin,  rather  thick  ;  stem,  medium,  inserted  in  a  shallow,  un- 
even cavity ;  calyx,  with  open,  long,  straggling  segments  ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  rather  coarse  grained,  juicy  ;  promises  "  valuable."  Early  Sep- 
tember. 

Osborn. 

American.     From  Economy,  la.,  introduced  first  to  notice  by  A.  H. 
Ernst,   Esq.,  of  Cincinnati.     Fruit,  small,  ovate  pyriform,  greenish  yel- 
low ;  stem,  about  one  inch  long,  set  with  two  or  more  fleshy  ridges  at  base 
flesh,  white,  tender,   juicy,  sweet,   a  little   astringent ;    "  good.      Early 
August. 

Oswego. 
Oswego  Beurrfe,     |     Eeed's  Seedling. 

American.  Native  of  Oswego,  N.  Y.  Tree,  vigorous,  hardy,  succeeds 
well  thus  far,  and  an  early  bearer  on  Quince  or  Pear  roots ;  fruit,  medium, 
ovate  obovate,  or  obovate  rounded,  dull  yellowish  green,  with  marblings 
and  patches  of  russet;  stem,  short,  stout;  cavity,  rather  deep;  calyx,  me- 
dium, closed  :  core,  small ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sub-acid,  sprightly  •  "  very 
good "     October. 

OUDINOT. 
Beurrfe  Oudinot. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  with  brownish  cheek  ; 
stem,  curved  ;  calyx,  medium  :  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  fine,  juMjy ;  "  good." 
September. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  403 

Paddock 
From  C.  Goodrich.  Burlington,  Vt.     Small,  ovate  coniial,  light  yellow; 
flesh,  fine-grained,  sweet ;  '•  good."     August. 

Parsonage. 
Medium,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  yellow,  rough,  shades  of  dull  crim- 
son, netted  russet,  russet  dots ;  stem,  short,  thick  at  junction ;  calyx,  half 
open ;  short,  stiiF  segments  ;  basin,  shallow,  russeted  ;  flesh,  white,  coarse, 
granular  ;  core,  small ;  "  very  good."     September. 

Passans  du  Portugal, 

Poire  Cheneille,     |     Miller's  Early,     |     Bergamotte. 
Foreign.     Tree,  upright  growth  :    shoots,  reddish  brown,     Fruit,  below 
medium,  roundish  obovate,  pale  yellow,  brownish  red  in  sun  :  stem,  one  inch ; 
calyx,  erect ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  breaking  ;  "  very  good."     Last  of  August. 

Passe  Colmar. 


Passfe  Colmar  Epineaux, 

Colmar  Gris, 

Passe  Colmar  Gris, 

Beurre  Colmar  Gris,  dit  Prtcel, 

Precel, 

Fondante  de  Panisel, 

Fondante  de  Mons, 

Beurre  d'Argenson, 


Regintin, 

Chapman's, 
Colmar  de  Sille, 
Colmar  Hardenpont, 
Present  de  Malines, 
Marrotte  Sucree  Jaune, 
Souverain, 


Colmar  Souverain, 
Gambier, 
Cellite, 

Colmar  Preule, 
Colmar  Doree, 
Colmar  Van  Mons, 
Colmar  d'Hiver. 


Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  with  long,  stragling,  half  drooping  shoots  of  a 
lively  brownish  yellow;  with  high  culture,  severe  thinning,  and  great  care, 
it  is  a  first-class  sort ;  with  common  ordinary  care  it  is  worthless.  Fruit, 
medium  to  large,  oblong  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  dull 
yellow  when  fully  mature,  with  some  russet ;  stem,  a  little  more  than 
medium  length,  set  with  slight  depression ;  calyx,  partly  open  ;  basin,  shal- 
low j  flesh,  yellowish  white,  buttery,  sweet,  aromatic.     November.  January. 

Pater  Noster. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  large,  oblong,  obtuse  at  ends,  surface  uneven ;    stem, 
fleshy ;  calyx,  open ;  segments,  short,  thick ;  core,  medium  ;  flesh,  yellow- 
ish, juicy,  vinous,  perfumed,  acid.     November,  December.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Paul  Thielen. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellow,  with  dull  red  cheek  ; 
stem,  long,  obliquely  set ;    calyx,  open ;    segments,  short,  upright ;    flesh, 
rather  coarse,  juicy;  ''good."     October. 

Peach  Pear. 
Medium,  turbinate  pyriform,  yellowish,  dots  of  red  russet ;  calyx,  open , 
flesh,  juicy;  "good."     August,  September. 

Pendleton. 

Pendleton's  Early  York  Pear 

American.     From  Connecticut.     Young  wood,  dark  olive.     Fruit,  rather 

large,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  pale  greenish  yellow,  russet  specks ;  stem, 

curved  ;    calyx,  open ;    flesh,  white,  tender,  sweet ;  "  good."     Last  July 

(Hov.  Mag ) 

Pengethley. 
Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous.      Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  yellowish  brown, 
russeted  ;  stem,  medium ;  calyx,  small,  partly  open ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy ; 
"good."     February,  March. 


4:04  THE   PEAK. 

Pennsylvania. 

American.  From  Pennsylvania.  Tree,  vigorous,  hardy,  and  moderately 
productive.  Fruit,  large,  obovate  pyriform,  surface  irregular,  yellowish 
green,  brownish  russet,  marbled  ;  stem,  stout ;  calyx,  small,  half  closed  ; 
core,  small;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather  coarse,  breaking,  juicy;  "good." 
October. 

Petre. 

American.  Originated  in  the  old  Bartram  Botanic  Garden,  near  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.  Tree,  moderate  grower,  with  slender,  yellowish  brown  shoots, 
abundant  bearer.  Fruit,  medium  to  large,  oblong  obovate  pyriform,  pale 
yellow,  with  russet  patches  ;  stem,  rather  stout,  largest  at  base  ;  cavity, 
abrupt;  calyx,  medium;  basin,  narrow;  flesh,  whitish,  fine,  melting,  but 
tery,  perfumed,  juicy,  nearly  "best."  October.  The  "Bezi  de  la  Motte  '* 
has  been  disseminated  for  this  variety,  somewhat,  through  the  West. 

Philadelphia  Latch. 

Large,  oblate  pyriform,  yellow,  greenish  gray  dots,  netted  russet ;  stem, 
stout ;  cavity,  deep,  abrupt ;  calyx,  half  closed ;  basin,  open  ;  flesh,  coarse, 
sugary,  juicy;  core,  small ;  rots  at  core;  productive;  "very  good."  Sep- 
tember, October. 

Philippe  Goes. 

Foreign.  Tree,  sufiiciently  vigorous  and  very  fertile.  Fruit,  medium, 
turbinate-pyriform,  bossed,  and  often  irregular ;  skin,  rough,  totally  covered 
with  gray  russet ;  flesh,  whitish-yellow,  fine  and  melting,  juice  enough, 
sweet  and  finely  perfumed  ;  quite  first  quality.  Ripens  middle  of  Novem- 
ber.    (An.  Pom.) 

PiNNEO. 

Boston,  I     Summer  Virgalleu, 

Graves?  |     Hebron. 

American.  Originated  in  Tolland  County,  Conn.,  and  first  introduced 
to  notice  in  transactions  of  the  Hartford  County  Horticultural  Society. 
Young  wood,  of  a  brownish  red  ;  tree  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit, 
small  to  medium,  oblong  obovate  pyriform,  tapering  toward  the  stem ; 
color,  pale  yellow,  tinge  of  red  in  the  sun,  obscure  dots^  and  considerable 
russet  near  base  of  stem  ;  stem,  rather  long ;  cavity,  shallow  ;  calyx,  me- 
dium, open ;  basin,  broad,  shallow,  slightly  ribbed  or  furrowed ;  flesh, 
yellowish  white,  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  rich  delicious  flavor ;  core,  medium 
or  small ;  seeds,  dark  brownish  black.     Last  of  August. 

Pius  IX. 

Foreign,  Large,  obovate,  irregular  pyriform;  yellow,  slightly  rus- 
seted;  stem,  short,  curved,  fleshy  at  junction;  calyx,  open;  basin,  shal- 
low; flesh,  coarse;  "good."     September,  October. 

Platt's  Seedling. 

Origin,  on  the  farm  of  the  late  Thomas  Tredwell,  Beekmantown,  Cliun 
ton  County,  N.  Y.  Tree,  vigorous,  hardy  and  productive.  Fruit,  rather 
large ;  skin,  yellow :  a  fruit  of  good  quality,  and  perhaps  may  be  valuable 
for  orchard  culture,  particularly  at  the  North.    October,  November. 


ETC.  405 

Pocahontas. 
Origin,  Quincy,  Mass,  Tree,  moderately  vigorous.  Fruit,  medium, 
form  variable,  obovate  pyriform,  often  turbinate;  calyx,  small,  closed; 
stem,  short,  inserted  without  depression  ;  color,  lemon  yellow,  with  traces 
of  russet,  and  occasionally  a  bright  vermilion  cheek :  flesh,  white,  melting, 
juicy  and  buttery;  flavor,  sweet,  rich  and  musky.  'Ripe  first  to  the  mid- 
dle of  October.     (Wilder  in  Hort.) 

Poire  d' Albert. 
Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  pyramidal  (elon- 
gated or  obtuse-pyriform) ;  skin,  rough,  clear  dark  cinnamon  russet,  bronzed 
on  the  sunny  side ;  stem,  of  medium  length,  stout,  curved,  swollen  and 
fleshy  at  the  base,  obliquely  inserted  in  a  slight  cavity,  on  the  lower  side ; 
eye,  medium,  partially  open,  and  very  slightly  depressed,  in  a  small,  shal- 
low basin ;  flesh,  greenish  white,  coarse,  buttery,  melting  and  juicy ;  flavor, 
vinous,  very  rich,  and  deliciously  perfumed.     October.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Poire  des  Deux  Sceurs. 
Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous,  productive.     Fruit,  large,  long  pyriform,  pale 
green,  with  brown  and  black  dots ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  small,  closed ;  flesh, 
fine,  yellowish  green,  juicy,  sugary.     November. 

Poire  Ramean. 
Begy  de  Vetrans. 
Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  light  yellow,  gray  dots,  patches  of  russet ;  calyx, 
half  closed;  basin,  open;  flesh,  firm,  tough,  cooking;  productive. 

Poire  d'Abondance. 
D'Abondance. 
Foreign.    Fruit,  above  medium,  oblong  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  with  russet 
dots,  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy ;  "very  good."     October. 

Poire  d'Avril. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  medium,  acute  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  rough,  rus- 
seted,  and  reddish  in  sun  ;  stem,  fleshy  at  base ;  calyx,  closed  ;  flesh,  green- 
ish white,  crisp,  juicy,  cooking ;  core,  small ;  seeds,  long,  pointed.    February 
to  May. 

Poire  de  Tongres.  ^ 

Foreign.  Tree,  strong  grower.  Fruit,  large,  obovate,  bronzed,  brown- 
ish yellow,  streaks  of  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  agreeable. 
October. 

Pratt. 

American.  Native  of  Rhode  Island.  Tree,  vigorous,  upright  growth, 
productive  on  Pear.  Fruit,  above  medium,  obovate  pyriform,  greenish  yel- 
low, with  gray  and  russet  dots  and  specks ;  stem,  slender ;  calyx,  open ; 
flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  melting,  juicy,  sugary ;  "  variable."     September. 

Prevost. 

Poire  Provost. 

Foreign.  Fruit  of  medium  size;  skin,  thin,  smooth,  light  green,  passing 
to  golden-yellow  at  maturity,  deeply  shaded  with  carmine  in  the  sun ; 


406  THE    PEAK. 

flesh,  white,  half  melting,  half  buttery,  sweet,  and   strongly  perfumed. 
Ripens  in  December,  but  may  be  kept  until  April.     (Al.  Pom.) 

Prince  Albert. 
Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  succeeds  on  Pear  and  Quince.  Fruit,  medium, 
pyriform  ;  skin,  very  thick  and  smooth  ;  color,  yellowish,  sometimes  with 
a  slightly  sunny  cheek ;  stalk,  an  inch  long ;  eye,  small,  open,  in  a  shal- 
low even  cavity ;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  fine,  melting,  sugary  and  rich. 
February,  March.     (Gard.  Ch.) 

Princess  Royal. 

Groom's  Princess  Koyal. 
Foreign.      Tree,  hardy  and  vigorous;    not  an  early   bearer.      Fruit, 
medium,  obovate,  dull  pale  green,  dotted  with  russet;  stem,  set  in  shallow 
cavity  ;  calyx,  open  ;  segments,  short ;  core,  large ;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather 
coarse,  melting,  juicy;  "good."     January,  February. 

Pulsifer. 
American.     Native  of  Illinois.     Tree,  upright,  vigorous ;   shoots,  dark 
olive  ;  early  and  productive  bearer.     Fruit,  below  medium,  pyriform  ob- 
tuse, dull  yellow,  with  traces  of  russet ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  small,  open  , 
flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  very  good."     Early  August. 

Queen  of  the  Low  Countries. 

Kelne  des  Pays  Bas. 
Foreign.  "We  have  often  examined  this  sort,  but  have  been  unable  as  yet 
to  fruit  it  in  ten  years  that  we  have  had  the  variety.  We  condense  our 
description  from  Downing,  Fruit,  large,  obovate  acute  pyriform,  dull  yel- 
low, dotted  and  russeted,  dark  red  in  sun  ;  stem,  one  and  a  half  inch  long, 
curved ;  calyx,  small ;  basin,  deep ;  flesh,  white,  buttery,  melting,  juicy, 
vinous,  sub-acid.     Early  October. 

Rallay. 
We  received  specimens  (from  which  we  take  our  description)  of  this  pear 
from  Messrs.  EUwanger  and  Barry.  It  is.  we  believe,  an  old  variety,  but 
we  had  never  before  seen  it.  Fruit,  small  to  medium,  globular  acute 
pyriform:  skin,  rough,  dull  yellow,  dull  reddish  cheek,  over  the  whole 
spots  of  russet ;  stem,  slender,  obliquely  set  without  depression ;  calyx, 
with  crumpled  segments;  core,  large;  flesh,  yellowish  white,  breaking, 
juicy,  gritty  at  core ;  "  good."     November,  December. 

Rapalje. 

Eapalje  Seedling. 
American.     Fruit,  medium,  brownish  yellow  or  russet,  oblong  pyriform, 
stem,  long ;  calyx,  in  a  slight  hollow ;  flesh,  buttery ;  variable  quality. 
Early  September. 

Ravens  WOOD. 

Fruit,  obtuse  pyramidal,  tending  to  obovate,  small  to  medium  in  size, 
with  a  very  short,  thick  stem  ;  ripening  from  the  middle  of  July  to  middle 
of  August;  rich  aromatic  flavor,  and  great  abundancce  of  vinous  carbo- 
nated juice.  It  is  a  great  bearer.  It  is  a  seedling  found  in  the  woods  cf 
Astoria,  and  planted  on  the  grounds  of  Mr.  Charles  Ehrard. 


UNTESTED  VAKIETIE8,  ETC.  407 

Reading. 
Large  or  above  medium,  pyriform,  greenish  yellow  with  numerous  dots  , 
stem,  medium,  fleshy  at  base ;  calyx,  open ;  segments,  erect ;  basin,  very 
shallow  ;  core,  medium  ;  seed,  dark  brown;  flesh,  greenish  white,  juicy, 
sprightly,  vinous ',  young  shoots,  slender,  yellowish  olive ;  "  good." 
January  to  May. 

Retour  de  Rome. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblate,  very  much  depressed,  obscurely  pyriform,  angular; 
skin,  yellowish,  blotched  with  russet  and  thickly  sprinkled  with  russet 
dots ;  stalk,  short,  and  stout  at  its  insertion  in  a  small  inclined  cavity ; 
calyx,  partially  closed,  in  a  round,  narrow  basin ;  flesh,  whitish,  coarse, 
granular,  melting,  juicy,  with  a  rich  vinous  flavor,  slightly  astringent. 
September. 

Richards. 

Origin,  Wilmington,  Delaware.  Fruit,  rather  large,  obovate  oblate  pyri- 
form ;  skin,  yellow,  with  numerous  small  russet  dots ;  stalk,  of  medium 
length,  curved,  inserted  by  a  fleshy  ring  in  a  slight  depresion;  calyx,  par- 
tially closed  ;  basin,  very  small ;  flesh,  buttery,  juicy,  melting,  granulated, 
with  a  sweet,  pleasant,  vinous  flavor.     Ripens  first  of  October. 

Ridelle's. 
Beurr6  Audueson,  |  Poire  Eitelle. 
Tree,  of  moderate  vigor,  reddish  brown  shoots  ;  productive.  Fruit, 
medium,  oblate  turbinate,  remotely  pyriform  ;  skin,  yellow,  covered  nearly 
all  over  with  bright  red  ;  stalk,  short,,  fleshy  at  its  insertion  by  a  lip  ;  calyx, 
open,  in  a  very  shallow  basin ;  flesh,  not  very  fine,  rather  juicy,  not  melt- 
ing or  delicate  in  flavor.     September. 

Roe's  Bergamottb. 

Raised  by  William  Roe,  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous, 
very  productive. 

Fruit,  medium,  oblate  or  Bergamotte-shaped,  somewhat  angular  and  irre- 
gular ;  skin,  smooth,  yellow,  with  minute  yellow  dots  in  the  shade,  mottled 
and  clouded  with  red  on  the  sunny  side ;  stalk,  short,  inserted  in  a  narrow, 
abrupt  cavity ;  calyx,  small,  with  short,  stiff"  segments,  set  in  a  narrow 
basin  ;  flesh,  rather  coarse,  melting,  with  a  sweet,  rich,  brisk,  well-per- 
fumed flavor ;  core,  large.  The  flavor  of  this  excellent  new  pear  is  ex- 
tremely like  Gansel's  Bergamotte,  but  much  more  sugary.  September. 
(Downing.) 

Rondelet. 

Foreign.  Tree,  upright,  thrifty,  good  bearer,  suited  to  orcharding. 
Fruit,  small,  obovate,  yellow,  dotted  with  russet,  red  in  sun  ;  stem,  slender ; 
calyx,  erect,  long  segments  ;  core,  medium :  flesh,  yellowish  white,  buttery, 
juicy,  sugary,  aromatic:  nearly ''best."     October. 

Ropes. 
American.     Its  name  from  that  of  the  gentleman  in  whose  garden  it  ori- 
ginated at  Sale^m,  Mass.     Fruit,  small,  oblong  obovate,  brownish  russet, 
tinged  with  red  in  sun  ;    stem,  short,  rather  stout ;    calyx,  small,  open , 
core,  small ;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather  coarse,  melting ;  "  good."     October. 


4:08  THE    PEAR. 

ROSABIRNE. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate  acute  pyriform,  angular,  surface,  un 
even,  russet  on  dull  greenish  yellow ;  stem,  fleshy  at  base  ;  flesh,  white, 
melting,  juicy,  brisk,  sub-acid  ;  "  very  good,"  may  be  "  best."  October. 
(Wilder,  in  Hort.) 

Ross 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  yellowish  green  and 
russet;  stem,  short;  calyx,  open;  flesh,  yellowish,  rather  gritty,  sweet, 
juicy;  "good."     January. 

ROUSSELET    d'EsPERIN. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  above  medium,  obovate  acute  pyriform,  dull  greenish 
yellow,  covered  with  cinnamon  russet ;  stem,  long,  stout,  fleshy  at  base ; 
calyx,  open  ;  basin,  deep,  furrowed  ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  sprightly ;  "  very 
good."     October.     Promises  valuable. 

RoUSSELET  VaNDERWECKEN. 

A  pyramidal  tree,  of  medium  vigor,  but  very  productive.  Fruit,  small, 
varying  in  form  from  Doyenne  to  Bergamotte  ;  skin,  yellow  at  time  of  ma- 
turity ;  flesh,  white,  fine,  melting ;  juice,  abundant,  sugary,  and  strongly 
aromatic,  like  that  of  the  Rousselet ;  fruit,  quite  of  first  quality,  and  ripe 
first  of  November.     (An.  Pom.) 

Salisbury  Seedling. 

A  native  of  Western  New  York.  Tree,  vigorous.  Fruit,  depressed  pyri- 
form ;  skin,  rough,  somewhat  covered  with  russet,  and  thickly  sprinkled 
with  russet  dots ;  stalk,  short  and  thick,  inserted  by  a  fleshy  ring ;  calyx, 
closed,  in  a  deep,  uneven  basin ;  flesh,  coarse,  and  of  not  much  claim  to 
excellence  so  far  as  proved.     Ripe  October. 

Selleck. 

The  origin  uncertain.  Tree,  30  years  old.  Mr.  Selleck,  Columbus,  Vt, 
Tree,  healthy,  productive ;  leaves,  small;  a  free,  thrifty  grower.  Fruit, 
large,  ovate  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  angular  ribbed,  fine  yellow,  and 
crimson  cheek,  russet  dots  ;  stem,  medium,  curved,  fleshy  at  insertion,  where 
it  is  slightly  russeted  ;  calyx,  nearly  closed  ;  basin,  small,  uneven  :  flesh, 
juicy,  melting,  aromatic;  core,  small;  "very  good;"  promises  valuable 
for  market.     October. 

Sheppard. 

Raised  by  James  Sheppard  of  Dorchester,  Mass.  Tree,  a  free  growe? 
and  very  productive. 

Fruit,  large,  obovate  pyriform,  sometimes  pyramidal  (greatly  varying  in 
form)  ;  skin,  rough,  yellow,  sometimes  with  a  brownish  red  cheek,  slightly 
sprinkled  with  russet  dots,  and  with  some  patches  of  russet ;  stalk,  short  and 
stout,  in  a  depression,  often  inclined,  surrounded  by  russet;  calyx,  partially 
closed,  set  in  a  very  shallow,  furrowed  basin ;  flesh,  whitish,  coarse,  and 
granular,  buttery,  melting,  very  juicy,  with  a  vinous,  perfumed.banana  fla- 
vor.    Ripens  last  of  Seotember,  and  first  of  October.     (Downing.; 

Shurtleff. 
Shurtleff'8  Seedling. 
American.      Native  of  Boston.     Tree,   vigorous,   good   bearer.     Fruit, 
medium,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow,  russeted  at  stem,  dotted  with 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC. 


409 


russet  specks,  dark  red  cheek  in  sun ;  stem,  rather  long,  swollen  at  base , 
calyx,  large,  open ;  core,  large ;  flesh,  white,  coarse,  melting,  juicy,  gritty 
at  core.     September. 

SiGNORET. 

Sagaret. 

Foreign.     Fruit,  medium  or  below,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow, 
russet  specks  ;  calyx,  open ;  flesh,  coarse,  breaking,  hardly  "  good."     No 


yember. 


SOUVERAINE  DE  PrINTEMPS. 


Poire  dePrintemps. 

Fruit,  medium,  ooscurely  pyriform  ;  yellow,  sprinkled  with  russet ;  stalk, 
short,  inserted   in  a  depression ;    calyx,  closed ;   basin,   irregular ;    flesh, 
white,  juicy,  melting,  coarse 
and   granular,  somewhat   as- 
tringent.    March. 


St.  Ghislain. 


St  Galen. 

Foreign.  Tree,  upright,  vig- 
orous growth;  young  shoots, 
light  brown;  requires  warm 
rich  s( 
sipid. 

Fruit,  below  medium ;  gene- 
rally pyriform,  but  varying ; 
color,  pale  yellow,  or  yellow- 
ish green,  with  dots  of  green 
underneath,  and  marblings  of 
russet  on  surface:  stem,  gene- 
rally curved  ;  calyx,  open ; 
basin,  shallow  ;  core,  small ; 
seeds,  obovate  pointed  ;  flesh, 
white,  buttery,  juicy,  and 
sprightly.     September. 


St.  Dorothee. 
Royalo,     |     Nouvelle. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous.  Fruit,  large,  acute  pyriform ;  skin,  rough, 
dull  green,  faintly  browned  in  the  sun;  stalk,  long  and  curved,  in  a  very 
shallow  cavity ;  calyx,  partially  closed,  moderately  sunk  in  a  rather 
contracted  basin  ;  flesh,  white,  fine,  very  melting  and  juicy ;  flavor,  rich, 
g'jccharine  and  vinous,  with  an  orange-like  perfume.  October.  (Hov. 
Mag.) 

18 


410  THE   PEAR. 

St.  Herblain  d'Hivre. 
Foreign.     New ;   poor  grower.     Fruit,  below   medium,  smooth,  green, 
sprinkled  with  small  brown  dotsj  stem,  short;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  sugary. 
December  to  March. 

St,  Jean  Baptiste. 
Foreign.     Tree,    moderate    grower,  stout,   short-jointed   shoots.     Fruit, 
medium,  oblong  obovate  pyriform,  pale  greenish  yellow,  with  dark  specks  ; 
stem,  short,  curved,  swollen  at  base  ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  buttery,  vinous , 
calyx,  hall"  open.     October  and  November. 

St.  Menin. 
Poire  St  Menin. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  pyriform,  greenish,  nearly  covered  with  pale  rus- 
set;  flesh,  melting,  sweet;  "good,"     August. 

St,  Mesmin. 
Foreign.     Fruit,   large,  oblong  ovate,  yellowish  green;    stem,  without 
depression  ;  calyx,  half  open ;  flesh,  juicy ;  "  good,"  perhaps  may  be  "  very 
good,"     October. 

St.  Michael  Archange. 

Plombgastel,         I         Plumbgartel,         I         Jergllsf 
Dusnaa,  |        Plougastel,  | 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  upright,  succeeds  on  Quince.  Fruit,  above 
medium  to  large,  ovate  pyriform,  greenish  yellow,  red  in  sun,  dull  russet 
specks ;  stem,  stout ;  calyx,  large,  open,  segments  reflexed ;  core,  large ; 
flesh,  white,  half-melting,  juicy;  "good,"  or  perhaps  "very  good."  Sep- 
tember, October.  ^^ 

Sterling. 
Do  Mott 

American.  Native  of  Western  New  York.  Tree,  thrifty,  upright 
growth,  early  bearer.  Fruit,  large,  ronndish  obovate,  pale  yellow,  shaded 
with  red  in  sun,  russet  at  base  of  stem  :  stem,  long ;  calyx,  open ;  core, 
large;  flesh,  white,  coarse,  half  melting,  juicy;  "very  good."  Early  Sep- 
tember.    Long  known  as  De  Motte  in  Michigan. 

St.  Vincent  de  Paul. 
Foreign.      Fruit,  small,  like  Martin  Lee;  skin,  russet;  flesh,  sugary, 
half  melting,  ripening  in  January.     (Leroy's  Cat.) 

Styre. 
Origin  unknown.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  green,  becoming  yellow, 
with  russet  dots  and  tracings;  stem,  varying;  cavity,  shallow:  calyx,  im- 
perfect ;  basin,  narrow,  abrupt,  deep ;  core,'  medium ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  a  little  gritty  at  core,  buttery,  juicy,  perfumed  ;  "  best."  Sep- 
tember. 

Summer  Franc  Real. 

Franc  KKald'Et^         I         Gros  Micet  d'Ete, 
Mouille  Bouche,  |         Fondante. 

Foreign.  Tree,  thrifty,  hardy,  good  bearer,  rarely  more  than  "'  good  "  oB 
pear  roots,  sometimes  nearly  "  best"  on  Quince.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate 
obtuse  pyriform,  dull  green,  becoming  yellowish  green,  with  browniali 


ETC.  411 

green  dots;  stem,  short,  thick;  calyx,  medium,  long  segments,  furrowed 
basin,  large  core  ;  flesh,  white,  not  fine-grained,  buttery,  juicy,  sweet.  Sep- 
tember. 

Supreme  De  Quimper. 

Foreign.  Tree,  strong,  erect  grower ;  w^ood,  brownish-olive.  Fruit,  me- 
dium, roundish  obovate,  lemon  yellow,  red  in  sun,  and  russet  specks ;  stem, 
short,  stout ;  calyx,  medium,  partly  open,  segments,  short ;  flesh,  yellowish 
white,  coarse,  sugary,  perfumed  ;  core,  medium ;  seeds,  pale  brown.  Au- 
gust. 

Suzette  de  Bavay. 
Suzette  de  Bavay  (Esperen). 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  shoots  light  greenish  brown.  Fruit,  medium, 
obovate  pyriform,  dull  yellow  and  russet;  flesh,  melting,  juicy;  "very 
good.'"'     February  and  March. 

Taylor  Pear. 
Merrlweather. 
Originated  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Merriweather,  near  Charlotteville,  Albe- 
marle Co.,  Va.     Tree,  vigorous,  young  wood  olive,  productive. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  oblate ;  skin,  light  green,  mottled  with  dark 
green  ;  stalk,  rather  long,  fleshy  at  its  termmation,  in  a  very  slight  de- 
pression ;  calyx,  very  small,  set  in  a  wide,  superficial  basin ;  flesh,  fine 
texture,  buttery ;  flavor,  virions,  with  a  delicate  vanilla  aroma ;  quality, 
"very  good."     November  to  February.     (Dr.  W.  D.  B.) 

Tea. 

American.  Native  of  New  Haven  Co.,  Conn.  Fruit,  below  medium, 
roundish  oval,  clear  rich  yellow,  blush  in  sun ;  calyx,  with  short  open  seg- 
ments, even  with  surface  :  core,  small ;  flesh,  whitish,  melting,  juicy  : 
"  very  good,"  nearly  "  best."     Last  September. 

Theodore  Van  Mons. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate  pyriform,  yellow,  with  russet  spots ; 
stem,  long,  little  or  no  depression  ;  calyx,  large,  open,  broad  segments; 
flesh,  whitish,  melting;  "very  good  "  on  Quince.     November. 

Thorp. 

Prindle. 

Above  medium,  obovate  truncated,  oblique,  yellow,  dull  reddish  cheek, 

brown  dots;  stem,  medium,  inserted  in  an   abrupt,  acute  cavity;  calyx, 

small,  closed ;  basin,  shallow,  russeted ;  flesh,  white,  coarse ;    core,  small ; 

"  good."     November. 

Thuerlinck. 

A  very  large,  showy  fruit,  whose  quality  does  not  equal  its  beauty,  and 
whose  great  weight  of  fruit  causes  it  to  fall  from  the  tree  with  so  little 
wind,  that  it  is  not  profitable  for  garden  or  orchard.     (Al.  Pom.) 

Totten's  Seedling. 
Raised  by   Colonel   Totten,    of  New   Haven,    Conn.     Tree,    vigorous. 
Fruit,  medium  or  below,  turbinate   pyriform ;  skin,  pale  yellow,  slightly 
sprinkled  with  russet,  and  shaded  with  dull  crimson ;    stalk,  long,  and 


412  THE   PEAR. 

fleshy  at  its  insertion,  by  a  lip  :  calyx,  closed ;  basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  whit« 
ish,  buttery,  juicy,  melting,  with  a  rich,  vinous,  perfumed  flavor.  Ripens 
last  of  September,  and  first  of  October.     (Downing.) 

Triomphe  de  Jodoigne. 

Foreign.  Tree,  very  strong,  vigorous  grower,  not  an  early  bearer.  Fruit, 
large  to  very  large,  obovate,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish  with  traces  and 
faint  spots  of  russet ;  flesh,  melting,  juicy,  sub-acid;  "good."  November. 
Unsuccessful  on  Quince. 

Tyler. 

Fruit,  small,  turbinate,  remotely  pyriform;  skin,  yellow,  covered  with 
russet  dots ;  stalk,  long  and  slender,  in  a  moderate  cavity,  surrounded  by 
russet;  calyx,  open;  basin,  shallow  and  uneven;  flesh,  white,  coarse, 
granular,  buttery,  melting,  juicy,  brisk  and  vinous.     October. 

Upper  Crust. 

American.  Native  of  South  Carolina.  Tree,  healthy,  moderate  grower  ; 
branches,  slender,  forming  a  pyriform  head.  Fruit,  size  and  shape  of 
Dearborn  Seedling,  green,  with  distinct  irregular  russet  blotches  ;  flesh,  but- 
tery, melting;  "very  good,"  if  not  "best."  July.  (Wm.  Sumner,  in 
Hort.) 

UWCHLAN. 
Dowlin,     I     Eound  Top. 

From  Chester,  Pa.  Above  medium,  obovate,  somewhat  compressed  ; 
skin,  cinnamon  russet,  patches  and  dots  of  fair  yellow;  stem,  medium,  slight 
depression  at  base ;  calyx,  above  medium ;  segments,  half  reflexed  ;  core, 
medium  :  flesh,  fine,  buttery,  saccharine.  August,  September.  Young 
wood  yellowish  brown,  old  wood  grayish. 

Vezouziere. 

Foreign.  Tree,  vigorous,  succeeds  on  Quince.  Fruit,  medium,  rouii^j^ 
obovate,  lemon  yellow,  dotted  with  red  in  sun  ;  stem,  long ;  cavity,  op^; 
calyx,  medium,  open ;  basin,  shallow  ;  core,  large  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
rather  coarse,  juicy,  sweet;  "  very  good."     November. 

ViCOMPTE  de  SpOELBERCH. 
Despollberg,     |     Beri  de  Spoelberch,     |     Vicompte  de  Spoelberg. 

Foreign.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous,  branches  upright,  yellowish  brown, 
with  whitish  gray  specks.  Fruit,  large,  obovate  obtuse  pyriform,  pale 
yellow  when  mature,  little  red  in  sun,  and  russet  patches  and  specks ; 
stem,  long,  stout,  fleshy  at  base ;  calyx,  medium ;  segments,  short,  erect ; 
core,  medium ;  flesh,  white,  fine-grained,  buttery,  melting,  juicy,  sugary ; 
"  best."     December. 

Walker. 

Fruit,  large,  oblong  pyriform,  lemon  yellow,  marbled  with  light  sea- 
green;  stem,  curved,  fleshy  at  base  ;  calyx,  open  ;  long  segments;  ba^in, 
shallow;  flesh,  cgarse,  crisp,  juicy;  "  very  good."     September. 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,   ETC. 


413 


Van  Mox's  Leon  Le  Clerc. 
Poire  de  Boulogne,     |     Louise  Bonuo  de  Boulogne,     |      Celestin. 


Foreign.  Distinct  from  ''Leon  Le  Clerc  of  Van  Mons."  A  variety  on 
the  Quince,  bearing  early,  but  not  surely.  In  growth  the  tree  is  mode- 
rately vigorous,  nearly  upright,  yellowish  olive  wood  with  round  grayish 
spots. 

Fruit,  very  large,  oblong  obovate  pyriform  ;  color,  pale  yellow,  golden  at 
maturity,  with  brown  in  sun,  russet  specks  and  patches,  some  dark  green 
dots,  and  russet  at  base  of  stem ;  stem,  medium  length  and  size,  curved  ; 
calyx,  large,  open,  broad,  reflexed  segments ;  basin,  medium ;  core,  medium 


4:14:  THE   PEAK. 

long  ovate  capsules ;  seeds,  long,  ovate,  sometimes  imperfect :  flesh,  yel- 
lowish white,  fine,  buttery,  melting,  juicy,  sugary,  vinous.  October  and 
November. 

Wharton's  Early. 


Originated  from  seed  sown  by  Silas  Wharton,  a  pioneer  in  fruit  culture, 
in  Ohio.  First  grafts  were  distributed  by  A.  H.  Ernst,  Esq.  Tree,  a  vigor- 
ous, strong  grower ;  wood,  yellowish  brown  ;  large  foliage.  Fruit,  above 
medium,  oblong  obovate  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  with  minute  russet  dots, 
suffused  at  base  with  a  sea-green,  occasionally  a  russet  trace ;  stem,  long, 
slender ;  cavity,  slight ;  calyx,  open ;  segments,  short,  rounded ;  core, 
medium  ;  seeds,  ovate  ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  best."  Middle 
to  last  August.     It  deserves  extensive  cultivation. 

'^'    Wendell. 
A  seedling  of  Van  Mons,  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  H.  Wendell,  Albany, 
N.  y*    Tree,  vigorous,  upright. 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC.  415 

Fruit,  of  medium  size,  pale  yellow,  with  tracings  and  sometimes  large 
patches  of  russet,  often  with  a  bright  red  cheek  next  the  sun  ;  flesh,  melt- 
ing and  juicy;  "  good,"  but  not  high  flavored.  Middle  of  August  to  middle 
of  September.     (Robert  Manning.) 

Westcott. 

American.  Native  of  Cranston,  R.I.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  obovate, 
pale  green  to  light  orange  yellow,  dots  and  blotches  of  russet ;  stem,  slender, 
fleshy  at  base ;  calyx,  large,  open ;  basin,  plaited ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  coarse, 
melting,  sugary ;  ''good."     September. 

WiEDOW. 
Wredow. 
Foreign.     Tree,  moderately  vigorous ;  wood,  yellowish.    Fruit,  medium, 
oblong  obovate,  acute  pyriform,  greenish  yellow;  stem,  medium,  obliquely 
planted  with  lip  one  side  ;  calyx,  small :  flesh,  white,  juicy,  vinous,  per- 
fumed ;  "  very  good."     October. 

Wilbur. 

American,  Native  of  Somerset,  Mass.  Tree,  a  moderate  grower,  with 
reddish  brown  shoots,  productive  and  hardy.  Fruit,  medium,  oval  obovate, 
dull  yellowish  green,  much  russet ;  stem,  medium ;  calyx,  open  ;  core, 
large  :  flesh,  whitish,  rather  coarse,  a  little  variable,  juicy  ;  "  good." 
September. 

William's  Early. 

American.  Native  of  Roxbury,  Mass.  Tree,  moderate  grower,  reddish 
brown  wood.  Fruit,  below  medium,  ovate  obovate,  light  yellow,  red  cheek, 
little  russet  at  base  of  stem,  and  a  few  greenish  specks ;  stem,  medium,  a 
little  fleshy  at  base ;  calyx,  large,  open ;  core,  large  ;  flesh,  yellowish  white, 
coarse,  juicy,  sweet ;  "  very  good."     September. 

Williamson. 

American.  From  the  South  side  of  Long  Island.  Fruit,  medium,  obo- 
vate rounded,  obtuse  at  stem,  yellow,  with  russet  dots  and  specks,  and  rus- 
set at  stem  and  crown ;  stem,  short,  stout,  narrow  irregular  cavity  ;  calyx, 
none ;  basin,  deep,  narrow,  russeted  ;  seeds,  small,  flattened  ;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish white,  fine  grained,  juicy,  sugary,  vinous ;  "  very  good,"  if  not 
"  best."     October. 

WiLLERMOZ. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  large,  pyriform ;  stem,  short ;  calyx,  open  ;  skin,  smooth, 
pale  green,  yellowish,  tinged  with  red  in  sun  ',  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy, 
sugary,  musky.    October,  November. 

Wilkinson. 

American.  From  Cumberland,  R.  I.  Tree,  thrifty,  hardy,  productive , 
"  good  "  in  its  own  locality,  elsewhere  poor.  Fruit,  medium,  oval  obovate, 
yellow,  with  brown  dots  and  specks ;  stem,  rather  long  and  stout ;  calyx, 
small,  open  ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  sweet.     October  to  December. 


416  THE   PEAR. 

Wilmington. 

A  seedling  of  Passe  Colmar,  raised  by  Dr.  Brinckle,  of  Philadelphia, 
Fruit,  medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  somewhat  compressed  at  the  sides,  some- 
times roundish  obovate ;  skin,  cinnamon  russet,  with  patches  of  greenish 
yellow  on  the  shaded  side,  and  sometimes  faint  traces  of  carmine  on  the 
part  exposed  to  the  sun,  with  occasionally  a  number  of  black  dots  encircled 
by  a  carmine  margin;  stem,  somewhat  variable  in  length,  obliquely  inserted 
in  a  small  cavity,  sometimes  without  depression ;  calyx,  medium,  with  short, 
erect,  segments,  set  in  a  rather  large,  sometimes  slightly  furrowed  basin ; 
flesh,  fine,  melting  and  buttery ;  flavor,  rich  and  saccharine,  with  the  deli- 
cious aroma  of  the  Passe  Colmar  :  ''  best."     September.     (W.  D.  B.) 

WiNSHIP. 
Winship's  Seedling. 

American.  Native  of  Brighton,  Mass.  Tree,  vigorous,  wood  yellowish, 
early  and  productive  bearer.  Fruit,  medium,  ovate  pyriform,  pale  yellow, 
traces  of  russet,  blush  in  sun  ;  stem,  long,  slender,  curved ;  calyx,  closed ; 
core,  large  ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  juicy,  sugary ;  "good."     August. 

Winter  Seckel. 

Origin,  near  Fredericksburg,  Va.  Introduced  by  H.  R.  Roby.  Fruit, 
medium,  regularly  formed,  obovate;  skin,  dull  yellowish  brown,  somewhat 
russeted,  with  a  red  cheek ;  stalk,  long,  slender,  curved ;  flesh,  white,  fine- 
grained, buttery,  very  juicy,  melting,  with  a  very  rich,  sweet,  aromatic  fla- 
vor.     February. 

Woodstock. 

Origin,  Woodstock,  Vt.  Medium,  irregularly  ovate  obovate;  yellow, 
with  brown  dots ;  stem,  long,  straight,  abrupt  cavity ;  calyx,  closed ;  basin, 
broad,  open ;  flesh,  white,  juicy,  sweet,  perfumed ;  core,  small ;  "  good.'* 
September. 

Zepherine  Gregoire. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  globular,  acute  pyriform ;  stem,  fleshy  ;  color,  dull  green, 
thin  covering  of  russet,  brownish  red  cheek ;  flesh,  very  melting,  tender, 
juicy ;  "  very  good."     November. 

Zephirin  Louis  Gregoire. 

Foreign.  Tree,  of  moderate  growth  ;  productive.  Fruit,  of  medium  size, 
turbinate ;  skin,  yellow,  with  a  crimson  cheek,  and  slightly  russeted  about 
the  stalk,  which  is  short  and  thick,  inserted  in  a  small  cavity;  eye,  small; 
basin,  shallow ;  flesh,  white,  melting,  very  juicy,  and  delicately  perfumed. 
December.     (Al.  Pom.) 


SUPERSEDED  BY  BETTER  SORTS.  ,417 


CLASS  III.     Superseded  by  better  sorts, 

ASHIBAL. 

Amiral,         |         Colmar  Charnay, 
Foreign.    Large,  roundish  pTriform,  greenish  yellow ;  flesh,  coarse,  juicy.    October. 

Amande  Dottbls. 
Amanda's  Double. 
Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  yellow  and  red.    September. 

Ambbettb. 

Tilton,  I        Ambrette  d'Hiver,        |        Trompe  Valet 

Ambre  Oris,         |        Belle  Gabriel,  | 

Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  long  stem,  green,  russeted.    November,  Janosry.    This  is  classed 
Dy  some  as  identical  with  Echassery ;  we  think  them  different. 

Ambbosia. 
Early  Beurre. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow,  russeted.    August, 

Anqletbeke.  ' 
English  Beurre,        |        Beurre  d'Angleterre, 
Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  green  and  russet;  flesh,  white.    September. 

Akgletebbe  Noisette. 
Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  dark  green.    September. 

Aston  Towk. 
Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  greenish  yellow.    October. 

Atttxtmn  Bebqamot. 

English  Bergamot,    |   Tork  Bergamot,    |   English  Autumn  Bergamot. 

Foreign,    Small,  roundish,  green,  gray  specks.    September.    The  French  Autuir^  Berg» 
motte  is  pyriform,  light  yellowish  green,  equally  valueless. 

AUTTTMN   CoLMAE. 

Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  pyriform,  pale  green.    October. 

Belmont. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellowish  green.    October. 

Belle  et  Bonne. 
Gracieuse. 
Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow.    September. 
Bebgamot,  Easteb. 

Bergamot  de  Paques,     I     Bergamot  de  Toulouse,     I     Eoyal  Tairllng, 
Bergamot  d'Hiver,  Winter  Bergamot,  Terllng, 

Bergamot  de  Bugi,         |     Paddington,  |     Kobert's  Keeping 

Foreign.    Medium  or  above,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow,    February,  May. 

Bebgamot  D'Hollande. 

Holland  Bergamot,     I     Bergamot  d'Alencon,  I     Amoselle, 

Beurre  d'Alencon,       |     Bergamotte  de  Fougere,     |     Lord  Cheeney's, 
Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  yellowish  green,  with  brown  russet.    For  ever. 

Bebgamot  Pabthenat. 
Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  greenish  yellow.    December,  January. 
18* 


418  THE  PEAK. 

Bebqamot  BotrssiEBK. 
Foreign.    Small,  turbinate,  yellowish  green.    December,  January. 

BEtTBBE  BeONZEE. 

Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  greenish,  dull  russet.    November,  Deeember. 

Bexjbbe  Duval, 
Foreign,    Medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  yellowish  green.    October,  Novembdri 

Bettbbe  SEtmN. 
Foreign.    Above  medium,  pyriform,  yellow,  red  cheek.    December. 

Bevbee  Knox. 
Foreign.    Large,  oblong  ©borate,  pale  green,  little  russet.    September. 

Bettbbe  Colmab. 
Beurre  Colmar  d'Automne. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oval  obovate,  pale  greenish  yellow.    October. 

Bettbbe  Eomaht. 
Gros  Bomain. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  yellowish  green.    October. 

Bettbbe  de  Bollwillee. 
Foreign.    Medium,  turbinate,  yellowish  red  in  sun.    Winter. 

Bettbbe  Kekbick. 
No.  1599  of  Van  Mons. 
Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    September. 

Belu:  de  Bbttxelles. 

Bell*  of  Brussels,        |        Belle  d^Aout. 

Foreign.    Yariable.    Fruit,  large,  obovate  pyriform,  deep  yellow,  greenish  dota,  tinge  of  red 
m  sun ;  flesh,  white,  sweet.    August. 

Bezi  d'Hebi. 
Bezi  EoyaL 
Foreign,    Medium,  roimdish,  greenish  yellow.    October. 

Bezi  Blano. 
Foreign.    Large,  oblong  pyriform,  yellowish.    August 

BoN  Chbetien,  Spanish. 
Bon  Chretien  d"'E8pagne,        I        Spina. 
Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  yellow,  red  cheek.    December.  • 

Bon  Cheetien,  Flemish.  . 
Bon  Chretien  Turc. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  pale  green,  brown  cheek.    November,  March. 

BiSHOP^s  Thtthb. 
I  Beurre  Adam. 
Foreign.    Large,  oblong  irregular  pyriform,  yellowish  green  and  russet.    October. 

Bttbgomabteb. 
Burgermeister. 
Foreign.   Medium,  long,  pyriform,  yellowish  green.   December. 


SUPERSEDED  BY  BETTER  SORTS.  419 

BotrCQTnA. 
Beurre  Boucquia. 
Foreign.    Large,  angular,  oval  pyriform,  palo  yellow,  red  cheek.    October. 

BrELINGHAME. 

Burlingame. 
American.    Medium,  roundish  obovate,  greenish  yellow.    September. 

BtTENETT. 

American,    Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  russet.    October. 

Become  Paek. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  brown.    December. 

Bbotjgham. 

Foreign.    Fruit,  below  medium,  obovate,  yellowish  russet;  stem,  short;  calyx,  open;  flesk 
yellowish  white,  a  little  gritty,  buttery,  sugary ;  '*  very  good,"    November. 

Cabot. 
American.    Medium,  oval  roundish,  russet  yellow,  red  in  sun.    September. 

Caleb  ASSE, 
Calebasse  Double  Extra,        |        Calebasse  d'HolIande. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oblong,  dull  yellow,  russet.    September. 

Calebasse  Geosse. 
Monstrous  Calabash. 
Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  yellowish,  dull  green.    October. 

Calebasse  Delvinqe. 
Foreign.    Above  medium,  obovate  pyrifom,  pale  yellow.    October,  November. 

CAPtrciN. 
Foreign.    Large,  oval  obtuse,  greenish  yellow.    October. 

Catillao. 
Cadillac,    |    Grand  Monarque,    I    Groote  Mogul 
Foreign.    Large,  turbinate,  yellow  and  brown.   November  to  March. 

Chapman. 
American.    Above  medium,  ovate  pyriform,  yellow.    October. 

Chables  of  Attstbia. 
Charles  d'Autriche. 
Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  russeted.    October. 

CiTBON  OF  BOHEJnA, 

Great  Citron  of  Bohemia. 
Foreigfn.    Lai^e,  oblong,  yeUow,  red  cheek.    October. 

Clintok. 
No.  1288,  Van  Mons. 
Foreign.    Large,  obovate,  light  yellow.    November. 

Claba. 
Claire. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oval  pyriform,  yellow,  with  red.    October. 


420  THE  PEAK. 

CnBLMSFOBD. 

Stone. 
American.    Large,  pyrifonn,  yellow,  red  cheek.    September. 

COLMAB. 

Colmar  Dore,  I         D'Auch, 

Incomparable,         |         De  Maune. 

Foreign.    Large,  ol>tTi8e  pyrifonn^  yellowish.    December. 

COLMAB  D'AbEMBBRG. 

Foreign.    Large,  oborate  pyriform,  yellow,  with  russet.    October,  Norember. 

COLUAB  BE  MeSSTXB. 

Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    October. 

Compbette. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  yellowish  green.    October,  Noyember. 

COMMODOBE. 

Van  Mons,  No.  12ia 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  yeUow  with  red.    October,  November. 

COMSTOCK. 

Comstock  Wilding. 
American.    Medium,  obovate,  yellow,  crimson  check.    November,  Januaiy. 

COPEA. 

American.    Large,  obovate  acute  pyriform,  yellow.    September,  October. 

Cbasanne. 
Bergamot  Crasanne,    |    Cresane,    |   Beurrfe  Plat 
Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  greenish  yellow,  thin  russet    October. 

Cbawtobd. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  yellow,  tinged  with  brown.    August 

Cboft  Castle. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oval  obovate,  greenish  yellow.    October. 

Cuvelieb. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate  pyriform,  yellow.    October,  November. 

CUMBEBLAND. 

American.    Large,  obovate,  orange  yellow,  red  check.    September,  OctobMi 

D'Amoxtb. 
Ah  I  Mon  Dieu,        |        Men  Dieu. 
Foreign.    Small,  obovate,  pale  yellow  and  red.    October,  November. 

Deabbobn. 
Foreign.    Large,  pyrifonn,  russeted.    November,  December. 

De  Dkttx  Foix  Lane. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  obovate,  dull  yellow.    Last  August 

DOTENKE  D'HrVEB. 

Coflan's  Virgalieu. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellow,  faint  blush.    November. 

DOWNTON. 

Foreign.   Hediam,  pyrifono,  yellowisli  browo.    December,  January. 


SUPERSEDED  BY  BETIEB  SOETS.  4:21 

DOBE. 

American.    Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  pale  yellow,  red  cheek.    August. 

DUMOBTIEB. 

Foreign.    Small,  obovate,  yellow  russet.    October. 

DirQUESKB  d'Ete. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish.    September. 

Eably  Bebgahot. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  flattened,  yellowish  green.    August. 

Eably  Catheeinb. 

Eoussellet  Hatif,     I     Poire  de  Chypre,     I     Kattern, 

Early  Eoussellet,  Perdrue,  Green  Catherine. 

Cyprus  Pear,  |  | 

Foreign.    Small,  pyriform,  yellow,  red  cheek.    July. 

Eablt  Denzelonia. 

American.    Fruit,  small,  roundish  flattened,  yellow  russet.    August.    Much  resembles  Fnl* 
ton  outwardly. 

Emebau). 
Foreign.    Medium,  oboyate,  green  and  brown.    December. 

Enfant  Peodigb. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oboyate  acute  pyriform,  dull  yellow.    October, 

Famenga. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  greenish  yellow.    September. 

Funs  Gold  of  SxrMMBE, 
Fin  Or  d'EteJ 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  yellow,  red  cheek.    August 

FOETtTNEE. 

Episcopal,  I     La  Fortunee  de  Paris, 

La  Fortunee  de  Parmentier,      |     Beurr6  Fortunee. 

Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  grayish  yellow.    December,  February. 

Fobhe  ds  Delices. 
Foreign.   Medium,  oboyate,  yellowish,  with  russet.    October. 

Fobteb's  St.  Michael. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  obovate,  dull  yellow.    September,  October. 

Fbanc  Eeal  D'HrvEB. 
Franc  Eeal,        1        Fin  Or  d'Hiver. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  yellow,  brownish  cheek.    December,  February. 


Chaumontel  d'Etfe, 
Bellissime  d'£t6. 
Supreme, 

Bellissime  Supreme, 
Bellissime  Jargonelle, 


Fbench  Jaboonelle. 

Vermilion  d'Etfe, 
Poire  des  Princes, 
Eed  Muscadel, 
Sabine  d'Et^, 


Summer  Beauty, 
English  Eed  Cheek, 
Eed  Cheek, 
Eidal. 


Foreign.   Medium,  roundish  obovate,  yellow,  with  red  cheek.    July,  August, 

Oendesheqc 
Foreign.    Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    October,  November. 


422  THE  PEAE. 

OiLOOIL. 

Gile-0-gile,  I         Garde  d'Ecoflae, 

Poire  a  Gobert,         j         JilogiL 

Foreign.    Large,  roundish,  reddish  russet.    November,  February. 

Geeen  Chisel. 
Sugar. 
Foreign.    Small,  roundish,  green,  with  brown  cheek.    August. 

Gbeen  Peae  of  Taik. 
Green  Yair. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  green.    September. 

Gbebn  Sttgae. 
Prince's  Green  Sugar. 
American.    Medium,  roundish  oboyate,  yellowish  green.    August,  September. 

Gbise  Bonite. 
Small,  pyriform,  green.    Middle  August. 

Hampden's  Bebgamot. 

Bergamot  d'Angleterre,       I     Ellanrioch,  I     Bergamot  d'Etfi. 

Fingals,  |     Summer  Bergamot,     | 

Foreign.  Large,  roundish  obovate,  yellow.  September.  There  is  also  a  Summer  Berg& 
mot,  small,  roundish,  yellowish  green ;  and  a  lo/rge  Summer  Bergamot,  all  equally  worthleaik 
Eipens  Ist  of  August 

Habbison's  Fall. 

Eushmore  Bon  Chretien. 

Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    October. 

Hessel. 
HazeL 
Foreign.   Small,  obovate,  yellowish  green.    September. 

Huguenot. 
American.    Medium,  roundish,  pale  yellow,  spots  of  red. 

Jalousie. 
Foreign.    Large,  obovate  pyriform,  russet,  reddish  in  sun.    September. 

Leon  Le  Clebc. 
Leon  Le  Clerc  de  Laval. 
Foreign.    Largo,  obovate,  yellow,  few  russet  spots.    December,  February. 

Little  Muscat. 

Little  Musk,       I     Petit  Muscat, 
Primitive,  1     Muscat  Petit, 

Foreign.    Small,  turbinate,  yellow,  dull  red  cheek.    July. 

Louise  Bonne. 
Louise  Bonne  Eeal,        |        St  Germain  Blano. 
Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  pale  green.    December. 

Maeulis. 
Marcellis. 
Foreign.   Small,  roundish,  greenish  yellow.    September. 


SUPERSEDED  BY  BETTER   SORTS.  4:23 

Madotte. 
Amadotte. 
Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  yellow.    October. 

Messieb  Jean. 

Monsieur  Jean,         I     Messire  Jean  Blanc,     I     Mr.  John, 
Messire  Jean  Oris,    |     Messire  Jean  Dore,      |     John. 

Foreign.    Medium,  turbinate,  yellow,  brown  russet.    November,  December. 

Mabib  Louise  Nova. 
Foreign.   Large,  pyriform,  yellow,  with  red  cheek.    September. 

Michattx. 
Compte  de  Michaux 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  yellowish  green.    September,  October. 

MooB  Fowl  Ego. 
Little  Swan's  Egg,        |        Knevett's  New  Swan's  Egg. 
Foreign.    Below  medium,  roundish,  dull  green.    October. 

MiTSOAT  EOBEET. 

Poire  a  la  Eeine,     I     St.  Jean  Musquee  Gros,      I     Early  Queen, 
D'Ambro,  |     Musk  Kobine,  |     Queen's  Pear. 

Foreign.    Small,  roundish  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    July. 

Natjmkeao. 
American.    Medium,  roundish,  yellow  russet.    October. 

Olivee's  Russet. 
American.    Small,  obovate  roundish,  yellow,  red  russet.    October. 

Owen. 
American.    Medium,  roundish  oval,  dark  green.    November.    (Cole.) 

Pailleatt. 
Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    September. 

Pitt's  Pbolific. 
Pitt's  Marie  Louise,        j        Pitt's  Surpasse  Marie. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  pyriform,  yellow,  and  brownish  red.    Septembes, 

Pope's  Quakeb. 
American.   Medium,  oblong  pyriform,  yellowish  russet.    October. 

Pope's  Soablbt  Majob. 
American.    Large,  obovate,  yellow,  red  cheek.    August. 

Peinoess  of  Oeangb. 
Princesse  d'Orange,        |        Princesse  Couquette. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  reddish  russet.    October,  November. 

Queen  Caeolinb. 
Eeine  Caroline, 
Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    November. 

Queen  of  Pbaes. 
Eeine  des  Poires. ' 
Foreign.    Large,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    September,  Octo1>«r. 

QuiTTELLETTB. 

Foreign.   Below  medium,  roundish,  greenish,  dull  russet    November. 


424 


THE  PEAK, 


BATHOIO). 

American.    Medium,  obovate  yellow,  red  in  sun.    October. 

EoirSSELET. 

Large  Eousselet,        |        Gros  Eousselet. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  greenish,  russety.    August. 

EoxrssELET  DE  Meestee. 
Ferdinand  de  Meester. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  yellow,  pale  red  in  sun.    October. 

Eousselet  of  Eheois. 

Eousselet,  I     Spice,  or  Musk  Pear, 

Petit  Eousselet,      |     Late  Catherine. 

Foreign.    Small,  ovate  pyriform,  yellowish  green,  brown  red,    September, 

Sttbiait. 
Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  yellow,  red  cheek.    October. 

SuQAs  Top. 
July  Pear,        I        Prince's  Sugar  Top,        |        Harvest 
Small,  roundish  ovate,  yellow.    July. 

SirCEEEDB   HOYEESWEBDA. 

Sugar  of  Hoyersworda. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  obovate,  yellowish  green.    August. 

Summer  Bon  Chbetieit. 

Bon  Chretien  d'Etfe,  |      Eichard's  Beurr)^, 

Summer  Good  Christian,       |     Musk  Summer  Bon  Chretien. 

Foreign.    Large,  uneven  pyriform,  yellow,  faint  blush.    August,  September. 

SUMMEB  EOSE. 

Epine  Eose,         I     Caillot  Eosat,  I     Epine  d'Etfe  Couleur  Sossu 

Poire  de  Eose,     |     Caillot  Eosat  d'Ete,     |     Thorny  Eose. 

Foreign.    Below  medium,  round  obovate,  yellow,  red  russet.    August. 

StTMMEB  ThOEN. 

Epine  dTt6,  |  Fondante  Musqu^e,  |  Satin  Test. 
Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    September. 

SiTMMEB  St.  Gebmain. 
Short's  St  Germain,  |  St.  Germain  de  Martin,  \  St.  Germain  d'Et6. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obovate,  pale  green.    August,  September. 

Sullivan. 
Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  pyriform,  greenish  yellow.    September, 

Swan's  Egg. 
New  Swan's  Egg. 
Fruit,  below  medium,  oval  obovate,  pale  green,  dull  brown.    October, 

Swiss  Bebgahot. 
Bergamot  Suisse. 
Foreign.   Mediaoo,  roondisb,  striped  pale  green,  yellow  and  red.    October, 


SUPEKSEDED  BY  BETTER  SORTS.  425 

Stlvange. 
Bergamot  Sylvange,        |        Green  Sylvange. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish  obovate,  dull  pale  green.    October. 

TABQriX. 

Foreign.    Medium,  oblong  pyriform,  dull  yellow.    December,  February 

Vau  Bxtbkk. 

American.    Large,  obovate,  yellow,  red  in  sun.    October. 

Vallee  Fbanche. 
De  Vallee,        |        De  Keingheim. 
Foreign.    Medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  pale  yellowish  green.    August. 

ViBGOTJLETTSB. 

Poire  Glace,  |  Chambrette,  |  Bujaleu£ 
Foreign.    Largo,  oval  obovate,  yellowish  green,  gray  dots.    November,  Janiuuy. 

Whitfibld. 
Medium,  obovate,  yellowish  brown.    October. 

William.    (Edwards'.) 
American.    Medium,  obtuse  pyriform,  yellow,  dotted  with  red.    September. 

WlNDSOB. 

Summer  Belle,         |        Konge. 
Foreign.    Large,  pyriform,  dull  yellowish  green.    August,  September. 

"WiNTEE  Obaxgb. 
Orange  d'Hiver. 
Foreign.    Medium,  roundish,  yellowish  green.    November,  January, 

"WUBZUB. 

"Wurzur  d'AutumiL 
Foreign.    Medium,  pyriform,  yellowish,  russeted.    November. 

Tat. 

Yutte. 
Foreign.    Small,  pyriform,  brownish  russet.    September. 

ZoAB  Flat. 
American.    Small,  obovate,  green.    September,  October. 


THE  PLUM. 

Frunus  domestica,  L.  RosaceoR  of  Botanists. 

The  Plum  is  found  m  a  wild  state  throughout  the  middle  sections 
of  this  country,  but  the  original  parent  of  the  cultivated  varieties  is 
supposed  to  have  come  from  Asia  Minor.  The  fact  of  production  in 
our  States  of  many  varieties  esteemed  among  the  best,  attests  the 
adaptedness  of  both  soil  and  climate. 

Propagation. — By  Seed.  The  gathering,  preserving,  and  planting 
of  the  plum  is  the  same  as  we  have  described  under  head  of  peaches, 
to  which,  therefore,  we  refer  the  reader.  Of  the  best  varieties  for 
producing  stocks  on  which  to  bud,  any  free-growing  sorts  may  be 
taken ;  avoiding,  except  when  wanted  for  forming  dwarf  trees,  those 
of  slow  habit,  and  in  all  cases  avoiding  the  damsons.  The  wild  red 
or  yellow  {P.  Americana)  is  much  used  by  many  nurserymen,  but  it 
should  always  be  worked  just  at  or  rather  below  the  collar.  Seed- 
lings from  it  often  answer  to  work  the  same  season,  and  we  have 
seen  them  used  with  advantage  as  stocks  for  tne  peach.  The 
Chickasaw  (P.  Chicasa)  is  used  at  the  South,  where  it  is  a  native. 
New  varieties  have  thus  far  been  produced  from  chance  seedlings ; 
no  person,  to  our  knowledge,  in  this  country,  having  exerted  them- 
selves to  the  production  of  varieties  with  any  special  view  to  the 
preserving  of  separate  or  combined  characters. 

By  Budding.  The  plum  is  generally  and  best  propagated  in  its 
varieties  by  budding.  This  should  be  performed  in  the  month  of 
July.  Strong  stocks  of  free-growing  sorts  should  be  especially 
selected  for  inserting  buds  of  such  varieties  as  Green  Gage,  Purple 
Favorite,  &c.,  &c. 

By  Grafting.  Where  budding  can  be  done,  we  should  prefer 
never  to  graft.  But  it  not  unfrequently  happens  among  nursery- 
men, that  owing  to  some  causes  buds  fail,  and  this,  too,  when  the 
stocks,  if  left  to  another  budding  season,  would  become  too  large. 
They  may  therefore  be  grafted  with  success  and  profit,  by  cutting 
them  off  just  at  the  collar,  and  grafting  early  in  the  month  of  March, 
drawing  the  earth  up  around  the  graft,  and  leaving  only  one  bud  out. 
Tan,  bark,  saw-dust,  or  other  mulch  should  be  placed  on  the  ground, 
and  free-growing  sorts,  as  Imperial  Gage,  Lombard,  &c.,  should  only 
be  used.  Grafting  on  pieces  of  roots  is  sometimes  practiced,  and  as 
successfully,  if  free-growing  kinds  only  are  used,  as  in  the  apple ;  it 
is  also  done  in  same  way     we  cannot  recommend  it. 

426 


PETJNING.  427 

Transplantiny  and  Distance  Apart.  The  plum  tree  is  perfectly 
hardy,  and  we  prefer  in  all  cases  to  transplant  in  the  Fall,  say  Octo- 
ber. The  shoots  of  the  year  should  be  cut  back  to  form  a  round 
regular  head,  and  all  small  or  slender-grown  shoots  cut  out.  The 
roots,  with  exception  of  tap-roots,  should  only  have  the  ends  trimmed 
smooth,  the  tap-root  should  be  cut  out.  The  distance  apart  depends 
very  much  on  the  variety ;  such  sorts  as  Green  Gage,  Cloth  of 
Gold,  &c.,  requiring  only  to  be  about  fifteen  feet  apart,  while  the 
Imperial  Gage,  Washington,  &c.,  would  be  better  at  twenty  feet. 

Soil  and  Situation,  The  soil  generally  recommended  for  success 
ful  growth  and  fruiting  of  the  plum  is  denominated  heavy  clay ;  this, 
by  some,  is  construed  to  mean  a  soil  so  devoid  of  sand  as  to  bake 
and  crack  open  after  periods  of  heavy  rain  ;  we  have  been  unable 
to  perceive  any  special  difference  in  the  success  of  growers  in  varied 
soils,  relative  to  the  growth,  hardihood,  or  bearing  habit  of  trees. 
That  certain  elements  are  requisite  in  the  soil,  wherever  a  tree  is 
planted,  to  supply  suitable  food  for  the  growth  and  perfecting  of 
both  fruit  and  wood,  we  do  not  doubt ;  but  as  yet,  we  are  to  learn 
that  a  cultivator  who  plants  on  clay  soil  will  be  any  more  successful 
either  in  health  of  trees  or  procuring  a  crop  of  perfect  fruit,  than  he 
who  plants  on  what  is  termed  usually  a  light  or  sandy  soil,  and  sup- 
plies that  soil,  if  deficient,  with  the  elements  requisite  for  the  plant 
to  support  health.  Analysis  of  the  plum  tree  and  fruit  has  not,  to 
our  knowledge,  as  yet  been  made.  The  trees  appear  to  grow,  both 
in  nursery  and  orchard,  equally  well  on  sandy  as  on  clay  soil :  the 
insect  curculio,  and  the  leaf-blight  or  defoliation  of  the  trees  in  July 
and  August,  black  warts,  &c.,  &c.,  are  equally  injurious  in  one  as  the 
other  location.  Native  wild  trees  are  found  growing  in  all  soils, 
and  in  our  rambles  we  have  met  with  trees  equally  healthy  and  pro- 
ductive, equally  attacked  in  fruit  by  curculio,  and  rot  or  decay,  in 
leaf-blight  and  black  knots,  in  all  soils  from  strong  clay,  through  all 
intermediates,  to  sandy  soils.  "We  therefore  say,  plant  the  plum  in 
any  good  soil  which  is  well  drained.  The  situation  suited  to  the 
plum  is  that  where  the  soil  is  well  drained,  and  where  the  most 
convenient. 

Pruning.  The  plum  grown  as  a  standard  tree,  with  head  foi'med 
four  to  six  feet  high,  requires  little  pruning,  except  to  shorten  back, 
each  Summer  or  Spring,  such  shoots  as  are  becoming  too  vigorous  and 
likely  to  destroy  the  regular  form  of  the  tree,  or  to  cut  out  weakly- 
growing  and  unripened  shoots.  A  round-headed  tree,  with  branches 
formed  at  two  feet  from  the  ground,  we  consider  best.  In  order  to 
have  this,  trees  one  year  old  from  the  bud  are  best  to  begin  with ; 
the  stem  cut  off  so  as  to  let  two  buds  start  at  about  two  feet  from 
ground,  then  shortened  back  one-half  the  next  year.    After  which, 


428  THE  PLUM. 

if  the  tree  is  of  the  slow  or  slender-growing  varieties,  it  will  need  no 
farther  pruning  than  the  above-named  standard.  If  it  is  of  the 
strong,  rampant-growing  kind,  it  will  require  both  root-pruning, 
{i.  e.,  passing  round  the  root  of  the  tree  in  a  circle  distant  from  the 
body  two  feet  for  a  tree  of  ten  feet  high,  and  with  a  long,  sharp 
spade,  cut  off  all  the  roots);  and  at  the  same  time  shorten  back  the 
yeair's  growth  one-half.  This  is  best  done  in  August.  This  mode  h 
especially  calculated  for  the  Western  prairies  and  the  warm  South- 
ern States. 

Cultivation.  Like  all  other  fruit  trees,  the  plum  does  best  when 
the  ground  is  often  dug  or  hoed  around.  Many  growers  are  also  of 
impression  that  frequent  stirring  the  soil  prevents  attacks  of  curculio. 
Trees  planted  where  swine  have  run  among  them  are  generally 
healthy  and  fruitful ;  but  whether  it  is  owing  to  the  stirring  of  ground 
by  their  rooting,  or  food  supplied  the  plants  in  their  excrements,  is 
yet  a  question  undecided. 

Manures.  The  plum  requires  abundant  food  in  the  soil,  and  this 
is  generally  best  supplied  by  animal  manure ;  and  where  abundant 
supply  of  animal  manure  has  been  given,  salt  will  be  found  highly 
beneficial :  the  proportion  should  be  controlled  somewhat  by  the 
quantity  of  animal  matter  contained  in  the  soil ;  but  a  dressing  of 
half  an  inch  deep  over  the  whole  ground,  if  applied  in  the  Spring, 
may  be  regarded  as  a  medium.  The  benefit  to  the  tree  of  this 
application  will  be  in  its  tendency  to  an  equable  state  of  moisture  in  the 
soil.  Ashes,  in  soils  devoid  of  lime  and  the  phosphates,  will  be 
found  beneficial :  two  bushels  to  a  tree  twelve  feet  high,  and  in  bear-; 
ing  state,  will  be  a  guide ;  larger  trees  requiring  more,  and  smaller 
ones  less.  Brewer's  grains  are  also  valuable  as  a  manure,  when 
they  can  be  obtained  at  prices  corresponding  with  the  value  of  ani- 
mal manures. 

Diseases.  The  Black  Warts,  Knots,  or  Black  Gum,  is  a  disease 
affecting  many  plum  trees  at  the  North.  In  the  Southern  States  it 
is  not  yet  much  known.  Its  cause  is  variously  attributed — by  some 
to  insects  {memhracis  hubali»^,  (see  Harris's  Treatise  on  Insects); 
by  some  to  inherent  cause  from  its  parent;  by  some  to  temperature 
and  atmospheric  change  on  the  health  and  vigor  of  the  tree ;  and  by 
others  to  a  diseased  state  of  sap.  After  noting  that  it  first  appears 
in  a  neighborhood  on  trees  grown  from  suckers,  or  propagated  on 
suckers  or  unhealthy  stocks,  we  are  inclined  to  a  support  of  the  last- 
named  cause.  Trees  in  a  judicious,  rather  high  state  of  cultivation, 
and  grown  or  worked  on  good,  healthy  seedlings,  are  rarely  subject 
to  it.  And  a  tree  diseased  by  inoculation  may  be  recovered  by 
appliance  of  abundant  food  at  the  roots,  cutting  away  the  apparent 


INSECTS   INJTJRIOrS.  429 

knots,  and  washing  the  wounds  either  with  salt  or  copperas-water. 
The  latter  is  best.  And  if,  also,  the  whole  tree  be  watered  with  a 
solution  of  one  ounce  of  copperas  to  two  gallons  of  water,  the  knots 
will  disappear. 

Defoliation  of  both  seedling  stocks  and  bearing  trees,  in  the 
months  of  July  and  August,  we  believe  is  caused  by  want  of  some 
specific  ingredient  in  the  soil.  "VVe  have  cured  it  by  dressing  with 
ashes,  and  by  watering  with  copperas-water  as  above  named.  When 
animal  manures  and  salt  have  been  used,  we  have  never  seen  the 
foliage  drop. 

Rot  or  Decay  of  Fruit  is  often  a  very  serious  drawback  to  the 
sanguine  expectations  of  the  fruit-grower.  We  have  supposed  it  to 
arise  from  atmospheric  influence,  and  to  pervade  the  fruit  in  like 
manner  as  fever  and  ague  does  the  human  frame,  but  have  been 
compelled  to  relinquish  this  theory.  Latterly  we  are  inclined  to  the 
belief  that  it  has  its  origin  in  too  great  exhaustion  of  the  supplies  of 
the  tree,  by  reason  of  excess  of  quantity ;  as  trees  that  have  come 
under  our  notice,  on  which  only  a  moderate  quantity  of  fruit  was  per- 
mitted to  mature  have  apparently  been  free,  while  those  overloaded, 
and  only  moderately,  or  not  additionally,  supplied  with  food,  have 
decayed. 

Our  friend.  Professor  Kirtland,  with  some  friends  of  science,  have, 
however,  lately  pronounced  it  a  species  of  fungus. 

Insects  Injurious.  The  -^geria,  which  is  noted  under  head  of 
peaches,  sometimes,  but  rarely,  attacks  the  plum.  We  refer  to  that 
head  for  its  remedy.  The  Curculio,  or  Plum  Weevil  (Rhynchcenus 
Nenuphar)^  is  an  insect  so  destructive  as  in  some  sections  to  have 
caused  orcliardists  to  cut  down  their  plum  trees  and  replant  with 
different  fruit.  Again,  there  are  sections  where  the  insect,  although 
known,  appears  not  to  increase,  or  injure  fruit,  materially  to  affect 
the  crop.  It  was  unknown  in  the  Western  States  until  within  a  few 
years  past,  but  now  pervades  all  sections,  even  to  destruction  often- 
times of  the  wild  plum.  It  has  been  thoroughly  desccribed  in  "  Har- 
ris's Treatise  on  Insects ;"  and  so  much  is  written  yearly  relative 
thereto,  that  one  entire  book  of  four  hundred  pages  would  not  con- 
tain it.  Our  accompanying  figure  represents  the  insect  in  its  natural 
size,  i.  e.,  about  one  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  grayish 
brown  color,  the  wing-covers  forming  two  little  humps, 
giving  a  rounded  appearance  to  it,  resembling  a  ripe  hemp- 
seed.  The  head  has  a  long  rostrum,  beak,  or  snout,  projecting,  with 
which  it  punctures  the  fruit,  as  represented  by  the  crescent-shaped 
mark  on  the  fruit  in  our  engraving.  Early  in  the  month  of  June, 
the  curculio  commences  his  task  of  propagation,  and  his  mark  will 


430  THE  PLUM. 

then  be  found  near  the  apex  of  the  fruit,  at  this  time  not  much  larger 
than  a  pea;  as  the  fruit  increases  in  size,  the  marks  newly  made 
will  be  found  gradually  approaching  the  stem,  until  in 
July,  near  the  close  of  his  labors,  they  will  be  found 
very  near  the  stem.  These  last  marks  in  July  are  not 
often  found,  as  they  are  produced  only  from  a  few  insects 
which  have  escaped  late  from  the  larva  state,  or,  as 
some  say,  have,  owing  to  shallow  imbedding  in  the 
earth  and  great  heat,  been  transformed  from  eggs  de- 
posited the  same  season. 
The  eggs,  one  of  which  is  deposited  in  each  crescent  mark,  soon 
hatches  into  a  small  white  larva,  which  enters  the  body  of  the  fruit, 
and  feeds  upon  it,  causing,  usually,  its  premature  fall  to  the  ground. 
The  period  at  which  the  young  fruit  falls,  after  being  punctured, 
varies  with  its  age  at  the  time  of  the  injury.  The  earlier  portions 
drop  in  about  two  weeks ;  but  if  the  stone  is  hard  when  the  egg  is 
laid,  the  fruit  remains  till  near  the  usual  period  of  ripening,  some- 
times presenting  a  fair  and  smooth  exterior,  but  spoiled  by  the  worm 
within. 

The  insect,  soon  after  the  fall  of  the  fruit,  makes  its  way  into  the 
earth,  where  it  is  supposed  to  remain  till  the  following  Spring,  when 
it  is  transformed  into  the  perfect  insect  or  beetle,  to  lay  its  eggs  and 
perpetuate  its  race. 

The  curculio  travels  by  flying,  but  only  during  quite  warm  wea- 
ther, or  at  the  heat  of  the  day,  at  which  time  a  person  lying  upon  his 
back  under  a  tree,  and  perfectly  still,  can  observe  their  movements. 
If  the  least  motion  or  noise  is  made,  they  remain  inactive.  The 
insects  mostly  confine  themselves  to  certain  trees,  or  to  the  same 
orchard.  But  the  fact  that  newly  bearing  and  isolated  orchards  are 
soon  attacked,  clearly  shows  that  in  occasional  instances  they  must  travel 
considerable  distances.  Indeed,  they  have  been  known  to  be  wafted 
on  the  wind  for  a  mile  or  more,  the  windward  side  of  orchards  being 
most  infested,  immediately  after  strong  winds  from  a  thickly  planted 
plum  neighborhood.  In  the  cool  of  the  morning  they  are  nearly 
torpid,  and  can  scarcely  fly,  and  crawl  but  slowly ;  hence,  at  this 
time  of  the  day  they  are  most  easily  destroyed. 

The  plum  alone  is,  however,  not  the  only  fruit  subject  to  attack 
from  this  insect,  but  the  peach,  apricot,  nectarine  and  cherry,  all 
suffer;  and,  when  a  scarcity  of  fruit,  then  the  tender  branches  of  the 
oak,  wild  plum,  and  other  trees,  receive  the  egg,  and  dropping  the 
same,  after  a  period,  to  the  ground,  its  regular  transformations  are 
continued,  and  the  succeeding  season  the  natural  instinct  of  the  insect 
leads  it  to  the  fruit  again. 

The  preventives  to  injury  from  the  natural  instinct  and  course  of 
the  curculio  are  recorded  in  number  more  than  we  care  to  recount. 
Sufii<;ri  it  that,  as  yet,  no  certain  agent  or  preventive  has  been  found; 


USES.  431 

trees,  to  our  knowledge,  this  year  producing  abundant  crops,  when 
no  specific  disinfecting  agent  has  been  applied,  while  trees  forty  rods 
distant  have  all  their  fruit  destroyed.  Salt,  sulphur,  lime-water,  etc., 
ect.,  as  variously  recommended,  is  not  a  certain  specific ;  and  he  who 
uses  is  just  as  liable  to  lose  his  crop  of  fruit  as  he  who  uses  not. 
Hanging  iron  hoops  in  the  trees,  etc.,  etc.,  is  a  little  like  the  old 
Salem  practice  of  nailing  horse-shoes  over  the  door ;  and  the  one  as 
valuable  as  the  other.  The  natural  instinct  of  the  insect  teaching  it 
to  seek  such  place  of  deposit  for  its  egg  as  will  insure  successful 
production,  avoids  all  trees  where  the  soil  is  daily  stirred  under- 
neath, or  where  causes  are  that  the  fruit  shall  drop  ere  required  by 
the  larvae  of  the  insect ;  hence  the  value  of  plantations  made  where 
swine  are  to  run,  or  the  planting  of  single  trees  where  daily  passing 
subjects  them  to  chance  loss  of  fruit.  So  also  that  of  paving,  and  of 
trees  standing  on  sites  where  water  becomes  the  recipient  of  falling 
fruit.  Heavy  soils  are  just  as  much  subject  to  destruction  of  plum 
from  curculio  as  light  soils.  Soils  termed  wet  are  less  subject ;  but 
here  the  tree  does  not  flourish  as  well.  In  large  orchards,  where 
there  is  much  fruit  to  save,  a  man  constantly  employed  with  a  pole 
of  about  ten  feet  long,  having  a  small  cup  or  basin  fastened  at  one 
end,  passing  from  tree  to  tree,  and  scattering  dirt  freely,  will  well 
repay  the  cost,  in  the  amount  of  fruit  saved  ;  while,  for  small  gardens, 
the  plan  first  introduced,  more  than  twenty  years  since,  by  one  of 
the  most  estimable  horticulturists  of  the  States,  David  Thomas,  of 
New  York,  is  the  best.  It  is,  in  first  preparing  a  short  pole,  having 
at  one  end  a  cushion  made  of  several  thicknesses  of  cloth  or  India 
rubber ;  place  this  cushion  against  the  body  of  the  tree  early  in  the 
morning,  (having  first  spread  a  sheet  or  large  cloth  on  the  ground, 
the  diameter  of  the  branches ;)  then  strike  the  end  with  a  heavy 
mallet :  the  jar  causes  the  insect  to  drop  on  the  cloth,  when  it  may 
easily  be  gathered  and  destroyed. 

Uses.  The  best  varieties  are  by  many  esteemed  delicious  for  the 
dessert.  Others,  and  even  the  unripe  fruit,  are  used  in  pies,  tarts, 
conserves,  and  sweetmeats.  Our  own  taste  compels  us  to  place  the 
plum  in  the  lowest  state  of  cultivated  fruits,  and  mainly  from  the 
fact  that,  unless  perfectly  ripe  and  fresh  from  the  tree,  if  eaten  in  a 
raw  state,  they  tend  to  flatulence  and  disease.  Dried  or  cooked, 
they  are  regarded  valuable,  and  are  an  article  of  considerable  com- 
merce as  imported  to  this  country  under  name  of  Frencli  prunes  or 
dried  plums.  By  a  selection  of  tlie  richest  varieties,  there  is  no 
doubt  that  prunes  superior  to  those  of  foreign  preparation  might  be 
easily  obtained.  The  following  description  of  an  oven  purposely 
built  for  prunes,  and  doubtless,  with  some  modifications,  well  adapted 
to  the  drying  of  other  fruits,  is  given  in  Liegel's  Treatise  (German), 
as  quoted  in  the  Horticulturist.     The  amount  of  heat  obtained  by  a 


432 


THE   PLUM. 


small  quantity  of  fuel,  commends  it  to  the  particular  attention  of 
those  engaged  in  drying  fruit : 

"  Prunes,"  says  Liegel,  "  have  become  an  important  article  cf 
commerce.  In  order  to  have  them  fair  and  glossy,  they  must  be  sud- 
denly cooled,  when  drawn  from  the  oven. 

"The  country  people  in  this  part  of  Germany  prepare  their 
prunes  by  putting  them  into  their  bread  ovens.  I  have  put  up,  for 
my  own  use,  a  very  conveniently  arranged  drying  apparatus,  which, 

am  induced  to  recommend ; 
and    for    the     construction   of 


after  the  experience  of  many  years,  I 


bearers. 


which  I  give  the  annexed  draw- 
ing and  explanatory  description : 
"  The  vault  or  exterior  of  the 
oven,  four  and  a  half  feet  long, 
is  surrounded  by  a  brick  wall 
one  foot  thick,  so  that  the  whole 
stove,  ah  c  d  (see  figs.  1  and  2), 
is  exactly  six  feet  every  way; 
the  front  wall,  w,  being  only  half 
a  foot  in  thickness.  At  the  top, 
the  vault  is  arched  over  with 
six  inches  of  brick-work  at  the 
crown  of  the  arch.  The  flues, 
i  ^,  are  about  fourteen  inches 
^^^••^-  square.     The  hurdles  or  trays, 

m  rriy  for  containing  the  prunes,  rest  upon  shelves  fixed  upon  two 
It  would  be  better  if  they  rested  upon  rollers,  so  as  to  ad- 
mit of  their  being  pushed  in  and 
drawn  out  with  greater  ease. 
These  lines  of  trays  are  placed  at 
a  distance  of  six  inches  from  the 
furnace,  so  as  to  keep  the  fruit 
from  too  great  a  heat ;  they  may 
be  made  entirely  of  wood,  but  it 
will  be  better  if  the  bottoms  are 
of  open  work,  like  shelves.  Their 
weight  is  such  that  they  may  be 
easily  managed  by  a  woman; 
but  in  preparing  prunes  on  a 
large  scale,  let  them  be  made  of 
greater  length  and  breadth,  so  as 
to  just  come  within  the  strength 
of  a  more  robust  person. 
"  The  wooden  frame,  h  h,  is  that  on  which  the  two  doors  are  hung. 
The  door,  g,  which  covers  the  arch  (and  which  is  represented  in  the 
cut  as  open  and  fastened  up),  shuts  up  the  front  of  the  upper  part 


MOST   GENERALLY   ESTEEMED.  433 

of  the  ©yen.  In  the  middle  of  this  upper  door  or  flap  is  a  round 
vent-hole,  for  the  escape  of  the  moist  vapor,  k  is  an  iron  damper 
or  slide,  to  be  placed  in  the  flue  at  /  /,  in  order  to  regulate  the  heat. 

"  A  thousand  fully  ripe  quetsches  (prune  pluniis)  make  about  ten 
pounds  of  dried  prunes. 

"  Plums  of  different  kinds  may  be  dried,  either  whole  or  deprived 
of  their  skins  and  stones.  In  the  latter  case,  they  are  styled  pru- 
nelles." 

Characters  and  Classification.  The  characters  of  the  plums  are 
represented  by  the  texture  of  the  flesh  as  combined  with  its  juiciness 
and  flavor ;  and  what  are  termed  gages  (a  word  really  of  no  mean- 
ing as  applied  to  the  fruit)  represent  fruits  of  round  form,  very  deli- 
cate, and  of  a  rich,  sugary,  juicy  high  flavor.  The  prunes  are  known 
as  those  fruits  that  are  dry  in  the  texture  of  their  flesh.  The  cha- 
racter of  size  is  one  of  which  Washington  may  be  taken  as  larffe^ 
Green  Gage  as  medium,  and  Mirabelle  as  small ;  while  the  wood 
being  smooth  or  downy,  needs  no  explanation,  and  the  depressed  line 
on  one  side,  called  a  suture,  is  the  same  as  in  cherries  or  peaches, 
and  often  serves  as  a  guide  in  detecting  varieties.  The  classification 
by  most  writers  of  divisions  of  green,  white,  or  yellow,  and  of  blue, 
or  red,  or  purple,  we  adopt  only  in  our  text  descriptive  of  each  dis- 
tinct variety  ;  preferring  as  a  practical  matter,  here  as  elsewhere  in 
our  work,  to  follow  that  of,  in  short,  best,  very  good,  and  good. 

VARIETIES. 

These  are  far  too  numerous  for  any  practical  use  ;  and  while  we 
may  have  possibly  reduced  too  much,  we  yet  feel  that  the  uses  and 
wants  of  the  community  will  be  best  supplied  in  this  fruit  by  a  few 
really  valuable,  and  for  the  particular  purposes  pointed  out  in  our 
text  descriptive. 

CLASS  I.     Most  generally  esteemed. 

Autumn  Gage, 

Eoe'a  Autumn  Gage.  • 

American.  Productive;  branches,  smooth.  Frwff,  medium,  oval,  broad- 
est at  base,  pale  yellow,  whitish  bloom ;  fleshy  greenish  yellow,  juicy, 
sweet,  separates  freely  from  stone,  long,  compressed,  and  pointed  at  both 
ends;  stalky  tliree-fourths  inch  long.     September  15th. 

Bleecker's  Gage. 
German  Gage. 
Raised  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  about  forty  years  since,  by  Mrs,  Bleecker.     The 
tree  is  of  healthy,  hardy  habit,   and   a  regular,  sure  bearer.     Branches^ 
downy;  leaves,  dark  green.     Fruity  medium  size,  roundish  oval,  very  regu- 
lar ;  suture,  slight ;   skin,  yellow,  with  numerous  imbedded  wliite  specks, 
19 


434  THE   PLUM. 

and  a  thin  white  bloom ;  jlesh.  yellow,  rich,  sweet  and  luscious  flavor, 
separating  freely  from  the  stone,  which  is  pointed  ;  stalk,  an  inch  or  more 
long,  downy,  inserted  in  a  slight  cavity.  Last  of  August  here  ;  in  Georgia, 
first  of  July.  Distinguished  from  Prince's  Yellow  Gage  by  its  larger  stalk 
and  later  maturity. 

Blue  Imperatrice. 

Imperatrice,  |     Impferatrice  Yiolette, 

Veritable  Imperatrice,      |     Violette. 

Foreign.  A  fine  variety.  The  true  Blue  Imperatrice  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  Semiana  or  Blue  Imperatrice  of  some  Eastern  growers. 
(See  Semiana  )  Branches,  smooth,  long,  slender.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate, 
tapering  to  the  stalk,  deep  purple,  bloom  blue,  thick  ;  jlesh,  greenish  yellow, 
rich,  sugary,  hangs  long  on  the  tree,  adheres  to  the  stone.  Last  Sep- 
tember. 

Bradshaw. 

Large  Black  Imperial. 

Branches,  nearly  smooth ;  strong  grower.     Fruit,  large,  roundish  oval, 

dark  violet  red,  juicy ;  "  very  good  ] "  productive  ;  may  prove  one  of  most 

valuable.     August. 

Coe's  Golden  Drop. 

Bury  Seedling,     I     New  Golden  Drop,        I     Golden  Gage, 
Coe'a  Imperial,      |     Fair's  Golden  Drop,      |      Waterloo,  of  some. 

This  is  an  English  variety.  Tree,  only  moderately  productive ;  and  al- 
though we  should  always  plant,  yet  it  does  not  always  mature  perfectly 
north  of  40°  latitude.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  large,  oval ;  suture,  well 
marked,  one  side  enlarged ;  skin,  light  yellow,  much  dotted  or  mottled  with 
red  on  side  exposed  to  sun  ;  flesh,  adhering  to  the  stone,  yellowish,  firm, 
rather  coarse-grained,  but  rich  and  sweet ;  stalk,  three-fourths  to  an  inch 
long,  rather  stiff".  Last  of  September.  The  Yellow  Egg  is  often  grown 
under  this  name  at  the  West. 

Denniston's  Superb. 

A  variety  originated  in  the  famous  garden  of  Mr.  Denniston,  Albany,  IV, 
Y.  Its  great  productiveness,  together  with  its  period  of  ripening,  more 
than  its  quality,  makes  it  desirable.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  medium,  or 
rather  above,  roundish,  slightly  flattened  ;  suture,  distinct ;  skin,  pale  yel- 
lowish, overspread  with  a  thin  bloom,  and  mottled  or  clouded  with  purple ; 
Hesh,  thick,  not  juicy,  but  with  rich  vinous  flavor ;  stone,  small,  roundish, 
from  which  the  flesh  parts  freely  ;  stalk,  three-fourths  inch  long,  set  in  a 
cavity  of  moderate  depth.     1 5th  to  20th  August. 

Drap  d'Or. 
Mirabelle  Double,     |     Mirabelle  Grosse,     |     Tellow  Perdrigon. 

Foreign.  Productive.  Branches,  slightly  downy.-  Fruit,  below  medium, 
round ;  suture,  indistinct ;  skin,  bright  yellow,  crimson  specks  in  sun  ;  flesk, 
yellow,  sugary,  rich,  adheres  slightly  to  the  stone.     Early  August. 

Duane's   Purple. 

Duane's  Purple  French,     |     English  Pond's  Seedling. 

Foreign.     Branches  downy.     Fruit,  large,  oblong  oval,  one  side  enlarged, 

reddish  purple  in  sun,  pale  red  in  shade,  dotted  with  yellow  specks,  lilac 

bloom;   flesh,  amber  color,  juicy,  slightly  acid,  adhering  to  the  stone j 

italk^  three-fourths  inch  long,  slender,  narrow  cavity.     Early  August. 


MOST  GENEKALLT  ESTEEMED.  435 

Early  Orleans. 

Wllmot's  Early  Orleans,     I     New  Orleans,  I     Hampton  Court, 

New  Early  Orleans,  j     Grimwood'a  JEarly  Orleans,      |     Monsieur  llatif. 

An  English  variety,  which  on  accounts  of  its  quality  and  early  maturity 
must  always  make  it  popular  as  an  orchard  fruit.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit, 
medium,  round  oval ;  suture,  shallow ;  skin,  dark  reddish  purple ;  Jlesh, 
yellowish  green,  of  rich,  brisk  flavor,  and  separating  freely  from  the  stone  ; 
stem,  usually  about  half-inch  long,  but  varying.     First  August. 

Fellenberg. 
Italian  Prune,     |     Prune  Suisse. 
Foreign.     Branches,  grayish,  smooth ;   moderate  grower ;  very  produc- 
tive.    Fruity  ovate  rounded,  dark  purplish,  not  juicy ;    free-stone ;  large ; 
"  very  good."     Valuable  for  drying.     Last  September. 

&REEN  Gage. 


Ida  Green  Gage, 

"Waterloo, 

King  of  Plums, 

"Wilmot's  Late  Green  Gage, 

Schuyler  Gage. 


Eensselaer  Gage, 
Isleworth  Green  Gage, 
Wilmot's  Green  Gage, 

New  Green  Gage, 


iiruyn  Gage, 
Bradford  Gage, 
Eeine  Claude, 
Grosse  Reine  Claude, 
Grosse  £eine. 


Brugnon  Gage, 

"  During  the  last  century,  an  English  family  by  the  name  of  Gage,  ob- 
tained a  number  of  fruit  trees  from  the  monks  of  Charteuse,  near  Paris. 
Among  them  was  a  tree  of  this  plum,  which,  having  lost  its  name,  was 
called  by  the  gardener  the  Green  Gage."  There  are  very  few  trees  in 
bearing  of  the  true  variety  at  the  West,  the  Imperial  Gage  having  been  of- 
ten sold  as  Green  Gage.  The  true  variety  is  readily  known  by  its  short 
jointed,  slow-growing,  spreading,  and  dwarfish  habit.  It  also  requires  a 
rich,  warm  soil  to  insure  fruit  in  perfection  in  locations  north  of  42  deg. 
Branches,  smooth ;  buds,  with  large  shoulders.  Fruit,  medium,  round ; 
suture,  slight ;  skin,  yellowish  green,  marbled  and  dotted  on  the  sunny 
side  with  red  ;  Jlesh,  separates  freely  from  the  stone,  pale  green,  exceedingly 
melting,  rich,  sprightly,  high  flavor  ;  stalk,  slender,  slightly  inserted.  Mid- 
dle to  last  August. 

Imperial  Gage. 

Prince's  Imperial  Gage,     I     "White  Gage,  I     Superior  Green  Gage. 

Flushing  Gage,  |     Jenkinson's  Imperial,     | 

This  is  an  American  variety,  originating  at  the  old  nursery  of  William 
Prince.  Flushing,  N.  Y.  In  heavy,  strong  soils  it  is  sometimes  deficient 
in  flavor,  probably  from  a  deficiency  of  some  particular  element  in  the  soil, 
as  it  produces  abundantly,  grows  vigorously,  and  trees  apparently  healthy. 
In  light,  loamy,  or  even  dry,  poor  soils,  it  is  a  hardy,  productive  variety, 
and  the  flavor  often  almost  equaling  a  true  Green  Gage.  As  a  market 
variety,  it  is  far  superior  to  Green  Gage,  and  hardly  surpassed  by  any 
other  plum.  Branches,  slightly  downy,  da^t-colored,  upright,  vigorous. 
Fruit,  above  medium,  oval ;  suture,  distinct ;  skin,  at  first  pale  green,  with 
a  white  bloom,  becoming  yellowish  green,  marbled  with  dark  green  stripes  ; 
flesh,  greenish,  juicy,  rich,  sprightly  flavor  :  stone,  oval,  with  flesh  occa- 
sionally adhering — in  good  seasons  and  soils,  it  separates  freely  from  the 
stone  J  stalk,  long,  hairy,  stout,  inserted  m  an  even  cavity.  First  Septem- 
ber ;  at  the  South,  July  first. 

Imperial  Ottoman. 

A  foreign  variety,  but  from  whence  is  uncertain.  We  have  fruited  it 
•everal  years,  and,  as  an  early  variety,  h?^ve  RQt  met  its  superior.    Th« 


4:36  THE   PLUM. 

trees  are  hardy,  regular,  not  rampant  growers,  and  regulai,  abundant 
bearers.  Branches,  slightly  downy.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval,  regu- 
larly formed ;  skin,  greenish  yellow,  marbled  with  darker  shades  in  stripes 
underneath ;  if  permitted  to  hang,  it  becomes  mostly  pale  yellow,  bloom 
thin  :  suture,  only  half  way  down  on  one  side  ;  fesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  rich, 
sweet,  delicious,  and,  when  fully  ripe,  parts  freely  from  the  stone ;  stenij 
downy,  three-fourths  inch  long,  inserted  in  a  cavity  of  moderate  depth. 
Last  July. 

Jefferson. 

An  American  variety,  originated  by  Judge  Buel,  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  pro- 
bably from  a  seed  of  Coe's  Golden  Drop,  which  in  growth,  wood,  &c.,  it 
closely  resembles.  It  has  been  pretty  extensively  tested,  both  in  this 
country  and  in  Europe,  and  fully  sustains  the  high  character  given  it  by 
the  late  A.  J.  Downing.  The  Bingham  Cling-stone  plum  has  occasionally 
been  disseminated  for  this  variety.  In  rich,  high  flavor  it  does  not  equal 
the  Green  Gage,  but  its  large  size,  great  beauty,  productiveness,  freedom 
from  decay,  and  habit  of  hanging  long  on  the  tree  after  ripe,  render  it 
valuable  for  all  collections.  Branches,  nearly  smooth.  Fruit,  large,  oval, 
slightly  narrowed  one  side  toward  the  stalk ;  skin,  at  first  greenish  yellow, 
becoming  golden  yellow  when  fully  ripe,  and  with  a  rich  reddened  cheek 
in  the  sun;  bloom,  thin,  white ;  suture,  slight;  Jlesh,  separating  nearly  free 
from  the  long  pointed  stone,  yellow,  almost  orange  yellow,  juicy,  with  rich 
flavor;  stalk,  an  inch  long,  inserted  without  depression.  Last  of  August; 
at  the  South,  last  of  July. 

Lawrence's  Favorite. 
Lawrence's  Gage. 
An  American  plum,  raised  from  seed  of  the  Green  Gage,  by  Mr.  L.  U. 
Lawrence,  Hudson,  N.  Y.  It  forms  a  tree  of  upright,  thrifty  growth,  and 
bears  young  and  abundantly  of  fruit  much  resembling  outwardly  the  Green 
Gage,  except  being  larger.  Branches,  downy,  short -jointed.  Fruit,  large, 
roundish;  skin,  dull  yellowish  green,  clouded  with  streaks  of  a  darker 
shade  beneath,  and  in  sun,  around  the  stem  a  mottling  or  dotting  of  brown- 
ish red ;  bloom,  light  bluish  green ;  flesh,  greenish,  juicy,  rich,  excellent, 
only  surpassed  by  Green  Gage,  when  fully  ripe,  separates  freely  from  the 
stone  ;  stalky  half-inch  long,  slender,  inserted  in  a  narrow  cavity.  Middle 
August. 

Lombard.  ^ 

Bleecker's  Scarlet,  |  Beekman's  Scarlet,  |  Montgomery  Prone  ? 
An  American  variety,  which,  as  a  tree,  is  thrifty,  healthy,  hardy,  and 
productive,  while  the  fruit  appears  less  attractive  than  most  others  to  the 
curculio.  It  is,  therefore,  very  desirable.  Branches,  smooth,  bright  purple, 
very  thrifty ;  leaves,  much  crumpled.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval,  slightly 
flattened  at  ends ;  suture,  slight ;  skin,  violet  red,  dusted  thinly  with 
bloom  :  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  not  rich,  but  pleasant  flavor ;  stalk,  slender, 
three-fourths  inch  long,  set  in  a  broad,  open  cavity ;  adheres  to  the  stone. 
Middle  to  last  of  August. 

Madison. 

An  accidental  seedling  in  the  Denniston  Garden,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and, 
according  to  Dr.  Herman  Wendell,  a  hybrid  from  Bleecker's  Gage  and  Blue 
Gage.     Its  flavor,  late  period  of  maturity,  and  hardihood,  commend  it. 


MOST   GENERALLY   ESTEEMED.  -   437 

Branches^  slender,  smooth;  leaves^  light  green,  slightly  downy.  Fruity 
medium,  roundish  oval;  suture^  slight;  skin^  light  orange,  with  a  cast  of 
greenish  yellow,  in  sun,  mottled  and  spotted  with  lake  carmme ;  hloom^  thin, 
delicate ;  Jlesh^  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  rich  and  sweet,  agreeable  flavor,  sepa- 
rates freely  from  the  stone,  which  is  small,  oval,  pointed ;  stalky  three- 
fourths  inch  long,  inserted  in  a  regular,  not  deep  basin.  First  to  fifteenth 
October. 

McLaughlin. 

An  American  variety,  raised  by  James  McLaughlin,  Bangor,  Maine. 
The  tree  is  very  thrifty,  making  stout,  vigorous  shoots  of  four  to  six  feet  in 
a  season,  but  forming  a  round,  regular  head.  Originating  so  far  North,  it 
will  unquestionably  prove  a  most  valuable  variety  for  Northern  culture. 
The  fruit,  in  character  of  quality,  resembles  the  variety  just  previously 
described.  Branches^  smooth  ;  leaves^  broad,  glossy.  Fruity  above  medium, 
roundish,  flattened  at  ends ;  suture^  obscure  ;  skin,  thin,  tender,  russet  yel- 
low, sprinkled  with  a  red  tinge,  which  deepens  to  a  purplish  hue  around 
the  stalk;  jiesh^  adhering  to  the  stone,  dull  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  excellent; 
stone^  roundish;  stalky  three-fourths  inch  long,  inserted  without  depres- 
sion.    Middle  to  last  of  August. 

Morocco. 

Early  Morocco,         |     Early  Black  Morocco,     I     Black  Damask. 
Black  Morocco,         |     Early  Damask,  | 

Foreign.  Moderate  bearer.  Branches  downy.  Fruity  medium,  round- 
ish, shallow  suture  ;  skin,  dark  purple ;  bloom,  thin ;  fiesh,  greenish  yel- 
low, slightly  adhering  to  the  stone,  juicy,  rich  and  sweet ;  stalky  half  inch 
long.     Early  August. 

Purple  Favorite. 

This  variety  the  late  A.  J.  Downing  states  to  have  been  planted  and 
grown  by  his  father.  Although  of  dwarfish,  slender  habit,  the  trees  are 
very  hardy,  and  bear  when  young.  For  large  market  orchards  it  is  not  as 
valuable  as  some  other  varieties,  but  in  private  gardens  it  should  always  have 
a  place.  Branches,  smooth,  short-jointed.  Fruit,  medium,  or  rather  above, 
roundish  obovate ;  skin,  brownish  purple,  dotted  with  golden  specks  ;  bloom^ 
light  blue ;  fiesk,  pale  greenish,  juicy,  sweet  and  excellent,  and  separating 
freely  from  the  stone,  which  is  small ;  stalk,  three-fourths  inch  long,  da 
pression  slight.     Last  of  August.  ^ 

Purple  Gage. 

Keine  Claude  Yiolette,     |     Violet  Queen  Claude,     |     Die  Violette  Koning  Claudie. 

A  foreign  variety,  moderate  bearer,  but  high  flavor.  Branches,  smooth, 
short-jointed.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  a  little  flattened;  suture,  shallow  ; 
skin,  violet,  dotted  with  pale  yellow;  i/oom,  light  hhxe:  flesh,  greenish  yel- 
low, firm,  sugary,  high  flavor ;  stone,  oval,  compressed,  from  which  the 
flesh  separates  freely ;  stalk,  an'inch  long,  set  in  a  narrow  basin.  About 
10th  September,  but  will  hang  a  fortnight,  shriveling  slightly. 

Prince's  Yellow  Gage. 
American  Yellow  Gage,     |     White  Gage,     |     Harvest  Gage. 
A  variety  produced  in  1783,  by  the   elder  Mr.  Prince,  of  Flushing,  N. 
Y.     The  trees  are  abundant  bearers,  and  the  fruit  carries  well  to  market, 
and  always  sells  readily.     As  a  table  fruit  it  is  often  too  dry,  and  does  not 


438  THE  PLUM. 

deserve  to  be  planted  m  small  gardens  where  market  sales  are  not  contem- 
plated. Branches^  smooth,  short-jointed;  leaves^  glossy.  Fruity  slightly 
above  medium  size,  oval,  broadest  near  the  stalk ;  suture^  a  mere  line ; 
skin^  golden  yellow,  little  clouded ;  lloom^  white,  abundant ;  fleshy  yellow, 
sugary,  rich,  sometimes  rather  dry,  parts  freely  from  the  stone ;  stalky  an 
inch  long,  set  in  a  round  cavity.  Early  in  August ;  at  the  South,  middle  of 
June.  It  is  stated,  also,  at  the  South,  to  ripen  gradually,  to  be  juicy,  and 
of  the  best. 

Red  Gage. 

An  American  plum,  raised  from  seed  of  the  Green  Gage,  by  the  elder 
Wm.  Prince,  in  1790.  The  tree  is  of  hardy,  yet  vigorous  habit,  wood  dark 
reddish  color,  and  producing  abundantly  a  fruit  rather  small,  yet  of  the 
best  flavor.  Branches,  smooth ;  leaves,  crimpled.  Fruity  hardly  medium 
size,  oval,  rounded ;  skin^  brownish  red  ;  hloom^  slight ;  flesh,  parting  freely 
from  the  stone,  greenish  amber,  juicy,  sweet,  delicious ;  stalky  slender ; 
cavity^  narrow.     Middle  August. 

Reine  Claude  de  Bavay. 

Foreign.  Branches^  smooth.  Fruity  medium,  roundish,  oval,  greenish 
yellow,  spotted  with  red  :  fleshy  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  adhering  slightly 
to  the  stone  ;  stem^  short.     Last  September. 

Saint  Martin's. 

Bt.  Martin's  Qaetsche. 
A  German  fruit.  The  word  quetsche  or  prune  not  applying  to  this  fruit, 
we  prefer  to  drop  it.  It  is  a  juicy,  not  a  dry  prune  plum.  The  trees  are  good 
bearers  and  the  time  of  ripening  makes  it  profitable  for  market  or  preserv- 
ing. Branches^  smooth.  Fruity  medium,  or  rather  above,  ovate,  broadest 
at  base;  skin.)  bright  yellow,  dotted  a  little  with  brownish  red  in  the  sun ; 
bloom,  white  ;  flesh,  yellowish,  juicy,  rich,  excellent.  First  October,  but 
will  hang  two  weeks. 

Smith's  Orleans. 

La  Delicieuse. 
American.  Originated  by  a  Mr.  Smith,  on  Long  Island,  and  first  de- 
scribed by  Prince.  As  a  market  plum  this  is  a  fine  variety,  but  for  des- 
sert it  is  deficient  in  richness  and  flavor  on  moist'  strong  soils.  Branches, 
stout,  nearly  smooth.  Fruit,  large,  oval  oblong,  largest  at  base;  suture, 
half  round;  skin,  deeip  purplish  red,  with  small  golden  specks  and  deep 
i»lue  bloom  :  flesh,  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  adhering  closely  to  a  large  ovate 
»tone  ;  stalk,  short,  inserted  in  a  deep  round  cavity.     Last  August. 

Washington, 

Bolmar,  I     New  Washington,      I     Parker's  Mammotli, 

Bolmar's  Washington,  I     Franklin,  |     I rvlng's  Bolmar. 

The  original  tree  of  this  variety  grew  on  what,  in  1818,  was   known  as 

Delancey's  Farm,  and  now  constitutes  a  portion  of  New  York  city,  known 

as  the  Bowery.     It   was   introduced  to  notice,  grown   and  distributed   by 

Michael  Floy,  Esq.,  American  Editor  of  Lindley's  Guide  to  the  Orchard. 

Without  possessing  high  flavor,  the  uniform  hardihood  of  the  tree,  with 

its  productive  habit,  large  size  of  fruit,  and  often  freedom  from  attack  of 

curculio,  renders  it  a  most  popular  variety,  and  for  market  deservedly  so 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC.  439 

at  the  North.  In  Georgia,  and  other  sections  South,  it  is  said  to  be  entirely 
flavorless  and  dry.  Branches^  downy.  Fruity  large,  roundish  oval ;  suture^ 
obscure,  except  near  the  stalk  ]  skin^  dull  yellow,  with  faint  marblings  of 
green,  and  on  the  sunny  side  some  little  red,  often  dotted  :  jiesh^  yellow, 
firm,  sweet,  and  separating  freely  from  a  pointed  stone  ;  stalky  nearly  three- 
fourths  inch  long,  downy,  planted  in  a  wide,  shallow  basin.  Last  of 
August. 


CLASS  11. — Embraces  varieties^  many  of  which  are  new  and  untested^  and 
others  suited  only  to  certain  localities,  or  very  large  orchards. 

Abricote  Sageret. 

A  seedling  of  Sageret.  Tree,  very  vigorous  ;  branches,  smooth.  Fruit, 
rather  below  medium  size,  globular ;  suture,  medium,  extending  nearly  all 
around ;  skin,  green,  dotted,  and  slightly  flaked  with  yellow  ;  stem,  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long,  set  in  a  very  slight  cavity,  apex,  slightly  dimpled  ; 
flesh,  green,  juicy,  very  sugary,  with  a  rich,  delicious  flavor.  Separates 
from  the  stone.     Ripens  the  first  half  of  September.     (Downing.) 

Albany  Beauty. 

Denistons  Albany  Beauty. 

American.     Branches  slightly  downy.     Fruit,  below  medium,  roundish 

oval ;  skin,  whitish  green,  with  purple  dots,  bloom  thin ;  flesh,  yellow, 

rich,  sweet,  not  juicy,  separates  freely  from  a  small,  pointed  stone;  stalk 

slender,  one  inch  long.     Last  August. 

Angelina  Burdett. 

English.  Round,  medium  size,  nearly  black,  spotted  thickly  with  brown 
spots,  very  rich,  juicy,  and  excellent ;  skin,  thick.  Free-stone.  Middle  of 
September.     (Riv.  Cat.) 

Apple  Plum. 

From  the  garden  of  D.  U.  Pratt,  Chelsea,  Mass.  Fruit,  medium,  round- 
ish flattened,  a  little  swollen  on  one  side ;  suture,  medium ;  skin,  reddish 
purple,  with  a  blue  bloom  and  light  dots ;  stalk,  short  and  stout,  inserted 
in  a  broad,  deep  cavity ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  a  little  coarse,  sweet, 
sprightly,  with  considerable  austerity  at  the  skin.  Adheres  partially  to  the 
stone.     Ripens  first  of  September.     (Downing.) 

Autumn  Compote. 
Foreign.     Tree,  vigorous  ;  branches  smooth.     Fruit,  large,  oval  rounded, 
reddish  purple ;  "  good."     October. 

Belgian  Purple. 
Tree,  vigorous ;  branches,  smooth ;  buds,  prominent.  Fruit,  medium, 
roundish  ;  suture,  slight,  one  side  a  little  swollen ;  skin,  purple,  with  a  bloom; 
stalk,  rather  long  and  slender,  inserted  in  a  cavity  ;  flesh,  greenish,  a  little 
coarse,  very  juicy,  sweet,  luscious.  Adheres  slightly  to  the  stone.  Ripens 
first  of  September.     (Downing.) 


440  THE   PLUM. 

Belle  De  Septembre. 
Tree,  large,  vigorous  and  very  productive.     Fruit,  very  large,  oval,  red* 
dish  brown,  an  excellent  kitchen  fruit.     Middle  of  October.     (Riv.  Cat.) 

Blue  Plum. 
Tree,  productive ;  branches,  smooth;  leaves,  rather  small.  Fruit,  me- 
dium, roundish,  scarcely  oval ;  suture,  obscure,  dark  blue  ;  light  blue  bloom ; 
flesh,  yellowish  green,  juicy,  sweet,  adheres  to  the  stone  ;  stalk,  three- 
eighths  inch  long,  inserted  in  a  shallow  cavity.  Middle  July  in  Georgia ; 
middle  August  here.  Propagated  by  suckers.  Description  by  W.  N.  White, 
Athens,  Ga. 

Bingham. 

American.  Productive  j  branches,  downy.  Fruit,  above  medium,  oval, 
deep  rich  yellow,  dotted  with  red  in  the  sun  ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  rich,  de- 
licious, adheres  to  the  stone ;  stalk,  three-fourths  inch  long,  slightly  sunk. 
Last  August. 

Bricetta. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval  ;  color,  yellow,  with  spots  of  red  in  sun ; 
stalk,  medium  ;  cavity,  small ;  flesh,  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  sugary,  adheres 
to  the  stone.     September. 

Buel's  Favorite. 
Am.erican.     Branches,  smooth.     Fruit,  large,  ovate ;  suture,  half  round, 
pale  green,  little  red  next  tlie  stalk;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  firm,  juicy, 
adhering  to  a  long  pointed  stone  ;   stalk,  three-fourths  inch  long.     Last 
August. 

Burgundy  Prune. 
Prune  de  Bargoyno. 
Foreign.      Fruit,  medium,  egg-shape,  with  neck  ;  color,  reddish  black 
blue  bloom,  and  many  small  dots;  stem,  long;  cavity,  small  ;  flesh,  fine, 
juicy,  pleasant,  separates  from  the  stone.     September. 

Burettes. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  large,  long,  oval ;  color,  dull   yellow ;  flesh,  melting, 
juicy,  sweet,  high  flavor.     September. 

Chapin's  Early. 

Received  of  Mr.  E.  Chapin,  of  York,  Pa.  Origin  unknown.  Tree, 
healthy,  but  not  vigorous. 

Branches  downy.     Fruit,  small,  roundish  globular,  slightly  protuberant  on 

one  sirde  ;  suture,  indistinct ;  skin,  pale  red.  covered  with  a  light  bloom ;  stalk, 

half  an  inch  long,  inserted  slightly  in  a  ring ;  flesh,  yellow,  rather  coarse, 

sweet,  juicy,   and  refreshing,  adheres  slightly  to  the  stone.     Ripens  the 

middle  of  August.     (Downing.) 

Cherry. 

Early  Scarlet,  I     Der  Virginia,  I     Prnnus  Cerasifera, 

Myrobolan,  D'Amerique  Rouge,  Miser  Plum, 

Virginian  Cherry,      |     Prunus  Myrobolana,     j     Golden  Cherry, 

A  variety  of  which  many  sub- varieties  have  been  and  are  constantly 
being  produced  from  seed.  Its  chief  merit  is  in  the  tree  being  ornamental, 
and  the  fruit  maturing  early.    Being  very  pretty  for  the  dessert,  commands 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  441 

ready  sale.  It  requires  root-pruning  every  two  years,  in  order  to  make  it 
productive.  Branciies,  smooth.  Fruit,  small,  round,  yellow,  and  red, 
shaded  and  mottled  ]  flesh,  greenish,  juicy,  pleasant,  adhering  closely  to  an 
oval  stone ;  stalk,  short ;  cavity,  narrow.  Middle  of  July.  The  Chickasaw 
Plum  {Prunus  Chicasi)  is  very  similar  to  this. 

Columbia. 
Columbian  Gage. 
American.  Valuable  market  sort,  productive,  succeeds  well  South  ; 
branches  downy.  Fruit,  large,  globular,  one  side  enlarged;  skin,  brownish 
purplish,  with  fawn-colored  specks,  blue  bloom ;  flesh,  orange,  rather  coarse, 
dry  but  sugary,  separates  freely  from  stone,  which  is  small,  compressed  j 
stalk,  an  inch  long ;  cavity,  small,  narrow.     Last  August. 

Cooper. 

Cooper's  Eed,     |     Cooper's  Large  Red,     |     Cooper's  Large  American. 

American.  Described  by  Coxe,  in  1817,  as  grown  from  a  stone  of  Or- 
leans. Some  writers  state  it  to  be  identical  with  ^'  Smith's  Orleans  ;"  but 
we  do  not  so  consider  it.  Fruit,  large,  deep  purple,  with  a  bloom  ;  suture, 
shallow  and  broad  ;  stem,  three-quarters  inch  long ;  flesh,  coarse,  yellow ; 
"  good."     Last  August. 

Cruger's  Scarlet. 
Cruger's,     |     Cmger's  Seedling,     |     Cmger's  Scarlet  Gage. 

American.  Productive,  and  comparatively  free  from  attacks  of  curculio , 
branches,  downy.  Fruit,  little  above  medium,  roundish  oval ;  skin,  lilac 
red,  with  thin  bluish  bloom  and  yellow  dots,  in  dark  shade  one  side,  pale 
fawn  color  ;  flesh,  orange,  rather  dry,  rich,  separates  free  from  stone  ;  stalk, 
half-inch  long;  basin,  shallow.     Last  August. 

Dana's  Yellow  Gage. 
American.     Branches,  downy.     Fruit,  medium,  oval,  pale  yellow;  flesh, 
yellowish.     Cling-stone.     September. 

De  Delice. 

Foreign.  New ;  branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  mediumj  roundish  oval,  slight 
neck,  little  swollen  one  side;  suture,  nearly  indistinct;  skin,  green,  marb- 
led and  shaded  with  violet,  and  covered  with  thin  bloom ;  stalk,  medium 
length  and  size ;  flesh,  orange  yellow,  juicy,  melting,  sugary,  rich  flavor, 
adheres  slightly  to  the  stone.     September. 

De  Montfort. 

Foreign.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish,  light  pur- 
ple, spotted  with  brownish  yellow,  and  with  blue  bloom  ;  flesh,  light  yel- 
low, rich  ;  when  fully  ripe  parts  freely  from  stone  ;  stalk,  half-inch  long. 
Middle  August. 

Deniston's  Red. 

American.     Branches,  smooth.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval ;  suture, 
half  round  ;  skin,  light  red,  with  fawn-colored  dots,  bloom,  thin ;  flesh,  am- 
ber color,  separates  freely  from  a  small,  oval,  compressed  stone ;  stalk, 
long,  slender.     Last  August. 
19* 


442  THE  PLUM. 

DoMiNE  Dull. 
German  Prune,  |  Dutch  Prune,  |  Dutch  Quetzen. 
American.  From  seed  of  the  Dutch  Prune ;  productive  and  valuable  for 
drying ;  branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  medium  size,  long  oval  ;  skin,  dark 
purple,  nearly  black,  with  blue  bloom  ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy  at  first,  if 
allowed  to  hang  on  the  tree  becomes  dry,  rich,  and  sweet,  adheres  to  stone ; 
Btalk,  an  inch  long.     September. 

Downing's  Early. 

American.     Branches,  short-jointed,  slightly  downy.     Fruit,  medium,  yel- 
low, roundish  oval,  sweet,  juicy.     Early  in  August. 

DowNTON  Imperatice. 
Foreign.     Branches,  smooth,  valued  for  preserving.     Fruit,   medium, 
oval,  narrowing  to  the  stalk,  pale  yellow ;  flesh,.yellow,  melting  ;  unless 
fully  ripe,  acid,  then  sweet,  adheres  to  the  stone;  stalk,  three-fourths  inch 
long.     Last  of  September.     Sometimes  grown  as  Yellow  Egg. 

Drap  d'Or  d'Esperin. 
Cloth  of  Gold  d'Esperin. 
Foreign.     Branches,  smooth,  slender ;  buds,  pointed,  projecting.    Fruit, 
medium,  ovate,  yellow;  very  productive.    August. 

DUNMORE, 

Foreign.  Fruit,  small,  egg-shaped ;  skin,  thick,  and  green,  becomes 
golden  yellow  at  maturity ;  flesh,  yellow,  fine,  very  juicy,  sweet,  very  aro- 
matic ;  separates  from  the  stone.     E,ipens  the  first  of  October.     (Al.  Pom.) 

Early  Cross. 
Originated  with  Mr.  Cross,  Salem,  Mass.  Tree,  moderately  vigorous, 
productive.  Fruit,  small  to  medium,  roundish  ;  skin,  reddish  purple,  cov- 
ered with  a  thick  bloom ;  stalk,  half  an  inch  long ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow, 
iuicy,  sweet  and  good  :  adheres  to  the  stone.  Ripens  the  second  week 
in  August.     (Downing.) 

Early  Royal,  of  Nikita. 
Tree,  moderately  vigorous  :  branches,  smooth,  gray.     Fruit,  small,  round- 
ish ;  skin,  reddish  purple,  with  a  bloom ;  stalk,  medium,   curved ;  flesh, 
yellow,  sweet,  juicy,  of  pretty  high  flavor,  adheres  partially  to  the  stone. 
Ripens  middle  of  August. 

Early  Purple. 
Sea. 
Foreign.     Fruit,  small,  roundish,  brownish  purple,  with  a  scanty  light- 
colored  bloom  ,  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  highly  perfumed,  sweet,  juicy,  parts 
freely  from  stone.     Early  June  at  South,  July  here.     (W.  N.  White,  in 
Horticulturist.) 

Early  Yellow  Prune. 

Tree,  vigorous  and  very  productive ;  branches,  do\Miy.  Fruit,  rather 
large,  oval ;  skin,  yellow,  with  a  very  slight  bloom,  and  dotted  with  red  in 
the  sun  ;  stalk,  of  medium  length,  inserted  in  a  small  cavity ;  flesh,  yellow 
sweet,  juicy,  with  somewhat  of  a  melon  flavor,  separates  from  the  stone. 
Ripens  middle  of  August.     (Downing.) 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,   ETC.  443 

Elfrey. 
Elfrey's  Prune. 

American.  Very  productive,  always  valuable  for  drying,  often  very  fine 
for  the  dessert,  succeeds  admirably  at  the  South ;  branches,  smooth.  Fruit, 
rather  below  medium  size,  oval,  blue  :  flesh,  greenish,  sweet,  parts  freely 
from  stone.     Middle  August ;  South,  first  July. 

Emerald  Drop. 
American.     Productive  ;  branches,  smooth.     Fruit,  medium,  long  oval, 
one  side  enlarged,  yellowish  green ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  juicy,  adheres 
to  the  stone  ;  stalk,  three-fourths  inch  long.     Last  August. 

English  Wheat. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval ;  suture,  moderate ;  skin,  reddish  purple, 
with  a  blue  bloom,  covered  with  numerous  white  dots ;  stalk,  half  an  inch 
long,  rather  strong,  set  in  a  rather  deep  cavity ;  flesh,  yellow,  a  little  coarse, 
juicy,  sweet,  with  a  rich  flavor,  adheres  to  the  stone.  Ripens  the  last  of 
August. 

Frost  Gage. 

American.  Does  not  answer  well  in  soils  of  only  moderate  richness ; 
requires  rich,  moist,  clayey  soil.  Branches,  slender,  upright  habit.  Fruit, 
below  medium, 

thin  ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  sweet,  adhering 
inch  long.     First  October. 

Fulton. 

Fruit,  medium,  yellow,  roundish  ovate,  juicy,  sweet ;  hangs  well.     No 
vember. 

Galbraith. 

An  early  plum,  said  to  have  originated  with  the  late  Mr.  Galbraith,  near 
Boalsburg,  Pa ;  and  is  represented  as  being  a  straggling  grower,  but  the 
best  early  plum  cultivated  in  that  vicinity.  An  inch  and  a  half  long,  by 
one  and  five-sixteenths  broad,  oval,  purple ;  stem,  five-eighths  of  an  inch, 
by  one-fourteenth ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  adherent  to  the  stone ;  flavor,  Ins 
cious  J  quality,  "  very  good,"  if  not  "  best.'      (W.  D.  B.) 

General  Hand. 

Montgonw^ry. 

American.  Branches,  nearly  smooth.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  oval,  yellcw 
marbled  ;  flesh,  pale  yellow.     Free-stone.     September. 

German  Prune. 

Quetsch«,  I     Turkish  Quetscho,      j     Damask. 

Common  Quetsche,  Leipzic,  Quetsche  Grosse, 

True  German  Prune,      |     Sweet  Prune,  |     Prune  d  Allemagen. 

A  variety  with  numerous  sub- varieties,  the  best  of  which  is  ''  Manning's 
Prune,"  previously  described.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  long  oval,  purple  j 
flesh,  greenish.     Free-stone.     September. 

Gundaker  Plum. 
Same  origin  as  the  Prune,  of  a  purple  color  on  one  side,  and  the  other  a 
light  color,  heart-shaped,  resembling  a  plum  called  Golden  Drop,  but  larger 
vn  size,  and  a  great  bearer.     (Gundaker  in  Hort.) 


444     •  '  THE   PLUM. 

GuNDAKER  Prune. 
Groundacre. 

Raised  by  Samuel  E.  Gundaker,  of  Lancaster,  Pa.  The  Gundaker  il 
of  a  yellowish  white  color,  nearly  as  large  as  the  Blue  Prune,  and  of  the 
same  oval  shape,  very  high-flavored,  and  a  good  bearer. 

Guthrie's  Late  Green. 

Foreign.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  medium,  globular,  swollen  on  one 
Hide  ;  skin,  yellow,  with  splashes  of  green,  thin  bloom  ;  stalk,  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  long,  inserted  in  a  small  cavity ;  flesh,  light  yellow,  firm,  rather 
dry,  but  sweet  and  rich,  adheres  slightly  to  the  stone.    Middle  of  September. 

Guthrie's   Tay  Bank. 
Foreign.     Branches,  smooth;  short  jointed.      Fruit,  large,  green,  oval 
roundish,  juicy  ;  "very  good."     September. 

Guthrie's  Topaz. 
Foreign.      Tree,    productive,    moderate    grower ;     branches,    brownish, 
smooth.     Fruit,  medium,  oval,  with  slight  neck  ;  stem,  inch  long,  slender  ; 
suture,  slight,  one  side  enlarged,  golden  yellow,  thin  bloom;  flesh,  yellow, 
juicy,  rich,  sweet,  adheres  to  the  stone.     September. 

Hartwiss'  Yellow  Prune. 
A  new  German  variety.     Tree,  vigorous.     Fruit,  medium,  oval,  with  a 
neck  narrowed  at  the  crown  ;  suture,  moderate ;  skin,  waxen  yellow,  with 
occasional  red  dots  ;  stalk,  long  ;  flesh,  light  yellow,  fine,  rich,  sub-acid 
flavor,  moderately  juicy.     Last  of  September.     (Downing.) 

Highlander. 

Tree,  vigorous  and  very  productive.  Branches,  gray,  smooth.  Fruit, 
large,  irregularly  ovate,  somewhat  swelled  on  one  side ;  suture,  moderate, 
half  round  ;  skin,  deep  blue,  incling  to  reddish  brown,  covered  with  a  thin 
bloom,  and  thickly  sprinkled  with  brown  dots;  stalk,  very  short,  inserted 
in  a  slight  cavity  ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  sugary,  rich,  vinous,  refreshing,  and 
excellent ;  adheres  slightly  to  the  stone.     Last  of  September.     (Downing.) 

Henry  Clay. 
American.     Fruit,  large,  bright  yellow,  with  a  carmine  cheek;  stem, 
long,  white  bloom  ;  skin,  tough  ;  flesh,  yellow,  sugary ;  "  very  good  ;"  half 
cling-stone.     September.     Originated  at  Albany  ;  yet  new. 

Howard's  Favorite. 
American.     A  profuse  bearer  and  hangs  well.     Fruit,  large,  roundish 
obovate,  slight  neck  ;  stem,  one  inch  :  color,  orange  yellow,  shaded  with  red, 
and  reddish  spots  ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  sub-acid  ;  "very  good."     Sept. 

Howell's   Early. 

American.  Branches,  slender,  gray,  downy.  Fruit,  below  medium,  oval 
angular;  suture,  indistinct;  light  brown,  greenish  yellow  in  the  shade,  thin 
blue  bloom ;  flesh,  amber  color,  juicy,  sweet,  separates  freely  from  a  small 
ftval  stone  j  stalk,  three-fourths  inch  long,  slender.    Last  July. 


UNTESTED    VARIETIES,    ETC.  445 

How's  Amber. 
American.     Branches,  slightly  downy.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish ;  skin, 
amber  color,  dotted  and  mottled  with  rose ;  flesh,  yellow,  a  little  coarse, 
adhering  to  the  stone,  rich,  fine  flavor.     Last  August.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Hudson  Gage. 
American.  Somewhat  like  Imperial  Gage,  but  earlier.  Branches, 
downy.  Fruit,  medium,  oval,  enlarged  one  side  j  suture,  obscure ;  skin, 
yellow,  clouded  as  if  underneath  with  stripes  of  green ;  bloom,  white ; 
flesh,  greenish,  juicy,  sprightly,  and  mostly  parts  from  the  stone,  which  is 
small ;  stalk,  half  inch  long.     Early  August. 

Huling's  Superb. 
This  variety  we  have  little  doubt  will  eventually  command  a  place  in 
the  first  class  :  at  present  it  has  been  little  grown  ;  Duane's  Purple  being 
almost  invariably  the  variety  distributed  under  this  name.  Leaves,  broad, 
large  ;  branches,  stout,  downy,  with  a  swollen  knob  behind  each  bud. 
Fruit,  very  large,  roundish  oval,  shallow  suture;  skin,  dull  greenish  yellow, 
covered  with  pale  bloom  ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  little  coarse  grain,  rich, 
brisk,  sprightly  flavor,  adheres  partially  to  the  stone ;  stalk,  an  inch  long, 
swollen  at  its  junction  with  the  tree,  and  set  in  a  round,  small  cavity. 
Middle  August. 

ICKWORTH  ImPERATRICE. 
Knight's  No.  6. 
Foreign.  North  this  does  not  ripen  well ;  in  the  Middle  and  Southern 
States  it  promises  yet  to  become  a  first-class  plum,  on  account  mainly  of  its 
period  of  ripening.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  above  medium,  obovate, 
purple,  with  irregular  tracings  of  fawn  yellow;  flesh,  greenish  yellow, 
sweet,  juicy,  and  mostly  adhering  to  a  small  stone  ;  stalk,  half  inch  long, 
thick.  Early  October.  If  gathered  by  hand,  wrapped  in  paper,  and  laid  in 
a  dry  place,  will  keep  a  month. 

Imperial  of  Milan. 

Imperiale  de  Milan, 
Foreign.     Fruit,  large,  oval,  deep  purple,  juicy,  sugary.     October.     (T. 
Rivers,  in  Hort.) 

Isabella. 
Foreign.     Branches  downy.     Fruit,  above  medium,  oval,  dull  red,  mot- 
tled ;  flesh,  yellow,  rich,  juicy  parting  freely  from  the  stone  when  fully 
ripe  ;  stalk,  three-fourths  inch  long.     Last  August. 

Italian  Damask. 
Damaa  d'ltalie. 
Foreign.  Productive ;  succeeds  finely  South.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit, 
medium,  roundish,  flattened  at  the  base  ;  suture,  half  round ;  skin  violet, 
becoming  brown ;  flesh,  yellowish  green,  firm,  sweet,  separating  from  a 
thick  oval  stone ;  stalk,  half  inch  long,  slender ;  cavity,  small.  Last  August. 
Bears  well  in  all  soils. 

Ives'  Washington. 
Ives'  Seedling. 
American.     Originated  by  J.  M.  Ives,  Salem,  Mass.     Branches,  smooth , 
buds,  prominent;  good  grower  and  productive,  not  as  yet  much  known* 


446  THE   PLUM. 

promises  valuable.   Fruit,  raediunij  yellowish,  blush  in  sun,  much  resembles 
Jefferson. 

Jaune  Hative. 

Catalonlan,  I     Jaune  de  Catalogue,  I     D'Avoine, 

White  Primordial!,  Prune  de  St.  Barnabee,     j     Picket's  July. 

Amber  Primordian,      |  j 

Foreign.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  small,  oval,  pale  yellow ;  flesh,  yel- 
low.    Free-stone.     July. 

Kirke's. 

Foreign.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  medium,  round,  dark  purple,  thick 
blue  bloom ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  firm,  rich,  separating  freely  from  a 
broad,  flat  stone  ;  stalk,  three-fourths  inch  long.     Last  August. 

Lady  Plum. 
Raised  by  Isaac  Denniston,  Albany,  N.  Y.  Tree  of  slender  growth,  pro- 
ductive. It  is  quite  a  pretty  fruit,  esteemed  highly  for  preserving,  this 
being  its  chief  quality.  It  is  a  rampant  grower,  an  abundant  bearer. 
Fruit,  quite  small,  oval ;  stalk,  short  and  stout ;  color,  light  yellow,  spotted 
with  red  ;  stone,  free  and  small ;  flavor,  acid.  First  of  September.  (E. 
Dorr  in  Cult.) 

Langdon's  Seedling. 
Raised  by  Reuben  Langdon,  of  Hartford,  Conn.  Tree,  vigorous  and 
productive;  branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  rather  large,  roundish  oval,  with  a 
moderate  suture  ;  skin,  reddish  purple,  covered  with  a  thick  bloom  ;  stalky 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  inserted  in  a  rather  deep  cavity ;  flesh,  green- 
ish yellow,  juicy,  sprightly,  sub-acid,  and  adheres  mostly  to  the  stone. 
Last  of  August.     (Downing.) 

Long  Scarlet. 
Scarlet  Oage. 
American.  Branches  downy ;  fruit,  medium,  oblong  obovate,  one  side 
enlarged,  tapers  towards  the  stalk,  bright  red  in  shade  ;  bloom,  lilac  ;  flesh, 
yellow,  rich,  juicy,  adheres  to  stone ;  stalk,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long 
in  a  narrow  cavity.  Last  of  August.  A  good  market  sort,  valued  for 
making  jelly. 

Mamelonne. 

Mamelonne  Segerat. 

Foreign.  Fruit,  medium,  round,  with  a  knob-like  protuberance  where 
joined  to  the  stalk,  occasional  specimens  with  unequal  surface ;  skin, 
greenish,  spotted  with  red ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  rich,  and  parts  freely  from 
the  stone.     Early  August. 

Manning's  Prune. 
Manning's  Long  Blue  Prune,     |     Large  Long  Blue,     |     Manning's  Long  Blue. 

American.  A  sub-variety  of  the  German  prune,  and  superior  thereto. 
Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  large,  long  oval,  a  little  one-sided ;  skin,  dark 
purple,  thick  blue  bloom  ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  firm,  rather  juicy,  sweet, 
pleasant,  separates  readily  from  a  long,  pointed  stone ;  stalk,  long,  slender. 
September. 

Martin's  Seedling. 

American.  Tree,  vigorous;  branches,  grayish,  smooth.  Fruit,  very 
large,  oblong  irregular,  yellow,  with  green  stripes ;  suture,  one  side,  deep, 
a  little  sunk  at  apex;  flesh,  yellow,  rather  coarse,  sweet,  juicy;  '''very 
good ;"  adheres  to  the  stone.     September. 


UNTESTED  VARIETIES,   ETC.  447 

Mediterranean. 

Fruitj  obovate  necked,  irregular ;  suture,  shallow,  light  crimson ',  stem, 
downy ;  flesh,  yellow,  sweet,  sprightly,  not  high-flavored.     September. 

Meigs. 
Fruit,  large,  roundish  oval ;  suture,  indistinct ;  skin,  dull  reddish  pur- 
ple, with  numerous  gray  dots;  stalk,  long,  curved,  slender,  set  in  a  small 
cavity ;  flesh,  greenish-yellow,  juicy,  rich,  sugary  and  excellent,  adheres  to 
the  stone.     Last  of  September.     (Downing.) 

MiRABELLE. 
Mirabelle  Petite,     |     Mirabelle  Janne. 
Foreign.    Branches,  downy.   Fruit,  small,  obovate  ;  suture,  distinct ;  skin, 
yellow,  spotted  with  red ;  bloom,  white ;  flesh,  orange,  sweet,  sprightly, 
separates  from  stone ;  stalk,  half  inch  long.     Early  August. 

Mirabelle  d'October. 
Mirabelle  Tardive. 
Foreign.     Branches,  downy,  slender.     Fruit,   small,  roundish,  yellow, 
juicy ;  very  productive.     Free-stone.     October. 

Monroe. 
Monroe  Egg. 
American.     Originated  with  Miss  Denham,  Penfield,  N.  Y.     Tree,  vig- 
orous ;  branches,  smooth.     Fruit,   above  medium,  oval,  greenish  yellow, 
rarely  a  blush  in  sun ;  stalk,  long,  slender ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  with  a 
rich,  sugary  flavor.     Last  of  August. 

Mulberry. 

American.  Branches,  stout,  smooth.  Fruit,  large,  oval,  narrowing  to 
the  stalk,  pale  yellow,  with  dots  of  red  in  sun;  flesh,  greenish  yellow, 
coarse-grained,  adheres  to  an  oblong  pointed  stone ;  stalk,  an  inch  long, 
slender.     First  September. 

NoTA  Bene. 

Corse's  Nota  Bene,         |        Dictator? 
Canadian.     Branches  smooth.    Fruit,  large,  round,  pale  Ulac  or  brownish, 
dull  green  on  the  shaded  side,  bloom  light  blue ;  flesh,  greenish,  rather 
firm,  juicy,  sweet,  separating  freely  from  the  stone ;  stalk,  half  an  inch 
long,  in  a  round  basin.    First  September. 

October  Green  Gage. 

Eeine  Claude  Tardive,        |        Eelne  Claude  d'Octobre. 
Foreign.    Branches,    slightly  downy.     Fruit,  small,   round,   yellowish 
green,  marbled  and  dotted  slightly  with  red  in  the  sun  ;  flesh,  yellowish, 
juicy,  melting  rich,  separating  freely  from  the  stone  ;  stalk,  slender.    First 
to  15th  October. 

Orange. 

Orange  Oage. 
American.     Branches,  smooth.     Fruit,  very  large,  oval,  flattened  at  both 
ends,  bronze  yellow,  clouded  with  purplish  red  near  the  stalk  ;  flesh,  yel- 
low, coarse-grained,  adhering  slightly  to  the  stone  ;  stalk,  three-fourths  inch 
long,  in  a  narrow,  round  cavity.    Last  of  August. 


448  THE   PLUM, 

Orleans. 

Monsieur,  i     Old  Orleans,       I     Italian  Damask,  ofsomt. 

Monsieur  Ordinaire,     |     Eed  Damask,     } 

Foreign.    Branches,  downy.   Fruit,  mediunij  round,  reddish  purple  ]  flesh, 
yellowish.     Free-stone.     August. 

Parsonage. 
American.      Originated  in  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y.      Comparatively  new. 
Branches,    smooth.     Fruit,    medium   to   large,    oval,    pale   yellow,    with 
splashes  of  green ;  stalk,  medium,  depression  slight ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy, 
rich,  sugary  flavor,  separating  freely  from  the  stone.     Last  of  August. 

Peach  Plum. 

Prune  Peche. 
Foreign.  Long  cultivated  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  as  the  French  plum, 
it  having  been  received  from  France,  and  lost  its  name  on  the  voyage :  was 
only  recognised  of  late  as  the  old  Prune  Peche  of  French  authors.  It  is 
tender  at  the  North,  and  an  indifferent  bearer.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit, 
very  large,  shaped  much  like  a  peach,  one  side  enlarged,  wider  than  deep, 
light  brownish  red,  with  small  yellow  dots  ,  flesh,  pale  yellow,  coarse- 
grained, slightly  sub-acid,  separates  freely  from  the  stone,  which  is  round 
and  much  furrowed ;  stalk,  short.  -  Last  July,  first  August. 

Peter*s  Yellow  Gage. 

American.     Resembles  Cloth  of  Gold.     Tree,  rather  longer  jointed,  and 
fruit  separates  freely  from  the  stone.     August. 

Penobscot. 
Raised  by  James  McLaughlin,  Bangor,  Maine.  Tree,  vigorous,  hardy, 
productive ;  branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  large,  oval,  suture  distinct ;  stalk, 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  set  in  a  small  cavity;  skin,  yellow,  tinged 
with  green,  and  a  faint  red  cheek;  flesh,  yellow,  sweet  and  pleasant, 
adheres  to  the  stone.     Ripens  the  first  of  September.     (Hort.) 

Pond's  Seedling. 

:  Plum  de  I'lnde. 
English  origin.  Tree,  vigorous ;  branches,  smooth,  grayish.  Fruit,  very 
large,  nearly  egg-shaped,  a  little  tapering  towards  the  stem ;  skin,  thick, 
reddish  violet,  with  numerous  brown  dots,  and  covered  with  a  beautiful 
bloom ;  flesh,  yellow,  a  little  coarse,  abounding  in  juice,  very  sugary,  not 
rich.     Ripens  middle  of  September.     (Al.  Pom.) 

Pond's  Seedling. 

Pond's  Purple. 

American.     Branches,  downy.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  purple  ;  flesh, 
yellowish.     Free-stone.     Promises  well.     August. 

Precoce  de  Bergthold. 

Foreign.     New.     Branches,  downy ;  slender,  rapid  grower.     Fruit,  largo 
oval  rounded,  yellowish  green,  juicy,  sweet.     Last  of  July. 


UNTESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC.  44:9 

Prince  Engelbert. 

A  new  Belgian  sort.     Branches,  downy.     Fruit,  large,  oblong  ova/,  deep 

bluish  purple,  with  a  dense  bloom  ;  stem,  slender,  with  a  distinct  ring  at 

base;   cavity,  narrow  and  deep:    suture,  distinct;  flesh,   juicy,  melting, 

moderately  rich ;  stone,  medium,  separates  freely  from  the  flesh.     August. 

Prince  of  Wales. 

Chapman's  Prince  of  Walea. 
Foreign.     Branches,  smooth.     Fruit,  medium,  oval,  bright  purplish  pink ; 
bloom,   abundant ;    flesh,  pale  yellow,  sweet,  separates  from  stone.     Last 
August. 

Prince's   Orange  Egg. 
Originated  by  William  Prince,  Flushing,  L.  I.     Tree,  vigorous  and  pro- 
ductive.     Fruit,   large,    oval  :    color,  yellow,  covered  with  thin  bloom ; 
stem,  rather  stout,  set  in  a  small  cavity  ;  flesh,  yellow,  coarse,  juicy,  sub- 
acid, sprightly,  adhering  to  the  stone.     September. 

Prune  de  Louvain. 

Plum  of  Louyain. 

Tree,  vigorous,  fertile.  Origin,  nursery  of  Van  Mons.  Fruit,  large,  egg- 
shaped,  with  a  neck ;  deep  purple,  shaded  with  violet ;  suture,  deep,  half 
round  ;  flesh,  rather  coarse,  melting,  pleasant.  Free-stone.  Ripens  end  of 
August.     (Al.  Pom.) 

Prune  of  Agen. 

Agen  Date,  |     Prune  d'Ast,      I      Eobe  de  Sergrut, 

Prune  d'Agen,     I     St.  Maurin,  Prune  de  Brignole  ? 

D'Agen,  |  | 

Foreign.    Valuable  only  for  drying.    Branches,  smooth.    Fruit,  medium, 

obovate  flattened,  purple,  with  a  blue  bloom ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  sweet ; 

stalk,  short.     October. 

Quackenboss. 
Origin  uncertain.  Tree,  a  strong,  upright  grower;  foliage,  dark  and 
glossy.  Fruit,  large,  oblong  oval ;  skin,  deep  purple,  profusely  covered 
with  a  bluish  bloom  ;  stalk,  short,  thin,  crooked,  and  set  in  a  slightly  de- 
pressed cavity;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  sprightly,  juicy,  a  little  coarse- 
grained, sweet,  and  excellent,  adheres  slightly  to  the  stone.  Ripens  the  last 
of  Octo  ber.     For  market,  it  is  unsurpassed. 

Reagle's  Ancient  City. 
American.     New;    probably  from  seed  of  Washington.     Fruit,  large, 
roundish  oval,  clouded  orange,  red  in  sun ;  suture,  distinct ;  flesh,  yellow, 
juicy,  sweet,  delicious,  parts  readily  from  stone.     Last  August. 

Keagle*s  Gage. 
American.     New.     Fruit,  medium,  round  ;  suture,  distinct ;  color,  light 
green,  marbled  with  deep  green ;    stalk,  slender ;  flesh,  greenish,  juicy, 
sweet ;  separates  from  stone.     Last  of  August. 

Reagle's  Union  Purple. 
American.     Originated  with  C.  Reagles,   Schenectady.      Fruit,  of  the 
largest  size,  roundish  oval ;  skin,  reddish  purple,  covered  with  a  thin  bloom  j 


450  THE   PLUM. 

suture,  only  perceptible  near  the  stalk  and  apex ;  stalk,  short  and  thick,  set 
on  a  nearly  even  surface  ;  flesh,  greenish,  a  little  coarse ;  vinous,  but 
when  fully  matured,  sweet  and  rich ;  adheres  to  the  stone  on  one  side. 
S^IEember. 

Red  Diaper. 

Diapree  Kouge,     I     Eoche  Corbon, 
Mimma,  |      Imperial  Diadem. 

Foreign.  Slow  grower  :  branches,  nearly  smooth.  Fruit,  above  me- 
dium, obovate,  brownish  red  and  purple,  light  blue  bloom ;  stalk,  slender, 
slightly  hairy;  flesh,  pale  green,  juicy,  melting;  very  good:  parts  free 
from  stone.     Last  August. 

Red  Egg. 

Eed  Magnum  Bonum,     |     Purple  Egg,  I     Purple  Magnum  Bonum, 

Askew's  Purple  Egg,       |     Eed  Imperial,  of  some,     |     Florence. 

Branches,  smooth.  Long  and  extensively  grown.  It  is  far  surpassed  by 
many  others  ripening  at  same  time.  Fruit,  large,  oval,  deep  red,  with  gray 
dots ;  flesh,  greenish,  coarse.     Free-stone.     September. 

Red  Saint  Martin. 

Saint  Martin  Eouge,     I     Prunler  de  St.  Martin,     I     Coe's  Late  Eed. 
Saint  Martin,  |     Coe's  Fine  Late  Eed,       | 

Foreign.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  medium  size,  roundish  ;  suture,  half 
round,  well  marked  ;  skin,  light  purplish  red,  thin  blue  bloom  ;  flesh,  yel- 
lowish, juicy,  vinous,  separating  freely  from  the  stone ;  stalk,  three-fourths 
inch  long,  stout.  October.  In  Northern  locations  it  does  not  always  ma- 
ture its  fruit. 

Rkine  Claude  Diaphank. 

Raised  by  M.  Laffay,  of  Paris.     Tree,  of  medium  vigor ;  branches,  gray. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish  flattened ;  skin,  smooth,  transparent  green, 
shaded  with  red  ;  flesh,  juicy,  very  sweet  and  aromatic.  Ripens  the  mid- 
dle of  September.     (Al.  Pom.) 

Reine  Claude  d'October. 

Tree,  very  vigorous ;  young  wood,  smooth,  stout,  and  short-jointed.^ 
Fruit,  small,  roundish  ;  suture,  moderate ;  apex,  dimpled  ;  skin,  greenish' 
yellow ;  stalk,  stout,  rather  long ;  flesh,  green,  juicy,  sugary  and  rich  • 
separates  from  the  stone.     Ripens  the  first  of  October. 

Reine  Claude  Rouge  of  September. 
Eeina  Nova. 
Tree,  vigorous.  Fruit,  very  large,  roundish  oval ;  skin,  smooth,  reddish, 
shaded  with  purple  on  the  sunny  side,  finely  pointed  with  russet ;  stalk, 
slender,  set  in  a  slight  cavity;  flesh,  firm,  juicy,  sugary,  slightly  acid, some- 
what aromatic  ;  very  agreeable.  Ripe,  middle  of  September,  and  continues 
a  month.     (Al.  Pom.) 

Reizenstein's  Yellow  Prune. 

An  Italian  fruit.  Tree,  very  vigorous  and  productive.  Fruit,  medium, 
oval,  slightly  necked ;  suture,  slight ;  skin,  yellow,  occasionally  a  sunny 
cheek ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  aromatic  and  pleasant ;  adheres  to  the  stone. 
Ripens  the  last  of  September.     (Downing.) 


UNl'ESTED   VARIETIES,    ETC.  451 

Rivers*  Favorite. 

Elvers'  Early  No.  1. 

Foreign.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval,  pijrple , 
flesh,  melting,  rich,  sweet.     Early  August. 

Rivers*  Prolific. 

Elvers  Early  No.  S. 
Foreign.     Branches,  smooth.     Fruit,  little  above  medium,  roundish  oval, 
purple;  flesh,  yellowish,  rich,  sweet,  excellent  flavor.     Early  August. 

ROYALE. 
La  Eoyale. 
Foreign.  Branches,  very  downy.  Fruit,  medium  or  slightly  above, 
roundish,  reddish  purple,  with  light  brown  specks,  thick,  pale  bloom ;  flesh, 
dull  yellow,  rather  firm,  juicy,  vinous,  parts  freely  from  a  small,  roundish 
stone ;  stalk,  three-fourths  inch  ;  cavity,  narrow.  Last  August,  and  hangs 
to  middle  September. 

Royal  de  Tours. 

Eoyal  Tours. 

Foreign.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  large,  roundish ;  suture,  deep,  giv- 
ing appearance  of  one  side  enlarged,  lively  red  in  shade,  violet  in  sun,  min- 
ute golden  dots,  blue  bloom  ;  stalk,  stout ;  cavity  narrow ;  flesh,  greenish, 
firm,  with  abundant  juice  ;  adheres  closely  to  large,  oval  flattened  stone.. 
Early  August. 

Royal  Hative. 

Mirlan. 
Foreign.     Slow  grower,  and  tender  tree  far  North ;  branches,  downy. 
Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  light  purple,  dotted  little  with  dull  yellow ;  flesh, 
amber  color,  rich,  parts  from  stone ;  stalk,  half-inch  long,  stout ;  stone, 
small.     Last  July. 

St.  Catherine. 
Foreign.      Branches,  smooth  ;  valued  in  France  for  drying,  surpassed 
here  by  varieties  of  later  origin.      Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  pale  yellow, 
little  red  in  sun ;  flesh,  yellow.     Cling-stone.     September. 

Schenectady. 

Schenectady  Catherine. 
An  American  Plum,  originated  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  and  first  intro- 
duced to  notice  and  described  by  Dr.  Herman  Wendell.  Tree,  thrifty, 
hardy,  and  prolific.  Branches,  smooth,  rather  slender:  fruit,  above  me- 
dium, roundish  oval,  broadest  and  slightly  depressed  at  stem  end ;  suture, 
shallow;  skin,  rich,  deep  purple,  slightly  netted  on  the  sunny  side;  flesh, 
greenish  yellow,  fine-grained,  melting,  juicy,  rich,  sweet,  delicious  flavor; 
stone,  small,  thick,  ovate,  parts  readily  from  the  flesh ;  stalk,  three-fourths 
inch  long,  rather  slender,  inserted  in  a  deep,  narrow  cavity.    Last  August. 

Schuyler  Gage. 
American.  Origin,  Albany,  N.  Y.  Tree,  upright  grower ;  branches, 
gray,  smooth.  Fruit,  medium,  oval ;  suture,  indistinct ;  yellow,  with  small 
green  splashes,  dots  and  shades  oif  red  in  sun,  thin  bloom ;  stalk,  long, 
curved ;  flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  rich,  high  flavor,  separates  freely  from 
the  stone.     September. 


4:52  THE  PLUM. 

Sharp's   Emperor. 

Denyer's  Victoria,         |         Queer.  Vlctori*. 

Foreign.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  oval,  lively  red  in 
sun,  paler  in  shade;  flesh,  yellow,  separates  from  stone,  pleasant  flavor. 
Middle  September. 

Thomas. 

American.  Hovey,  in  Mag.  of  Hort.,  says  this  is  a  seedling  of  Mr. 
Thomas.  Boston,  Mass.  We  take  from  his  description.  Branches,  stout, 
slightly  downy.  Fruit,  large,  oblong,  flattened  at  apex,  shallow  suture, 
dark  amber  color,  mottled  and  shaded  with  red,  sprinkled  with  white  dots 
and  whitish  bloom ;  flesh,  deep  yellow,  sweet,  separating  from  a  large, 
roundish  ovate  stone  ;  stalk,  half-inch,  stout,  deeply  inserted.     September. 

Trouvee  de  Vouche. 
Foreign.     Tree,  moderately  vigorous  and  very  fertile.     Fruit,  medium 
or  small,  is  regularly  oval ;    skin,  thick,  reddish  violet,  with  a  shady  side, 
and  a  violet  bloom  on  the  sunny  side ;  flesh,  juicy,  sweet,  and  '•  very  good.'' 
Ripens  the  end  of  August.     (Al.  Pom.) 

Wax  Plum. 

American.  Fruit,  large,  oval  rounded ;  stem,  long,  downy ;  color,  yel 
low,  mostly  covered  \s'ith  carmine  :  lilac  bloom ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow, 
juicy,  sprightly  j  "  good."     Free-stone.     October.     (Hov.  Mag.) 

White  Damson. 

Late  Yellow  Damson,      I     Shailer's  White  Damson, 
White  Prune  Damson,    |     White  Damascene. 

Foreign.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  small,  oval,  pale  yellow,  few  red 
spots ;  flesh,  yellow.     Cling-stone.     September. 

Wilkinson. 
Tree,  vigorous.  Branches,  smooth,  rather  slender.  Fruit,  medium, 
oval,  slightly  necked ;  skin,  reddish  purple,  covered  with  a  thick  bloom ; 
stalk,  medium,  set  in  a  small  cavity ;  flesh,  dark  yellow,  rather  firm,  sweet, 
not  rich  or  high  flavored ;  adheres  partially  to  the  stone.  Ripens  the  last 
of  September.     (Downing.) 

WooLSTON*s  Black  Gage. 
Foreign.  Fruit,  round,  below  medium  size,  black,  very  juicy,  rich  and 
sugary;  a  free  grower  and  great  bearer.  This,  and  Angeline  Burdett,  are 
much  alike  in  their  fruit,  but  differ  in  the  habit  of  the  trees.  Both  have 
thick  skins,  which  induces  them  to  shrivel  on  the  trees  an^l  become  lusci- 
ous sweetmeats.     Beginning  of  September.     (Riv.  Cat.) 

Yellow  Egg. 


Yellow  Magnum  Bonum, 
White  Magnum  Bonum, 
White  Egg, 
Egg  Plum, 
White  Mogul, 


Askew's  Golden  Egg, 
Col.  Young's  Seedling, 
White  Imperial, 
White  Holland, 
Wentworth, 


Dame  Ambert, 

"  "       Jaune, 

"  "       Blanche, 

Grosse  Luisante. 


Foreign.     Numerous  seedlings  are  produced  from  this  variety,  differing 
little  from  the  parent.     "  Long's  Yellow"  is  one  considerably  distributed 


SUPERSEDED  BY  BETTEB  SORTS.  453 

West.  It  is  a  variety  only  esteemed  for  cooking  purposes.  Branches, 
smooth.  Fruit,  large,  oval,  narrowing  at  ends,  suture  distinct ;  skin,  yel- 
low, white  dots,  and  thin  white  bloom ;  flesh,  yellow,  adhering  mostly  to 
the  stone ;  stalk,  long,  surrounded  at  insertion  by  fleshy  ring.  Middle  to 
last  August. 


CLASS  in.     Superseded  by  better  sorts. 

Admibal. 
Corse's  Admiral. 

Canadian.    Branches,  downy.    Fruit,  medium,  oval,  light  purple;  flesh,  greenish  yellow 
Cling-stone.    September. 

Amkeican  "Wheat. 

American.    Branches,  smooth.     Fruit,  small,  round,  blue;  flesh,  greenish.     Cling-stone. 
August. 

Aphicot. 

Apricot  Plum  of  Tours,     I     Abricot6e,  I     Bed  Apricot, 

Abricotee  de  Tours,  |     Yellow  Apricot,       | 

Foreign,    Branches,  downy ;  fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellow,  with  red ;  flesh,  yellow,  bit- 
ter.   Free-stone.    August. 

Blue  G-aoe. 
Azure  Hatlve,   |   Black  Perdrigon,    |   Little  Blue  Gage. 
Foreign.      Branches,  downy.     Fruit,  small,  round,  blue;    flesh,  greenish.     Free-stone. 
August. 

Bhevooet'b  Pubple. 

New  York  Purple,  |  Brevoort's  Purple  Bolmar,  |  Brevoort's  Purple  Washington. 
American.    Branches,  smooth.    Fruit,  large,  oval,  reddish  purple ;  flesh,  yellowish.    Cling, 
stone.    September. 

Beach  Plum. 
Native  of  the  sea-coast.    Fruit,  small,  reddish,  astringent. 
Blue  Pebdeigon. 

Violet  Perdrigon,         I     Brignole  Violette, 
Perdrigon  Violette,     |      Battle  Monument. 

Foreign.    Branches,  downv.    Fruit,  medium,  oval,  reddish  purple ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow. 
Cling-stone.    August. 

Byfield. 

American,    Branches,  smooth.     Fruit,  small,  round,  light  yellow ;  flesh,  yellow.    Cling- 
stone.   August. 

Cheston. 

Cheston  Matchless,   j   Matchless,    |   Violet  Diaper. 

Foreign.    Branches,  downy.    Fruit,  small,  oval,  purple ;  flesh,  yellow.    Free-stone.  August 

COPPEE. 

French  Copper. 

Foreign.    Branches,  smooth.    Fruit,  medium,  oval,  bluish  copper;  flesh,  greenish.    Free« 
stone.    September. 

Cboft's  Eaelt. 

A  small,  reddish  blue  fimit,  with  yellow  flesh,  dry,  and  devoid  of  flavor.    August. 

Damsox. 
Conunon  Damson,    |    Purple  Damson,    |    Early  Damson. 
A  variety  common  in  all  gardens,  increased  by  seeds  and  suckers ;  many  sub-varieties,  under 
names  of  Winter  Damson,  Prune  Damson,  Sweet  Damson,  &c.    Jlranches,  downy.    Fruit 
small,  oval,  purplish  blue ;  flesh,  greenish,  partially  free.    September  to  November. 


454:  THE   PLUM. 

Diamond. 

Foreign.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  large,  oval,  purplish  black;  flesh,  yellow,  dry.  Fre«» 
stone.    September. 

Dictator. 

Raised  by  Henry  Corse,  of  Montreal.  Tree,  vigorous  and  hardy.  Fruit,  very  large,  brown* 
*sh  purple,  covered  with  a  bloom;  flesh,  juicy,  rich,  and  high-flavored. 

Field  Maeshal. 

Corse's  Field  MarshaL 
Canadian.    Fruit,  medium,  oval ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow.    Cling-stone.    August. 

FOTHEBINGHAM. 

Sheen,        |         Grove  House  Purple. 

Foreign.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  reddish  purple;  flesh,  greenish 
yellow.    Free-stone.    August. 

Ghiston's  Eablt. 

American.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  large,  oval,  yellow;  flesh,  yellow.  Free-stone. 
August. 

Gotokd's  La  Fatettk. 
American,    Fruit,  medium,  long,  oval,  purplish  blue ;  flesh,  yellowish.    September. 

Goliath. 

Caledonian,       I      Steer's  Emperor, 
Saint  Cloud,     |      Wilmofs  Late  Orleans. 

Foreign.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  oblong,  purplish  red;  flesh,  yellow. 
Cling-stone.    August 

Guthrie's  Apricot. 
Guthrie's  Apricot  Plum. 

Foreign.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  medium,  oval,  yellow,  with  crimson  dots ;  flesh,  yellow. 
Cling-stone.    August. 

G  WALSH. 

American.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  large,  obovate,  dark  purple;  flesh,  yellow,  acid. 
Cling-stone.    August. 

Holland. 
Blue  Holland,        |         Holland  Prune. 

Foreign.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  medium,  round,  reddish  purple;  flesh,  yellowish. 
Free-stone.    September. 

HoESE  Plum. 
Large  Early  Damson,         |         Sweet  Damson. 

American.  Seedlings  make  good  stocks  for  budding.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  medinm, 
oval,  reddish  purple ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow.    Free-stone.    August. 

JUDSON. 

American.  Fruit,  small,  roundish  oval,  reddish  pink,  mottled;  flesh,  yellowish;  stone, 
large,  free.    August. 

Large  Green  Drying. 
Knight's  Large  Green  Drying. 

Foreign.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  large,  round,  greenish  yellow ;  flesh,  yellowish.  Clingw 
stone,  insipid.    September. 

Late  Bolmer. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish.  Skin,  yellow,  mottled  with  red  next  the  sun.  Flesh,  yellow, 
rather  firm,  sweet,  but  not  rich.    Free-stone.    September. 

Lewiston  Egg. 

Origin,  Lewiston,  N.  T.  Tree,  vigorous  and  productive.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  medi- 
um size,  oval ;  skin,  pale  yellow,  with  a  bloom ;  flesh,  yellow,  adhering  closely  to  the  stone, 
»ot  very  sweet,  and  only  second-rate  flavor.    August. 


SUPERSEDED   BY   BETTER   SORTS.  455 

LiTTLK  Queen  Claude. 

Yellow  Gage  (of  the  English),     I     Eeine  Claude  Blanche,     I     Gonne's  Geeen  Gage, 
Petite  Eeine  Claude,  |      Small  Green  Gage,  |      AYhite  Gage. 

Forci^.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  small,  round,  yellowish  green,  with  red  spots;  flesh, 
pale  yellow.    Free-stone.    August. 

Lucombe''8  Nonsuch. 

Foreign.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit, medium,  roundish,  yellowish  green;  flesh,  greenish, 
Cling-stone.    August. 

Muscle. 
Foreign.    Only  grown  for  stocks.    Fruit,  oblong,  dark  red,  large  stone. 

Nectaeine. 
Caledonia  ?     |     Howell's  Large. 

Foreign.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  purple ;  flesh,  greenish  yellow,  partially 
cling-stone.    August. 

Peoly's  Eably  Blue. 

American.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  medium,  oblong,  dark  blue ;  flesh,  yellow,  partly  fre« 
August 

Pbincb's  Orange  Gage. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval ;  suture,  moderate ;  skin,  yellow  ;  stalk,  long,  set  in  an 
open  cavity;  flesh,  light  yellow,  coarse,  juicy,  pleasant,  but  not  rich,  adheres  to  the  stone. 
September. 

Queen  Mother. 

Bed  Queen  Mother,     |     Pigeon's  Heart,     |     Damas  Violet. 

Foreign.  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  small,  round,  purplish  red  in  sun,  amber  in  shade 
flesh,  yellow.    Free-stone.    September. 

Bed  Imperial. 

Imperial  Eouge,         |         Early  Forcing. 

Foreign.  Branches,  slightly  downy.  Fruit,  large,  oval,  reddish  violet ;  flesh,  greenish  yel- 
low.   Free-stone.    September. 

Bed  Peedeigon. 

Perdrigon  Rouge. 

Foreign.  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  medium,  roundish  oval,  deep  red,  lilac  bloom ;  flesh, 
yellow.    Free-stone.    August. 

Ehinebeck  Yellow  Gage. 

Origin,  Ehinebeck,  N.  Y.    Tree,  very  strong  and  vigorous. 

Fruit,  large,  oval;  suture,  deep;  skin,  yellow;  stalk,  rather  long,  inserted  by  a  fleshy 
ring,  without  depression ;  flesh,  coarse,  adheres  to  the  stone.    September. 

Semiana  of  Boston. 

This  has  been  thought  to  be  the  Imperatrice  Violette  of  old  Duhamel.  "We  are  not  pre- 
pared to  say,  and  as  it  is  condemned  by  all  growers,  do  not  think  it  worth  looking  after. 
Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  medium,  oval,  dark  blue ;  flesh,  harsh,  acid.  Cling-stone.  Sep- 
tember. 

Siamese. 

American,  Branches,  smooth.  Fruit,  grows  in  pairs,  which  is  its  only  merit,  pale  yellow » 
flesh,  yellow.     Cling-stone.    September, 

St.  John's. 

Prune  de  St,  Jean. 

Foreign,  Branches,  downy.  Fruit,  medium,  purplish  blue;  flesh,  greenlsli  yellow. 
August 


456  THE   PLUM. 

Stabklee's  Seedling. 

American.    Branches,  downy.    Fruil,  medium,  oval,  greenish  yellow,  with  white  specks; 
flesh,  yellowish.    Cling-stone.    August. 

Suisse. 

Simiana,  I     Swiss  Plum,  I     Prune  d'Altesse. 

Prune  Suisse,     |     Monsieur  Tardif,     | 

Foreign.    Branches,  smooth.    Fruit,  above  medium,  round,  violet  red ;  flesh,  greenish  yel- 
low, acid.    Cling-stone.    September. 

ViEGIN. 

Virginale. 

Foreign.    Branches,  smooth.    Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  purple ;  flesh,  yellow.    Free-stone. 
September. 

"WniTB  Apeicot. 

Fruit,  medium,  roundish,  yellow ;  flesh,  rather  firm,  not  sweet,  but  pleasant.    Cling-stone. 
Middle  of  August. 

WhITB  luPSnATSIOE. 

White  Empress,         |         Impferatrice  Blanche. 

Foreign.    Branches,  smooth.    Fruit,  medium,  obovate,  bright  yellow,  few  red  spots ;  flesh, 
yellow.    Free-stone.    September. 

WnrrE  Peedbigon. 

Perdrigon  Blanc,        |        Maitre  Claude,        )        Brignole. 

Foreign.    Branches,  downv.    Fruit,  medium,  oval,  greenish  yellow,  red  spots  in  Bun;  flesb 
pale  yellow.    Cling-stone.    August. 

Wilde's. 

American.    Fruit,  large,  oval  oblongs  greenish  yellow ;  flesh,  yellowish  green.    Clingnston^i 
Jolj. 


THE  QaiNCE. 

Cydonia  vulgaris^  Dec.     Rosacece  of  Botanists. 

The  Quince  is  a  tree  of  crooked,  tortuous,  rambling  branches,  and 
in  the  usual  neglected  state  in  which  it  is  cultivated,  seldom  reaches 
a  height  of  over  fifteen  feet.  In  rich,  deep  soils,  however,  it  will 
acquire  a  height  of  twenty-five  to  thirty  feet.  While  young  and  in 
the  nursery,  it  is  of  rather  rapid  growth ;  but  after  the  trees  com- 
mence fruiting,  the  growth  is  less  rapid,  and  is  more  spreading  than 
upright.  The  botanical  name,  Cydonia,  is  said  to  be  from  its  first 
attracting  notice  in  the  city  of  Cydon,  Candia.  The  largest  tree  on 
record  is  growing  in  the  neighborhood  of  Geneva,  New  York,  and 
is,  according  to  the  "  Horticulturist,"  thirty  feet  high,  with  a  trunk 
pjirthing  six  feet,  and  branches  extending  over  a  circle  seventy-five 
feet  in  circumference.  In  the  Journal  of  the  London  Horticultural 
Society,  a  variety  is  spoken  of  as  existing  in  Persia,  of  which  the 
fruit  acquires  the  weight  of  fifty  to  sixty  ounces,  and  ripened,  loses 
all  its  austerity,  so  that  it  is  eaten  at  the  dessert  like  a  soft,  ripe 
pear.  No  such  variety  has,  however,  yet  found  its  way  to  our 
shores,  and  it  is  somewhat  doubtful  if  it  exists.  The  large,  pale 
pink  blossoms  of  the  quince  make  it  rather  ornamental ;  and  appear- 
ing, as  they  do,  after  other  fruit  trees  have  done  blooming,  it  is 
almost  certain  to  escape  late  frosts,  and  annually  produce  fruit. 
We  have  often  wondered  at  the  taste  that  cultivates  carefully  a  bush 
of  privet  or  snowberry,  while  the  quince  is  neglected  in  some  secluded 
shaded  corner. 

Propagation. — By  Seed.  The  seed  should  be  saved  by  cutting 
out  the  cores  and  seeds,  and  laying  them  in  a  heap  for  a  few  days, 
or  until  they  become  soft,  when,  rubbing  in  water  and  passing  the 
pulpy  part  through  a  sieve,  leaves  the  seeds  clear.  They  should 
then  be  mixed  with  damp  sand  in  shallow  boxes,  and  placed  in  a  cool 
cellar  or  out-house  until  Spring — care  being  taken  that  they  do  not  get 
dry,  nor  yet  wet  enough  to  decay.  In  Spring,  sow  thinly,  in  drills, 
good,  rich,  deep  soil,  and  cover  about  two  inches  deep. 

By  Cuttings.  These  are  usually  taken  off"  in  Spring,  early,  from 
wood  of  last  year's  growth,  and  are  about  one  foot  long  each.  The 
buds  should  all  be  cut  out,  except  the  two  upper  ones,  and  the  cut 
ting  set  erect,  ten  inches  deep,  in  rich,  moist,  sandy  soil.'  If  ground 
is  available  where  moisture  can  be  insured  in  Summer,  without  over, 
plus  in  Winter,  the  month  of  September  is  best  for  making  and  put- 
20  457 


4:58  THE   QdlNCE. 

ting  in  the  cuttings.  Small  beds  may  be  made,  well  shaded  from 
noonday  sun,  and  watered  during  the  Summer  season. 

By  Layers.  These  are  usually  made  in  Spring,  by  bending  down 
and  pegging,  as  described  in  a  previous  part  of  this  work.  They 
usually  form  roots  the  first  season,  and  will  answer  the  following 
Spring  to  be  cut  from  the  parent  plant  and  transplanted  into  nursery 
rows. 

By  Roots.  Small  pieces  of  the  roots,  from  four  to  six  inches  long 
each,  taken  off  in  Spring,  and  planted  with  the  upper  end  about  two 
inches  under  ground,  will  throw  up  fine  shoots  during  the  season. 
For  propagating  Cydonia  Japonica,  or  Japan  Quince,  this  is  de- 
cidedly the  best  way. 

By  Budding  and  Grafting.  The  Portugal  and  Orange  Quince, 
being  the  most  valuable,  are  often  propagated  by  budding  and  graft- 
ing ;  and  when  quince  stocks  for  the  purpose  are  not  on  hand,  the 
common  white  thorn  answers  a  very  good  purpose — often  doing 
even  better  than  the  quince,  in  poor  soils,  or  in  the  hands  of  those  who 
neglect  cultivation.  It  is  rendered  more  thrifty,  when  worked  on 
pear  stocks — more  hardy  on  thorn. 

Soil.  The  soil,  for  successful  growth,  should  be  rich,  deep — say 
two  feet — and  regularly  cultivated,  or,  in  other  words,  free  of  grass 
or  weeds.  Barn-yard  manure,  with  salt  in  abundance,  mixed,  and 
allowed  to  lie  six  monfelis  before  being  applied,  and  spaded-in  around 
the  trees,  will  often  render  trees  deemed  unproductive,  and  of  poor 
quality,  productive,  and  of  the  best.  New  plantations,  if  to  be  made 
in  old  worn-out  soils,  should  first  have  a  liberal  dressing  of  virgin 
earth  or  leaf  mould  from  woods.  Free  use  of  liquid  manures,  applied 
during  Winter  and  Spring,  have  to  our  knowledge  kept  a  plantation 
of  the  quince  in  fine  health  and  bearing  for  upwards  of  thirty  years. 
Bog-earth,  or  salt-marsh  mud,  is  frequently  used  in  the  States  bor- 
dering on  the  ocean  or  salt  water. 

Situation.  A  shaded  situation,  and  moist,  has  been  almost  uni- 
versally advised;  neither  of  which  is  at  all  essential.  Shade,  on 
the  contrary,  is  objectionable ;  while,  in  soils  well  supplied  with  ma- 
nures and  salt,  moisture  sufficient  will  always  be  found. 

Transplanting,  Pruning^  and  Distance  apart.  The,  Quince  is 
hardy,  and  the  Fall  is  best  for  transplanting ;  but,  when  not  conve- 
nient, its  roots  strike  so  readily  that  no  one  should  be  deterred,  even 
if  left  until  late  in  Spring.  Newly  planted  trees  should  be  pruned 
back  very  closely,  or  say  two-thirds  of  the  last  year's  growth  cut 
away,  and  all  branches  for  a  distance  of  eighteen  inches  from  the 
crown  cut  away,  thus  leaving  the  tree  with  a  stem  or  body  of  eigh- 
teen inches— just  sufficient  to  enable  one  to  dig  and  cultivate  around 
it  underneath  the  branches.  The  distance  apart  for  trees  destined 
for  an  orchard,  should  be  about  twelve  feet  each  way.  The  object 
of  pruning   orchard  trees   should  be,  to  keep   the  head  open  ancj 


VARIETIES.  459 

regular — cutting  away  all  crossing  limbs  and  suckers.  "  The  bear- 
ing branches,  or  spurs  of  the  quince,  are  small  twiggy  shoots,  pro- 
duced on  wood  at  least  two  years  old.  These  bear  two,  three,  or 
more  fruit-buds.  These  produce  shoots  two  or  three  inches  long,  on 
the  point  of  which  the  fruit  is  borne  singly.  These  spurs  have 
always  wood-buds,  as  well  as  fruit-buds,  and  therefore  should  be 
shortened  back  the  Spring  after  they  have  borne,  in  order  to  pro- 
duce new  spurs  at  the  same  point." 

Insects,  etc.  "  The  borer  sometimes  proves  a  formidable  enemy. 
It  is  the  larva  of  an  insect  which  attacks  the  wood  of  the  trunk,  near 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  works  inwards,  usually  upwards,  but 
sometimes  downwards,  to  a  distance  of  several  inches  into  the  wood, 
during  the  summer  season. 

"  As  the  borer  frequently  destroys  the  tree,  various  means  of  pre 
vention  have  been  resorted  to.  The  remedies  described  for  the 
apple-borer  are  found  useful.  When  the  insect  has  once  obtained 
possession,  the  best  method  appears  to  be  direct  attack.  Scrape  the 
soil  from  the  trunk,  and  cut  with  a  knife,  lengthwise,  and  not  across 
the  bark  and  wood,  till  the  insects  are  found.  Repeat  the  operation 
once  a  week  for  several  times,  as  a  part  escape  the  first  examination. 
Then  cover  the  wounded  parts  with  a  mixture  of  warm  tar  and 
ochre  or  brickdust.  It  is  a  great  saving  of  labor  to  arrest  early  their 
progress ;  hence,  trees  should  be  examined  frequently.  They  may 
sometimes  be  extracted  by  a  flexible  barbed  wire,  when  cutting  out 
would  too  much  mutilate  the  tree." 

In  Spring  or  early  summer  months  the  ends  of  the  branches  often 
turn  black  and  die.  By  some,  this  is  declared  to  be  caused  by  an 
insect  i^scolytus),  and  the  remedy  said  to  lie  in  the  cutting  off  and 
burning  the  branches.  We  do  not  so  regard  it,  but  believe  it  rather 
caused  by  atmospheric  change ;  as  a  bright,  clear,  hot  sun  imme- 
diately opening  at  about  midday,  after  a  warm,  softening  rain,  will 
often  exhibit  the  result  of  blacking  ends  of  young,  tender  shoots,  in 
a  very  few  hours. 

Uses.  The  Quince  is  never  eaten  in  a  raw  state,  but  has,  from  the 
days  of  Columella,  been  highly  esteemed  for  making  of  marmalade, 
preserving,  stewing,  to  give  additional  flavor  to  tarts  of  apple  and  of 
pastry,  etc.  In  medicine,  the  expressed  juice,  repeatedly  taken  in 
small  quantities,  is  regarded  as  cooling,  astringent,  and  stomachic. 
Dried  quinces  are  said  to  be  excellent.  Gathered  carefully  by  hand, 
the  quince  may  be  wrapped  in  paper,  and,  placed  in  a  cool  room, 
kept  until  near  midwinter. 

VARIETIES. 

Of  these  there  are  very  few  really  worthy  of  description,  and,  of 
these,  three  only  worthy  of  cultivation  to  any  extent.  The  Chinese 
Quince  {^Cydonia  Sinensis)  is  cultivated  only  as  ornamental.   Its  fruit 


460 


THE    QTHNCE. 


is  egg-shaped,  dull  green,  with  hard,  dry  flesh ;  its  flowers  rosy  red, 
very  pretty.  The  Japan  Quince  ( Cydonia  Japonica)  is  also  only 
cultivated  as  an  ornamental  shrub.  There  are  three  varieties,  bearing 
flowers  bluish  white,  scarlet  or  crimson ;  and  of  the  latter,  with 
flowers  nearly  double.  The  fruit  is  dark  green,  hard,  with  a  pleasant 
odor ;   not  eatable. 

Angers. 

This  variety  is  mostly  grown  for  the  purpose  of  engrafting  the  pear  upon. 
The  fruit  is.  however,  equal  to  the  Pear-shaped,  and  much  resembles  it, 
only  that  it  is  larger,  somewhat  more  rounded,  and  a  lighter,  brighter  yel- 
low.   The  principal  value,  however,  is  for  stocks  on  which  to  work  the  Pear. 

New  Upright. 

Paris  de  Fontenay. 
A  variety  first  introduced  to  notice  by  Messrs.  EUwanger  and  Barry,  of 
Rochester,  N.  Y.     It  grows  upright,  strikes  readily  from  cuttings,  but  after 
the  first  year's  growth,  seems  to  lose  vigor  and  afterwards  grows  very 
tardily. 

Orange  Quince. 

Apple  Quince,        |        Apple-shaped  Quince,        |        Cydonia  v.  Malfonnia. 


This  is  the  variety  most  generally  grown,  and  most  esteemed.     When 
fully  ripe,  its  rich  golden  yellow  resembles  more  the  color  of  an  oraugo 


VARIETIES. 


461 


tlian  its  shape  corresponds  to  the  general  form  of  apples ;  therefore  we 
prefer  the  name  orange  to  apple-shaped.  It  is  not  rare  to  find  it  grown 
from  seed,  and  the  seedlings  sold  as  the  Orange  Quince,  when,  in  truth,  as 
many  of  the  seedlings  are  likely  to  produce  the  pear-shaped  or  even  far  in- 
ferior fruit,  as  seedlings  from  a  good  pear  or  good  apple,  when  the  parent 
was  grown  by  itself.  It  is  often  gathered  before  ripe,  which  is  not  until 
from  the  middle  to  the  last  of  October.  If  gathered  too  early  they  do  not 
cook  tender.  Leaf,  ovate  pointed.  Fruit,  large,  ovate,  obtuse  pyriform, 
varying  to  obovate  conickl ;  stem,  usually  in  a  slight  depression ;  when 
well-grown  and  cared  for,  the  skin  is  smooth,  of  a  rich  golden  yellow ; 
without  care,  it  becomes  small,  knotty,  and  woolly ;  core,  large,  and  placed 
nearest  the  blossom  or  calyx  end ;  seeds,  reddish  brown. 

Portugal  Quince. 
Cydonia  Lnsitanica. 


This  variety  is  readily  distinguished  in  the  tree,  by  its  leaf  being  round, 
or  as  wide  as  long,  and  very  downy  underneath.  The  true  variety  is  yet 
scarce  in  the  "West.  It  has  the  reputation  of  being  a  shy  bearer,  but  trees 
in  our  grounds  have  produced  equally  as  abundant  as  the  Orange  Quince. 
Fruit,  medium  to  large,  regular  oblong  pyriform,  smooth,  of  a  paler  yellow 
than  the  Orange  variety;  core,  medium,  and  placed  near  the  centre;  seeds, 
light  brown ,  flesh,  mild,  loss  astringent  than  other  varieties  ;  cooks  tender 


462  THE   RASPBERRY. 

and  turns  a  fine  purple  or  deep  crimson,  hence  highly  esteemed.     It  ripena 
about  ten  days  earlier  than  Orange  Quince  ;  requires  very  rich,  deep  soil- 

Pear  Quince. 

Pear-shaped  Quince,         I        Pyriform  Quince, 
Oblong  Quince,  |         Cydonia  Sub.  v.  Pyrifonn, 

This  takes  its  name  from  the  fruit  being  shaped  much  like  many  varie- 
ties of  the  Pear.  It  is  of  medium  size,  roundish  oblong  or  pyriform,  taper- 
ing to  the  stalk.  S/cin,  dull  yellow ;  flesh,  firm^  tough,  dry,  but  of  high 
flavor.  When  stewed  or  cooked,  it  is  less  tender,  and  the  flesh  less  lively 
in  color  than  the  Orange  Quince.     Leaves,  oblong  ovate.     Last  of  Octobei 

Rea's  Seedling. 

Van  Slyke. 
New.     Originated  by  Joseph  Rea,  Coxsackie,  Green  Co.,  N.  Y.     Tree, 
healthy,  thrifty  grower,  productive  ;  said  to  be  very  valuable.     Fruit,  one- 
third  larger  than  the  Orange  variety ;  of  same  form  and  color,  fair,  hand- 
some and  equally  good. 


THE  KASPBEERY. 

Hubus  idcBtis.     RosacecB  of  Botanists. 

A  LOW  deciduous  shrub,  found  wild  in  the  woods,  both  of  this 
country  and  Europe.  The  roots  being  permanent,  and  the  stems 
biennial,  they  throw  up  a  number  of  shoots,  which  produce  fruit  the 
second  year  and  die.  Our  present  cultivated  varieties  have  been 
produced  by  high  cultivation  of  seedlings  from  a  variety  no  better 
than  is  to  be  found  common  in  the  fence  corners  of  our  slovenly 
farmers. 

Propagation  and  Transplanting.  New  varieties  are  produced 
from  seed ;  the  seedlings  having  a  tendency  to  depart  materially 
from  the  character  of  the  parent,  as  in  the  instance  of  the  "  Orange," 
produced  from  seed  of  a  crimson  berry. 

Seedlings  are  easily  grown  by  planting  the  berry  when  fully  ripe, 
about  one  inch  deep,  in  light  loamy  soil,  where  it  is  a  little  shaded. 
They  will  fruit  the  second  or  third  year.  Varieties  are  usually  in- 
creased by  transplanting  the  suckers  or  offsets.  They  can  be  pro- 
pagated by  cuttings,  which  is  done  much  in  the  manner  of  managing 
cuttings  of  the  rose ;  the  care  and  attention  requisite,  making  it  only 
desirable  in  case  of  rare  or  new  kinds.  A  few  varieties,  as  the 
American  Black  and  English  Red,  sometimes  propagate  by  their 
branches  bending  over  until  the  ends  touch,  and  become  covered  in 
the  ground. 


CULTURE   AND    TKAINING. 


463 


In  transplanting,  the  root  should  be  protected  from  drying  winds 
or  hot  suns,  and  the  cane  should  be  cut  back  one-fourth  its  previous 
season's  growth. 

The  rows  should  be  north  and  south,  and  three  to  four  feet  apart, 
according  to  the  vigor  of  the  sort,  and  the  plants  placed  one  every 
two  feet.  Some  plant  three  in  a  hill,  the  hills  four  feet  apart.  We 
think  they  become  matted  too  soon  in  this  way. 

Soil.  All  cultivators  agree  that,  while  the  raspberry  may  be 
made  to  grow  on  gravelly  loam,  slaty  soil,  or  stiff  cold  clay,  it  can 
be  relied  on  for  a  crop  only  when  planted  in  a  rich  deep  loam,  where 
there  is  moisture,  but  such  drainage  that  water  will  not  stand.  For 
those  whose  gardens  are  upon  soils  naturally  unfavorable,  deep 
trenching,  placing  coarse  barn-yard  manure  at  the  bottom  of  the 
trench,  and  covering  the  surface  with  two  inches  of  leaf-mould  from 
the  woods,  will  often  render  the  plants  productive,  especially  in  wet 
seasons. 

Situation.  The  situation  should  be  open,  fully  exposed  to  light 
and  air ;  to  this  end  the  advice  to  form  rows  north  and  south. 

Culture  and  Training.  In  large  plantations,  weeds  are  kept 
down  mostly  with  the  plough  and  cultivator,  hoeing  where  the  culti- 
vator does  not  reach.  Where  the  variety  is  hardy,  a  single  pruning 
in  the  Spring  is  all  that  is  necessary.  This  should  be  done  early 
in  March  or  April,  according  to  the  season  or  section  of  the  country 
where  located ;  and  consists  in  cutting  away  the  canes  of  last  year's 
bearing,  leaving  four  to  six  of  the  strongest  of  last  year's  growth  for 
the  coming  crop ;  these  to  be  cut  back  one-fourth,  cutting  away  all 
shoots  of  slender  growth,  and  also  all  suckers,  unless  wanted  for 
future  planting.  Varieties  requiring  winter  protection  should  have 
the  old  fruiting  canes  cut  away  in  September.  Where  increase  of 
plants  is  wanted,  they  should  not  be  dug  or  hoed  around  early  in 
Spring. 

An  English  gardener,  in  our  immediate  neighborhood,  has  prac- 
tised the  following  modes  of  training,  ever  since  our  residence  in  the 
north  of  Ohio : 

Figure  1  represents   the  canes  prepared  for  fruiting,  in  April. 

The  uprights  are  posts 
L.  V,  ^\.\,  \.M  sjj^^  ..  ..^v.\.v  VA  N/  ^/./^^^y        made  of  cedar  or  locust, 

four  inches  square  at  the 
bottom,  and  two  inches 
at  top.  The  ];iorizontal 
lines  may  be  of  tarred 
rope,  or  annealed  iron 
wire,  coated  with  coal 
tar.  To  the  horizontal  wires,  the  canes  are  tied  by  strips  of  basi 
bark,  such  as  is  used  in  budding. 


464 


THE   KASPBEERY. 


Fig.  2. 


In  figure  2,  the 
arched  portion  tied  to 
the  stake  in  the  centre, 
represents  the  canes  of 
last  year's  growth  pre- 
pared for  fruiting  the 
coming  season. 

Figure  3  represents 


Fig.  8. 


the  plants  in  the  Fall ;  the  upright  canes  being  those  of  the  season's 

growth,  while  the  arch- 
ed ones  are  those  which 
have  produced  fruit, 
and  must  be  cut  away. 
Insects.  The  rasp- 
berry is  generally  free 
from  destructive  in- 
sects. Dr.  Munson,  of 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  in 
a  paper  to  the  Ameri- 
can Pomological  Soci- 
ety, speaks  as  follows 
of  one.  We  have  not  seen  it  West.  "  It  is  a  fungus  of  a  bright 
orange  color,  and  infests  the  under  side  of  the  foliage  of  the  common 
red  raspberry,  Rubus  idceus,  in  Connecticut ;  and  the  exhaustion  oc- 
casioned by  this  fungus  causes  the  plant  to  put  up  a  multitude  of 
spindling  stalks,  and  renders  it  wholly  unproductive.  This  affection 
disseminates  itself,  and  I  know  of  no  remedy." 

Protection.  Many  of  the  best  varieties,  like  Red  Antwerp,  re- 
quire protection  in  Winter,  north  of  Philadelphia,  in  order  to  insure 
a  full  crop.  This  is  best  and  easiest  done  by  two  meji  passing  along 
the  rows,  one  bending  down  the  canes  to  the  ground,  while  the  other, 
with  a  shovel,  throws  two  inches  of  earth  upon  them. 

Gathering  Fruit.  This  should  be  done  in  the  cool  of  the  morning, 
when  they  are  higher  flavored  than  at  midday. 

Uses.  "  The  raspberry  is  held  in  general  estimation,  not  only  as 
one  of  the  most  refreshing  and  agreeable  sub-acid  fruits  for  the 
dessert,  but  it  is  employed  by  almost  every  family  in  making  pre- 
serves, jams,  ices,  sauces,  tarts,  and  jellies  ;  and  on  a  larger  scale  by 
confectioners,  for  making  syrups  ;  by  distillers,  for  making  raspberry 
brandy,  -wnegar,  etc.  Raspberry  wine,  made  in  the  same  way  as 
that  of  currant,  is  considered  the  most  fragrant  and  delicious  of  all 
home-made  wines."  {Downing.)  Its  fruit,  immediately  succeeding 
the  strawberry,  and  not  liable  to  undergo  acetous  fermentation  in  the 
stomach,  is  regarded,  and  prescribed  by  many  physicians,  as  a  pro- 
moter of  health. 

Profits.     Seldom  failing  to  produce  a  crop,  when  grown  on  suita- 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED.  465 

able  soil ;  requiring  comparatively  little  labor  to  prune  and  keep  the 
plant  in  order ;  always  meeting  ready  sale,  at  fair  prices,  it  is  sur- 
prising that  more  attention  has  not  been  given  the  culture  of  the 
raspberry  by  orchardists  and  farmers.  The  "  Red  Antwerp,"  which 
is  mostly  grown  for  the  New  York  market  by  cultivators  on  the 
Hudson  river,  is^  stated  to  have  produced  3,300  baskets,  of  one  pint 
each,  from  three-fourths  of  an  acre  ;  and  $1,500  has  been  realized, 
in  a  single  season,  from  sale  of  product  of  three  acres.  A  plantation 
of  raspberries  will  be  in  perfection  the  third  year,  and  continue  pro- 
fitable five  or  six  years,  when  it  is  best  to  form  a  new  one  on  a  fresh 
piece  of  ground. 

Autumn  Fruiting.  Any  variety  may  be  caused  to  mature  its 
fruit  in  the  Autumn,  by  cutting  away  all  shoots  in  Spring,  and  stop- 
ping in  the  young  shoots  about  midsummer.  It  is,  however,  an 
unprofitable  course,  as  the  plant  is  unfitted  for  another  season's 
fruiting,  except  in  the  same  way,  and  the  yield  is  only  about  one- 
half. 

Classification  and  Varieties.  We  have  made  but  two  classes  of 
the  raspberry,  from  the  great  difficulty  of  selecting  those  only  for  a 
first  class,  which  would  bear  the  mark  of  worthy  general  culture. 
Heretofore,  the  Red  and  Yellow  Antwerps  have  always  been  re- 
garded as  finest  for  the  dessert ;  but,  since  the  introduction  of  the 
Fastolf  and  the  Orange,  they  have  by  very  many  been  regarded 
as  surpassed  in  delicacy. 

CLASS  I.    Most  generally  esteemed. 

American  Black. 

Thimblebeiry,  |  Common  Black  Cup,  ]  Black  Easpberry. 
This  is  to  be  found  common  around  old  stumps  and  in  fence-corners  in 
the  country.  Cultivated  in  deep,  loamy  soil,  in  the  garden,  it  increases 
in  size  nearly  one-fourth  ;  and  ripening  very  late,  will  always  be  profitable 
for  market.  For  making  jam,  flavoring  puddings,  etc.,  it  is  preferred  to  the 
more  delicate  kinds.  Shoots,  long,  rambling,  recurved.  Berries^  dark 
purple,  nearly  black,  round  flattened. 

American  Red. 
Common  Bed,    |     English  Bed,  of  some. 
Well  known.     Shoots,  upright,  light  brown.     Fruit,  medium,  roundish, 
light  red,  sub-acid.     Early. 

Belle  de  Fontenay, 
A  dwarf- growing  variety,  with  large  and  deep  green  leaves ;  bears  large 
fruit  all  the  Autumn,  of  good  flavor,  but  requires  warm  soil  and  exposure. 
Hort.) 

Catawissa. 

American.     From  Columbia  Co.,  Pa.      Fruity  medium,   dark  reddish 
purple,  producing  abundantly  on  the  young  wood,  and  commencing  to  ripen 
20* 


166 


TUE    RASPBERRY. 


early  in  August.     This  character  will  probably  make  it  valuable  when 
raspberry  eaues  are  liable  to  be  destroyed  by  the  colds  in  Winter. 

Antwerp. 

New  Red  Antwerp,  |  True  Red  Antwerp. 
Although  universally  desired,  it  is 
rare  that  the  true  Red  Antwerp  rasp- 
berry is  found  West  of  the  State  of 
New  York.  It  is  a  Dutch  sort,  ori- 
ginally from  Antwerp  city.  An  exa- 
mination of  the  Red  Antwerp  as  im- 
ported from  several  sources,  all  of 
which  prove  incorrect,  leads  us  to 
doubt  whether  it  is  better  known  in 
the  old  country  than  here.  The 
common  Red  Antwerp  is  easily  de- 
tected in  its  fruit  being  smaller  and 
round,  while  that  of  the  tnie  is  large, 
regularly  long  conical,  dull  red,  with 
a  rich,  sweet  flavor.  Canes,  mode- 
rately strong,  yellowish  green,  be- 
coming pale  brown  or  mouse  color, 
early  in  Autumn,  covered  below  with  dark  brown  spines,  but  the  upper 
portions,  especially  of  the  bearing  wood,  nearly  smooth.  Ripens  from  first 
to  tenth  July.  The  canes  need  protection  in  Winter  throughout  Northern 
sections,  in  order  to  secure  a  full  crop. 


Colonel  Wilder. 

Another  seedling  of  Dr.  Brinckle's. 
Shoots,  strong,  light-colored.  Fruity 
above  medium,  roundish  conical,  light 
cream  color,  firm,  with  a  sprightly, 
fine  flavor;  moderately  productive, 
ripening  its  fruit  in  succession,  from 
early  until  quite  late  in  the  season. 
Raised  from  seed  of  the  Fastolf,  and 
named  in  honor  of  one  of  the  best 
pomologists  in  America. 


Cope. 
Aseedlingof  Dr.  Brinckle's;  promises  well.    Foliage,  light  green.    Fruity 
large,  conical,  crimson :  spines,  red. 

CASHING. 
This  fine  raspberry  was  raised  from  seed  of  the  Double-bearing,  by  Dr. 
Brinckle,  of  Philadelphia,  in  1844.  It  promises  well;  should  receive  atten- 
tion of  amateurs.  Shoots,  strong,  vigorous ;  prickles,  brown ;  leaf,  plaited, 
regular  form.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  conical,  crimson,  and  of  fine  flavor. 
Matures  early. 


MOST   GENEEALLY   ESTEEMED. 


467 


Emily. 

A  seedling  from  the  Colonel  Wilder;  little  disseminated;  vigorous 
growth,  with  white  spines.  Fruit,  large,  round,  occasionally  shouldered : 
light  yellow. 

English  Red  Cane. 

Allen?     I     False  Bed  Antwerp. 

A  variety  much  grown  and  highly  valued  by  market  gardeners.  The 
canes  arc  pretty  strong,  tall,  of  a  bluish  red  color,  whitish  gray  bloom,  very 
hardy  and  productive.  Fruit,  medium  or  above,  globular,  slightly  conical; 
dull  red,  large  grains,  and  moderately  firm,  bearing  carriage  w^ell ;  fleshy 
juicy,  pleasant,  not  high  flavor. 

Fastolf. 

An  English  variety,  in- 
troduced with  high  praise, 
which  it  has  fully  sustained 
in  this  country.  It  is  proba- 
bly a  chance  seedling  of  the 
Red  Antwerp,  which  it  much 
resembles.  Its  name  is  from 
an  old  pile,  called  Fastolf 
Castle,  near  Yarmouth,  Eng. 
Throughout  most  of  North 
and  Western  States  it  will 
need  protection  in  Winter, 
as  its  canes  are  not  quite 
hardy.  For  small  gardens, 
we  prefer  it  to  Red  Ant- 
werp ;  but  for  market  cul- 
ture, the  latter  is  best,  on 
account  of  being  more  firm. 
Shoots,  strong,  are  much  in- 
clined to  branch,  light  yel- 
lowish brown.  Fruit,  large^ 
roundish,  obtuse  conical, 
bright  purplish  red,  soft, 
rich,  high-flavored,  product- 
ive ;  ripening  its  fruit  in 
long-continued  succession. 


Franconia. 
Introduced  to  this  country  from  France,  under  this  name  ;  but  not  to  be 
found  in  any  foreign  catalogue  to  which  we  have  had  access.  Its  canes 
are  nearly  hardy ;  maturing  good  crops,  without  protection,  four  years  out 
of  five.  Shoots,  strong,  branching,  yellowish  brown,  with  scattered,  rather 
stout  bristles;  leaves,  rather  narrow.  Fruit,  large,  obtuse  conical,  dark 
rich  red,  rich,  rather  acid  flavor ;  more  firm  than  Fastolf,  and  not  as  much 
80  as  Red  Antwerp.  A  few  days  later  than  the  latter  in  ripening.  It  is 
caid  that  in  New  Hampshire  there  is  a  wild  variety  similar  if  not  identical. 


468 


THE   RASPBERRY. 


French. 

Vice-President  French. 
This  is  a  seedling  of  Fastolf  crossed  with  Yellow   A-ntwerp  ;  originated 
with  Dr.  Brinckle.     Fruit,  large,  round,  crimson,  matv^res  late  ;  spines,  red. 
It  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  Brinckle  seedlings,  and  deserves  extensive 
culture. 

Fulton. 

From  seed  of  French.     Fruit,  large,  round,  crimson ;  productive,  and  a 
vigorous  grower ;  spines,  red.    One  of  Dr.  Brinckle's  origin. 

General  Patterson. 
Seedling  of  the  Colonel  Wilder  ;  vigorous  grower, 
large,  round,  crimson. 

Knevett's  Giant. 


Spines,  red.     Fruity 


Imported  from  England  by 
Col.  Wilder,  in  1843.  This 
raspberry  has  proved  more 
hardy  than  any  other  foreign 
variety,  requiring  no  protec- 
tion, and  producing  uniformly 
large  crops  of  fruit.  Its  texture 
being  firm,  it  will  be  found 
profitable  to  grow  for  market. 


Canes, 


upright,    dis- 


posed to  branch.  Fruit,  large, 
obtuse  conical  or  roundish, 
deep  red  and  of  excellent  fla- 
vor. It  is  recommended  for 
general  cultivation  by  the 
American  Pomological  Society. 


Magnum  Bonum. 

A  white  or  yellowish  fruit  of  large  size,  rather  firm  flesh,  and  finely 
flavored,  similar  to  the  old  Yellow  Antwerp.  Very  productive  and 
vigorous. 

Merveille  de  Quatre  Saisons. 

Large,  bright  red,  and  is,  of  all  the  Autumnal  raspberries,  the  most 
abundant  bearer ',  its  spikes  of  fruit  are  often  twelve  or  eighteen  inches 
long,  and  produced  till  the  end  of  October.     (Hort.) 

Merveille  de  Quatre  Saisons. 

Yellow  fruit,  new  variety,  raised  from  the  above.  It  bears  abundantly 
7n  the  Autumn,  and  its  fruit  is  sweet  and  well  flavored.     (Hort.) 

Monthly. 

Large-fmited  Monthly,     |     Elvers' Large-fruited  Monthly. 
Shoots,  long,  slender,  purplish  in  the  sun,  thickly  covered   with  dark 
purple  spines.     Fruit,  hardly  above  medium,  red,  fine  flavor. 


MOST  GENERALLY  ESTEEMED.  469 

Mrs.  Wilder. 

Seedling  of  Col.  Wilder,  which  it  so  nearly  resembles  as  not  to  require 
distinct  description. 

Northumberland  Fillbasket. 

A  new  foreign  variety,  A  strong,  vigorous  grower,  with  numerous 
rather  strong,  crimson-colored  spines.  Fniit.  somewhat  globular  or  obtuse 
conical,  deep  red,  with  a  good,  pleasant,  slightly  acid  flavor.     Productive. 

Ohio  Ever-bearing. 

Ohio  Easpbeny. 
Native  of  Ohio,  and  differing  from  the  American  Black  only  in  producing 
two  crops  in  a  year.     By  many  esteemed  very  desirable. 

Orange. 

This  variety  was  grown  by  Dr.  Brinckle  from  seed  in  1844.  On  account 
of  being  more  hardy,  it  will  probably  supersede  the  Yellow  Antwerp,  while 
its  late  period  of  ripening  will  render  it  highly  valuable  for  marketing. 
Shoots,  vigorous,  with  white  spines ;  leaf,  irregular.  Fruit,  large,  ovate, 
beautiful  bright  orange  color,  and  of  excellent  flavor.  Productive.  By 
many  this  is  regarded  as  the  best  of  all  the  varieties  originated  by  Dr. 
Brinckle. 

Thunderer. 

A  new  variety  lately  introduced  from  England,  and  which  very  much 
resembles  Franconia.     It  promises  equally  valuable. 

Yellow  Antwerp. 

"White  Antwerp,     |     Double-hearing  Yellow. 

This  variety  is  only  suited  to  small  gardens,  and  even  there,  we  presume, 
will  soon  give  place  to  the  Col.  Wilder  and  Orange.  It  sometimes  throws 
up  a  succession  of  shoots,  maturing  fruit  for  a  long  time,  whence  its 
synonym  of  Double-bearing.  Shoots,  strong,  light  yellow,  with  greenish 
spines.  Fruit,  large,  conical,  pale  yellow,  sweet,  and  excellent.  Requires 
protection  in  Winter.  In  our  Southern  States,  the  Antwerp  varieties  are 
said  to  fail. 

Walker. 

Seedling  grown  by  Dr.  Brinckle,  which  promises  to  be  valuable  as  a 
market  variety.  It  is  yet  little  known  out  of  Philadelphia.  Fruit,  large, 
round,  deep  crimson,  solid,  adheres  firmly  to  the  stem,  keeps  long  in  per 
fection  on  the  plant,  and  bears  carriage  well ;  spines,  red. 

Woodward. 
Raised  by  Dr.  Brinckle.     This  is  one  of  the  smallest  varieties,  though 
larger  than  the  ordinary  wild  raspberry.     Fruit,  round,  sometimes  roundish 
ovate,  crimson  ;   red  spines.     Has  ripened  as  early  as  the  tenth  of  June. 
(Wilder  in  Hort.) 


4:70  THE    RASPBEEEY. 


CLASS  III.     Superseded  varieties. 

Ameeican  "Whitk. 
WUte  Thimblebeny. 
Varying  from  above,  only  in  color. 

Babnet. 

ComwaH'i  Prolific,       I     Cornwairs  Bed,     I     Lord  Exmouth's. 
Cornwall's  Seedling,     |     Large  Bed,  | 

'  Englislu.  Shoots,  long,  yellowish  green,  branching.    Fruit,  large,  soft,  roundish  coixi<;al, 
purplish  red,  agreeable. 

Bebntfobd  Cane. 
Euglish.    Shoots,  strong,  branching.    Fruit,  medium,  oval  conical,  dull  red.    Inferior. 

Cox's  HONBY. 

English..  Fruit,  medium,  yellowish  white,  borne  in  clusters  along  the  stems. 

Cretan  Bed. 

From  the  Mediterranean.  Shoots,  upright,  hardy.  Fruit,  medium,  round,  deep  red,  acid. 
Lato. 

Double-Beabing. 

Perpetual  Bearing,     I     Late  Cane, 
Siberian,  |     Bed  Double-Bearing. 

Variety  of  the  Antwerp.    Large,  dull  red,  hardy.    Bipens  late. 

NOTTINOnAM  SCABLET. 

English.    Fruit,  medium,  obtuse  conical,  red. 

Bed  Antwebp. 

Old  Bed  Antwerp,        I     Howland's  Bed  Antwerp,     I     Burley. 
Knevett's  Antwerp,     |     Framboisier  a  Gros  Fruit,     | 

This  is  the  common  Bed  Antwerp  of  England  and  this  country,  and  is  quite  distinct  tram 
the  North  Biver  variety,  which  is  shorter  in  growth,  and  has  a  conical  fruit.  Canes,  strong 
and  tall ;  spines,  light  red,  rather  numerous,  and  pretty  strong.  Fruit,  large,  nearly  globular, 
or  obtuse  conical ;  color,  dark  red,  with  large  grains,  and  covered  with  a  thick  bloom;  flesh, 
juicy,  with  a  brisk  vinous  flavor. 

ViOTOBIA. 

English.    Medium,  roundish  conical,  red, 

Woodwabd's  Bed  Globe. 
English.    Large,  red,  roundish  conical. 

"Wilmot's  Eably  Bed. 
English.    Small,  roundish,  red.    Early. 


THE  STRAWBERRY. 

Fragana^  {of  species,)  L. — Rosaceae  of  Botanists. 

During  the  past  ten  years,  or  since  the  advent  of  Hovey's  Seed- 
ling to  the  varieties  of  the  Strawberry,  there  has  arisen  a  furor  for 
the  production  of  new  varieties,  until  nearly  every  village  in  the 
United  States  has  its  "rare  and  unsurpassed  seedling,"  cultivated  and 
extolled  with  praise  and  poetry  equaling  that  of  olden  bard ;  while 
savans,  wise  on  Strawberry  culture  and  the  structure  of  plants 
botanically,  have  occupied  page  after  page  of  our  Horticultural 
Journals,  much  to  the  amusement,  if  not  instruction,  of  practical 
men. 

A  native  of  the  temperate  latitudes  of  both  hemispheres,  the 
varieties  of  the  Strawberry  are  universally  esteemed  among  the 
most  delicious,  as  well  as  most  wholesome,  of  the  smaller  fruits. 
And  although  it  is  regarded  as  properly  a  habitant  of  cold  climates, 
it  is  successfully  cultivated  in  the  most  southern  latitude  of  this 
country. 

As  a  fruit  embracing  delicious  and  healthful  qualities,  with  full  and 
satisfactory  pecuniary  returns,  it  has  found  a  place  in  every  garden, 
farm,  and  plantation,  from  the  size  of  a  bed  four  feet  square  to  the 
field  of  five  times  that  many  acres  ;  yet  withal,  there  is  not  sufiicient 
quantity  grown  to  meet  the  demand.  Olden  records  have  been  made 
of  cures  effected  in  the  human  frame  from  use  of  Strawberries.  We 
consider  the  fact,  that  during  strawberry  season  there  is  less  of  sickness 
in  cities  well  supplied  with  that  fruit,  a  most  agreeable  testimonial  to 
its  healthful  and  invaluable  qualities  at  the  present  day.  The  dis- 
tinctive name,  Fragaria,  is  highly  expressive  of  the  fragrant  scent 
emitted  by  the  fruit. 

Raising  from  Seed.  When  the  fruit  is  perfectly  ripe,  it  should 
be  gathered  and  cut  into  small  pieces,  or  with  great  care  each  seed 
separated.  Select  ground  of  light  sandy  soil,  where  only  the  morn- 
ing sun  will  shine ;  or,  better,  perhaps,  have  ready  a  cold-frame  with 
the  lights  sloping  to  the  North.  Sow  the  seed  at  distances  of  about 
one  inch,  and-  cover  lightly,  by  sifting  fine  sand,  or,  what  is  prefera- 
ble, vegetable  mould  from  the  woods.  This  done  in  June,  the  plants 
will  need  care  until  about  October,  at  which  time,  if  not  grown  in  a 
frame,  they  should  have  tan -bark  or  decayed  leaves  strewed  among 
them  to  the  depth  of  two  inches.  Early  in  April  following,  trans- 
plant into  deeply  trenched  ground,  well  manured  with  vegetable  com 
post. 

471 


472  THE   STKA^VBERRY. 

Propagation  from  Runners  and  Divisions.  All  varieties  of  the 
Strawberry,  except  the  Wood  and  Alpine,  propagate  rapidly  by 
means  of  runners.  These,  when  a  new  variety  is  procured,  should 
be  carefully  watched,  and  as  fast  as  they  make  joints,  should  be 
pegged  down,  and  have  fine  soil  or  sharp  sand  scattered  over  them, 
to  induce  them  more  readily  to  make  roots.  In  this  way,  from  fifty 
to  one  hundred  new  plants  can  be  obtained  from  a  single  one  in  a 
season. 

To  secure  a  bed  of  those  most  prolific  in  old  grounds,  select  while 
in  fruit,  and  set  stakes  by  side  of  those  from  which  you  wish  to  renew ; 
after  fruiting,  destroy  all  around,  thus  giving  them  light  and  room  to 
form  abundance  of  new  plants.  The  Wood  and  Alpine  varieties  are 
propagated  easily  from  seed  with  but  little  variation.  They  are 
also  propagated  by  dividing  the  roots  or  cluster  of  roots  early  in  the 
Spring. 

Fertile  and  Barren  Plants.  It  is  an  old  saying  that  "  every  person 
enjoys  some  hobby  on  which  to  ride."  Mr.  N.  Longworth,  of  Cin- 
cinnati, has  received  the  credit  of  starting  the  hobby  of  (in  common 
phrase)  male  and  female  strawberry  blossoms  ;  and  so  vigorously  has 
the  hobby  been  ridden,  that,  with  locomotive  power  and  speed,  it  has 
found  its  way  into  every  journal  in  the  country,  whether  horticultural 
or  otherwise  ;  and  so  generally  is  the  distinction  of  staminate  (male) 
and  pistillate  (female)  flowers  understood,  that  we  do  not  deem  it 
necessary  here  to  re-describe. 

"  The  European  Wood  and  Alpine  Strawberries  always  maintain  a 
natural  character  of  the  blossom,  no  matter  how  cultivated,  and  there- 
fore every  blossom  gives  a  perfect  fruit." 


Fig.  1.  Fi^.  2. 

SterOe  StaminaU  Blossom.  SteriU  PistiUate  Bhssom. 

The  "  Scarlets,"  and  "  Pines,"  as  they  are  classed,  when  grown 
from  seed  in  highly  cultivated  grounds,  have  a  tendency  to  become 
imperfect  in  either  stamens  or  pistils,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  hence 
arises  the  necessity  as  well  as  apparent  reality  of  the  terms,  male  and 
female. 

In  the  production  of  new  varieties,  even  in  our  wildlings,  the  seed- 
ling plants,  by  means  of  highly  enriched  and  stimulating  soils,  in 
exhibiting  the  full  and  even  enlarged  development  of  one  organ,  the 


VARIETIES   AND  THEIR  CLASSIFICATION.  473 

other  remaining  imperfect,  has  given  rise  to  the  theory  of  strictly 
barren  (staminate)  and  fertile  (pistillate)  plants,  which,  when  once 
formed,  it  is  well  known,  seldom  change.  We  coincide  with  Mr. 
Downing,  "  that  the  organs  are  always  present,  though  imperfectly 
developed,"  and  that  when  "deficient  in  pistils,  (see  Fig.  1,)  they  are 
called  male  plants  ;  if  deficient  in  stamens,  (see  Fig.  2,)  female  plants, 
the  terms  are  incorrect ;  "  yet  these  terms  have  become  so  commonly 
accepted,  that  we  have,  for  the  better  understanding,  continued  their  use. 

This  deficiency  in  the  one  or  other  organ  arising  from  the  original 
state  of  cultivation,  cannot  be  changed  by  placing  the  plant  in  dif- 
ferent soil  and  preserving  an  even  temperature.  The  runners  will, 
when  grown  in  open  air  and  usual  cultivation,  in  nine  hundred  and 
ninety-five  instances  out  of  every  thousand,  continue  to  maintain  the 
habit  of  the  parent  plant.  A  change  from  imperfect  or  perfect  con- 
struction in  the  flower  of  the  Strawberry  cannot  be  depended  on  from 
a  plant  whose  habit  is  once  established,  by  means  simply  of  varied 
cultivation,  although  very  high  and  exciting  cultivation  from  enrich- 
ing of  animal  manures,  will  often  produce  over-luxuriance  of  foliage, 
with  corresponding  decrease  of  fruit-stems  ;  hence,  the  necessity  of 
forming  beds  or  plantations  of  the  two  distinct  fully  developed  plants, 
and  also  the  care  requisite  to  prevent  the  staminate  or  male  plants 
from  occupying  too  much  ground,  their  supply  of  food  derived  from 
the  root,  being  given  to  creation  of  new  plants  by  means  of  runners 
instead  of  fruit,  as  in  the  pistillate  or  female  variety. 

With  this  understanding,  therefore,  that  varieties  are  continually 
being  produced,  in  which  one  organ  is  most  prominently  developed, 
and  measurably  to  the  destruction  of  the  whole  as  a  fruit-bearing 
flower,  it  has  become  a  requisite  in  planting,  to  secure  such  propor- 
tion of  fruit-bearing  or  pistillate  plants  with  the  fructifying  or  stami- 
nate varieties  as  to  return  the  desired  yield  of  fruit.  The  pistillates, 
being  regarded  as  the  female,  are  counted  valuable  in  newly  formed 
beds  as  of  ten  to  one  of  staminates  or  males. 

Varieties,  however,  exist,  like  the  Large  Early  Scarlet,  Burr's  Old 
Seedling,  and  Longworth's  Prolific,  which  have  generally  been  class- 
ed as  staminate  or  male  plants,  and  yet  produce  abundance  of  fruit. 
These  varieties  possess  both  organs  perfect,  in  proportion  of  about 
three  out  of  five  flowers,  and  we  have  therefore  classed  them  as  her- 
maphrodite. 

Varieties  and  their  Classification.  The  varieties  of  this  fruit  have 
within  ten  years  past  become  so  numerous  as  to  be  burdensome  to  tha 
author  who  describes,  as  well  as  the  amateur  or  nurseryman  who 
grows,  while  for  all  practical  and  useful  purposes,  but  very  few  are 
retained  as  desirable  to  cultivate,  where  quantity  of  produce  and  char- 
acter, or  rather  flavor  in  fruit  is  expected. 

The  character  exhibited  in  varieties  often  marks  their  parentage, 
yet,  as  it  is  known  that  a  plant  can  be  fertilized  by  two  or  more  varie- 


474:  THE    STKAWBERRT. 

ties,  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  select  the  distinct  class,  and  tvriters 
are  often  not  a  little  confused  in  endeavoring  to  place  them. 

Authors  have  classed  the  Strawberry  as  Scarlets^  the  orighial  type 
being  our  wild  Strawberry ;  Pines,  originating  from  Pine  or  Surinam 
Strawberry;  Woods  and  Alpines,  from  the  common  wood  Straw- 
berry of  Europe  ;  Hauthois,  or  High  wood,  from  Bohemia ;  Chili, 
from  South  America. 

The  Scarlets  are  designated  in  their  character  by  small  flowers  ; 
long,  thin,  light  green,  sharply  serrate  leaves  ;  acid  or  sub-acid  fruit, 
of  bright  scarlet  color,  with  seeds  deeply  imbedded. 

The  Pines  are  designated  by  large  flowers  ;  broad,  dark  green 
leaves  ;  fruit  of  pine-apple  flavor,  and  generally  soft  in  texture  ;  seeds 
slightly  imbedded. 

The  Alpines  and  Woods  have  small  flowers,  perfect  in  their  organs ; 
small,  thin,  light  green  leaves ;  fruit,  small,  sweet,  and  separating 
freely  from  the  calyx. 

The  Hautbois  have  large,  pale  green  leaves,  on  tall  foot-stalks, 
the  fruit-stalk  tall  and  erect,  the  fruit  of  a  dull  red  or  purplish  color. 

The  Chili,  designated  by  hairy,  thick,  obtusely  serrate  leaves,  fruit 
pale  red  and  insipid. 

The  Green  Strawberries  have  light  green  foliage,  plaited  fruit, 
solid  flesh,  so  unworthy  cultivation  as  rarely  to  be  found  in  this 
country. 

We  have  dropped  the  arrangement  into  classes,  as  many  of  the 
new  varieties  combine  two  of  the  above  classes,  and  it  is  therefore  im- 
possible to  classify  distinctly. 

Soil  and  Situation.  Rich,  deep,  loamy,  inclining  to  clayey  soils, 
are  generally  found  to  produce  the  largest  berries,  as  well  as  most  in 
quantity  ;  but  a  sharp  sandy  soil,  well  manured  with  compost  of  ani- 
mal manure,  bones,  decayed  weeds,  old  mortar,  brick-dust  or  rubbish, 
has,  to  our  knowledge,  produced  some  crops  equal  to  any  recorded 
in  the  public  journals.  Deep,  the  soil  must  be,  say  twenty  inches,  to 
insure  the  perfection  of  an  entire  crop.  If  only  a  moderately  deep 
soil  of  six  to  eight  inches,  the  first  berries  will  fill  and  perfect,  while 
the  heat  and  drought,  so  usual  throughout  the  West  and  South-west 
in  Strawberry  season,  will  cause  too  rapid  exhaustion,  and  prevent 
the  filling  and  perfecting  of  the  remainder. 

Trenches,  three  feet  wide  and  two  feet  deep,  with  one  foot  of  straw 
or  leaves  laid  in  the  bottom,  then  filled  up  with  good  soil,  well  repay 
the  labor,  in  the  extra  crop  produced. 

Where  beds  have  been  long  established  and  rendered  rich  by  dig- 
ging in,  liberally,  of  barn-yard  manure,  it  frequently  happens  that  too 
much  growth  of  foliage  ensues,  to  the  destruction  of  flowers  or  fruit- 
stems.  Where  sut^,h  is  the  case,  application  of  one  quart  of  gypsum 
(plaster  of  Paris),  to  every  four  feet  square  of  ground,  with  two 
inches  over  the  surface  of  leaf  or  vegetable  mould  from  the  woods 


TIME   OF   RIPENING,  4:76 

or  old  pastures,  will  again  bring  in  fruit.  It  also  often  occurs,  that 
the  staminates  have  become  too  numerous.  These  are  easily  de- 
tected, as  they  flower  some  eight  or  ten  days  earlier  than  the  pistil- 
lates,  and  may  then  be  drawn  out. 

The  situation  of  a  bed  or  plantation  affects  only  the  earlier  or 
later  maturity  of  a  variety.  A  side-hill  sloping  south-east,  with 
springs  of  water  gushing  from  several  points  near  its  summit,  has 
enabled  an  acquaintance  of  ours  to  send  to  market  the  ''Early 
Scarlet  '*  strawberry,  some  ten  days  or  two  weeks  in  advance  of 
others,  who  have  the  same  variety  on  warm  soils  and  upon  level 
exposures.  Situations  so  selected  that  water  can  be  supplied 
liberally  throughout  the  fruiting  season,  will  increase  the  product 
nearly  one-third.  Wet  ground,  where  water  stands  after  rains,  or 
springy,  cold  soils,  should  never  be  selected. 

Season  for  Transplanting  and  Freparation  of  Plants.  South  of 
Philadelphia,  the  best  season  for  forming  new  plantations  is  either 
the  last  of  September,  first  of  October,  or  in  March.  In  latitudes 
north  of  this  range  it  will  generally  be  found  best  to  transplant  in 
April  or  early  in  May.  July  or  August  planting  in  either  section 
will  be  found  unprofitable,  owing  to  the  clear  drying  heat  of  our  sun ; 
while  September  or  later  planting  in  the  northern  range  will  require 
additional  care,  heavy  mulching  with  tan-bark,  saw-dust  or  the  like ; 
and  even  then,  many  of  the  plants  will  be  drawn  out  by  frosts  of 
Winter. 

The  plants,  when  set,  should  be  trimmed  of  all  but  two  leaves, 
the  roots  immersed  in  muddy  water,  and  if  possible  a  damp  or  rainy 
time  selected  for  the  work ;  and  in  order  to  have  the  bed  profitable, 
one  hermaphrodite  should  be  planted  to  every  eight  pistillate  plants. 

Time  of  Ripening.  This  varies  according  to  latitude.  In  the 
latitude  of  Cincinnati,  the  season  usually  commences  about  the  25th 
May,  continuing  until  the  first  of  July,  and  for  every  degree  of  lati- 
tude a  difference  of  ten  days  may  be  counted  on,  either  earlier  or 
later,  as  you  go  north  or  south. 

The  fruiting  season  may  also  be  controlled  at  pleasure  by  means 
of  cutting  foliage  and  flowers,  and  liberal  or  restrained  watering. 
If,  for  instance,  a  bed  of  Jenney's  Seedling  be  taken,  of  eight  feet 
square,  the  first  two  feet  square  shall  be  permitted  to  bloom  and  fruit 
at  its  usual  time ;  the  next  two  feet  shall  have  only  its  first  fruit- 
stems  plucked  when  just  about  to  bloom ;  the  third  shall  have  its 
entire  foliage  and  fruit-stems  cut  close  to  the  ground,  and  when  the 
second  fruit-stems  appear,  they  are  also  to  be  picked  as  in  the  second 
plat ;  the  fourth  shall  be  treated  as  the  third,  but  receive  no  moisture 
after  the  first  cutting  for  a  space  of  ten  days  or  two  weeks.  The 
result  will  be  a  succession  of  fruit  in  order. 

Modes  of  Culture.  Different  varieties  require  measurably  different 
modes  of  culture  in  order  to  insure  full  and  perfect  fruit.     That  of 


476  THE    STRAWBERRY. 

cultivation  in  hills  of  about  two  feet  apart,  one  plant  to  a  hill,  the 
runners  regularly  destroyed,  is  most  successful  with  the  Wood  and 
Alpine  varieties,  and  is  the  only  successful  mode  of  growing  any  of 
the  English  varieties  ;  it  also  returns  the  largest  and  most  perfect 
berries  with  nearly  all  the  Scarlets  and  Pines  ;  but  at  the  price  of 
labor  in  this  country,  it  is  regarded  as  too  expensive  to  compare 
favorably  with  the  following  modes  in  rows  or  strips,  which  have 
been  successfully  and  largely  practiced  in  this  country,  and  are  thus 
described  by  A.  J.  Downing : 

"  Culture  in  Rows.  The  rows  should  be  two  feet  apart,  and  the 
plants  of  the  large  growing  kinds  two  feet  from  each  other  in  the 
rows ;  of  the  smaller  growing  kinds,  from  one  foot  to  eighteen  inches 
is  sufficient.  The  runners  must  be  kept  down  by  cutting  them  off 
at  least  thtee  times  a  year,  and  the  ground  maintained  in  good  order 
by  constant  dressing.  During  the  first  year,  a  row  of  any  small 
vegetables  may  be  sown  in  the  spaces  between  the  rows.  Every 
Autumn,  if  the  plants  are  not  luxuriant,  a  light  coat  of  manure  should 
be  dug  in  between  the  rows ;  but  if  they  are  very  thrifty,  it  must  be 
omitted,  as  it  would  cause  them  to  run  too  much  to  leaf. 

"  A  light  top-dressing  of  leaves,  or  any  good  compost,  applied  late 
in  the  Fall,  greatly  promotes  the  vigor  of  the  plants,  and  secures  the 
more  tender  kinds  against  the  effects  of  an  unusually  cold  Winter. 
Before  the  fruit  ripens,  the  ground  between  the  rows  should  be 
covered  with  straw  or  new-mown  grass  to  keep  it  clean.  A  planta- 
tion in  rows  is  generally  in  full  perfection  the  third  year,  and  must 
always  be  renewed  after  the  fourth  year." 

Culture  in  Alternate  Strips.  "  Strike  out  the  rows  three  feet 
apart  with  a  line.  Plant  along  each  line,  about  a  foot  apart  in  the 
row.  The  plants  will  soon  send  out  runners,  and  these  runners 
should  be  allowed  to  take  possession  of  every  alternate  strip  of  three 
feet,  the  other  strip  being  kept  bare  by  continually  destroying  all 
runners  upon  it,  the  whole  patch  being  kept  free  of  all  weeds.  The 
occupied  strip,  or  bed  of  runners,  will  now  give  a  heavy  crop  of 
strawberries,  and  the  open  strip  of  three  will  serve  as  an  alley  from 
which  to  gather  fruit.  After  the  crop  is  over,  dig  and  prepare  this 
alley  or  strip  for  the  occupancy  of  the  new  runners  for  the  next 
season's  crop.  The  runners  from  the  old  strip  will  now  speedily 
cover  the  new  space  alloted  to  them,  and  will  perhaps  require  a  par- 
tial thinning  out  to  have  them  evenly  distributed.  As  soon  as  this 
is  the  case — say  about  the  middle  of  August — dig  under  the  whole 
of  the  old  plants  with  a  light  coat  of  manure.  The  surface  may  be 
then  sown  with  turnips  or  spinach,  which  will  come  off  before  the 
next  season  of  fruits. 

"  In  this  way,  the  strips  or  beds  occupied  by  the  plants  are  re- 
versed every  season,  and  the  same  plot  of  ground  may  thus  be  con- 
tinued in  a  productive  state  for  many  years." 


SPECIFIC    NUTRITION.  477 

Specific  Nutrition.  R.  G.  Pardee,  of  Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  says  :  "I 
fertilize  the  plants,  on  opening  of  Spring,  with  a  liberal  sprinkling 
of  a  solution  of  one-fourth  of  a  pound  each  of  sulphate  of  potassium, 
Glauber  salts,  and  sal  soda,  and  one  ounce  of  muriate  ammonia,  to 
eight  gallons  of  water ;  continue  this  once  a  week,  or  ten  days,  until 
they  blossom  ;  then  pure  cold  water  until  they  ripen." 

An  old  recipe,  published  in  the  "  Friends'  Review,"  Philadelphia, 
says  that  "  a  bed  30  feet  by  40  should  have  applied,  about  once  a 
week,  for  three  times,  commencing  when  the  green  leaves  first  begin 
to  start,  and  making  the  last  application  just  before  the  plants  are  in 
''uU  bloom,  the  following  preparation  :  "  Of  nitre,  of  potash,  of 
Glauber's  salt,  and  sal  soda,  each  one  pound ;  of  nitrate  of  ammonia, 
one-quarter  of  a  pound,  dissolved  in  thirty  gallons  of  rain  or  river 
water,  one-third  applied  at  a  time,  and  the  application  made  at 
evening."  If  dry  weather,  free  application  of  clear  soft  water 
should  be  made  between  the  times  of  using  the  preparation. 
Throughout  most  of  the  Western  soils  there  is,  as  yet,  no  necessity 
for  specific  application  of  food  to  the  strawberry,  except  it  may  be  in 
old  gardens.  For  field,  or  market  culture,  new  clover-lye  will  be 
found  better  than  specific  manures  on  old  grounds.  The  applying 
specific  nutrition  in  solution  to  all  fruit-bearing  plants,  undoubtedly 
increases  their  susceptibility,  while  it  increases  the  vigor,  and  foliage, 
and  size  of  fruit ;  yet  we  doubt  the  success  of  such  increased  action 
in  the  soils  of  the  Western  States,  as  combined  with  the  great 
changes  of  climate.  On  the  other  hand,  we  advise  such  course  as 
will  rather  check  than  enhance  vigor.  We  append  analysis  of  the 
Strawberry  plant,  made  by  Mr.  Bilius  Kirtland,  for  guidance  of 
those  whose  grounds  have  become  exhausted,  and  who  prefer  this 
method : 

Garden  Strawberry. 

In  one  hundred  and  sixteen  grains  of  the  ashes : 

Grains. 

Silica 6.117 

Charcoal  and  Sand 3.103 

Perphosphate  of  Iron * -       1.515 

Lime 26  539 

Magnesia 8.908 

Sulphuric  Acid 1.469 

Phosphoric  Acid 6.970 

Chlorine 708 

Potash : 33.154 

Soda 2.790 

Carbonic  Acid 23.008 

114.281 
Organic  matter  and  loss , 1 .739 

116.020 


478 


THE    STEAWBEREY. 


CLASS  I.     Most  generally  esteemed, 

Boston  Pine. 
American.  Staminate  ;  rec[uires  high  cultivation  ;  vines,  vigorous. 
Fruit,  large,  roundish,  slightly  conical ;  seeds,  yellow,  slightly  imbedded  . 
zolor,  deep,  rich,  shining  red  ;  flesh,  pale  scarlet,  firm,  juicy,  sweet,  with  8 
sprightly,  agreeable  flavor.  C.  M.  Hovey  is  the  originator  of  this  variety. 
Its  earliness  and  great  productiveness  make  it  highly  valuable. 

Burr's  New  Pine. 


Originated  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  in  1846,  on  a  clayey 
soil.  Flowers,  pistillate,  large  for  the  sex  ;  vines, 
hardy,  vigorous,  very  productive. 

Fruit,  large,  obovate,  or  rounded,  light  pale  red  ; 
seeds,  slightly  imbedded  ;  flesh,  whitish  pink,  deli- 
cate aromatic  flavor,  sweet,  and  delicious  ;  core,  firm, 
long  rounded,  too  tender  for  a  market  fruit,  highly 
desirable  in  gardens.  Ripens  among  the  very  ear- 
liest. 


Genesee. 

American.  Hermaphrodite  ;  vines,  luxuriant ;  fruit-stalks,  stout,  sup- 
porting the  fruit  well.  Fruit,  large,  roundish,  dark  crimson,  very  produc- 
tive.    Ripens  late.     Originated  with  Eilwanger  and  Barry. 

Hooker. 

Originated  with  H.  E.  Hooker,  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Esteemed.  Herma- 
phrodite ]  vines,  vigorous,  large  broad  foliage,  hardy,  productive,  long  time 
in  bearing;  fruit-stalks,  long;  truss,  large.  Fruit,  large,  obtuse  conical, 
generally  regular,  but  sometimes  cock's  comb,  dark  crimson,  purplish  red, 
surface  soft,  polished ;  seeds,  not  deeply  imbedded  ;  flesh,  fine,  sweet,  rich, 
and  excellent. 

Hovey's  Seedling. 

American.  Pistillate.  Flowers,  small ;  vines,  vigorous  ;  leaves,  broad, 
roundish,  distinct  from  all  other  varieties ;  leaf  and  fruit-stalks,  short  and 
stout.  Fruit,  very  large,  roundish  ovate,  slightly  conical,  with  a  short 
neck  ;  color,  when  fully  exposed  to  the  sun,  dark,  rich,  shining  red  ;  seeds, 
dark;  flesh,  scarlet,  firm,  bears  carriage  well,  but  is  deficient  in  richness  of 
flavor.  In  rich,  deep,  loamy  soils,  and  supplied  with  a  good  impregnator, 
this  variety  will  give  immense  crops  of  large  fine  fruit.  In  common  or 
sandy  soils  it  perfects  only  a  few  large  berries.  The  "  Methven  Scarlet ' 
has  been  largely  disseminated  in  Illinois  and  farther  west  States  as 
Hovey's  Seedling.  Newly  planted  beds  require  a  covering  of  litter  in 
Winter. 


MOST  genp:rallt  esteemed. 


478 


Hudson. 


Hudson's  Bay, 
Old  Hudson, 


Late  Scarlet, 
American  Scarlet, 


Pistillate.  More  extensively  cultivated  than  an/  other  variety,  its  har- 
dihood and  late  period  of  maturity,  together  with  its  fine,  rich,  acid  flavor, 
so  valuable  for  preserving,  will  continue  for  years  to  bring  it  abundantly  to 
the  markets  of  our  large  cities.  In  the  rich  clay  lands  around  Cincinnati 
it  grows  to  such  size  as  frequently  to  have  been  mistaken  for  Hovey's.  It 
must,  however,  gradually  give  place  to  such  varieties  as  Longworth's  Pro- 
lific, Western  Queen,  &:c.  Fruit,  above  medium,  ovate,  often  with  a 
neck ;  seeds,  deeply  imbedded ;  color,  rich  dark  glossy  red  ;  jlesh,  firm,  of  a 
high,  brisk  acid  flavor.  Should  be  permitted  to  hang  until  fully  matured. 
Season,  rather  late. 

Jennet's  Seedling. 

Valuable  for  ripening  late — say  one  week  after 
'•  Longworth's  Prolific,"  or  about  same  time  as 
"  Dundee  " — and  for  its  firm  texture,  and  desirable 
qualities  as  a  variety  for  preserving.  Flowers, 
pistillate  :  vines,  very  hardy ;  leaf  and  fruit-stems, 
both  long,  stiff",  and  upright ;  calyx,  very  large,  dis- 
tinctive. Fruit,  large  very  regular,  roundish 
conical ;  color,  rich,  glossy  dark  red  ;  seeds,  deeply 
imbedded  ;  jlesh,  white,  tinged  with  pink  at  the 
core,  while  the  red  of  surface  is  shaded  in  one- 
sixteenth  of  distance,  firm, rich,  sub-acid,  delicious; 
core,  long  conical,  open  texture,  sometimes,  hol- 
low. Season,  late.  Very  productive,  3,200  quarts 
having  been  gathered  from  less  than  three-quarters 
of  an  acre. 

Longworth's  Prolific. 

Schneike's  Seedling. 

Originated  at  Cincinnati  at  the  same  time 
as  McAvoy's  Superior,  and  on  similar  ground  ; 
both  on  the  land  of  Mr.  Longworth  known  as  the 
'•  Garden  of  Eden."  For  market  culture  we  re- 
gard it  of  more  value  than  McAvoy's  Superior. 
Flowers,  hermaphrodite;  vines,  hardy;  foot- 
stalks, long,  stout;  leaf,  broad,  round,  bold,  up- 
right, with  a  curve  ;  trusses,  large,  full,  stand  up 
well  from  the  ground  ;  productive,  regular,  and 
sure  bearer.  Fruit,  above  medium  to  large,  gen- 
erally regular,  roundish  or  obovate,  sometimes 
slightly  conical  or  coxcomb ;  color,  rich,  dark 
crimson;  seeds,  small,  deeply  imbedded  ;  fiesh,  firm,  bright  red,  with  veins 
of  white,  and  a  white  rim  surrounding  the  core,  which  is  obovate  rounded, 
sub-acid,  rich,  high,  not  delicate  flavor;  calyx,  around  stem,  is  large,  long 
acuminate,  and  the  stem  set  deeply  into  the  fruit.  Ripens  medium  season, 
or  with  "  Hudson." 


480 


THE     STEAWBERET. 


Large  Early  Scarlet.  ^- 

Early  Virginia. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  With  some  this  is  regarded  as  the  best 
early  berry.  Its  chief  value  may  be  found  as  an  impregnator  of  pistillate 
kinds.  Fruity  medium,  roundish  ovate,  bright  scarlet ;  seeds,  deeply  im- 
bedded ;  fleshj  tender,  rich,  slightly  acid  flavor.  Season,  very  early.  We 
think  "Jenny  Lind  "  will  prove  superior  to  this,  and  take  its  place. 

McAvoy's  Superior. 

McAvoy'8  No.  12. 


Originated  at  Cincinnati,  in  1848,  on  loamy  clay  soil  underlaid  wnth 
limestone.  Received  the  prize  of  $100  from  the  Cincinnati  Horticultural 
Society,  1851.  Flowers,  pistillate;  vines,  hardy;  foliage,  broad,  dark, 
wavy,  and  sharply  serrated ;  foot-stalks,  long ;  trusses,  full,  and  well- 
formed.  Fruit,  very  large,  exceeding  by  one-eighth  that  of  any  other  va- 
riety ;  form,  varied,  as  shown  in  our  drawings,  generally  roundish,  irregu- 
lar conical,  and  occasionally  slightly  necked  ;  color,  rich,  dark,  glossy 
crimson ;  seeds,  large,  slightly  imbedded  ;  flesh,  red  crimson,  lighted  and 
veined  with  white,  the  white  most  apparent  at  the  apex,  tender,  juicy,  rich, 
with  an  exquisitely  fine,  high  flavor ;  core,  round  oblong,  rather  open  and 
coarse  in  texture.  Too  tender  to  endure  carriage  long  distances;  desirable 
for  private  gardens.     Ripens  at  medium  season. 

Monroe  Scarlet. 

American.  Pistillate.  Plants,  vigorous,  prolific.  Fruit,  large^  round- 
ish, short  neck,  fair  flavor ;  flesh,  firm.     Valuable  market  sort. 

Walker's  Seedlinq. 
Staminate.     Fruit,   medium   size,    roundish   conical,    very 


American, 
dark  crimson ;  seed 


moderately  sunk;  flesh,  not  quite  solid,  deeply  stained 


with  red,  sprightly  rich  flavor,  of  quality  "best;"  prolific  for  a  staminate. 


MOST   OENKRALLY   ESTEEMED. 


481 


Prolific  Hautbois. 

Conic*!  Hautbrtis,        j        Double  Bearing,         |       Lafayette,  of  80me^ 
Musk  H&utbois,  |        Caperon  lioyal,  |       La  Grange,  of  somA 

Of  all  thft  Hautbois  or  high-wood  class  of  strawber- 
ries, this  we  regard  as  the  only  one  worth  cultivating ; 
and  even  this  is  only  adapted  to  private  gardens  of 
those  who  relish  its  peculiar  musky  flavor.  One  pint 
of  these  berries,  mixed  with  a  dish  of  two  quarts  of 
any  of  the  Scarlet  or  Pine  varieties,  imparts  a  richness 
and  character  that  few  can  avoid  liking,  after  once 
tasting.  Plants  of  both  sexes  require  to  be  carefully 
selected  in  order  to  give  product.  Foot-stalks,  long, 
bearing  the  fruit  above  the  foliage  ;  vines,  hardy,  and 
very  productive.  Fruit,  medium,  sometimes  large, 
rounded  conical,  dark  purplish  red ;  seeds,  light  crim- 
son, prominent;  Jlesh,  firm,  musky,  very  rich,  sweet 
and  delicious:  core,  ovate  conical,  partially  hollow.  Ripens  with  "Wes- 
tern Queen ;"  and  sometimes,  when  the  season  is  rainy,  gives  a  partial 
second  crop.  John  Saul,  Washington.  D.  C,  says  the  Fertilized  Hautbois 
of  Myatt  is  a  larger  fruit  and  bearer  than  above. 

Western  Queen. 

Originated  at  Cleveland,  by  Prof.  J.  P.  Kirtland,  in 
1849,  on  gravelly  loam.  Flowers,  pistillate;  vines, 
very  hardy;  foot-stalks,  long;  foliage,  dark,  acumi- 
nate ;  truss,  well  spread,  very  productive.  Fruit, 
medium  to  large,  regular  rounded  conical,  very  little 
inclination  to  form  a  neck;  color,  rich  dark  glossy 
red  ;  seeds,  dark  :  flesh,  yellowish  stained,  firm,  juicy, 
sub-acid,  sprightly  and  agreeable  flavor  ;  core,  long, 
conical.  This  variety  bears  carriage  well,  and  being 
less  acid  as  well  as  'larger  than  Hudson  or  Willey, 
should  supersede  them. 

Willey. 
WUey. 
American.  Pistillate.  Undoubtedly  a  seedling  from  Hudson,  as  plants 
taken  from  the  bed  of  Mrs.  Willey,  originally  Hudson,  (from  whence  its 
name,)  have  some  been  recognized  as  Hudson,  while  others  bear  the  cha- 
racter allied  to,  but  yet  varied.  Fruity  medium  to  large,  ovate  conical 
rounded,  rarely  inclining  to  neck,  rich,  dark,  glossy  red;  flesh,  firm,  juicy, 
high  acid  flavor.  Hangs  long,  and  should  be  permitted  so  to  do  ;  vines, 
very  hardy,  vigorous,  require  severe  thinning,  or  the  fruit  is  materially 
lessened  in  size. 

Wilson's  Albany. 
Ptaised  by  the  late  James  Wilson,  Albany,  N.  Y.  Flowers,  pistillate; 
vines,  hardy,  vigorous,  and  very  productive.  Fruit,  large,  broadly  conic, 
pointed ;  color,  deep  crimson  ;  flesh,  crimson,  tender,  with  a  brisk  acid  fla- 
vor ;  a  promising  variety.  The  introduction  of  this,  as  well  as  most  other 
Northern  varieties,  at  the  Southwest,  should  be  done  cautiously,  as  it  if 
doubtful  whether  they  will  bear  the  heat  of  Southern  summers. 
21 


482  THE  STEAWBEBRT. 

CLASS  II.     New  and  untested  varieties^  or  adapted  to  certain  localities. 

Admiral  Dundas. 

English.  New.  Foliage,  small.  Fruit,  large,  irregular,  conical  flat- 
tened, pale  scarlet,  yellowish,  seeds  slightly  imbedded ;  flesh,  pale  red,  hol- 
low, juicy;  "good."     (Hov.  Mag.) 

Ajax. 

English.  Staminate.  Fruit,  globular,  sometimes  cock's  comb,  dark 
crimson,  fine  flavor.     New. 

Alice  Maude. 

Princess  Alic«  Maade. 
English.     Hermaphrodite.     Large  flowers,  conical,  dark  crimson,  glossy, 
flavor  sprightly,   abundant  bearer;   grown  largely   in  some  sectioas   of 
Virginia. 

BicTON  Pine. 

English.  Staminate.  Fruit,  large,  long  oval,  flattened,  bluish  white 
For  amateurs  only. 

Bishop's  Orange. 

Orange  IXudson's  Bay,     |     Bishop's  New. 
Pistillate.     Medium,   light  orange  scarlet,  conical ;    fruits  in  clusters, 
moderately  prolific.     Desirable  in  warm,  deep,  sandy  soils. 

Black  Prince. 

Black  Imperial. 

English.  Pistillate.  Large,  rounded,  deep  purplish  red,  glossy ;  seeds, 
slightly  imbedded,  very  showy;  flesh,  rich,  red,  sweet;  in  some  localities 
— as  at  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  and  on  the  Canada  shore  opposite  Detroit — 
proves  of  the  very  highest  flavor;  wants  a  rich,  loamy  clay;  core,  full, 
firm,  surrounded  by  a  light  pink  line.  There  is  another  variety  of  Black 
Prince,  wliich  is  long,  conical,  somewhat  acid. 

Brewer's  Emperor. 

English.  Staminate.  Large,  ovate,  dark  red,  hardy,  and  said  to  be  pro- 
ductive. Although  introduced  to  this  country  some  eight  years,  it  has  not 
as  yet  been  much  disseminated. 

Brighton  Pine. 

Raised  by  Mr.  Scott,  of  Brighton,  Mass.     An  early  and  prolific  variety, 

much  lauded  by  Mr.  Hovey,  from  whose  magazine  we  extract  description  ^. 

Vines,  vigorous,  hardy.     Fruit,  large,  roundish  conical,  dark  red ;    flesh, 

tinged  with  scarlet,  sprightly,  high  flavor.     Ripens  among  the  verv  earliest. 

Brilliant. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  Flowers,  large.  Fruit,  large,  conical, 
deep  crimson ;  flavor,  excellent.  Productive ;  plants  vigorous.  (W.  R. 
P.,  in  Hort.) 


untested  vaeieties,  etc.  483 

British  Queen. 

Myatt's  British  Queen. 

English.    Staminate.    Large,  roundish,  scarlet,. rich ;  poor  bearer. 
Burr's  Seedling. 

Burr's  Staminate  Seedling,     |     Burr's  Old  Seedling. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  Foliage,  light  green ;  vines,  strong, 
vigorous  and  hardy.  Fruit,  above  medium,  roundish  oval,  often  conical ; 
•eed,  light-colored ;  color,  light  pale  red ;  flesh,  tender,  mild,  and  pleasant 
flavor,  does  not  bear  carriage  well,  and  is  of  too  pale  color  to  sell  well  in 
market.     Productive,  and,  as  a  fertilizer  for  pistillate  varieties,  valuable. 

Caleb  Cope. 

American.  Pistillate.  Large,  pointed,  scarlet:  flesh,  white;  flavor, 
good.     Prolific. 

Captain  Cook. 

English.  New.  Vines,  said  to  be  strong  and  haray;  great  bearer. 
Fruit,  large,  firm,  bright  scarlet. 

Charlotte, 
American.    Pistillate.    Flowers,  medium ;  foliage,  broad.     Fruit,  large, 
obovate ;  color,  dark  scarlet  •  flesh,  sweet,  sprightly  flavor.     Productive. 
(W.  R.  P.,  in  Hort.) 

Cleveland. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  Leaf,  large,  ovate  rounded,  dark  green. 
Fruit,  large,  varying  from  cock's  comb  to  conical  shape,  irregular ;  color, 
dark  purplish  red  on  sunny  side,  opposite  a  rich  clear  vermilion ;  seeds, 
ovate  pointed,  prominent ;  flesh,  firm,  of  pine-apple  flavor,  rich,  and  deli- 
cious. A  variety  raised  from  seed  in  1849,  by  Mrs.  D.  H.  Lamb,  of  Cleve- 
land, Ohio. 

Climax. 

Climax  Scarlet. 
American.     Pistillate.     Fruit,  medium,  conical,  slightly  necked,  light 
scarlet,  rather  acid.    Very  productive.     (E.  and  B.) 

Cornucopia. 

American.  Pistillate.  Fruit,  large,  conical,  scarlet.  Productive.  (W. 
R.  P.,  in  Hort.) 

Crescent  Seedling. 

A  variety  originated  at  New  Orleans,  said  to  be  perpetual  bearer.  We 
have  been  unable  to  examine  it.     It  requires  further  testing. 

Crimson  Cone. 

Dutch  Berry,     |     Scotch  Pineapple. 

Pistillate.  Flowers,  medium.  Fruit,  large,  conical,  good  flavor,  slightly 
acid.  Vines,  vigorous,  requiring  space  ;  productive.  An  old  market  sort. 
Superseded. 


484  THE     STEAWBEKET. 

Gushing. 
American.     Hermaphrodite.     Fruit,  large;   color,  light  scarlet;  form, 
obtuse  conical ;  flesh,  fine ;  flavor,  sprightly,  agreeable.     Productive.     Ori- 
ginated by  Dr.  W.  D.  Brinckle,  of  Philadelphia. 

DUCHESSE  DE  TrEVISE. 

A  variety  which  as  yet  we  do  not  know  of  hjrving  been  fruited  in  this 
country.  Mr.  R.  Thompson,  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  thus 
describes  it  :  '"  Presented  to  the  Society  by  M.  Jamin,  Bourg-la-Reine,  near 
Paris,  September  6th,  1851.  Fruit,  middle-sized,  ovate,  deep  red  :  seeds, 
small,  rather  deeply  imbedded ;  flesh,  pale  red,  juicy,  with  a  brisk,  rich 
flavor ;  leaves,  large,  roundish,  widely  and  rather  obtusely  serrated ;  leaf- 
stalks, moderately  tall,  very  hairy,  the  hairs  on  these  spreading  horizon- 
tally, but  those  on  the  scapes  and  runners  are  depressed.  Appears  to  be  a 
good  bearer." 

Duncan's  Seedling. 

English.  New.  Fruit,  large,  dark  rich  red,  fine  flavor,  productive. 
Lately  introduced. 

Dundee. 

Scotch.  Pistillate  ;  leaves,  light  green ;  foot  and  fruit-stalks, long,  sup- 
porting the  clusters  of  fruit  clear  of  the  ground.  Fruit,  medium  to  large, 
roundish  oval,  very  uniform,  light  pale  clear  scarlet  ;  flesh,  firm,  rich  acid, 
high  flavor  very  productive  ;  extremely  valuable  as  market  berry,  its  period 
of  ripening  being  from  five  to  ten  days  after  Wiley  or  Hudson.  Vines,  very 
hardy. 

Duke  of  Kent. 

Duke  of  Kent's  Bcarlet,     |     Austrian  Scarlet,     |     Early  Prolific  Scarlet. 

English.  Staminate.  Fruit,  small,  roundish  conical,  bright  scarlet,  sharp, 
rather  acid  flavor ;  valuable  only  on  account  of  its  early  period  of  ripening 
Vines,  hardy. 

Fillbasket. 

English.  New.  Vines,  strong.  Fruit,  large,  round,  bright  scarlet, 
firm ;  great  bearer. 

Germantown. 

Young's  Seedling. 
From  Germantown,  Pa.     Vines,  vigorous,  hardy,  productive,  long  time 
in  bearing.     Fruit,  large,  roundish,  slightly  conical,  regular,  rich,   dark 
crimson,  firm,    sweet,  high   flavor  ;   promises  valuable  for  market   pur- 
poses. 

Green  Strawberry. 
Green  Pine,     |     Green  Wood,     |     Green  Alpine.  . 

Cultivated  only  by  the  curious.     Small,  roundish  whitish  green. 

Hautbois  Seedling. 

Peabody  Seedling. 
American.     New.     Origin,  C.  A.  Peabody,  Columbus,  Geo.     Herma- 
phrodite.    Hardy,  vigorous  plant,  withstanding  both  cold  and  heat  without 
injury.    Fruit,  borne  upon  tall  stalks,  and  attached  to  the  calyx  by  a  coral- 


UNTESTED   VAEEETIES,   ETC.  485 

like  neck,  without  seeds ;  size,  large  ;  form,  irregular,  conical  ovate,  com- 
pressed ;  color,  rich,  dark  crimson ;  flesh,  firm,  melting,  juicy,  exquisite, 
pine  flavor ;  prolific,  and  bears  carriage  well. 

Hooper's  Seedling. 

English.  Staminate.  Fruit,  medium,  conical,  dark  rich  red,  good  flavor  j 
productive.     Late. 

Iowa  Male. 

Washington. 
American.     Staminate.     Fruit,  medium,  round  conical  ;  seeds,  deeply 
imbedded ;  color,   pale  red  :  core,  ovate  conical,  marked  with  a  greenish 
line ;  flesh,  yellow  ;  flavor,  delicate  ;  moderate  bearer. 

Jenny  Lind. 

Staminate.  Size,  rather  large ;  form,  conical,  perfect,  generally  with 
short  neck  ;  seeds,  moderately  sunk  in  oval  cavities ;  color,  bright  light 
scarlet ;  flesh,  white,  nearly  solid,  heavy,  tender,  and  juicy ;  flavor,  plea- 
sant sub-acid,  and,  under  favorable  circumstances,  highly  perfumed  ;  quality, 
"  very  good."     Early,  ripening  with  the  Early  Virginia,  but  more  prolific. 

Magnifique. 

American.  Pistillate.  Very  large,  rounded,  orange  scarlet,  pleasant 
flavor ;  productive.     (W.  R.  P.  in  Hort.) 

McAvoy's  No.  1. 

McAvoy's  Extra  Eed. 

American.  Pistillate.  Two  varieties  originated  at  same  time  and  place 
as  "  McAvoy's  Superior."  They  are  yet  comparatively  untested,  but,  with 
exception  of  quality,  the  same  description  will  answer  for  both ;  large, 
roundish,  scarlet ;  seed,  deeply  imbedded  ;  flesh,  stained  with  red  ;  flavor, 
agreeable  ;  the  extra  red,  sub-acid. 

Methven  Scarlet. 

Methven  Castle,     I     Southampton  Scarlet,  I     Hovey's  Seedling,  o/aome^  West, 

Methven,  |     Keen's  Seedling,  of  some,  West,     |     Stoddart's  do.  * 

Scotch.  Pistillate.  Strong  grower.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  or  cack's- 
comb  shaped ;  seed,  slightly  imbedded  ;  color,  dull  scarlet ;  flesh,  coarse, 
open  texture ;  core,  large  and  hollow ;  flavor,  very  indifferent.  It  some- 
times produces  large  crops,  ripening  some  four  or  five  days  after  the  height 
of  strawberry  season. 

Montevideo  Pine. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  Foliage,  large  ana  vigorous  ;  flowers,  very 
large.  Fruit,  large,  conical,  of  a  pine-apple  flavor,  ripening  late.  (W.  R. 
P.  in  Hort.) 

Moyamensing. 

American.  Pistillate.  Foliage,  large,  crenate  serratures.  Fruit,  large, 
roundish  conical,  deep  crimson ;  seed,  crimson,  set  in  rather  deep  depres- 
sions, with  rounded  intervals;  "flesh,  red;  flavor,  fine.  Valuable  market 
lort  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey. 


4:86  THE    STRAWBERRY. 

Necked   Pine. 

Unique  Prairie,     |     Pine  Apple. 

American.  Pistillate.  Fruit,  medium,  conical,  alway«  necked,  light 
Bcarlet  j  flesh,  white,  delicate,  a  little  acid,  pleasant  when  fully  ripe ;  little 
grown,  except  in  private  gardens  at  Cincinnati. 

Omar   Pacha. 
English.    Vines,  vigorous ;  a  seedling  from  British  Queen.     Fruit,  large, 
roundish,  cock's-comb  form ;  bright  red,  with  many  small,  yellow  seeds ; 
flesh,  white,  juicy,  sweet.    New. 

Orange  Prolific. 
American.     Hermaphrodite.     Fruit,  large,  orange  scarlet,  acid ;  produc- 
tive, late.     (E.  &  B.) 

Pennsylvania. 

American.  Pistillate.  Leaf,  large,  deep  green.  Fruit,  large,  broadly 
conical,  dark  crimson ;  seeds,  crimson,  when  shaded,  yellow,  slightly  im- 
bedded ;  flesh,  red  ;  flavor,  fijie.     (Trans.  Penn.  Hort.  So.) 

Prince  of  Wales. 
English.     New.     Said  to  be  very  early.    Fruit,  medium,  deep  scarlet, 
fine  flavor ;  productive. 

Primate. 
American.      Hermaphrodite.     Fruit,  large,  conical,  deep  scarlet;  pro- 
ductive, fine  for  market.     (W.  R.  P.  in  Hort.) 

Primordian. 

American.  Pistillate.  Flowers,  small.  Fruit,  large,  conical,  deep 
scarlet  j  productive.     (W.  R.  P.  in  Hort.) 

Prolific  Hudson. 

American.  Pistillate.  Fruit,  medium,  short  cone,  crimson,  good  flavor  j 
ripens  gradually.     (W.  R.  P.  in  Hort.) 

Prolific  Swainstone. 

American.  Hermaphrodite.  Fruit,  large,  ovate,  scarlet;  flavor,  fine, 
productive.     (W.  R.  P.  in  Hort.) 

Red  Alpine. 

Stafford's  "Washington  Alpine,     |     Newland's  Mammoth. 
Flowers,  perfect.     Fruit,  small,  conical,  bright  scarlet,  delicate,  peculiar 
flavor.     Its  principal  value  in  our  climate  is  the  ripening  gradually  a  long 
time.     An  autumnal  crop  may  be  procured  by  destroying  the  early  blos- 
ioms.     The  "  White  Alpine  "  varies  only  in  the  color  of  its  fruit. 

Eed  Wood. 

English  Eed  Wood. 
The  wild  strawberry  of  Europe,  easy  of  cultivation,  bears  freely  and  of 
long  continuance;  small,  red,  roundish  ovate,  sweet  and  delicate.    The 
White  Wood  varies  only  in  color. 


487 

Refulgent. 

American.  Pistillate.  Medium,  ovate  with  a  neckj  scarlet,  fine  flavor ; 
productive.     (W.  R.  P.  in  Hort.) 

Richardson's  Late. 
American.     Hermaphrodite.     Fruit,  large,  roundish,  short  neck,  light 
scarlet,  rich  sub-acid,  sprightly  flavor ;  moderately  productive.     Ripens  in 
succession,  until  about  middle  of  July.     (M.  P.  W.,  in  Hort.) 

Rival  Hudson. 

Burr's  Eival  Hudson. 
American.     Pistillate.     Fruit,  large,  bright  scarlet ;  flesh,  red,  firm,  sub 
acid  ;  very  productive.     Originated  same  time  as  '•  Burr's  New  Pine,"  and 
is  much  like  "Hudson,"  its  parent. 

Ross  Phoenix. 
American.     Staminate.     Fruit,  large,  roundish,  compressed,  dark  red; 
flesh,  firm,  good  flavor  ;  generally  a  poor  bearer. 

Ruby. 

English.  Fruit,  medium,  oval,  ruby  red,  fine  flavor,  prolific.  (Hov. 
Mag.) 

Salter's  Versaillaise. 

English.  We  copy  description  of  Mr.  R.  Thompson,  of  London  Hort.  So- 
ciety : 

Presented  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  John  Salter,  Nurseryman,  Hammer- 
smith, Oct.  24.  1851.  Fruit,  large,  ovate,  sometimes  flattened  or  cock's 
comb-shaped,  dark  red ;  seeds,  rather  deeply  imbedded :  flesh,  pale,  juicy, 
and  rich  ;  leaves,  middle-sized,  roundish  oval,  widely  serrated  ;  leaf-stalks, 
scapes,  and  runners,  hairy,  the  hairs  spreading  almost  horizontally.  A  good 
bearer. 

Scarlet  Nonpareil. 

English.  New.  Vines,  vigorous.  Fruit,  large,  regular  roundish,  coni- 
cal, glossy  red ;  delicate  perfumed  flesh. 

Scott's  Seedling. 
From  Brighton,  Mass.     Staminate.     Vines,  dwarfish,  hardy ;  light  yel- 
lowish greeu  foliage.     Fruit,  medium,  conical,  crimson  scarlet,  hollow  at 
core ;  flesh,  pale  red,  wanting  in  flavor. 

Sir  C.  Napier. 
English.     Vines,  vigorous;    foilage,  medium.      Fruit,  large,  roundish 
cock's  comb,  glossy  scarlet ;  seeds,  yellowish ;  flesh,  pinkish,  juicy,  slightly 
musky. 

Sir  Harry. 

English.  Vines,  vigorous,  productive.  Fruit,  large,  cock's-comb  form  ; 
flesh,  red,  solid,  delicious,  perfumed  ;  fruit-stems,  stout.    New.    (Hov.  Mag.) 

Southborough. 

Southborough  Seedling,     |     Marshall's  Seedling. 
English.     Pistillate.     Fruit,  medium,  ovate  conical,  sometimes  pointed, 
rich  deep  scarlet;  seeds,  small,  deeply  imbedded,  mild  rich  flavor;  firm 


488  THE   STKAWBERRT. 

flesh,  bearing  carriage  we  1.  We  have  fruited  this  several  years  in  con- 
nection with  ''Large  Early  Scarlet  "  (to  which  it  is  a  good  mate),  and 
found  it  more  productive,  and  ripening  equally  early  in  season.  Vines, 
hardy  ;  fruit  and  foot-stalks,  short. 

SwAiNSTONE  Seedling. 
English.     Staminate.     Fruit,  large,  ovate,   light   crimson,   firm  fleshed, 
rich,  delicious  flavor.     Ripens  a  long  time,  but  is  an  uncertain  bearer. 

Unique  Scarlet. 
American.     Hermaphrodite.     Large,  light  scarlet,  sweet,  rich,  delicious 
flavor.     Moderate  bearer. 

Victoria. 

Trollope''8  Victoria. 
English.  Hermaphrodite,  sometimes  pistillate.  Fruit,  medium  to  large, 
round,  conical,  rich  scarlet ;  flesh,  firm,  rich,  high,  slightly  acid  flavor. 
Season,  with  Hudson  and  Willey.  Some  six  years  since  we  received  this 
variety,  but  have  never  been  able  to  find  it  described,  or  to  recognize  it  as 
any  variety  under  different  name.     The  vines  are  hardy  ;  promise  well. 

White  Alpine. 
Varies  from  Red  Alpine  only  in  the  color  of  its  fruit. 

White  Bush  Alpine. 
This  and  Red  Bush  Alpine  diflfer  from  the  Alpine  previously  described, 
only  in  not  forming  runners,  but,  growing  in  neat,  compact  bunches,  are 
used  by  many  persons  for  edging  beds  in  kitchen  gardens.  Bearing  through- 
out the  entire  season,  renders  it  desirable.  They  are  propagated  by  divid- 
ing the  roots  early  in  Spring.  Andrew Parmentier,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  fir&t 
introduced  the  Bush  Alpines  to  this  country. 


CLASS  in.     Superseded  by  better  sorts. 

Abeedeen  Beb  Hivb. 
English.    Staminate ;  below  medium,  scarlet. 

Bain's  Extba  Eakly. 
Medium  to  small,  round  conical ;  flesh,  tinged  with  red,  sweet  and  pleaMat. 

BOSTOCK. 

Eostock. 
English.    Eoundish ;  poor  bearer. 

Buist's  Prize. 
American.    Ilermaphrodite ;  large,  firm ;  moderately  productive. 

Colb's  Late  Scablet. 
English.    Medium,  deep  color;  moderate  bearer. 

Cole's  Psouna 
English.    Large,  ecnical,  good  flavor. 


BUPER8EDED  BY  BETTER   SORTS.  489 


Cox's  Sekdlins. 
English.    Large,  UgM  red,  irregnlar  shape,  acid. 

Columbus. 
American.    PistUlate ;  large,  dark  red,  sweet,  too  tender. 

Cbihson  Pink. 
Hermaphrodite;  resembles  Hudson. 

Dbptfokd  Pine. 

Myatt's  Deptford  Pine. 

English.    Staminate ;  large,  long  conical,  rich,  scarlet ;  poor  bearer ;  partially  hardy. 

DOWNTON. 

Knight's  Seedling. 
English.    Staminate ;  large,  irregular  form,  purplish  scarlet;  unproductive. 

Ebeblein's  Seedling. 

American.  Hermaphrodite;  vines,  vigorous;  flowers,  medium;  fruit,  medium,  conical 
compressed;  seeds,  lignt  colored,  prominent;  color,  dark  scarlet;  good,  slightly  acid  flavor. 

Elton. 
Elton  Pine. 
English.    Staminate ;  large,  light  red,  ovate,  acid,  tender;  unproductive. 

Giant  Alpinb. 
Medium,  globular,  tasteless. 

Globe  Hautbois. 

English.    Small,  globular ;  unproductive. 

GOLIAH. 

German.  Medium  to  large,  scarlet,  irregular,  acid,  vinous;  there  is  also  an  EngHfih 
variety. 

Gbove  End  Scaelet. 
Atkinson's  Scarlet, 

English.  Hermaphrodite ;  medium  to  small,  globular,  light  vermilion,  acid ;  early ;  pro- 
ductive. 

Huntsman's. 

American.  Pistillate;  large,  productive,  flavorless.  Huntsman's  Staminate:  Medinnif 
dark  scarlet,  good  flavor ;  poor  bearer. 

Keene's  Seedlino. 

English.  Staminate ;  large,  round  cock's  comb,  purplish  crimson,  firm,  rich,  high  flavor, 
lender ;  unproductive.  There  is  also  a  pistillate  Keene's  Seedling,  received  by  N.  Long* 
worUi,  of  Cincinnati,  equally  unproductive. 

La  Libgoise. 
French.    Staminate;  medium,  bright  scarlet ;  unproductive. 

Late  Pbolitic. 
American.    Pistillate ;  medium,  light  pale  scarlet. 

Lizzie  Eandolph. 
American.    Pistillate;  medium,  scarlet ;  indifferent  grower. 

Mtatt's  Eliza. 

English.  Staminate ;  large,  irregular  cock's  comb,  tender  flesh,  hollow  core,  high  flavor ;  poor 
bearer. 

Mottibe's  Seedling. 

American.    Pistillate ;  resembles  its  parent  "  Hudson." 

Melon. 

Scotch.    Medium,  roundish,  dark  color ;  dwarC 

21* 


4flO  THE   STEAWBEEBT. 

Mtatt'8  Elkanoe. 
F-nglish.    Staminato ;  large,  long  conical,  crimson  scarlet,  acid. 

Mtatt's  Globe. 
EngUsh.    Large,  roondiflli,  fine  flavor,  tender. 

Mtatt's  Mammoth. 
English.    Staminate ;  large,  irregular  roundish,  dark  crimson,  flavorless,  pooi  b««rer 

[Mtatt's  Pbinck  Ai.bsst. 
English.    Medimiif  conical,  purplish  crimson. 

Mtatt's  Pink. 
English.    Large,  bright  scarlet,  fine  flavor ;  poor  bearer. 

Mtatt's  Peolifio. 

English.    Staminate ;  medium,  conical,  light  scarlet,  good  flavor ;  not  proliflo. 

Ohio  Mammoth. 

American.    Staminate ;  large,  light  pale  red,  conical,  hollow  core,  deficient  in  flavor  •  poor 
bearer. 

Old  Pink,  ob  Cabolinb, 

Bath  Scarlet,     |     Old  Scarlet  Pine,     |     Pineapple. 

American.    Staminate ;  medium,  conical,  with  a  neck,  bright  scarlet,  rich  flavor,  ripenii  wh«a 
there  are  manj  better  varieties. 

FBonrsE  Scablet. 

American.    Pistillate ;  from  seed  of  Large  Early  Scarlet,  which  it  resembles. 

Pbofusion. 

American.    Pistillate ;  small,  rich,  sweet,  productive. 

PeINCK  or  OSLEAilS. 

Staminate ;  medium,  delicate  flavor. 

BOBEBEBBT. 

English.    Staminate ;  medium,  conical,  good  flavor  ;  poor  bearer. 

Eichaedson's  Eaelt. 
American.    Pistillate;  medium,  dark  crimson,  acid. 

Scioto. 
American.    Pistillate ;  large,  light  pale  scarlet, 

Scablet  Melting. 

American.    Pistillate ;  ovate  conical,  necked,  light  pale  red ;  flesh,  tender,  Julcj,  good. 

Tatloe's  Seedling. 

American.    Pistillate  ;  medium,  long  oval,  neck  distinct,  light  scarlet,  sweet  and  agreeaWe, 
Hollow  core ;  unproductive. 

Tbue  Chili. 

Patagonian,     |     Greenwell's  New  Giant,     ]     Greenwell's  French. 

This,  with  the  two  following,  are  little  valued,  and  rarely  grown.    Fruit,  large,  conical,  <IuU 
ted,  firm,  hollow  core. 

"Wilmot's  Sttpeeb. 

English.    Large,  round,  cock's  comb,  scarlet ;  poor  bearer. 

"Wilmot's  New  Scablet. 
English.    Large,  oval,  bright  scarlet ;  poor  bearer. 

William  Henet  Habbisoit. 
American.    Staminate ;  large,  cock's  camb  pointed,  dark  red ;  flesh,  reddish. 

Yellow  Chili. 
Fruit,  large,  irregular,  yellow,  firm. 


SELECT  LIST  OF  FEUITS. 


We  have  prepared  the  following  list  of  Fruits,  as  most  desirable  for 
growing  in  the  several  sections  of  country  we  have  designated.  It  is  not 
presumed  to  be  a  perfect  list,  or  to  embrace  all  the  valuable  varieties,  but 
it  is  believed  to  embrace  those  most  known,  proved  and  esteemed,  and 
comprisable  within  the  bounds  of  our  numbers. 


Our  list  embraces,  of 

Apples 40  varieties. 

Peaches 12  market  do. 

Peaches 12  garden  do. 

Pears 30  varieties. 

Pears  on  Quince 20       do. 

Sweet  Cherries 12       do. 

Duke  Cherries. 6       do. 

Morello  Cherries. 6       do. 

Plums. 15       do. 

Nectarines. 8       do. 

Quinces 8       do. 

Apricots 4       do. 

Currants 6       do. 

Hardy  Grapes 4       do. 

Strawberries 6  market  sorts. 

Strawberries 6  garden  sorts. 

Raspberries 6  varieties. 

Gooseberries 6      do. 

We  have  divided  the  territory  as  follows : 

Sec.  1.  Embracing  Northern  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Michigan.  Northern  Ohio, 
New  York,  most  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  States  east. 

Sec.  2.  Embraces  Southern  Pennsylvania,  Southern  and  Central  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Southern  Iowa,  Northern  Kentucky,  Maryland,  Tennessee, 
and  Northern  Missouri. 

Sec.  3.  Includes  all  territory  south  of  what  is  noted  in  the  two  pre- 
ceding sections. 

These  sections  we  use  only  with  the  Apple  and  Pear.  With  Cherries, 
and  other  fruits,  we  give  selections  of  the  best.  Perfect  drannage,  and 
trees  with  branches  near  the  ground,  is  essential  to  successful  culture  of 
the  Cherry  at  the  South  and  South-west.  Propagated  on  Morello  stocks, 
they  are  more  hardy,  and  succeed  better  than  on  Mazzard  or  Mahaleb. 

We  have  also  endeavored  to  give  the  use  for  which  the  variety  is  most 
adapted,  and  also  its  time  of  ripening.  In  our  illustrations  necessary  to 
this  end,  T  stands  to  designate  that  it  is  used  for  the  table,  or  dessert ;  M, 
that  it  is  profitable  as  a  market  variety ;  C,  that  it  is  among  the  best  for 
cooking  purposes  ;  b,  for  baking  of  sweet  apples. 
Apples  fob  Section  1, 


Name  of  VarUty.         Uses. 

Amer.  Summer  Pear-  |    ^ 

main J    ^' 

Early  Harvest T.  M.  C. 

Red  Astrachan M.  C. 

Sweet  Bough T.  b. 

Primate T. 

Gravenstein T.  CM. 

Fall  Pippin T.  M. 

Lowell T.M. 

Garden  Koyal T. 

Autumn  Bough. T.  M. 

Mother T.  M. 

Myers  Noupar«U T.  M. 

Jersey  Sweet  T.  b. 


Time  of 
Jiipening. 

Aug.,  Sept. 

July. 
July,  Aug. 
Aug. 

Aug.,  Sept. 
Aug.,  Oct 
Oct.,  Dec. 
Sept.,  Oct 
Sept,  Oct 
Sept,  Oct 
Oct,  Jan. 
Sept.,  Nov. 
Sept 


Name  of  Variety.         Uses. 

Jeffries. T.M. 

Fameuse T.M. 

Baldwin T.M 

King  of  Tompkins'  Co.  T.  M. 

Belmont T.M. 

Bellflower. T.  M.  0. 

Bullock's  Pippin T. 

Melon T.M. 


Rambo 

Esopus  Spit/enberg. , 

Westfield  Seek-no- 
further.. 

Domine 

Hubbardstown  Non- 
such  

491 


T.M. 
T.M. 

T.M. 

T.  M. 

T.M. 


Tim^of 
Ripening. 
Sept,  Oct 
Oct,  Nov 
Dec,  Feb. 
Dec,  Mar 
Dec,  Feb. 
Dec,  Feb. 
Jan.,  Mar. 
Dec,  Feb. 
Nov.,  Jan. 
Jan.,  Mar. 

Dec,  Feb. 

Jan.,  Mar. 

Dec,  Feb. 


BELECT  LIST   OF  FBUITS. 


Nanu  of  Variety.         Uaea. 

Jonathan T.  M. 

Lady  Apple T.  M. 

Newtown  Pippin T.  M. 

Paradise  Winter  Sweet  T.  M.  b. 

Peck's  Pleasant. T.  M. 

Rhode  Island  Greening  T.  M.  C. 

Swarr T,  M. 

Bed  Canada T.  M. 

Kichmond T.  M,  b. 

London  Sweet T,  M.  b. 

Cogswell T.  M. 

Winesap T.  M.  C. 

Newtown      Spitzen-  % 

berg t  T  M. 

Vandewere  of  Dow-  f  ^■■'^ 

ning ' 

Ladies'  Sweet T.  M.  b. 


Apples  for  Section  S 

Amer.  Summer  Pear-  |    m 
main J    ^' 

Early  Harvest. T.  M.  0. 

Ked  Astrachan M.  C. 

Sweet  Bough T.b. 

Primate T. 

High  Top  Sweet b. 

Eed  June M. 

Fall  Pippin T.M. 

Garden  Koyal T. 

Gravenstein T.  C.  M. 

Mother. T.M. 

Porter T.M. 

FaliWine T. 

Kambo T.  M. 

Smith's  Cider. T.  M. 

Smokehouse T.  M. 

Jeffries. T.M. 

Paradise  Winter  Sweet  T.  M. 

Willow  Twig M. 

Newton  Spitzenberg...  T.M. 

Vandervere T.  M. 

Winesap T.  M.  C. 

Domino T.  M.  C. 

Bullock's  Pippin T.  M. 

Talman's  Sweet M.  b. 

Poughkeepsie  Kusset..  T.  M. 

Myer's  Nonpareil T.M. 

Ortley T.  M. 

Bellflower T.  M. 

Esopus  Spitzenberg. ...  T.  M. 

Jonathan T.  M. 

Lady  Apple T.M 

Newtown  Pippin T.  M. 

Swaar. T.M. 

Maiden's  Blush M.  C. 

Keswick  Codlin M.  C. 

Prior's  Eed M.  T. 

White  Pippin T.M. 

Raule's  Janet T.M. 

White  Winter  Pear-  i    m  w- 
main J"  ^-^ 

Apples  fob  Section  3. 

Early  Harvest T.  M.  C. 

Eed  June T.M. 

Julian T.  M. 

Eed  Astrachan. M.  C. 

Toccoa T.M. 

Bwoet  Bough T.M. 

▲m.  Boiumer  Pearmain  T. 


Time  of 
Kipening. 
Jan.,  Mar 
Dec,  Mar- 
Feb.,  May. 
Dec,  Feb. 
Dec,  Feb. 
Nov.,  Mar. 
Jan.,  Mar. 
Jan.,  Mar. 
Oct.,  Dec 
Dec,  Mar. 
Jan.,  Apr. 
Dec,  Feb. 

Dec,  Mar. 

Dec,  Apr. 


Aug. 

July. 
July. 

July,  Aug. 
Aug. 

July,  Aug. 
July. 

Sept.,  Oct. 
Aug.,  Sept. 
Aug.,  Sept. 
Sept.,  Dec. 
Sept.,  Oct. 
Sept.,  Oct. 
Oct.,  Jan. 
Nov.,  Feb. 
Nov.,  Feb. 
Aug.,  Sept. 
Nov.,  Jan. 
Jan.,  Mar. 
Dec,  Mar. 
Nov.,  Jan. 
Nov.,  Feb. 
Dec,  Mar. 
Nov.,  Jan. 
Nov.,  Feb. 
Dec,  Feb. 
Sept.,  Oct. 
Jan.,  Mar. 
Dec,  Jan. 
Dec,  Feb. 
Dec,  Feb. 
Nov.,  Jan. 
Jan.,  Mar. 
Nov.,  Jan. 
Sept.,  Oct. 
Aug.,  Sept. 
Jan.,  Mar. 
Jan.,  Mar. 
Feb.,  Apr. 

Jan.,  Feb. 


May. 

June. 

July. 

June,  July. 

July. 

June. 

July,  Aug. 


^ameofVoHety.         Use,.  ^^^^ 

Maiden's  Blush C,  Ja'yi  Aug. 

Garden  Eoyal T.  July,  Aug. 

Autumn  Pearmain T.M.  Aug.,  Sept. 

Carnation T.M.  Aug. 

Fall  Queen M.  C.  July,  Aug. 

Bohanon M,  C.  Aug.,  Sept 

Fall  Wine T,  Aug.,  Sept. 

Fall  Pippin T.M.  Aug. 

Dutch  Mignonne T.M.  Sept,  Oct. 

Mala  Carle T.  M.  Aug.,  Sept. 

White  Spanish  Eeinette  T.  M.  Oct.,  Nov. 

Ne  Plus  Ultra T.  M.  Oct. 

WaddeirsUall T.M.  Oct., Jan. 

Mangum T.  M.  Dec,  Mar. 

Bentley's  Sweet T.  M.  b.  Dec,  Feb. 

Nickejack T.  M.  Dec,  July. 

Carolina  Winter  Queen  T.  M.  Nov.,  Jan. 

Ben  Davis T.  M.  Jan.,  Mar. 

Hall T.M.  Jan. 

Disharoon T.  M.  Oct.,  Nov. 

Green  Skin T.  M.  Jan.,  Mar. 

Camaks'  Sweet T.  M.  Dec,  Mar. 

Mavcrack  Sweet T.  M.  b.  Jan.,  Feb. 

Duckett T.  M,  Oct.,  Feb. 

Berry T.  M.  Nov.,  Feb. 

Bachelor T.  M.  Oct.,  Dec 

White C.  Nov.,  Jan. 

Hamphill T.  M.  Nov.,  May. 

Callasaga T.M.  Oct.,  Jan. 

Eaule's  Janet T.  M.  Nov.,  Jan. 

-Jonathan T.  M.  Oct.,  Dec 

Limber  Twig T,  M.  Jan.,  Mar. 

Carter T.M.  Oct.,  Jan. 

Peabs  foe  Section  1. 
In  this  we  have  one  column  to  designate  the 
Stock  upon  which  the  variety  succeeds  best. 
P,  stands  for  Pear  Stock,  and  Q,  for  Quince 
Stock. 

Stocks.     Uses.  Matunty, 

Ananas  d'Ete P.       T.  M.  Aug.,  Sept. 

Bartlctt P.       T.M.  Aug.,  Sept. 

Belle  Lucrative . .   P.  Q.  T.  M.  Sept.,  Oct. 

Buffum P.       T.  M.  Sept.,  Oct 

BeurreLanglier..  P.  Q.  T.M.  Nov.,  Jan. 

Beurre  Moire....   P.  Q.  T.M.  Nov. 

Brandywine. '. P.       T.  M.  Aug.,  Sept. 

Beurre  Bosc.   ...   P.       T.  Sept.,   Oct 

Beurre  Colt P.       T.M,  Oct.,   Nov. 

Beurre  d'Anjou..  P.  Q.  T.  M.  Oct.,    Nov. 

Black  Worcester..  P.       Cooking.  Nov.,  Feb. 

Bloodgood P.       T.  Aug. 

%°„„d?;tf !".  [  «■      T.M.  SepUOet. 

"CS [P-       T.  A.g. 

Doyenne  White,.  Q.       T.M.  Oct,    Nov. 

Flemish  Beauty..  P.Q,T.  M.  Sept,  Oct 

GloutMorceau...   Q.       T.M.  Dec,   Feb. 

Jalousie  de  Fon-  )    ^i        t  tlt  n^t- 

teenay  Vendee  f   ^       T.  M.  Oct 

Kirtland P.       T.  M.  Sept.,  Oct 

Lawrence P,       T.  M.  Nov.,  Jan. 

Louise  Bonne  de  }    q        T  M  i  Oct 

Long  Green  of  J    p  q   t.  m.  Oct 

Coxe )         ^ 

Noveau  Polteau..  P.  Q.  T.  M,  Nov. 

Doyenne  d'Etfe ,. .  P.       T.  July,  Aug 

Madelaine P.  Q.  T.  M  Aug. 

Pound P.       Cooking.  Dec,  MaR 


SELECT    LIST   OF   FRUITS. 


493 


Uses. 

Matwrity. 

T.M. 

Dec,  Jan. 

T.M. 

T.M. 

T.M. 

T.  M.  C. 

T.M. 

T.M. 

M.C. 

Sept. 
Aug. 

Nov.,  Feb. 
Dec,  Mar. 
Sept. 

Oct.,   Nov. 
Nov.,  Jan. 

T.M. 

Nov.,  Jan. 

T.M. 

Nov. 

T.M. 

Dec,  Feb. 

T.M. 
T.M. 
T. 
T. 

Aug. 
Oct, 
Aug. 
Last  Aug. 

&ocka. 
Boldat  Labourcur  )  q 

■d'Esperin i  ^* 

Stevens'  Genesee  P.  Q. 

Tyson P.  Q. 

"Winter Nelis P. 

Jarainette P. 

Washington. P. 

Urbaniste Q. 

Vicar  of  Winkfleld  Q. 
Doyenne    d'A-  \    q 

lencon )    ^ 

Beurre  St.   Ni-  <    p, 

cholas [  '^ 

Beurre  d'Arem-  [  t> 

berg f  ^• 

Zoar  Beauty P. 

Payency Q. 

Skinless P. 

Eostiezer P. 


Pbaes  fob  Section  2. 

Ananas  d'Ete P.       T.M.  Aug. 

Bartlett P.        T.M.  Aug. 

•Belle  Lucrative...  P.  Q.  T.  M.  Sept. 

Beurre  Langlier...  P.  Q.  T.M.  Oct.,  Nov. 

Beurre  Moire Q.        T.  M.  Oct 

Beurre  Bosc P.        T.  Sept.,  Oct. 

Beurre  d  Anjou ...  P.  Q.  T.  M.  Oct. 

Beurre  Easter.....  Q.       T.M.  Jan.,  Mar. 

BuflFum P.        T.M.  Sept. 

Black  Worcester..  P.        Cooking.  Nov.,  Jan. 

Bloodgood P.        T.M.  July. 

"dant^e'.!*'?^?°:f  Q'.      ^.M.  Sept. 

J)earborn  Seedling  P. '      T.  July. 

Doyenne  White. . .  P.  Q,  T.  M.  Sept.,  Oct. 

FuUon P.       T.M.  Oct. 

Flemish  Beauty...  P.  Q.  T.M.  Sept. 

Glout  Morceau Q.       T.  M.  Nov.,  Jan. 

•"tnTvcndee'i'i-       '.M.  Sept. 

^t"r«,?.''.Ti-<i-       T.M.  Sept. 

Lawrence P.       T.  M.  Nov. 

^Se^.^tt^.'lU  ^*       '^•^  Sept.,  Oct. 

Lewis..'!!!!......  P.        T.M.  Oct.,    Jan. 

Nouveau  Poiteau.  P.  Q.  T.  M.  Oct.,  Nov. 

Beurre  Oiflfart....  P.  Q.  T.  July. 

^Xfas'.':.'^"}^-       T.M.  Oct.,  Nov. 

Pound P.        Cooking.  Nov.,  Dec. 

^'^^spe'rlr''?'  }  0-        T.  M.  Nov.,  Dec 

Urbaniste Q.        T.M.  Sept.,  Oct. 

Vicar  of  Winkfleld  Q.        M.  C.  Oct.,    Dec 

Seckel P.        T.  M.  Sept.,  Oct. 

Stevens'  Genesee.  P.  Q.  T.  M.  Sept. 

Tyson P.  Q.  T.  M.  Aug. 

St.  Ghislain P.  Q.  T.  M.  Sept. 

Winter  Nelis. P.        T.  M.  Nov.,  Jan. 

Jamlnette P.       T.  M.  Nov.,  Feb. 

''gouSme.''^?:}^-       T.M.  Aug.,8ept. 

Washington.   P.        T.M.  Aug., Sept. 

Madeleine P.  Q.  T.  M.  July,  Aug. 

^""wg.^^tT."}  P-       T.M.  Nov..  Jan. 

Skinless P.        T.  July  Aug. 

Bostiezer P.       T.M,  Aug. 


Aiianas  d'Etfe . . , 

Bartlett. 

Bello  Lucrative'. 
Beurre  Langlier 

Beurre  Moire 

Brandy  wine P. 

Beurre  Bosc P. 


Peabs  fob  Section  8. 
Stocks.     Uses. 
P.        T.  M. 
P.        T.M. 
P.  Q.  T.  M. 
P.  Q.  T,  M. 
P.  Q.  T.  M. 
T.M. 
T.M. 


Maturity. 
July,  Aug 
Early  Aug 
Aug.,  Sept 
Oct. 
Sept 
dy 


Beurre  d' Anjou ...  P.  Q.  T.  M. 

Beurre  d'Arem-  |  p 

„  berg r  ^• 

Beurre  Easter Q. 

Buffum P. 

Black  Worcester.  P. 

Bloodgood P. 

BonChrefnFon 


T.M. 

T.M. 
T.M. 

Cooking 
T. 


T.M. 


Q. 

P.O.  T.M. 

Q.       T.M. 


July. 
Sept. 
Sept. 

Nov.,  Dec. 

Dec,  Mar. 
Aug.,  Sept. 
Oct.,  JaiL 
Last  June. 

Aug.,  Sept. 

Aug.,  Sept 

Aug.,  Sept. 


T.  M.       Oct 


T.M. 

T. 

T.M. 

T.M. 

T.M. 

T.M. 

T.M. 

T.M, 

T.M. 
T.M. 
T.M. 


dante 

Doyenne  White. 
Duchess     d'An- 

gouleme 

Doyenne  d'Alen-  \    q 

con S 

Beurre    St.    Ni-  I    q 

cholas J    ^' 

Doyenne  d'Etfe....  P. 

Franklin ...  P. 

Fulton P. 

Glout  Morceau...  Q.; 

Forelle Q. 

Jamlnette P. 

Jalousie  de  Fon- 

tenay  Vendee . 
Louise  Bonne  de  »    q 

Jersey )    ^ 

Lawrence P. 

Long  Green    of  |    p  |-w 

Coxe ^  r.^^ 

Nouveau  Poiteau.  P.  Q.  T.M. 

Martin  Sec Q.        T.M. 

Pound P.        Cooking. 

Eostiezer P.       T.M. 

Skinless P.        T. 

Seckel P.       T.M. 

Stevens'  Genesee. .  P.  Q.  T.  M. 
SoldatLaboureur  |    ^         m  t^, 

d'Esperin....    f  Q'        -^•■^• 

St.  Ghislain P.  Q.  T.  M. 

Payency Q.        T.  M. 

Urbaniste Q.        T.M. 

Winter  Nelis P.        T.M. 

Waahington. P.       T.lkL 


The  Twelve  best  Swbet  Cubbbies. 
All  Cherries  ripen,  at  the  South,  about  one 
month  earlier  than  the  date  we  have  fixed. 
These  are  all  good  market  varieties,  with  tha 
exception  of  "  Delicate,"  and  "  Early  Purple 
Guigne." 

Uses. 


Sept 

June. 
Jan. 
Sept 

Nov.,  Jan. 
Sept 
Nov.,  Dec 

Sept 

Aug.,  Sept 

Oct,  Nov 

Sept 

Sept 
Oct 

Oct,   Dec 
July. 
June. 
Aug.,  Sept 
Aug.,  Sept 

Oct,  Nov. 

July. 

Sept 

Sept 

Oct,  Nov. 

Aug. 


Belle  of  Orleans.... 

Brant 

Black  Tartirian 

Black  Hawk 

Coe's  Transparent  I 

or  Caroline j 

Delicate 

Downer's  Late 

Early  Purple  Guigno 

Elton .\.. 

Governor  Wood 

Kirtland's  Mary 

Eockjort 


Table 


Maturity. 
Early  June. 
Mid.  June. 
Last  June. 
Last  June. 

Last  June. 

First  July. 
Mid.  July. 
First  Junek 
Last  June. 
Mid.  June. 
Last  Juno. 
Mid.  June. 


494 


SELECT    LIST   OF   FKUITS. 


Tha  Six  best  Dttkk  Chebciss. 

Uses.        Maturity. 
Arch  Duke Table  &  Cooking.  Early  July. 


Belle  de  Choisy 
Belle  Magnifiqao 

May  Duke 

Keine  Hortense. 
Vairs       August 
Duke Table  <Sc  Cooking.  Aug. 


Table.  Last  June. 

Cooking.  July  &  Aug. 

Table.  Mid.  July. 

Table.  June. 


The  Six  best  Mobsllo  Chebbies. 
Carnation  (for ) 

South)   and  V  Table  &  Cooking.  July. 

West f 

Early  Kichmond        Cooking.         June. 

Shannon Table  &  cooking.  Mid.  July. 

Donna  Maria.. .         Cooking.         Mid.  July. 

Imperial "  Aug. 

Louis  Phillippe  "  Mid.  July. 

T^e  "Large  Morello,"  originated  by  Pro- 
fessor Kirtland,  will  probably  supersede  Car- 
nation, but  it  is  not  yet  sufficiently  tested. 

The  Fifteen  bbbt  Plxtms. 

Maturity  at  South.  At  North. 

Bleeckcr's  Gage First  July.  Last  Aug. 

Coe's  Golden  Drop. . .  Early  Aug.  Last  Sept. 

''l«J.h':":f.'!'..'?:^  Early  June. 

Early  Orleans Last  June.    First  Ang. 

Green  Gage Early  July.  Mid.  Aug. 

Imperial  Gage First  July.   First  Sept. 

Jefferson Last  July.    Last  Aug. 

McLoughlin Last  July.    Last  Aug. 

Imperial  Ottoman.. ..  Mid.  June.   Last  July. 

Purple  Favorite Mid.  July.   Last  Aug. 

Purple  Gage Mid.  Aug.     Mid.  Sept. 

Prince''8  Yellow  Gage  Mid.  June.  Early  Aug. 

lied  Gage July.  Mid.  Aug. 

Saint  Martins Last  Aug.     First  Oct. 

Washington July.  Last  Aug. 

Smith's  Orleans July.  Last  Aug. 

The  Twelve  best  Peaches  fob  Gabdens. 

fiturtevant Early  July.  Early  Sept. 

Cooledge's  Favorite . .  Early  July.  Last  Aug. 

Early  York Mid.  June.  Mid.  Aug. 

Grosse  Mignonne Early  July.  Mid.  Aug. 

Heath's  Cling-stone  \   wj ,  g     . 

(for the  South). . .  f  ^^^-  *®P^ 
Ilyslop  Cling-stone...  First  Sept.  First  Oct. 
Large  Early  York....  Mid.  July.    Last.    Aug. 

"^J^ijvTn?.'.!'.'!:}  Mli  July.   Mid.  Sep.. 

Old  Mixon  Cling-stone  Last  July.  Early  Sept. 
Old  Mixon  Free-stone  Mid.  July.  Early  Sept. 
Ward's  Free-stone.. .  Mid.  Aug.    Last  Sept 

Yellow  Rareripe Early  July.  Last  Aug. 

VanZandt's  Superb..  Early  July.  Early  Sept 


The  Twelve  best  Maeket  Peaches. 

Maturity  at  South.  At  NortTi, 

Sturtevant Early  July.  Mid.  Aug. 

Crawford's  Early Mid.  July.    Early  Sept 

Crawford's  Late Early  Aug.  Last  Sept 

Columbia Early  Aug.  Early  Sept 

Heath    Cling-stone,  )  q„^ 

(for  South) J-  Sep. 

Lemon  Cling-stone...  Early  Aug.  Sept. 
Large  Early  York.. . .  Mid.  July.  Last  Aug. 

President Mid.  Aug.    Mid.  Sept 

Ward's  Free-stone...  Early  Sept  Early  Oct 

Yellow  Rareripe Early  July.  Last  Aug. 

Walter's  Early Early  July.  Last  Aug. 

Troth's  Early  Red Mid.  Juno.  Last  July. 

Hyslop's    CUng-stone  Last  Aug.    Early  Oct 


The  Six  best  Stbawbebbies,  fob  Pbivatb 

Gabdens. 
Hovey's  Seedling,  Hooker,    or    Wilson's 

Albany. 
Burr's  New  Pine,  McAvoy's  Superior, 


Boston  Pine, 


Jenney's  Seedling. 


The  Six  best  Stbawbebbies,  foe  Mabket 

Gabdens. 
Hovey's  Seedling,  Hooker,   or   Wilson*ii 

Albany, 
Large  Early  Scarlet,  Genesee, 
Longworth's  Proliflc,     Western  Queen. 

In  the  Southern  States,  "  Moyamensing," 
and  "  Bishop's  Orange,"  are  to  be  preferred  to 
"  Longworth's  Prolific,"  and  "  Genesee." 

The  Six  best  Raspbebbies. 
Fastolf;  Knevett's  Giant, 

Red  Antwerp,  Franconia, 

Vice-Presid't  French,    Orange. 

The  Thbee  best  Quinces. 
Orange,  Portugal,  Eea's  Seedling, 

The  Fottb  best  Apbicots. 
Breda,   Moorpark,   Large  Early,   Hemskirke, 

The  Thbee  best  Nectabines. 
Boston,         Early  Violet,         Elrige. 

The  Six  best  Cubeants. 
Cherry,  White  Dutch, 

Victoria,  Red  Dutch, 

Knight's  Sweet  Red,     Black  Naples. 

The  Six  best  Goosebebbieb. 
Champagne.  Pale  Red, 

Houghton's  Seedling,    Green  Gage, 
Crown  Bob,  Whitesmith. 

The  Fottb  best  Habdt  Gbapm. 
Delaware,      Rebecca,     Catawba,      Isabella. 


IHDEX  TO  THE  DIFFERENT  FRUITS 


[The  standard  nairec  tre  in  Italic  letters.    The  synonymous  names  in  Roman.] 


ALUOSDS. 

PAGB 

Amande  Commune 43 

Amande  Pistache 43 

Amande  Sultane 43 

Amandier  a  coque  tendre  ....  43 
Amandier  a  gros  fruit  .  .  .  .43 
Amandier  a  gros  fruit  doux        .        .        .43 

Amandier  a  petit  fruit        ....  43 

Amandier  des  Dam6s 43 

Amandier  Pecher 43 

Bitter  Almond 43 

Common  Almond 43 

Common  Sweet 43 

Doux  a  coque  tendre  .        ,        .        .        .  43 

Great-fruited  Sweet 43 

Great  Soft-Shell 43 

Ladies'  Thin-Shell 43 

Languedoc 43 

Large  Persian 43 

Long  Hard-shell 43 

Long  Hard-Shell  Almond    .        .        .        .43 

Ou  Amande  Princesse 43 

Peach  Almond 43 

Pecher 43 

Pistachia  Sweet 43 

Soft-Shell  Sweet 43 

Soft-Shell  Sweet  Almond     .        .        .        .43 

Sultan 43 

Sultan  a  coque  tendre         ....  43 

Sultana  Sweet  Almond    ....  43 

APRICOTS. 

Abricot  Commun         .....  46 

Abricotler    . 49 

Abricotier  blanc 49 

Abricotier  Hatif 49 

Abricot  Peche 46 

Abricot  Precoce 49 

Abricot  Royal      ......  48 

Alherge 48 

Albergier 48 

Amande  Aveline 45 

Ananas 45 

Angoumoifl 47 

Anson's .46 

Anson's  Imperial        .....  46 

Bl'ick 4T 

Blenheim 48 

Blotched  Leaded  Turkey ....  43 

Breda 45 

Broton^»  Early 47 

Brown  Masculine        .       .  .        .  49 

BruftseU 43 

Burlington 47 


PAOB 

D'AIexandrie 46 

De  Uollande 46 

De  Nancy 46 

De  Nancy 48 

De  St.  Jean 46 

De  St.  Jean  Rouge 46 

Dubois'  Early  Golden 47 

Dubois'  Early  Golden  Apricot    .        .        .47 

Dunmore 46 

Dunmore's  Breda 46 

DuPape 47 

Early  Golden     ......  47 

Early  Orange 49 

Early  Masculine 49 

Early  White  Masculine       ....  49 

Germine 46 

Gros  d'Alexandrie 46 

Gros  Fruhe 46 

Gros  Musch 46 

Gros  Precoce 46 

Gros  Germine 46 

Hasselnassmandel 45 

Hemskirke 45 

Hunt's  Moorpark 46 

Kaisha 47 

LafoA/ette 47 

La/rge  Early 46 

Large  Red 47 

Large  Turkey 48 

Moorpark 46 

Musch 46 

Musch-musch 46 

NewhaWi  Early 48 

Noir 47 

Oldaker's  Moorpark 46 

Orange 49 

Peach 46 

Peche 46 

Peche  Grosse 46 

Persian 49 

Persique 46 

Purple 47 

Red  MasouUns 49 

Ringold 48 

Rom/in 46 

Royal 43 

Royal  George 49 

Royal  Orange 49 

Royal  Peach 46 

Royal  Persian 49 

Shaker  Para 43 

Shipley^s 48 

Shipley's  Large 48 

Sudlow's  Moorpark 46 

Templea 46 

4d& 


4:96 


INDEX   OF  FRUITS. 


TeoBOS 

Transparent 

Turkey 

Violet 

Walton  Moorpark 

White  Algiers 

White  Apricot    . 

White  Masculine 

Wurtemburg 


APPLES. 


Abbott 121 

Abbot  Seedling 121 

Adams 121 

Adama  Pearmain  ,       .       .       .121 

Agnes 121 

Ailea 121 

AlbemarU  Pippin 121 

Alexander 121 

Allen's  Choice 121 

Alht/m 121 

Alpriston 184 

American  Golden  Russet  ....  68 

American  Golden  Pippin  .        .        .        .  81 

American  Mammoth          ....  190 

American  Beauty 122 

American  Newtown  Pippin       ...  93 

American  Pippin 184 

American  Red  Juneating  .        .        .        .74 

American  Swmmer  Pearmain     ,       .  61 

American  White  Winter  Calville      .        .  193 

Angle 184 

Anglo  American 122 

Api 87 

Api  noir 184 

Arbroath  Pippin 190 

Aromatic  Carolina 122 

Ashland 122 

Anhmore 122 

August  Apple 186 

Augustine 184 

AunVs  Apple 122 

A  ^lAit  Hannah 122 

Aurore 187 

Auttimn  Bough 62 

Autumn  Pearm^ain         ....  63 

Autumn  Pippin 123 

Autumn  Roman 184 

Autumn  Seek-rvo-farther        ...  62 

Autumn  Strawberry       ....  62 

Autumn  Sweet  Bough       ....  62 

Autumn  Swaar 62 

Autumnal  Swaar 62 

Autumnal  Sweet  Swaar         ...  62 

Averill 123 

Avery  Sweeting 187 

Baer 123 

Baker's  Sweet 123 

Bailey  Golden 123 

Bailey  Sweet 123 

Bailey  Spice     .        .                ...  123 

Baldwin 63 

Baltimore  Pippin        ....       64, 190 

Baltimore 64 

Baltimore 113 

Barbour 123 

Bard  Apple 73 

Bardin 186 

Bars 184 

Barr 184 

Sarrett 184 


PAOB 

Bartlet 185 

Barlow        ...                ...  188 

Barnhilt 184 

Batchelor 64 

Bay  Apple 72 

Be^fSt^ik 124 

Bean  Sweet 124 

Beauty  of  America         ....  184 

Beauty 173 

Beauty  Rod 71 

Bea/utyo/Kmt 184 

Beauty  of  tfie  rTest 184 

Beard  Burden 73 

Bedfordshire  Foundling        .       .       .  184 

Belden.  Sweet 124 

Belmont 65 

BeUjlower 66 

Belle-Fleur 191 

Belle-Fleur  Rouge 191 

Belle  et  Bonne 81 

Bell's  Scarlet  Pearmain     .        .        .        .169 

Belpre  Russet 109 

Belzer 124 

Ben 187 

Ben  Datiis 124 

Bentley's  Sweet 65 

Bennington 170 

Benoni 64 

Berry 66 

Bethlehemite 67 

Better  than  Good 124 

Betsey's  Fancy 82 

Betsey'*  s  Fancy 124 

Be/can 124 

Bevan  Favorite 124 

Big  Hill 101 

Big  Romanite 191 

Big  Sweet 198 

Black  Annette 184 

Black  Coal 125 

Black  Detroit 185 

Black  Gilliflower 184 

Black  Lady  Apple 184 

Black  Oxford 184 

Black  Tom 186 

Blakely 126 

Bledsoe 126 

Bledsoe  Pippin 125 

Blenheim  Orange 184 

Blenheim  Pippin 184 

Blood 126 

Blockley 128 

Blue  Pearmain 125 

Blue  Sweet 190 

Blush  June 105 

Boalsburg 125 

Boas 125 

Bohanon 67 

Bonne  du  Mai 72 

Bonum 126  " 

Borsdorff 185 

Borsdorffer 185 

Borovitsky 185 

Bough Ill 

Boston  Russet   ;. 109 

Bourassa  .        • 126 

Bowkea 126 

Bowling's  Sweet 126 

BoTford 185 

Brabant  Bell^ower        ,       .       .       ,127 

Brabant  Belle  Fleur 127 

Bracken 88 


INDEX  OF  FKUITS. 


497 


Bracy's  Seek-no-farther 

lift 

Brandy  Apple    . 

.    18T 

Bread  and  Cheese  Apple 

.    102 

Breunnamau  . 

.    127 

Brewer 

.    1W) 

Brigg^s  Auburn 

1^7 

Broa  dwell 

67 

Broadwell  Sweet 

67 

Brittle  Sweet    . 

127 

Bromley's  Rum 

167 

Brooke's  Pippin 

127 

Brown's  Golden  Sweet 

.    112 

B.  own's  Late  Queen  . 

153 

BrnVs  Favorite 

1?,9 

Bachanan's  Pippin 

128 

Buchanan  Seedling    . 

128 

Buf 

127 

Biiffington''8  Early  . 

128 

Buckingham    . 

128 

Buckman's  Pearmain        . 

187 

Buc.Vs  County  . 

127 

Buck's  County  Pippin 

127 

Buck  Meadow  . 

12S 

Bullock's  Pippin     . 

68 

BuUripe      .        .        .        . 

78 

Bullet 

185 

Burbacker 

75 

Burlington  Spitzenberg     . 

94 

Burlington  Greening 

106 

Burr's  Winter  Sweet 

128 

Biutnhap  Greening 

.    185,129 

Butter         .        .        .        . 

173, 190 

Butter  Apple   . 

.    128 

Bmh 

128 

Cable's  Gilliflower     . 

64 

Cain 

188 

Cake  Apple      . 

185 

Callasdga, 

129 

Calville  Blanch  de  Hiver  . 

193 

Calville  Rouge  . 

191 

Calville  Rouge  de  Hiver    . 

19i 

Camack's  Sweet 

129 

Caraack's  White  Sweet      . 

129 

Campjield 

129 

Canada  Reinette     . 

69 

Canadian  Reinette    . 

69 

Cane  .... 

188 

Cann 

129 

Cannahan's  Favorite 

129 

Cannon  Pearmain  . 

129 

Carpenter 

130 

Capendu    .        .        .        . 

132 

Capron's  Pleasant  . 

129 

Carnahan 

129 

Carnation 

69 

Caraway  Russet 

186 

Carolina     . 

179 

Carolina  Red  June    . 

105 

Carolina  June    . 

.    105 

Carolina  Winter  Qtuen 

•i\) 

Caroline   .        .        .        . 

l!i 

^♦1^ 

Caroline     . 

.    179 

Cart&r 

130 

Carthouse  . 

142 

Cash  Sweet 

185 

Cat  Face   .        .        .       . 

.    130 

Cat  Head  Greening  . 

185 

Cat  Head  .        .        .       . 

189 

Catshead  Beau&n 

190 

Catooga     . 

130 

Catline      .        .        .        . 

185 

Cat  Pippin       .       . 

180 

PAGB 

Ca/shead  Beaufin 190 

Cattail  Apple 93 

Cayuga  Bed  Streak        ....  180 

Caywood 181 

Champ  Sweeting 144 

Cham,plain 181 

Challenge 70 

Chandler 185 

Chalmer's  Large 186 

Charles  Apple 157 

Cheeseborough  Bv^aet    ....  185 

Chester 131 

Chief  Good 132 

Christiana 131 

Claremont  Pippin 186 

Churchill  Greening        .        .        .        .131 

Clyde  Beauty 131 

Clarke's  Pearmain 131 

Coate's  Greening 1J5 

Cocklin's  Favorite 132 

Cogswell 70 

Cogswell  Peirmain 70 

Cole 132 

Cole's  Quince 165 

Colman 130 

Concombue  Ancien 179 

Connecticut  Seek-no-further    .        .        .  114 

Connecticut  Apple 81 

Connecticut  Sv^nmer  Sweet   ,       .       .  185 

Connett's  Sweet 132 

Conway 132 

Cooper's  Early  White     .       .       .       .71 

Cooper 71 

Cooper's  Market 132 

Cooper's  Redling 182 

Cornish  Aromatio 71 

Cornell's  Fancy 132 

Cornish  Gilliflower         ....  185 

Cornell's  Favorite 132 

Cornish  July-flower 185 

Coriandra  Rose 132 

Cos  or  Caas      .       .       .       .       .       .  185 

Cour  Pendu  Plat 132 

Cour  Pendu  Extra 182 

Cour  Pendu 132 

Cour  Pendu  Rouge  Musque       .        .        .  132 
Cour  Pendu  Rond  Gros     .        .        .        .132 

Cour  Pendu  Musque           ....  132 

Court  of  Wick 138 

Court  oif  Wick  Pippin         ....  138 

Court  de  Wick 133 

Cracking 133 

Crane's  Pippin 96 

Cranberry 133 

Cranberry  Pippin 186 

Crimson  Pippin 135 

Crooked  Limb  Pippin        .        .        .        .186 

Culp 1."^ 

Cumberland 13s 

Cumberland  Seedling       ....  134 

Cumberland  Spice 184 

Curtis  Stoeet 184 

Dainty  Apple 188 

Danver'a  Winter  Sweet  ....  72 

Dapper 134 

Darlington 184 

Davie 184 

Darlington  Russet 134 

Davis 96 

De  Bretagne 69 

D'Espagne 17S 

Delight 138 


498 


INDEX  OF  FKUTTS. 


PAOB 

Derry  Nonsuch 184 

De  Ratteau 179 

Detroit 186 

Detroit 96 

Devonshire  Quarrenden    ....  166 

Derrick's  Graft 166 

DeWitt 185 

Dickson'a  Emptor         ....  134 

Dinsmore 184 

Dillingham 185 

Disharon 78 

Doctor 185 

Dornine 78 

Donneta/ns  Seedling        .       .       .       .186 

Downing's  Paragon 162 

Downton  Pippin 186 

Downton  Golden  Pippin    ....  186 

Downy 188 

Dow's 82 

Douse 82 

Drop  dWr 72 

Ducket 185 

Dumelow's  Crab 186 

Dumelmc' 8  Seedling        .       .        .        .186 

Dum/pling 186 

Dunlap's  Aurora 180 

Duches  of 'Oldenburg         ....  78 

Dutch  Codlin 186 

Dutch  Codlin 75 

Dutch  Mignonne 73 

Dutch  Pearmain 187 

Dyer 78 

Early  Crofton 188 

Early  Joe 74 

Early  June 88, 186 

Early  May 179 

Early  Pennocic 186 

Early  French  Reinette       ....  83 

Early  Long  Stem 186 

Early  Harvest S3 

Early  Red  Juneating         ....  186 
Early  Red  Margaret      .        .        .        .186 

Early  Spice 136 

Early  Strawberry 74 

Early  Summer  Pearmain  ....  61 

Early  Summer  Pippin        ....  72 

Early  Sweet 186 

Early  Sweet  Bough Ill 

Easter  Pippin 186 

Edgerly  Sweet 123 

Edmonton's  Aromatic       ....  188 

Egg  Top 186 

Egg  Top 185 

Eighteen  Ounce  Apple      ....  130 

EUis 186 

Elton  Pippin 186 

Emperor  Alexander 121 

Enfield  Permain 186 

English  Nonsuch 190 

English  Vandevere 109 

English  Summer  Pearmain        ...  63 

English  Sweeting 137 

English  Golden  Russet   ....  186 

English  Russet 100 

English  Golden  Pippin      .        .        .        .187 

English  Winter 78 

Esquire 164 

English  Codlin 190 

Epsy 186 

Epsis  Sweet 72 

Equintely 74 

ErnsVs  Pippvn, 187 


PAQI 

Eustis *       .  18T 

Exquisite 188 

Eaten 187 

Excel 18T 

Esopus  Spiteenburgh      ....  75 

Ewalt 187 

Eve 186 

Evening  Party 137 

Eve  Apple 136 

Ealdwalder 75 

Fallawater 75 

Eairbanka 188 

Fall  Beauty 77 

Fall  Bough 62 

Fall  Cheese 186 

Fall  Genneting 188 

FallHarnoey 188 

FallJenneUing 188 

Fall  Pearmain 183 

Fall  Queen 77 

Fall  Queen  of  Kentucky        ...  77 

FaUIHppin 76 

Fall  Wine 122 

Fall  Wine 78 

Fall  Wine  Sap .68 

Fall  Seek-no-further       .       .       .       .188 

Fall  Yandervere 113 

Fama  Gusta 186 

Fameuse 78 

Father  Abraham 189 

Farley's  Red i88 

Fa/corite 189 

Fay's  Russet 189 

Fenouillet  Oris 186 

Fenouillet  Rouge 186 

Fenton  Sweeting 177 

Ferdinand 189 

Ferris 189 

Ferris 186 

Fisk's  Seedling 189 

Flat  Pippin 164 

Fleiner 189 

Father  Apple 164 

Flint  Russet 164 

Flower  of  Kent         .       .       .       .       .187 

Flushing  Spitzenburgh          .        .        .  14d 

Flushing  Seek-no-further           .        .        .  116 

Ford  Apple 139 

Forever  Pippin 185 

Fort  Miami 79 

Focht 140 

Formosa  Pippin 107 

Foundling 140 

Fulton 79 

Funtling 140 

Franklin  Golden  Pippin       .       .       .  140 

French  Crab 186 

French  Pippin    .        .        .      161,186,107,147 

French's  Sweet 141 

French's  Sweet 102 

Frith  Pitcher .  189^ 

Fronclin 141 

Fry's  Pippin 188 

GabHel 141 

Garden  Apple 124 

Garden  Royal 80 

Garretson's  Early 141 

Garnon's  Apple 182 

Gate 65 

Gault'8  Bellflower 187 

George 141 

German  Green 69 


INDEX   OF  FRUITS. 


499 


rAOB 

Giant 187 

Gibbon's  Smathhouse        ....  109 

Gibbon's  Smokehouse       ....  109 

Giles 142 

Gilpin 142 

GiUet's  Seedling 108 

Glace  de  Zelande 193 

Gloucester  Cheese 186 

Gloucester  Permain 131 

Gloucester  White 142 

Gloria  Mundi 190 

Glory  of  York 107 

Golle  Russet 142 

Golden 187 

Golden  Apple 187 

Golden  Ball      ......  81 

Golden  Drop 133 

Golden  Goes 142 

Golden  Harney 187 

Golden  Pippin  of  Michigan       .        .        .100 

Golden  Pippin 65,96 

Golden  Pippin        ....      81, 187 

Golden  Pearmain       ....    131,  183 

Golden  Pearmain 187 

Golden  Reinette 187 

Golden  Russet 68 

Golden  Russet  of  New  York      .        .        .186 

Golden  Spice 73 

Golden  Sweet 80 

Goodyear 187 

Goodyear's  Seedling         .        .        .        .187 

Govetmor 187 

Governor  Seward 130 

Grandfather 142 

Granny  Buflf 127 

Granniwinkle 142 

Granny  Earl 142 

Grand  Sachem 187 

Grape  Vine 129 

Gravenstein 81 

Grave  Slije 81 

Gray  Apple 99 

Gray  Pippin 129 

Gray  Vanderoere 82 

Greasy  Pippin 89,96 

Green  Bellflower 96 

Green  Cheese 142 

Green's  Choice 142 

Green  Domine 187 

Green  Everlasting  Synon/ym        .       .  184 

Greenskin 143 

Green  ^fountain  Pippin       .        .        .  143 

Green  Mountain  Pippin    ....  75 

Green  Newtown  Pippin    ....  93 

Green  Sweet     ......  82 

Green  Seek-no-further       ....  116 

Green  Winter  Pippin         ....  93 

Green  Vandevere 82 

Gregson 185 

Greyhouse 187 

Grime's  Golden  Pippin  ....  143 

Grindstone 184 

Grise 99 

Gross 64 

Gros  Api  Rouge 87 

Grosse  Reinette  d'Angleterre   ...  69 

Groton 140 

Gully 143 

JTain 148 

Jfaijloe 148 

Hallum 121 

JJdU 148 


PAGB 

Hall's  Red 148 

ITamphill 148 

Hampshire  Greening         ....  106 

Hampshire  YeUow 188 

Hannah     .        .■ 187 

Hardingham's  Russet        ....  164 

Harkness'  New  Favorite  ....  191 

Harmony 186 

Hamish 144 

Harrison 144 

Harris 148 

Harrigan 159 

Hartford  Sweeting          ....  144 
Harvest  Red  Streak        .       .        .        .187 

Hask^Vs  Sweet 144 

Hawley 82 

Hawtlwmdm, 144 

Hay  Maker 130 

Hay's  Winter 116 

Hay's  Winter  Wine 116 

Hearts  Pippin 144 

Hector 144 

Heicke's  Winter  Sweet      ....  88 

Helen's  Favorite 144 

Henrick  Sweet Ill 

Henry  Sweet      ......  Ill 

Henry 145 

Herman 145 

Hepler 187 

Hepper 187 

Herefordshire  Red  Streak         .        .        .191 

Herefordshire  Pearsnain       ...  84 

Hess 145 

Heteriah 188 

HewitVs  Sweet 188 

Highy's  Sweet  , 145 

Highlander       ......  146 

High  Top  Sweet 85 

HiWs  Favorite 146 

Hilton 146 

Hinchman  .        .      • 161 

Hixon's  Favorite 146 

Hocking     .......  146 

Hogan T3 

Hoary  Morning 188 

Hog  Island 175 

Hog  Pen 162 

Holden  Pippin 162 

Holden    ' 162 

HollOMd  Pippin 147 

Holland's  Sweet 188 

Holladay's  Seedling       ....  146 

Hollandsberry    ......  188 

Hollandburgh 188 

Hollow  Brown  Pearmain  ....  116 

Hollow  Core  Pippin 96 

Homony 172 

Hommacher  Apfel 180 

Hornemaker  Pippin 180 

Horse  Apple 77 

Horse  Apple 7^7 

Horse  Block 156 

Honey  Greening        .....  S2 

Honey  Sweet      ..••••  97 

Hooker 146 

Housom's  Red  .               ....  147 

Hoover       ....               •        •  146 

Howe  Apple 182 

Howard  Russet 185 

Howard's  Sweet 128 

Ho^ce's  Russet 147 

Hubbardston  IfoMuch   ....  84 


500 


INDEX  OF  FKurrs. 


PAGE 

Hubbardton  Pippin 84 

ffughea 148 

Ilunge 188 

Hunger        .,.,.,.  188 

Uunter 148 

Hunt's  Russet 68 

HunVa  Jitisset 148 

Jfurlbut 148 

Kurlbut  Stripe 148 

Hyde's  Sweet 117 

Imperial  Vanderrere         ....  118 

Indian  Apple 82 

Indian  Queen 136 

Indiana  Jannetting 103 

Jndio/na  Fa/voHte 143 

Inman 96 

Jola 148 

Irish  Peach  Apple 188 

Irish  Pitcher 189 

Iron  Apple 127 

Iron  Stone  Pippin 186 

Jahez  Sweet 14S 

Jackson 149 

Jacksonia 185 

Jack  Murphy 190 

James  River 155 

Januarea 69 

Jenny's  Seedling 143 

Jenkins 149 

Jennette 108 

Jeniton 108 

Jefferson 86 

Jefferson  Cownty 149 

Jeffries 86 

Jersey  Greening         .        .        .        .      96, 106 

Jersey  Pippin 150 

Jersey  Sweeting 85 

Jewetfs  Red 149 

Jewett's  fine  Red 149 

JewetVs  Best 86 

Joe  Berry 94 

John^s  Sweet 150 

Johnson 150 

Johnson's  Fine  Winter      .        .       .        .183 

Jonathan 86 

Jones'  Pippin 162 

John  Garretson's  Early     ....  141 

Jucy  Bite ,     .  124 

Juneating 179 

June 186 

Julin 87 

Juling 87 

July  Pippin 83 

Junalie^ka 150 

Kaighn's  Spiteenburg     .        .        .        .151 

Kane 188 

Keiser 150 

Keim 150 

Kelley  White 66 

Kelsey 160 

KenricK's  Autumn 188 

Kentish  FiUbasket 188 

Kerry  Pippin 188 

Ketehwm^s  Famorite 151 

Keswick  Codlvn 87 

Kilham  Hill 188 

King 64,87 

King  Apple 152 

King  George  the  Third       .        .        .        .186 

King  Philip 86 

King  of  the  Pippins        .       .        .        .188 

King  of  Pippins 81 


VIOB 

King  cf  TomplciiCi  OtmrUy           .       .  8T 

Kingsley 87 

Kingsbury  Russet 185 

Kirk's  Golden  Reinette      ....  187 

Kirk's  Lemon  Pippin          ....  189 

Kirkbridge  White 182 

Kirke's  Lord  Kelson       ....  188 

Kla'proth 152 

Knight's  Codlin 194 

Knight's  Golden  Pippin     .        .        .        .186 

Knightwick  Pippin 188 

Kountz        • 94 

Kohl 152 

Krowser 152 

Lacker 168 

Ladies'  Blush 188 

Ladies'  Blush 141 

Ladies'  Sweet 70,  111 

Ladies'  Sweeting 88 

Ladles'  Favorite  of  Tenn 77 

Lady  Apple 87 

Lady  Finger 188 

Lady  Finger 151 

Lady  de  Grey's 188 

Lady  Washington       .        .        .        .        66,  71 

Lake 153 

Lane's  Red  Streak 153 

Lancaster 152 

Lancaster  Greening 152 

Lancaster  Queen 172 

Landon      ........  162 

Lane  Sweet        ...               .       .  189 

Landrum 162 

Laquier 168 

Large  Golden  Pippin         .        .        .        .178 

Large  Red  Sweeting 191 

Large  Romanite 191 

Large  Striped  Pearmain    ....  171 

Large  White  Juneating      ....  83 

Large  Yellow  Bough Ill 

Late  Baldwin 68 

Late  Bough 62 

Late  Queen 158 

Late  Golden  Sweet 128 

Late  Golden  Strawberry   ....  62 
Leather  Coat  Russet          .        .        .        .190 

Lecker 168 

Ledge  Sweet 168 

Leicester  Sweet 168 

Leland  Pippin 168 

Leland  Spice 163 

Lemon  Pippin 189 

Lewis 158 

Liberty 154 

Limber  Twig 155 

Lincoln  Pippin 182 

Little  Pearmain 68 

Lippincot 109 

Loan^s  English  Pearmain      .       .       .  189 

Locy 15<k 

Londonderry 184 

London  Sweet 88 

London  Winter  Sweet        ....  88 
Long  Inland  Russet         .        .       .       .189 

Long  John 189 

Long  John 151 

Long  Pearmain 151 

Longvill's  Kernel 189 

Long  Stem 155 

Long  Stem  Sweet 128 

Lop-sided  Pearmain  .....  189 

Loring  Sweet    ......  165 


INDEX  OF  FRrrrs. 


501 


PAOB 

Loudon  JHppin 156 

Loure  Queen 169 

LoDeWs  Sweet    ......  18b 

Lowre  Queen 156 

LoweU 89 

Luce's  Early  Joe 189 

Lucomhe's  Seedling         ....  189 

Lyman's  Pumpkin  Sweet  ....  102 

Li/scom 156 

Macomber 156 

Mackie's  Clyde  Beauty      ....  131 

Magnum  Bonum 126 

Magnolia 156 

Maiden's  Apple 156 

Maiden's  Blush         .        .        .        .        .  89 

Maiden's  Bosom 16) 

Maiden's  FavoriU 156 

Major 158 

Male  Carl 157 

Mamma  Beam 65 

Mangum 90 

Mank's  Codling 189 

Manomet  Sweet 156 

Mamjield  Russet 156 

Marhbe  Siceeting 189 

Margaretha  Apfel 186 

Margil 189 

Marietta  Russet 109 

Marston^s  Bed  Winter    ....  158 

Marks 158 

Marks 157 

Maria  Bush     ....               .  157 

Martin 90 

MaveracK's  Stoeet 90 

Matchless 94 

Matthew's  Stripe 156 

Mauck 189 

Maxfleid .90 

May 158 

May  Apple 189 

May  Seek-no-further       ....  189 

3f(iA/ee's  Nonsuch 158 

McEntire's  Sweeting 189 

MctTenry 158 

McLellan 90 

Meachum's  Sweet 160 

Meach 158 

Meigs 158 

MelaCarla 157 

Mela  di  Carlo 157 

Meister       .......  159 

Melon 90 

Melting 159 

MeU-in-the-mouth 159 

Melting-mouth 159 

Melting  Pippin 96 

Melvin  Sweet 159 

Menagere 189 

Menagerie 189 

MerritVs  Sweet 189 

Metkodist 189 

Michael  Henry  Pippin  ....  91 

MiffiinKing 159 

MiUcreek 109 

Miller's  Best  Sort 164 

MUler  Apple 159 

Millcreek  Vanderyrre        .        .        .        .109 

Milam 159 

MinUter 91 

Molasses 190 

Monarch 159 

Monk's  Favorit4 159 


Monmouth  Pippin  . 

93 

Monstrous  Pippin   . 

190 

Montreal    .        .        .        . 

171 

Moore's  Sweeting 
Moose          .        .        . 

173 
160 

Morrison's  Bed 

160 
91 
190 

Mother  Davies  . 

Mountaineer 

144 

Mountain  Pippin 

75 

Mountain  Sprout      . 

160 

Moxise 

160 

Munson  Sweeting    . 

160 

Murphy     . 

190 

Murphy's  Red    . 

190 

Murray     . 

160 

Musk  Melon 

176 

Musk  Spice 

160 

Myer's  27onpareil    . 

9i{ 

Mygatt's  Bergamot   . 

73 

Kantehalee 

.    160 

Neisley's  Winter 

191 

Ne  Plus  Ultra  . 

160 

Nequassa  .        .        .        . 

160 

Neverfail    .        .        .        . 

108 

Neversink  . 

.    161 

mwark  Pippin 

161 

Newark  King  . 

.    161 

Newark  Sweeting 

.    129 

New  Jersey  Red  Streak 

136 

New  Scarlet  Nonpareil 

.    192 

Newtown  SpUzenberg 

94 

Newtown  Greening    . 

.      81 

Newtown  Pippin     . 

93 

Newtown  Pippin  of  Sane 

iera 

120 

New  York  Gloria  Mundi 

190 

New  York  Greening    . 

81 

New  York  Spice 

.    153 

Niac  Pippin 

111 

Nicke  Jack 

.    161 

Niger           .        .        . 

193 

Nix's  Green 

70 

Nodhead      . 

.    149 

Noll's  No.  1 

.    121 

Nonpareille 

.    190 

Nonsuch     . 

.    190 

Norfolk  Beaupin 

190 

Northern  Sweet 

.    161 

Northern  Golden  Sweet     . 

161 

Northern  Spy  , 

95 

Norton's  Melon 

.      90 

Nyack  Pippin     . 

111 

Oconee  Greening      . 

161 

Ohio  Favorite    . 

.      96 

Ohio  Nonpareil  . 

70,92 

Ohio  Pippin 

.    137 

Ohio  Wine  .        .        .        . 

.      78 

Ohio  Bed  Streak 

161 

Old  English  Codlin 

190 

Oldfield     . 

190 

Oldfield       .        .        .       . 

77 

Old  Golden  Pippin     . 

87 

Old  Pearmain     . 

84 

Old  NonpareU         \ 

190 

Old  Nonsuch 

105 

Old  Royal  Busset     . 

190 

Old  Town  Crab 

162 

Onstine       .        .        .        . 

115 

Orange        .        .        .        . 

89 

Orange      .        .        .       . 

162 

Orange  Sweet     . 

80, 160,  174 

Oregon  Spitxenbergh 

IIU 

502 


DTDEX  OF  FErrrs. 


PAGE 

erne's  Early    ..,,..    162 

Orndorf 162 

Ortley 96 

Ortley  Pippin 96 

Osborn^g  Sweet 162 

Osborn's  Fall  Sweet    .        ...        .        .162 

Osceola       ....  .       .    162 

Osgood's  Favorite       .       ■       •       .       .    156 

0«iin 190 

Overman^s  Sweet 162 

Owen's  Golden  Beauty       .       .       .       .179 

Ox  Apple •  .190 

Ox  Eye 94 

Oxford  Peach 169 

Paradise  Winter  Sweet  ....     97 

Paragon 162 

Parmain  d'Ete 68 

Parmin  Royal    ......      84 

Parson's  Early        .        .       „        .        .190 

Patterson  Sweet 123 

Pawpaw 162 

Peach  Pond  Sweet 98 

Pecker 68 

Peck's  Plea,sant 97 

Penick 191 

Pemm,och 191 

Pennock's  Red  Winter  .  .  .  .191 
Pennsylvania  Vandervere        .        .        .    118 

People's  Choice 99 

Petersburg  Pippin 93 

Petit  Api 87 

Petit  Api  Rouge 87 

P/eiffer 168 

Philadelphia  Pippin 76 

Philadelphia  Sweet 62 

Phillip's  Reinette 188 

Philip  Rick 86 

Philip's  Sweet 168 

Philippi 168 

Pichman 168 

Pickman  Pippin 168 

Pie  Apple 147 

Pillikin 189 

Pirn's  Beauty  of  the  West  ...  75 
Pink  Sweeting  .        .       '.       ,       .       .168 

Pine  Apple  Russet 164 

Pittsburgh  Pippin 164 

PitzerHiU 101 

Polecat 192 

Polly  Bright 191 

Ponnue  d'Anis 186 

Pomme  de  Berlin 132 

Pomme  de  Charleu 157 

Pomme  de  Caen 69 

Pomme  d'Api  Rouge 87 

Pomme  d'Api  .,.•••  87 
Pomme  de  Neige       ....  78 

Pomme  de  Rose 191 

Pomme  Grise 99 

Pomme  Finale 157 

Pcmme  Regelans 185 

Pomme  Royal 78, 116 

Pomme  Rose 87 

Pomme  Roye 191 

Pomme  Water 73 

Pompey 193 

Porter 100 

Portugal 69 

Potter's  Sweet 158 

Potter's  Large  Grey  Seedling  .  .  .188 
Poughkeepsie  Rtisset  ....  100 
Pound  Sweet,  of  some  West     .       .       .173 


FAOV 

Poimd 191 

Pound 66,75 

Pound  Royal 89, 116 

Pound  Sweet 102 

Pownal  SpiUienbttrgh     .       .       .       .164 

Press 190 

Press  Etmng     ......  164 

Pride  of  September 169 

PHesiley 191 

Priestley 185 

Priestley's  American .        .               .       .  191 

Priest's  Sweet    ......  190 

Primate     ....                .       .  101 

Prince's  Harvest        .        .                .        .  83 

Prince's  Red  and  Green  Sweet         .        .  191 

Princesse  Noble  Zoete       ....  182 

Prior's  Red 101 

Progress  .......  164 

Prolific  Beauty 191 

Prolific  Sweet 190 

Pryor's  Red 101 

Pumpkin  Russet 164 

Pumpkin  Stoeet 102 

Putnam  Russet 109 

Putnam  Harvey 164 

Putneyite 190 

Quaker  Pippin 191 

Queen's 185 

Queen  Anne 89, 91 

Quince 165 

Ragan 165 

Rambour  d'Ete 192 

Rambour  Franc 192 

Ramdells'  Sweet 187 

Ramsdell's  Sweeting 187 

Ramsdell's  Red  Pumpkin— Sweet    .        .  187 

Randel  Bert 165 

Panders  Rest 165 

Raritan  Sweet 166 

Raul's  Gennetting 108 

Raul's  Janet 108 

Raule's  Janette  .               ....  108 

RawVs  Janet     .               ....  108 

Rawle's  Jennette 108 

Ray  Apple 160 

Read's  Baker 190 

Rebecca 168 

Red  Ashmore 122 

Red  Astrican 104 

Red  Belle  Fleur 191 

Red  Bellflower 191 

Red  Bough 191 

Red  Canada 105 

Red  Calmlle 191 

Red  Cathead 191 

Red  Cathead     ...               .       .  165 

Red  Cheek 92, 162 

Red  Cheek  Pippin 92 

Red  Detroit 134 

Red  Doctor 135 

Red  GilUflower 191 

Red  Gloria  Mundi 11 

Red  Hazel 66 

Red  Ingestrie 191 

Red  June 186 

Red  June 105 

RedJuneating 74,136 

Red  Pearmain 151 

Red  Pennock      .       .       .       .       .       .191 

Red  Phoenix 151 

Red  Pippin 151 

Red  Pumpkin  Sweet 187 


INDEX  OF  FEurrs. 


503 


PAGB 

Red  Quarrenden 166 

Red  RepubUcan 166 

Jied  liusset        ......  106 

Red  Russet 187 

Red  Seek-no-further  .       .       .       .160, 191 

Red  Streak 78 

Jied  Streak 191 

Eed  Sweet 166 

Red  Sweet  Pippin  of  Indiana   .        .        .  173 

Red  Spitzenberg 161, 166 

Red  Winter  Pearmain        .        .        .    114,  151 

Red  Winter  Calville 191 

lied  and  Green  /Sweet     ....  191 

Red  Vandervere         .....  113 

Reinette  blanche  d'Espagne  .  .  .  179 
Reinette  du  Canada  .        .        .        .        .69 

Reinette  du  Canada  Blanche    ...  69 

Reinette  du  Canada  a  Cortes    ...  69 

Reinette  Grosse  du  Canada      ...  69 

Reinette  d'llolland 147 

Reinette  Triomphante  ....  193 
Bepublican  Pippin  .  .  .  .166 
Rhode  Island  Greening/  ,       ,       .        .106 

Ribbed  Pippin 81 

Ribstone  Pippin 107 

Richfield  Nt)nesuch 105 

Richard's  Grajt 166 

Richmond 107 

Ridge  Pippin 167 

Riest 167 

Ritter 166 

Rival  Golden  Pippin 138 

River 167 

Roadstown  Pippin 167 

Rockingham  Red 121 

Rock  Remain 103 

Rock  Rimmon 103 

Rock  Apple 167 

Rockport  Sweet 167 

Rock  Sweet 167 

Rome  Beauty    .       .                       .        .  108 

Roman  Beauty 108 

Romanite 102 

Romanife  of  the  West        ....  142 

Roman  Stem 107 

Roseau 192 

Roseau 191 

Roseau  d^Autom/ne 191 

Ross  Nonpareil 108 

Rough  and  Ready 101 

Round  Catshead 1S5 

Round  Top 186 

Roxbury  Russet      .....  109 

Royale  d'Angleterre 84 

Royal  Pearmain         .        .        .        .         63, 84 

Royal  Pippin 64, 180 

Mule's  Summer  Sweeting       .       .       ,  192 

Ram  Apple 167 

Rumbo 102 

Russian 132, 151 

Rymer 191 

Sack  Apple 166 

Sailly  Autumn 168 

Sam's  Crab 189 

Sam  Rawlings 188 

Sanguineus 78 

Sapson 170 

Sassafras  Sweet 144 

Scandiana  Mala 79 

Scarlet  Perfume 132 

Scarlet  Pearmain               ....  151 

Scarlet  Pearmain                  .       .       ,  169 


PAOB 

Scarlet  Nonpareil 192 

Schockley 177 

Schoom,acker 169 

Schoolmocker 169 

Scollop  Gillifldwe/r 168 

Scudamus  Crab 191 

Seago 90 

Seek-no-further  .        ...       71, 102,  114 
Seek-no-farther  of  Coxe    .        .       .        .116 

Seemer 168 

Seever's  Red  Streak 168 

Selma 168 

September 169 

Shaker's  YeUow 186 

Sharp's  Spice tS 

Sharpe's  Early 172 

Sheep  Nose         .        .        .        188,68,151,186 

Sheppard's  Sweet 169 

Shipley  Green 192 

Shippen's  Russet 192 

Shirley 140 

Siberian  Crab 169 

Sigler's  Reel 63 

Sinclair's  Yellow 169 

Sine-qua-non 169 

Skunk 192 

Slingerland  Pippin        ....  17\) 

Smalley 170 

Smathhouse 109 

Smith's  Cider 110 

Smithfield  Spice 73 

Smith's  Superb 110 

Sm-okehou^6       .       .        ,       .        .       .109 

Snorter 171 

Snow 78 

Sol  Carter 74 

Sops  in  Wine 170 

Sops  of  Wine 170 

Sour  Bough 172 

Spencer  Sweeting 144 

Spice 170,191 

Spice  Apple  of  Va. 162 

Spiced  Oxeye 94 

Spice  Sweeting 170 

Spice  Russet 170 

Sponge       .......  170 

Spotted  Pippin 129 

Sprague     .......  192 

Spring  Grove  Codlin      ....  192 

Spring  Pippin 170 

Springport  Pippin 170 

Spi'inger's  Seedling         .       .       .        •  192 

Staalcluba 113 

Stanard 170 

Standard's  Seedling 170 

Steel's  Sweet 192 

Stehly 171 

St.  Lawrence 171 

Sterling  Beauty 122 

Steele's  Red  AVinter 63 

Steele's  Red  Winter  of  Michigan      .        .  105 

Straat 171 

Stillman'a  Early 171 

Straudt 171 

Stroat 171 

Strawberry 62 

Striped  Ashmore 122 

Striped  Belle  Fleur 19) 

Striped  June 124 

Striped  Juneating 13S 

Striped  Mohawk 192 

Striped  Pearmain 171 


504 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


PAOB 

Striped  Rhode  Island  Greening        .       .  78 

Striped  Vandervere 118 

Sturmer  Pippin 171 

Hudlow's  Fall  Pippin 140 

Sugar  Loaf  Greening         ....  192 
Sugar  Loaf  Pippin         .        .        .        .192 

Sugar  Sweet 172 

Summer  Bellefleur ,172 

Summer  Bellflower *  62 

Summer  BeUfiower 172 

Summer  Cheese 186 

Sv/trvmer  Golden  Pippin  ....  192 

Summer  Hagloe 148 

Summer  Horse 77 

Summer  Pearmain 68 

Summer  Pippin 101, 147 

Summer  Pippin 172 

Summ,er  Queen 172 

Summer  Rambo  Synonym     .       .       .192 

Summer  Ramhour 192 

Summer  Russet 192 

Summ,er  Rose     ...,,.  109 

Summer  Sweet  of  Ohio        ....  85 

Summeroui 161 

Summer  Sweet  Paradise        .       .       .172 

Summer  Bellflower 172 

Summum  Bonum 182 

Superb  Sweet 172 

Superb 178 

Surprise 198 

Sutton  Beauty  .       .  '     .       .       .       .178 

Swaar 110 

Sweet  Baldwin 198 

Sweet  Bellflower  of  Wyandot  County  .  178 

Sweet  Bellflower 178 

Sweet  Bough Ill 

Sweet  Golden  Pippin         ....  62 

Sweet  Harvest Ill 

Sweet  Fall  Pippin 178 

Sweet  Harvey 178 

Sweet  June  of  Illinois        ....  85 

Sweet  Nonsuch 174 

Sweet  Pearmain Ill 

Siceet  Pippin 176 

Sweet  Pippin 178 

Sweet  Romanite 174 

Sweet  Red  Streak 178 

Sweet  Russet 164, 170 

Sweet  Rambo 175 

Sweet  and  Sour 192 

Sweet  Seek-no-further       ....  142 

Sweet  Wine  Sap 174 

Sweet  Swaar 62 

Sweet  Wine 78 

Sweet  Wine  Sap 174 

Sweet  Vatidevere 173 

Swiss  Apple 164 

Switzer  Apple 164 

Sylvan  Russet 109 

Sylvester 175 

Talman'8  Sweeting 112 

Tallman's  Sweeting 112 

Tallow  Apple 89 

Tallow  Pippin 89 

Tart  Bough 193 

Terry's  Red  Streak 102 

Tetopsky 175 

Tewksbury  Blush 176 

Tewksbury  Winter  Blush  ....  176 

The  Apple 68 

Them's  Red  Streak 198 

Tiff's  Sweet 113 


rAGB 

Tinmouth  ...               ...  176 

Titus  Pippin 193 

Toccoa 176 

Tolman's  Sweeting 112 

Tompkins 78 

Tom  Woodward  Pippin     ....  96 

Townsend 176 

Transparent  Ppippin         ....  133 

Transparent  de  Moscovie  ....  193 
Transparent  de  Zurich  .       .       .       .193 

Travers 107 

Trenton  Early  ......  176 

Trumbull  Sweeting 177 

Turner's  Green 142 

Turkey  Greening 193 

Tulpahocken 75 

Twenty  Ounce 130 

Twenty  Ounce  Apple 130 

Twenty  Ounce  Pippin    .        .        .        .193 

Twenty  Ounce  Pippin         ....  130 

TwUchelPs  Sweet 177 

Uncle  Sam's  Best 78 

Vandevere 118 

Vandervere 94 

Vandervere  Pippin    ....       82, 113 

Vandyne 177 

Vandyne 96 

Vaugkan''a  Winter 177 

Vermont 178 

Vietorieuse  Reinetfe        ....  198 
Victuals  and  Prink        .       .       .       .198 

Virginia  Greening 177 

Virginia  Sweet 189 

VraiDrapd'Or 72 

WaddeVaHaU  ..:...  177 

Wagener 114 

Walir  Reinette 69 

Waldower 82 

Walpole 177 

Waldener 75 

Walworth 178 

Waltz  Apple 97 

Walker's  Yellmo 177 

Warren  Pennock 186 

Warren  Pippin  Synonym      ...  96 

Washington Ill 

Washington  Royal 178 

Watermelon 90 

Watkin's  Early  .        .      *.        .        .        .61 
Watson's  Vandervere        .       .        .        .113 

Watson's  Dumpling 186 

Waxen 66 

Waxen 178 

Weeks' Pippin '      .  133 

Welcome 125 

Well  Apple 78 

Wells 78 

Wel'ford'a  Yellow 178 

WeWs  Sweeting 178 

Wellington  Apple ISS 

West  field  Seek-no-further        .       .        .114 

Westchester  Seek-no-further      .        .        .  189 

Western  Spy 178 

Weston 178 

West's  Spitzenberg 180 

Wetherell's  White  Sweeting       .        .        .180 

Wheeler's  Sweet 179 

White  Apple 65 

WHte 179 

White  Astrachan 193 

White  Beauty 179 

White  Bellflower »6 


INDEX   OF  FKTJITS. 


505 


FACE 

White  86116361* .                .                .        .  96 

White  CalvUle 193 

White  Detroit 96 

White  Doctor 193 

White  Doctor 179 

White  Golden  Sweet 123 

White  Hawthornden 144 

White  Juneating 179 

White  Margil 189 

White  Pippin 96 

tVhite  Pippin 118 

White  Rambo 180 

White  Seek-no-further       ....  96 
White  Seek-no-farther        .        .        .        .116 

White  Spanish  ReineUe     .        .        .        .  179 

AVhite  Spice 73 

Whiie  Sweeting 180 

White  Vandervere 82 

White  Wine        ......  113 

White  Winter  CalviUo        .        .        .        .193 

White  Winter 179 

White  Winter  Pearmain  .       .       .       .118 

Whitewater  Sweet 180 

WhUney's  Russet 180 

William's  Early 119 

William's  Early  Red 119 

William^ 5  Favorite 119 

William's  Favorite  Red      .        .        .        .119 

William's  Red 119 

William  Penn 181 

William  Tell 164 

Willis' Sweet      .        .        .        .        .        .194 

Willow 118 

Willow  Leap 118 

Willomahvig 118 

WiUow  Leaf  Pippin 96 

Wine 186 

Wine 116 

Wine  Apple 116 

Wine  of  Cole 78 

Wine  Sap 86 

Wine  Sap 117 

Wine  Sop '.117 

Wine  Strawberry 166 

Windower 82 

Wing  Sweeting 182 

Winn's  Russet 181 

Winslow 181 

Winter  Chandler 185 

Winter  Cheese 142 

Winter  Cheese 194 

Winter  Genneting 103 

Winter  Grixon 185 

Winter  Harvey 182 

Winter  King 87 

Winter  Pearmain       ....      84,  159 

Winter  Pearmain 182 

Winter  Pippin  of  Vermont       .        .        .182 
Winter  Pippin  of  Geneva  .        .        .        .182 

Winter  Queen 194 

Winter  Queen 77 

Winter  Queening 194 

Winter  Russet 100 

Winter  Seek-no-further      .       .       .       .138 

Winter  Sweet 88 

Winter  Wine 116 

Winlhrop  Greening 182 

Winthrop  Pearmain 182 

Wolf's  Den 123 

Wollatin  Pippin 132 

Wolman's  Harvest 109 

Wander 182 

22 


FACE 
Woolman's  Harvest    .        ,  ^       .    109 

Woolman's  Long        .        .  .96 

Wood's  Greening  .  ,        .    115 

Wood's  Huntingdon   ....  133 

Wood's  Sweet 117 

Woodpecker 63 

Wood&tock  Pippin       .        .        ,       ,        .    184 
Woodward's  Pippin    ...  .96 

Wormsley  Pippin 194 

Wright  Apple     .  .        .  .182 

Wyker  Pippin     .  ...  187 

TacM  ...  ...  183 

Yankee  Apple 102 

Yeljow 133 

Yellow  Bellefleur 66 

Yellow  Bellflower 66 

Yellow  Crank 183 

Yellow  Germain  Reinette    ....    187 

Yellow  Harvest 83 

Yellow  Horse     .        .        .        .        .        .It 

Yellow  Ingestrie 194 

Yellow  Janette 103 

Yellow  Juneating       .        .        -       .        .      83 

Yellow  Meadow 183 

YjbUow  Newtown  Pippin    ....      69 
Yellow  Newtown  Pippin     ....    119 

Yellow  Pippin 96,  161 

Yellow  Pearmain       .        .  .        .    183 

Yellow  Vandervere 113 

Yopp's  Favorite 183 

York  Imperial 183 

York  Russett 164,  185 

Yorkshire  Greening 194 

Young's  Long  Keeper        ....    186 

Yost 183 

Zam 194 

Zane  Greening 194 

Zieber 194 


Bush  Blackberry 198 

Crystal  ^Vhite 196 

Dorchester 196 

High  Blackberry 196 

Lawton 196 

Newman's  Thomless  .....  197 

New  Rochelle 196 

Rubus  Villosus 196 

Rubus  Villosus 196 

Scacor's  Mammoth 196 


Adam's  Crown 219 

Alien's  Sweet  Montmorency       .       .       .  231 

American  Amber 219 

American  Heart 204 

Amber  Gean 219 

Amber  Heart 222 

Amber  or  Imperial      ,       ,       .       ,       .  212 

Amber  a  petit  fruit 231 

Ambrce  de  Choisy 205 

Ambrce  a  gros  fruit 205 

Anne 219 

Adsell's  Fine  Black 220 

Apple  Cherry 229 

Arch  Duke 204 

Ar den's  F^rly  White  Heart       ,       ,       ,  222 

Ardeu's  Heart 222 


606 


INDEX    OF   FRUITS. 


PAGE 

Armstrong's  Bigarreau      ....  216 

JSaumon's  May 219 

Bdle  AgalJie 219 

Belle  Audigeoise 209 

Belle  de  Bavay 217 

Belle  de  Choisy 205 

■  Belle  Magnifique 207 

Belle  et  Magnifique 207 

Belle  de  Orleans  .        .  .205 

Belle  of  Orleans  ...  205 

Belle  de  Petit  Brie             .  217 
Belle  de  Sceaux   ....                .219 

Belle  Vezzouries 219 

Bcnham's  Fine  Early  Duke        .                .  215 

Bigarreau 212 

Bigarreau  Belle  de  Rocmont       .        .        .  209 

Bigarreau  Belle  d'Esperin  ....  221 

Bigarreau  Blanc  Tardif  de  Hildesheim       .  212 

Bigarreau  Ctouleur  de  Chair        .        .        .  209 

Bigarreau  Common 209 

Bigarreau  Gaubalis 215 

Bigarreau  Gros 212 

Bigarreau  a  Gros  fruit  Blanc      .        .        .  209 

Bigarreau  Gros  Couret        ....  214 

Bigarreau  Gros  Montr eux  ....  214 

Bigarreau  a  Gros  fruit  Rouge     .        .        .  230 

Bigarreau  Gros  Noir 222 

Bigarreau  d'Hollaud 215 

Bigarreau  Lauermann        ....  215 

Bigarreau  de  Lyon 214 

Bigarreau  de  Mai 219 

Bigarreau  Marbree  de  Hildesheim     .        .  212 

Bigarreau  Noir 228 

Bigarreau  Noir  Tardif         ....  212 

Bigarreau  Noir  Tardive      ....  222 

Bigarreau  de  Rocmont        ....  209 

Bigarreau  Royal 212 

Bigarreau  Tardif 212 

Bigarreau  Tardif  do  Hildesheim         .        .  212 

Bishop's  Large 206 

Black  Bigarreau 228 

Black  Bigarreau  of  Savoy  ....  214 

Black  Circassian 206 

Black  Eagle 206 

Black  Hawk 205 

Black  HeaH 220 

Black  Honey 228 

Bl<ick  Mazzard 228 

Black  Orleans 229 

Black  Russian 206,  220 

Black  Spanish 223 

Black  Tartarian 206 

Bleeding  Heart 228 

Bloodgood's  Amber 219 

Bloodgood's  Honey 219 

Bloodgood's  New  Honey     .        .        .        .  219 

Boreaibon 229 

Boquet  Amurelle 229 

Brandy  Wine 220 

Brant 206 

Bristol  Qierry 228 

Brenneman's  May 221 

Brown's  Seedling 228 

Buchanan's  Early  Duke      ....  215 

Bullock's  Heart 230 

Burr's  Seedling 220 

Butner's  Black  Heart         ....  220 

Butuqr's  Gelbe-Knorpel  Kirsche        .        .  220 

Butner's  Wachs-Knorpel  Kirsche       .        .  220 

Butner's  Herr  Kirsche        ....  220 

Butner's  October          .        .        .        .        .  228 
Butner-B  October  Morello  .       .       .        .228 


nam 

Butner's  Yellow 220 

Carmine  Stripe  ....                 .  220 

Carnation  .        .                 .        .                .  207 

Caroline .  207 

Cerasus  Serrulata 229 

Cerise  Ambree    ......  212 

Cprise  a  Boquet 229 

Cfcrise  a  Courte  Queen        ....  229 

Cerise  Doucette 205 

Cerise  Guigne 215 

Cerise  Indulie     .                ....  222 

Cerise  Nouvelle  d'Angleterre     .        .        .  207 

Cerise  a  Noyau  Tendre       ....  205 

Cerise  de  la  Palembre        ....  205 

Cerise  de  Portugal 207 

Cerise  de  St.  Martin 231 

Cerise  Tardive    ...                 .        .  231 

Cerise  de  JTavier .        .        .                .        .  229 

Cerisier  a  fleurs  doubles    .                .        .  229 

Corisier  Pleurant 231 

Ckampagne 221 

Chatenay    .                 219 

Chevereuse. 229 

China  Bigarreau 221 

Chinese  Double  Flowering  ....  229 

Chinese  Heart 221 

Christiana 220 

Circassian 206 

Clarke's  Bigarreau     ....    216,  229 

Clarke's  Superb 229 

Cleveland 208 

Cleveland  Bigarreau 208 

Cluster 229 

Coe's  Late  Carnation 229 

Coe's  Transparent 208 

Coeur  de  Pigeon 209 

Common  English         .                 ...  228 

Common  Red 211,  230 

Common  Sour  Cherry         ....  230 

Commune 211 

Conestoga 220 

Corone 229 

Coroun 229 

Corwin 229 

Coularde 215 

Couronne 229 

Cream 229 

Crown 207 

Cumberland     * 221 

Cumberland  Seedling         ....  221 

Davenport 221 

Davenport's  Early 221 

Davenport's  Early  Black    ....  221 

De  HoUando 215 

Delicate 210 

D'Espagne  .        .        .        .        .        .        .  215 

D'Espenn  ....                 .  221 

De  Prusse .  228 

De  Spa 229 

De  16  a-la-livre 217 

Doctor 209 

Donna  Maria 221 

Double  Heart 206 

Double  Flowering  Kentish ....  229 

Downer 210 

Downer's  Late 210 

Downer's  Late  Red 210 

Downing's  Red  Cheek          ....  221 

Doivnton 222 

Dredge's  Early  White  Heart      .        .  222 

Duchess  of  Pallua 222 

Dutch  MoreUo  .        ,  .226 


INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


507 


PAGE 

DaNord 228 

Du  Nord  Nouvelle 228 

Dwarf  Dovbli  FUnvering  ....  229 

Early  Black 220 

Early  Duke 215 

Early  May 222 

Early  Richmond 211 

Early  Prolific 222 

Early  Purple  Griotte 208 

Early  Purple  Guigne 208 

Early  WJiite  Heart 222 

Elizabeth 223 

Elliott's  Favorite 223 

Elkhom 222 

Elton 209 

English  Amber 223 

English  Morello 226 

Everflowing  Cherry 231 

Ihvorite 223 

Fellow's  Seedling 212 

Flemish 229 

Flesh  Colored  Bigarreau    .        .        .        .209 

Florence 210 

Four  to  the  Pound 231 

Frazer's  Black  Heart 206 

Frazer's  Black  Tartarian    ....  206 

Frazer's  White  Tartarian  ....  231 

Frazer's  White  Transparent      .        .        .  231 

Gascoigne's  Heart 228 

Gean  Amber 219 

German  May  Duke 208 

Governor  Wood- 211 

Grafion 212 

Great  Bigarreau 211 

Gridley 229 

Griotte  de  Portugal 204 

Griotte  de  Villenuea 207 

Groote  Princesse 212 

Gros  Bigarreau  Blanc         ....  209 

Gros  Bigarreau  Rouge       ....  230 

Gros  Couret 214 

Gros  Goubet 229 

Grosse  Bigarreau  Coleur-du-Chair     .        .  209 

Grottier  Rouge  Pale 207 

Grosse  Cerise  Rouge  Pale  ....  207 

Grosses  Schwarze  Knoorpel       .        .        .  222 

Guigne  Gros  Blanc 209 

Guigne  Grosse  Noir 220 

Guigne  Noir  Luizante         ....  214 

Guigne  Noir  Luizante        ....  223 

Guigne  Noir  Tardive 222 

Guigne  Rouge  Hative         ....  228 

Guinier  a  fruit  Noir 220 

Harrison  Heart  .        .        .        .        .        .  228 

Herefordshire  Black 229 

Herefordshire  Heart 228 

Herefordshire  White 222 

Jlildesheim 212 

Hildesheim  Bigarreau       ....  212 

Hoadley 224 

Holland  Bigarreau 215 

Holiandische  Grosse 212 

Honey 229 

Honey 224 

Hy(Ws  Red  Heart 229 

Hyde's  LaU  Black 229 

Hyde's  Seedling 229 

Hyde's  Jaui-iedePrusse     ....  224 

Imperial 225 

Imperial  Morello 225 

Italian  Heart 212 

Jamie  de  Prusse 224 


PAGH 

Joc-osot       .        ,        ,        ,    •    .        .        .  212 

Kennicott 224 

Kentish 211,  229 

Kentish 230 

Kentish  Red       .        .        .        .        .    211,  230 

Keokuk 224 

Kirtland's  Large  Morello  ....  225 

KirUand's  Mammoth  ....  213 

Kirtland's  Mary 213 

Knevett's  Late  Bigarreau  .        .        .  210 

Knight's  Early  Black         ....  213 

Knight's  Late  Black 230 

Lady  of  the  Lake 225 

Lady  Southampton's  Duke         .        .        .  230 

Lady  Southampton's  Golden  Drop     .        .  230 

Lady  SovihampUm's  Tdlow        .        .        .  230 

Large  Black  Bigarreau        ....  222 

Large  Double  Flowering    ....  250 

Large  Heart.-Sliaped 214 

Large  Heart-Shaped  Bigarreau  .        .    209,  214 

Large  Honey 220 

Large  May  Duke 215 

Large  Morello 225 

Large  Morello 226 

Large  Prool 211 

Larg3  Red  Bigarreau 230 

Large  White  Bigarreau      ....  228 

Large  WUd  Black 229 

Late  Arch  Duke 204  ' 

Late  Bigarreau 225 

Late  Duke 204 

Late  Honey 229 

Late  Kentish      .        .        .        .  •     .        .230 

Late  Morello 226 

Lauermann's  Kirsche         ....  215 

Leather  Stocking 226 

Lomercier  of  E  and  B.        .        .        .        .  217 

Lindley 225 

Lion's  Heart 230 

Logan 214 

Louis  Phillip 226 

Lundie  Gean       .        ...        .        .        .230 

Maccarty 229 

Madison 226 

Madison  Bigarreau 226 

Manning's  Early  Black      ....  230 

Manning's  Lale  Black  ....  230 
Manning's  Late  Black  Heart       .        .        .230 

Manning's  Mottled 215 

Mary 226 

May  Cherry 222 

May  Duke 215 

Mazzard 228 

Merisier  a  fruit  Blanc  ....  229 
Merveille  de  September  .  .  .  .226 
Millctt's  Late  Heart  Duke  .        .        .        .215 

Monstrouse  de  Bevay         ....  217 

Monstrouse  de  Mezel 215 

Monstrous  May 221 

Montmorency 229 

}iIontmorcncy  a  gros  fruit  ....  229 

Montmorency  a  lougue  queue    .        .        .  211 

Morello 226 

Morris'  Duke 215 

Morris'  Eiirly  Duke 215 

Mottled  Bigarreau 215 

Moyer's  Honey  Heart 226 

Muscat  de  Prague       .....  211 

Napoleon 215 

Napoleon  Bigarreau 216 

New  Large  Black  Bigarreau       .        .        .214 

Ohio  Beauty 216 


50S 


INDEX   OF   FKUTTS. 


PAGK 

Osceola       .        .                ....  216 

Osfheim 230 

Ortheimer  Weichsel 230 

Os  Heart 230 

Ox  Heart    .        ,                 ....  228 
Pie  Cherry ,        .                ...    211,  230 

Pierce's  Laie. 226 

Pink  Heart 230 

Plumstone  Mordlo 227 

Ponliac       .        .                ....  216 

Portugal  Duke 204,  215 

Powhattan 216 

Precoce 222 

President 227 

Princess  Duke 230 

Prinzessia  Kirsche 212 

Proudfoot 227 

Proudfoot's  Seedling 227 

BedBigarreau 230 

Eed  Heart 228 

Eed  Jacket 217 

Reine  Hortense 217 

Remington 230 

Remington  Heart 230 

Remington  White  Heart    .        .        .        .230 

Richardson 227 

Robert's  Red  HeaH 227 

Rockport 218 

Rockport  Bigarreau 218 

Ronald's  Black  Heart 206 

Ronald's  Heart 206 

Ronald's  Large  Black  Heart      .        .        .  206 

Ronald's  Large  Morello 226 

Royal  Hative 215 

Rumsey's  Late  Morello       ....  230 

Schone  von  Choisy 205 

Schwarze  Neue  Herz  Kirsche    .        .        .  220 

Serrulated-leaved  Cherry  ....  229 

Shannon 218 

Small  ilay 222 

Spanish  Black  Heart 220 

Spanish  or  Yellow 230 

Sparhawk's  Honey 227 

Sparahawk's  Honey 227 

Spotted  Bigarreau 215 

Steret'sMay 221 

Superb  Circassian 206 

Sussex 211 

Swedish 222 

Swedish  Red  Heart 222 

Sweet  Montmorency 231 

Tardif  do  Hildesheim 212 

Tardive  de  Mons 226 

Tartarian 206 

Jkcumseh 218 

The  Doctor 209 

Thompson's  Duke 215 

Tobacco  Leaved 231 

Tbwnsend 227 

Tradescant's  Black  Heart  .        .        .        .222 

Transparent 231 

Transparent  Gean 231 

Transparent  Guigne 231 

Triomphe,  of  Cumberland  ....  221 
Turkey  Bigarreau       .        .        .    212,  215,  228 

Vail' s  August  Duke 218 

Very  Large  Heart 230 

Virginia  May  Duke 231 

Virginian  May 211 

Virginian  Wild  Cherry     .        .        .        .231 

Walsh's  Seedling 227 

Ward's  Bigiwreau 214 


fJkGtS 

Warren's  Transparent       .        .        .  231 

Waterloo 228 

Wax  Cherry 20T 

Weeping  or  All  Saints               .        .        .  231 

Wellington 231 

Wendell's  MoUled 219 

Wendell's  Mottled  Bigarreau     .        .        .  219 

Werder's  Early  Black         ....  228 

Werdersche  True  Schwarze  Herz  Kirsche .  228 

West's  White  Heart 212 

White  Bigarreau 212 

White  Bigarreau 228 

White  Ox  Heart .        .       ^        .        ,        .228 

White  Tartarian 231 

White  Transparent 222 

Wild  English  Cherry 228 

Wilder's  Bigarreau  de  Mai ....  219 

WiUdnscm 231 

Yellow  or  Golden       ....  230 

Yellow  Honey 229 

Yellow  Spanish 212 

Yung  To 229 

CXTRRAIITS. 

American  Black 235 

AUractor 235 

Black  English 235 

Black  Grai)e 234 

Black  Naples 234 

Black  Transparent 236 

Champagne 235 

Cherry 234 

Common  Black 236 

Common  Red 235 

Common  While 235 

Fertile  Currant  of  Pahiau  .        .        .        .236 

FertUle  d' Angers 235 

Goliath 235 

Gondouin  White 236 

Gondouin  Red 235 

Houghton  Castle 235 

Jefferson 236 

Knight's  Early  Red 236 

Knight's  Large  Red 236 

Knight's  Sweet  Red 234 

La  Caucasse 236 

La  Haytive 236 

Large  Red  Dutch 234 

La  Versaillais 236 

Large  White 285 

Long  Bunched  Red  Dutch  ....  234 

May's  Victoria 235 

Missouri 236 

Missouri  Eatable      ' 236 

Missouri  Fragrant      .        .        .        .        .  236 

Missouri  Large-fruited       ....  236 

Morgan's  Red 234 

Morgan's  White 535 

New  Red  Dutch 284 

New  White  Dutch 235 

Ogden's  Black  Grape 234 

Palnau 230 

Prince  Albert 234 

Raby  Castle 235 

Red  Dutch 234 

Red  Grape 236 

Red  Grape 234 

Red  Provens 236 

Reeve's  White 235 

Rivers'  White  Grape 235 

SJiort  Bunched  Red 23d 


INDEX   OF  FRUITS. 


509 


striped  Fruited 236 

Transparent 236 

Victoria 235 

White  Clinton 235 

White  Crystal 235 

White  Dutch 235 

White  Grape 235 

White  leghorn 235 

iVhite  Pearl 237 

White  Antwerp 237 


BtterdsilVs  Duckuring .        .        .        .        .    240 
Capper's  Bunker's  Hill      .        .  .239 

Champagne 240 

Collier's  Jolly  Angler 240 

Crompton  Sheba  Queen        .        .        .        .241 

Early  Sulphur 240 

Green  Walnut 240 

Houghton's  Seedling 240 

Ironmonger 240 

Keen' s  Seedling 240 

Massey's  Heart  of  Oak        .        .        .        .240 

Melling's  Crown  Bob 240 

Pale  Red 240 

Parkinson's  Laurel 240 

Pitmaston  Green  Gage        .        .        .        .240 

Red  Warrington 241 

Roaring  Lion 241 

Taylor's  Bright  Venus         .  .        .    239 

White  Honey 241 

Woodward's  White  Smith  ....    241 

GRAPES. 

Ada 257 

Alexander 262 

Alicant 268 

Amber  Muscatine 269 

American  Muscadine 262 

Amiens 269 

Arkansas 255 

August  Traube 268 

Black  Burgundy 268 

Black  Cluster 268 

Black  Front ignac 268 

Black  Prontignan 268 

Black  Hamburg 267 


Black  Lisbon 
Black  Morillon 
Black  Orleans 
Black  Portugal 
Black  Prince 
Black  Spanish 
Black  Valentia 
Bland 


268 


257 


Bland's  Madeira 257 

Bland's  Pale  Red 257 

Bland's  Virginia 257 

Boston 268 

Bourdales  des  Hautes  Pyrenees        .        .  268 

Brinckle 258 

•Vown  Hamburg 267 

Ball  or  Bullet 262 

Burgnnder 268 

Camby's  August 268 

Cambridge  Botanic  Garden        .        .        .  268 

Canadian  Ckitf 258 

Cape  Grape 262 

Carter 258 


Catawba  Tokay 266 

Cassady 258 

Charter  Oak 263 

Chasselas 269 

Chasselas  Blanc  . ' 269 

Chasselas  Dore 269 

Chasselas  de  Fontainebleau        .        .        .    269 

Chilicothe  Seedling 263 

Child's  Seedling 258 

Clara 258 

Clarence     ...  ...    261 

Clenmmt 263 

Clifton's  Constantina 262 

Clintm 258 

Columbia 259 

Concord 259 

D'Arbois 269 

Deciraanner 269 

Delaware 256 

De  St.  Jean 268 

Devereaux 259 

Diana 257 

Dutch  Hamburg 267 

Early  Black 268 

Early  Black  July 268 

Early  White  Teneriflfe         .        .        .        .269 

Elsenborough 259 

Elsinboro' 259 

Elsingburgh 259 

Emily 269 

Fox  Grape 262 

Frankendale       .        .        . *      .        .        .    267 

Fromentean 269 

Fromentin  Rouge 269 

Frontniac  of  Alexandria     ....    269 

Garrigues 260 

Gibraltar 267 

Golden  Chasselas 269 

Graham      . 260 

Gris  Rouge 269 

Grizzly  Frontignac 268 

Grizzly  Frontignan 268 

Hall's  Grape 260 

Hampton  Court  Vino.  .        .        .    267 

Hartford  Prolijlc       .  ...    260 

Heath 256 

Herhemxyni 260 

Herbemont  Madeira  .....    260 

Hudson 260 

Hyde's  Eliza 263 

Imitative  Hamburg 260 

Isabella 257 

Jacob's  Traube 268 

James'  Seedling 263 

Jerusalem  Muscat 269 

July  Grape 268 

Kleinbranner 269 

Lebanon  Seedling 255 

Lee's 263 

Lenoir 261 

Logan 261 

Longworth's  Ohio 263 

Louisa 261 

Lunel 269 

Madeira 262 

Madeline 268 

Madeleine  Noir 268 

Malaga 269 

Mammoth .    263 

Mammoth  Catauiba     ...  .263 

Marion .261 


CoAawba 


255  I  Marzimmer 


7fi9 


510 


INDEX   OF  FRUITS. 


Mincyr^s  Seedling 263 

Missouri     .        .        .        .        .        .        .    261 

Missouri  Seedling 261 

Morellon  Hatif 268 

Moscado  Bianco  .        .        .  /    .        .        .    269 

Moscatel  Common 269 

Moschata  Bianca         .....    269 

Muscadine  .        .  ....     262 

Muscat  of  Alexandria        .        .        .       ♦.    269 
Muscat  d'Alexandria  ....    269 

Muscat  Blanc      .  ....     269 

Muscat  Blanc  de  Jura         ....    269 

Muscat  Gris 268 

Muscat  Noir 268 

Muscat  Noir  de  Jura 268 

Muscat  Noir  Ordinaire        ....    268 

Muscat  Rouge 268 

Muscateller 269 

Nepean's  Constantia 269 

Northern  JIuscadine 263 

Northern  Muscadine 261 

Norton's  Seedling 261 

Norton's  Virginia      .        .        .        .        .     261 

Ohio 262 

Passe  longue  Musque 269 

Passe  Musque 269 

Pauline 262 

Pennsylvania 263 

Pineau 268 

Pocock's  Damascus 268 

Pond's  Seedling 263 

Powell 257 

Purple  Constantia 268 

Purple  Frontignan 268 

Purple  Hamburg 267 

Raabe         .        .        .        .        .        ,        .     262 
Raab'se  No.l 258 


PAca 


261 


269 


St.  Qauser  .... 

Stewart's  Black  Prince 

Sumpter 

Taft 

Tusker's  Grape   .        .        .        .        , 

lb  Kalon 

Tokayer      

Tottenham  Park  Muscat    . 

Traminer 269 

Troy  Grape 263 

True  Burgundy 268 

Union  Village 260 

Valentine's 267 

AVarren 260 

Warren's  Black  Hamburg  ....    267 

Warrentown 260 

White  Catawba 263 

White  Chasselas  •        ....    269 

White  Constantia 269 

White  Frontinac 269 

White  Frontignan 269 

White  Muscat 269 

Wnite  Muscat  of  Alexandria 
White  Muscat  of  Lunel 

Winne 262 

Worthington 258 

York  Madeira 263 

Zane 263 


269 
269 


No.  2    . 

No.  3 

No.  4 

Raisin  de  Champagne 
Raisin  de  Frontignan 

Raisin  Precoce 

Ranfolak 

Ranfoliga 

Rebecca 

lied  Constantia 

Ked  Hamburgh 

Red  Muncy         

Red  Traminer 269 

Roanoke 262 

Rothclauser 269 

Rothedel 269 

Rothfranken 269 

Roth  ReiQer 269 

Rother  Klevner 269 

Rother  Traminer 269 

Royal  Muscadine 269 

Salisbury  Violet  .        .        .        .267 

Schuylkill    .         .  ....     262 

Schuylkill  Muscadell 262 

Scuppemong 262 

Segar  Box  ....  .        .    262 

Shaker  Grape     ...  .        .    260 

Sherman     .  263 

Shurtleff's  Seedling 263 

Singleton 255 

Sir  A.  Pytche's  Black         .        .        .        .268 
Sir  William  Rowley's  Black       .        .        .    268 

Small  Black  Cluster 268 

Smart's  Elslnburg      .  ...    259 

Spring  Mill  Constant 'A  .        ,        .262 


262 


267 
255 


Anderson's         ...  .       .    271 

Anderson's  Round 273 

Aromatic 271 

Barker 271 

Black  Murry 273 

Boston 270 

Broamfidd 273 

Brugnon  Hatif 271 

Brugnon  Red  at  the  Stone  ....  271 

Brugnon  Musque 272 

Brugnon  Violette  Musque  .        .        .        .  272 

Clairmont 271 

Common  Elruge 271 

Cowdry  White 272 

Downton 270 

Due  Du  Telliers 271 

Due  de  Tello 271 

Due  de  Tilly 271 

Duke  of  Telliers 271 

Du  Tiliey's 271 

DuTilliers 271 

Early  Brugnon 271 

Early  Black 271 

Early  Black  Newington      ....  271 

Early  Newinglon 271 

Early  Violet 271 

Elruge 271 

Emerton's  New  White        ....  272 

Fairchild 273 

Ihirchild's  Early 273 

Fine  Gold-Fleshed 273 

Flanders     .        .        .                .        .        .  272 

French  Newington 273 

French  Yellow 271 

Genoa  or  Genoese 273 

Golden 273 

Hampton  Court 271 

Hardwick6 .        ...        .        .        .  272 

Hardwicke's  Seedling         ....  272 

Hunt's  Early  Tawny 272 


INDEX   OF  FRUITS. 


611 


PAGE 

Hunt's  large  Tawn/ 272 

Hunt's  Tavmy 272 

Jiiune  Lisse 273 

Large  Early  Violet  .        .        .        .272 

I^arge  Scarlet 271 

Large  White 272 

Late  Green 273 

Late  Yellow 273 

Lewis 270 

Lord  Selsey's  Elruge 271 

Lucombe's  Black 271 

Lucombe's  Seedling 271 

Murrey 273 

Murry .  273 

NeaVs  White .272 

Newington 273 

New  Early  Newington        .        .        .        .271 

New  Scarlet 271 

New  White 272 

Oatland's 271 

Old  Newington 273 

Old  Roman 272 

Oldenburg 272 

Orange 272 

Orange 273 

Perkin's  Seedling 270 

Peterborongk 273 

Petite  Violet  Hative 271 

Pitraaston's  Orange 272 

Prinze's  Golden 273 

Red  Roman 272 

Roman 272 

Rough  Roman 273 

Scarlet 273 

Scarlet  Newington 273 

SionHill 273 

Smith's  Newington 273 

Spring  Grove 271 

Stanioicke 272 

Sweet  Yellow 273 

Temple's 271 

Vermash  (of  some) 273 

Violet  Grosse 272 

Violet  red  at  the  Stone       .        .        .        .271 

Violet  Musk 271 

Violette  Hative 271 

William's  Orange 272 

Williams'  Seedling 272 

PEACHBS. 

Ahricotee 308 

Adtm  Scott 305 

Admirable 305 

Admirable  Jaune 308 

Admirable  Tardive 305 

AHierge 285 

Albcrge  Juano 285 

Algiers  Winter 306 

Algiers  Yellow 306 

Almmd       .                305 

Allen .292 

Anne 305 

Apricot  Peach 302 

Astfrr 292 

Ativater 298 

Atistin's  Late  Red 292 

Avant  Blanche 308 

Avaut  Rouge 307 

SacheUer  " 293 

Bagby^s  Large 293 

Baildivin'a  Late 293 


PAGB 

Baltimore  Beauty       ....  305 

Bfiltimore  Rose 289 

Barnard 293 

Barrington 293 

Baugh         ......  293 

Beauty  of  Beaucaire 293 

Beauty  of  Salisbury 305 

Belle  Beau  to 287 

Belle  de  Beaucaire                                       .  293 

Belle  Chevreuse                                     .        ,  305 

Belle  de  Paris      .                                 .        .  289 

Belle  de  Vitry     .        .                         .        .  305 

Belle  de  Vitry     ...                 .        .  305 

Bellegarde  ....                .        .  293 

Bellis 305 

Belzar^s  Early  Rareripe              .        .        .  S05 

Bennett's  Rareripe      .                .                .  305 

Bergen's  Yellow  .        .                ...  285 

BlanUm  Cling     .        .                ...  293 

Blood  Cling 294 

Blood  Clingstone 294 

Bordeaux  Cling 294 

Boudin        .        .        .        .        .        .        .288 

Bourdine     ....                .        .  288 

Brentford  Mignonne  .        .                 .        .  293 

Brevoort 285 

Brevoort's  Morris 285 

Brevoort's  Seedling  Meltcr         .        .        .  285 


Brown  Nutmeg 307 

Buckingham  Mignonne       ....  293 

BuUard's  Clingstone 305 

Billiard' s  Seedling 305 

Burgess  Beauty 290 

Cable's  Early 306 

Cable's  Ejirly  Melocoton    .        .        .        .306 

Cattle's  Late 294 

Cable's  Late  Melocoton       ....  294 

Cable's  Medium  Melocoton  ....  305 

Cambridge  Bdle 294 

Canary 305 

Carmine 294 

Carpenter's  White 294 

Carey's  Mamm/)th  Cling      ....  306 

Catharine  Cling 306 

aiancellor 306 

Chancelliere 306 

Charlotte 306 

Chilian 305 

Chinese  Cling 294 

Chinese  Peach 294 

Claret  Clingstone 294 

Clarke 294 

ainton 295 

Cole's  Early  Red 295 

Cole's  White  Malacaton      .        .        .        .288 

Colonel  Ausley's 293 

Columbia 286 

Columbus  June 295 

Congress 306 

Congress  Cling 306 

Cooled  ge's  Early  Red  Rareripe  .        .  285 

Cooledge's  Favorite 285 

Crawford's  Early 285 

Crawford's  Early  Melocoton       .        .        .  285 

Crauford's  Late 285 

Craw'ford's  Late  Melocoton         .        .        .  285 

Crawford's  Superb  Melocoton     .        .        .  285 
Crawford's  Superb  Malacatune  .        .        .285 

Cuileaved 306 

Doctor  Cooper 297 

Doonahoo  Clinfi 296 


512 


INDEX   OF  FRUITS. 


PAGE 

Dorsetshire 289 

Double  Swalsh    .        .                ...  307 

Double  Mountain 295 

Double  ManLoffne 295 

Douglas 290 

Down  Easter 306 

Druid  Hill 295 

Early  Admirable 305 

Early  Anne 305 

Early  Barnard 293 

Early  Crawford 285 

Early  Chelmsford 295 

Early  Galando     ....  .293 

Early  Maiden      .        .                 ...  299 

Early  May 287 

Early  Newington 307 

Early  Newington 286 

Early  Newington  Freestone       .        .        .  286 

Early  Purple 287 

Early  Purple  Avent 287 

Early  Red  Rareripe 290 

Early  Red  Nutmeg 307 

Early  Robinson  Crusoe       ....  306 

Early  Royal  George    .        .        .        .293,  307 

Early  Sweet  Water 307 

Early  Tillolson 286 

Early  Vineyard 287 

Early  White  Nutmeg 308 

Early  York 286 

Early  York  of  New  Jersey         .        .        .  288 

Eastbum 295 

Eastburn's  Clioice 295 

Edgar's  Late  Melting 306 

Edward's  Late  While 295 

Eliza 296 

Elmira 296 

Emperor  of  Russia 306 

Favorite 296 

Favorite  Red 296 

Fine  Heath 287 

Flat  Peach  of  China 294 

Ilewellen  Cling  ......  296 

Ihx's  Seedling     .        .                ...  296 

Freestone  Heath 288 

French  Bourdine 288 

French  Magdalen 299 

French  Mignonne 287 

French  Rareripe         ....    286,  292 

French  Royal  George 293 

Fulkerson 296 

Fulkerson's  Early 296 

Galade 296 

George  the  Fourth, 286 

GesVs  Superb 306 

Gest's  Large  Freestone      .                        .  306 

Gold  Fleshed       .                         ...  285 

Golden  Bail 306 

Golden  Mignonne 285 

Golden  Rareripe 285 

Gorgas 296 

Green  Caiharine 297 

Green  Nutmeg 305 

Green  Rareripe  .        .                 ...  297 

Griffin's  Mignonne      ....  307 

Griffith's  Melocoton 304 

Grimwood's  Royal  George ....  287 

Grimwood's  New  Royal  George         .        .  287 

Grimwood's  Royal  Charlotte      .        .        .  306 

Griswold 297 

Gros  Melocoton 300 

Grosse  Mignonne 287 

Grosse  Perrique  Rouge       ....  300 


vAon 

Haine's  Early  Red 288 

Hale 29T 

Hale's  Melocoton 297 

Hall's  Down  Easter 306 

Hardy's  Galande        ....    285,  296 

Harker's  Seedling 297 

Hartshorn 297 

Hastings 29T 

Hatch 297 

Hative  de  Ferrieres 297 

Heath  Free         .        .        .        .   -    .        .299 

Healh  Clingstone 287 

Heath  Freestone 299 

Henry  Clay 297 

Hill's  Madeira 299 

HilVs  Chili 298 

Hoffman's  Pound 800 

Hnffner 298 

Hoffner's  Seedling 298 

Hogg's  Melocoton       ....  290 

Honest  John 288 

Honey  Peach 298 

Horlon's  Delicious 298 

Hovey's  Cambridge  Belle~Synouym  .        .  294 

Hubbard's  Early 298 

Hyslop's  Clingstone 287 

Imperial  (Middleton's)        .        .        .        .298 

Imperial  (Petit's) 298 

Incomparable 298 

Indian  Peach 286 

Ispahan 306 

Italian  Peach 286 

Italian 289 

Jackson  Cling 298 

Jaques'  Rareripe 287 

Jaqu£s'  Rareripe 287 

Jaquish 287 

Java  Peach 294 

Johnson's  Early  Purple      ....  287 

Jones' Early 299 

Jones'  Large  Early 299 

Jose  Sweet 299 

Judd's  Melting 288 

Kennedy's  Carolina 288 

Kennedy's  I^mon  Clingstone    .        .        .  288 

Kenrick's  Heath 299 

Kew's  Early  Purple 806 

L'Admirable 305 

Lady  Anne  Stewart 288 

I^idy  Gallatin 290 

Lady  Parham 299 

Lafayette 807 

Lafayette  Clingstone 307 

La  Grange 299 

LaRoyale 288 

Largo  American  Nutmeg    ....  807 

Large  Early  York 288 

Large  French  Mignonne     ....  287 

Ixarge  Melting 80T 

I^rge  Newington 301 

large  Red  Rareripe    ....    289,  290 

Karge  Violet 293 

Large  White  Clingstone     .        .        .        .292 

Large  Yellow  Rareripe       .        .        .      '  .  292 

Largest  Lemon 288 

Late  Admirable 288 

Late  Admirable  Cling         ....  298 

lAte  Chancellor 806 

Late  Red  Rareripe     .        .  .290 

Late  Yellow  Alberge    .        .  .806 

Lemon  Clingstone       .        .        .        .        .  288 

Lincoln 299 


INDEX  OF  FBUITS. 


613 


PAGE 

Livingstone's  N.  Y.  Rareripe     .       .       .  288 

Ixwkyer's  Mignonne 307 

Long  Yellow  Pine  Apple    ....  288 

Lord  Montague's  Noblesse         .        .        .  301 
Luscious  White  Rareripe    .        .        .        .288 

Madeira 299 

Madeira  Freestone 299 

Madelaine  de  Oourson         ....  299 

MacUline  of  Courtca 299 

Madeline  Rouge 299 

Magistrate  .......  307 

Majestrate 307 

Malacatune 290 

Malagatune         .        .        .        .        ^       .  290 

Maiden 299 

Malta 289 

Malte  de  Normandie 289 

Mammoth 295 

Maria  Antoinette 292 

Mellishe's  Favorite 301 

MeUing 307 

Merriam 300 

Mignonne 287 

Millet's  Mignonne 307 

Maiden's  White 300 

Monstrous  ClingsU/ne 300 

Monstrom  Freestone 307 

Monstrous  Pavie 300 

Monstrous  Pompone 300 

Montague 295 

Montauban 295 

Montgomery's  Late 300 

Moore's  Favorite 300 

Moore's  June 300 

Morrisania 300 

Morrisania  Pound 300 

Morris  Red  Rareripe 289 

Morris  TFTiite 288 

Morris  White  Freestone     .        .        .        .288 
Morris  White  Rareripe        .        .        .        .288 

Morrison's  Pound 300 

Motteux's 288 

Mrs.  Poinsett 300 

Mulatto        .                 286 

Narbonne 288 

Neill's  Early  Purple    .                ...  287 

New  Cut  Leaved 306 

Newington .        .                ...    286,  301 

Newington  Cling                 .                .        .  301 

Newman     ....                .        .  301 

New  Royal  Charlotte 306 

New  Royal  George 307 

New  York  Rareripe 288 

New  York  White  Clingstone      ...  292 

Nivette                 289 

Nivette  VelJite 289 

Noblesse              301 

Noisette .306 

Nonpareil 301 

October  Yellow 306 

Oldraixon  Clearstone 289 

Oldmixon  Clingstone 289 

Oldmixon  Freestone     ...  .289 

Old  Neioington 301 

Old  Royal  Charlotte 306 

Orange        ...                        .        .  308 

Orange  Clingstone                      .        .        •  301 
Orchard  Queen   ....                .301 

Owen 301 

Owen's  Lemon   ...                .        .  301 

Owen's  Lemon  Rareripe    .               .       .  301 

FaragoH    ......  301 


PAGB 

Pavie  Admirable 298 

Pavie  Caum 300 

Pavie  Monstreux  .  300 

Pavie  de  Pomponne    .        .        .  300 

Pavie  de  Pomponne  Gross  ....  300 

Pavie  Rouge  de  Pomponne         .        .        .  300 

Peche  Jaune        .        .                ...  285 

Peche  Malte        .        .                ...  289 

Peche  Royale      .        .                ...  288 

Pecher  d'Ispahan        .                ...  306 

Peen-To 294 

Phjleiger 307 

Philadelphia  Freestone      .        .        .        .288 
Pine  Apple  Clingstone        .        .        .        .288 

Poinsett 301 

Poole's  Large  Yellow 302 

Poole's  Late  Yellow  Freestone  .        .  302 

PooU's  Yellow 302 

Pourpree  Hative 287 

Pourpree  de  Normandie     ....  287 

Pourpree  Tardive 288 

President 290 

President  Church 302 

Prince  John 302 

Prince's  Climax 302 

Prince's  Excelsior 302 

Prince's  Paragon 301 

Prince's  Red  Rareripe       ....  290 

Purple  Alberge 285 

Purple  Avant 287 

Red  Alberge 285 

Red  Avant 307 

Red  Cheek 290 

Red  Cheek  Melocoton         .        .        .        .290 

Red  Heath 287 

Red  Magdalen 293,  299 

RedMagdaline 307 

Red  Nutmeg 307 

Red  Rareripe 289 

RedRareHpe 290 

Reeve's  Favorite 302 

Reid's  Weeping  ......  308 

Reine  des  Vergers 301 

Rodman's  Red 302 

Ronald's  Mignonne 293 

Ronald's  Seedling  Galande .                .        .  287 

Rosanna 307 

Rose 303 

Rosebank 290 

Rouge  Paysanne 299 

Royal 288 

Royal  George 307 

Royal  Sovereign 287 

Royal  Kensington 287 

Scott's  Magnate 302 

Scott's  Nectar 302 

Scott's  Early  Red 307 

Scott's  Nonpareil 301 

Selby's  Cling 292 

Serrate  Early  York 286 

Serrated 306 

Siebott 308 

Site's  Old  Zack 803 

Shanghai 303 

Skinner's  Superb 303 

Slocxim's  Early 308 

SmUh's  lUvorite 303 

Smith's  Newington    ....  386 

Smith's  Newington      ....  307 

Smith's  Early  Newington          .        .  807 

Smock         ...                .  303 

Smock  FVee.       .       .  303 


514 


INDEX   OF  FRUIIS. 


Smock  Clingstone 
Smooth-leaved  Royal  George 


PAGE 

.    307 
.    293 


Spring  Grove      .... 

St.  George 

Stetson's  Seedling 
Stewart's  Late  Galande 

Straicberry 

Sturtevant 

SulTiamstead       .... 

Superb        

Superb  Royal      .... 

Swalze 

Swalsh 

Sweetwaier 

Swiss  Mignonne  .... 
Stephenson  Cling 
Stump  the  World 
Susquehannak    .... 
Tarbell        .        .        .        .        . 
Tetou  de  Venus  .... 

Tice 

Tice's  Red  and  Yellow 

Tippecanoe 

Troth's  Early  Red 

True  Early  York 

True  Red  Magdalen    . 

TufVs  Early       .... 

Tuft's  Rareripe  .        .        .        . 

Unique 

Vandermark       .... 

Vanguard    

Van  Zant's  Superb     . 
Veloutee  Tardive 

Vineuse       

Vineuse  de  Fromentin 
Violette  Hative  .... 
Violette  Hative  Grosse 

Walberton 

Walberton  Admirable 
WaUer's  Early  .        .        .        . 
Ward's  Free        .        .        .        . 
Ward's  Freestone 
Ward's  Late  Free 
Washington         .... 
Washington  Clingstone 
Washington  Rareripe 
Washington  Red  PYeestone 
Waxen  Rareripe 

Weeping 

Weld's  Freestone 

White  Avant 

White  Blotsom    . 

White  Blossomed  Incomparable 

While  Clingstone 

Wliite  Heath       .        .        .        . 

White  Imperial  .        .        .        . 

White  Malacaton 

White  Nuirn^    .        .        .        . 

White  Rareripe  .... 

Williamson's  New  York     . 

Willow  Peach     .... 

Tate's  Early       .... 

Yellow  Admirable 

Yellow  Alberge  .... 

Yellow  Barnard  .... 

Yellow  Malagatune     . 

Yellow  Melocoton 

Yellow  Pine  Apple 

Yellow  Rareripe 

Yellow  Rareripe 

Yellow  Red  Rareripe .        .        . 

Zoar  BtatUy       .   .   .   . 


303 
303 
306 
303 
290 


287 

307 

307 

307 

287 

303 

304 

304 

304  i 

288 

308 


304 
304 
306 
308 
301 
291 
289 
287 
287 


304 
291 
291 
291 
291 
291 
304 


291 
308 
291 
308 


292 

287 
291 
288 
308 


288,  289 
.  292 


308 
285 
293 
290 
290 
288 
285 
285 
292 


FACn 

AbbeEdouard     ....  357 

Abbe  Mongein 357 

Abbot 357 

Adams 357 

Adele  de  St.  Denis 357 

Adelaide  de  Reves 357 

Admiral 417 

Ah  I  Mon  Dieu 420 

Alexander  .        .        .        .        .        .        .  357 

A  lexandrine  DouiUard       ....  358 

Alexander  Lambre 358 

Alpha 359 

AUhorpe  Crasanne      .....  359 

Amanda's  Double 417 

Aviande  Double 417 

Amadottee 423 

Ambrette 417 

Ambrette  d'Hiver 417 

Ambre  Gris 417 

Avibrosia 417 

Amiral 417 

Amire  Joannet 381 

Amoselle 417 

Ananas  de  Courtrai    .        .                .        .  358 

Ananas       323,  390 

Ananas  d'Ete 323 

Andreios 358 

Angleterre 417 

Angleterre  Noisette 417 

Archduc  d'Ete 381 

Aston  Tovm 417 

Auguste  de  Maraise 359 

Autumn  Bergamot 417 

Autumn  Colmar 417 

Auguste  Van  Krans 349 

Badham's 360 

Bankerbine 359 

Baronnc  de  Mello 357 

Barry 359 

BaHlett        .        .                 ....  324 

Beadnell 367 

Beadnell's  Seedling 367 

Beauchamp's 366 

Beau  Present 393 

Beau  Present  d'Artois         ....  365 

Bcgy  de  Vctrans 405 

Bein  Armudi 367 

Belle  Angevine 346 

Belle  Aprcs  Noel 359 

Belle  d'Aout 418 

Belle  de  Bruxelles 418 

Belle  of  Brussels 418 

Belle  et  Bonne 417 

Belle  Crainese 359 

Belle  Epine  Dumas 360 

Belle  Excellent 359 

Belle  de  Flanders 337 

BelU  Fondante 368 

Belle  Gabriel 417 

Belle  de  Jersey 346 

Belle  Julie 360 

Belle  de  Noel 359 

Belle  de  Thouars 359 

Belle  Lucrative 325 

Belle  Verge 393 

Bellissime  d'Ete 421 

Bellissime  Jargonelle 421 

Bellissime  Supreme 42V 

Belmont 417 

Beuoits 360 

Benoist  Nouveau        ...  867 


INDEX   OF   FKUITS. 


615 


PAGE 

Borgaloo 336 

Bergamot  d'Angleterre       ....  422 

Bcrgamot  d'Alencoa 417 

Bergamot  Boussiere 418 

Bergamot  de  Bugi 417 

Bergamot  Crasaune    .        .        .        .        .  420 

Bergamot  d'Ete  .                 ....  422 

Bergamot  d'Hiver              ....  417 

Bergamot  d' Holland 417 

Bergamot  de  Paques 417 

Bergamot  Parthenay 417 

Bergamot  Easter 417 

Bergamot  Suisse 424 

Bergamot  Sylvange    .....  425 
Bergamot  de  Ibulouse — synonym        .        .417 

Bergamotte 403 

Bcrgamotte  Buffo 366 

Bergamotte  C<idette 366 

Bergamotte  Crapaud 366 

Bergamotte  d'Esperin 366 

Bcrgamotte  de  Fougere      ....  417 

Bergamotte  Gaudry 366 

Bergamotte  de  Hambourg    ....  360 

Bergamotte  Heimburg          ....  368 

Bergamotte  Leseble 368 

Bergamotte  de  Millepieds     ....  368 

Bergamotte  de  la  Pentecote       .        .        .  331 

Bergamotte  SieuUe 378 

Bergen  Pear 368 

Beri  Vaet 361 

Beurre 360 

Be\!rre  Adam      .        .        .        .        .        .  418 

Beurre  Ananas 390 

Beurre  d' Albert 363 

Beurre  d'Alencon 417 

Beurre  Aurora 369 

Beurre  d'Amanlis 362 

Beurre  d'Amalis 362 

Beurre  d'Ambleuso 360 

Beurre  d'Ambois 360 

Beurre  d'Angleterre 417 

Beurre  d^ Anjou 330 

Beurre  d^Aremberg 326 

Beurre  d'Aremberg 339 

Beurre  Audusson 407 

Beurre  d'Argenson 403 

Beurre  Auguste  Benoits     ....  364 

Beurre  Audosson 366 

Beurre  Auguste  Benoit       ....  360 

Beurre  d'Austrasio 392 

Beurre  Bachelier 363 

Beurre  Berclcmam 365 

Beurre  Beaucharaps   .        .                 .  866 

Beurre  Beaulieu ...                 .         .  360 

Bewre  de  Seaum/mt 361 

Beurre  Blanc 336 

Beurre  Blanc  de  Jersey        ....  367 

Be>.irre  Benn&tt '     .  362 

Beurre  de  Bollunller 418 

Beurre  de  Brignais 376 

Btnirre,  or  Bonne  Louise d'Araudoro  .        .  345 

Beurre  Benoits 364 

Beurre  Benoist 360 

Beurre  Base        .                ....  329 

Beurre  Boucquia 419 

Beurre  Bretonneau 363 

Beurre  BreUonneau 363 

Beurre  Brown 360 

Beurre  Bromee 418 

Beurre  Bynumt 363 

Beurre  Cadet 860 

<»*nrre  Caloma   .                ....  369 


PAGB 

Beurre  Capiaumont 369 

Beurre  Chaptal 371 

Beurre  de  Chameau 379 

Beurre  Charron 360 

Beurre  Clairgeau        .        .                 .        .  866 

Beurre  Coit         ...                 .        .  382 

Beurre  Colmar    ...                .        .  418 

Beurre  Colmar  d'Automne                  .        .  418 

Beurre  Colmar  Gris  dit  Precel   .        .        .  403 

Beurre  Cornice  de  Ibulon    ....  864 

Beurre  Crapaud 860 

Beurre  Curte 373 

Beurre  Curtet 376 

Beurre  Delphos 365 

Beurre  Diet 327 

Beurre  Doree 360 

Beurre  Duhaume 362 

Beurre  DuJiaume 865 

Beurre  Duval 418 

Beurre  Easter     .        .        .        .        .        .331 

Beurre  d' Elberg 362 

Beurre  Epine 861 

Beurre  Esperin 866 

Beurre  de  Flanders 361 

Beurre  Defais 378 

Beurre  Fortunce 421 

Beurre  Ihugiere 861 

Beurre  Gens 362 

Beurre  Gifford 325 

Beurre  Giffard 325 

Beurre  Gris  d'Hiver 364 

Beurre  Gris 860 

Beurre  Gris  d^Hiver  Nouveau    .        .        .  864 

Beurre  Gris  Superieuro      ....  864 

B«>urre  Haggenton      ."....  396 

Beurre  Hamecher 862 

Beurre  d'Hardenpont         ....  839 

Beurre  Hardy 366 

Beurre  d'Hiver 372 

Beurre  d'Hiver  de  Bruxelles      .        .        .  831 

Beurre  d'Hiver  Nouvelle    .        .        •         .  839 

Beurre  Incomparable         ...  827 

Beurre  Judes 364 

Beurre  Kenrick 418 

Beurre  de  Konig  of  Downing     .        .        .  364 

Beurre  Knox 418 

Beurre  de  Konink 364 

Beurre  Kennes 366 

Beurre  Kossuth 861 

Beurre  de  Lucon 364 

Beurre  Le<m  le  Clerc 366 

Bewre  Leon,  le  Clerc 361 

Beurre  Langelier 332 

Beurre  JIagnifique 327 

Beurre  de  Montgeron 864 

B  Mirre  de  Malines 355 

Beurre  de  Mesode 334 

Bewre  Millet 363 

Beurre  Millet  of  Angers      .        .        •        .382 

Beurre  Moire 328 

Beurre  Moire 828 

Beurre  Mollet's  Guernsey    ....  361 

Beurre  de  Montigeron        ....  364 

Beurre  Nantais 363 

Beurre  de  Nantes       ...                .  363 
Beurre  Neille      ....                .330 

Beurre  Noirchain      [ 361 

Beurre  Naver 365 

Beurre  d'Or 360 

Be\!rrc  Oudinot  .                ....  400 

Beurre  des  Orphelins         ....  326 

Beurre  de  Faquea 881 


516 


INDEX    OF   FRUITS. 


PAGE 

Beurre  de  la  Pentacote              .       .        .  331 

Beurre  Phillippe  del  Ibsse          .        .        .  364 

Beurre  Picquery 352 

Beurre  Plat 420 

Beurre  Preble 361 

Beurre  Ranee 361 

Beurre  de  Ram 361 

Beurre  de  Rhine 349 

Beurre  de  Rhine 361 

Beurre  du  Roi 360 

Beurre  Richelieu 365 

Beurre  Remain 366 

Beurre  Romain 418 

Beurre  Robin 378 

Beurre  Rouge 360 

Beurre  Roupe 331 

Beurre  Royal 327 

Beurre  Seutin 418 

Beurre  Six 365 

Beurre  Sieulle 378 

Beurre  Soulange 365 

Beurre  Spence 337 

Beurre  Spence 365 

Beurre  Steikman 366 

Beurre  St.  Nicolas 331 

Beurre  Suisse 361 

Beurre  Superfine 363 

Beurre  Van  Marum 363 

Beurre  Van  Mons 352 

Beurre  Vert 360 

Beurre  de  WeOeren 384 

Beurre  de  Waterloo 379 

Beurre  Winter 362 

Bezi  Blanc 418 

Bezi  Chaumontelle  tres  gros       ...  331 

Bezi  de  Chaumontelle         ....  372 

Bezi  de  Chausserie 381 

Bezi  d'Echassey 381 

Bezi  d'Esperia 136 

Bezi  Heri 418 

J9m  de  Monlvpiy 366 

Bezi  de  la  Moke 367 

Bezi  de  Naples 367 

Bezi  Royal 418 

Bezi  Sarispareil 367 

Bezi  de  Spoelberch 412 

Bezyd'Esperen 367 

Bezy  Gamier 367 

Bezy  Quessoy  d'Ete 367 

Bishop^ s  Thumb 418 

Black  Pear  of  Worcester    .        .        .        .333 

Black  Worcester 333 

Bleeker's  Meadow 368 

Bloodgood 333 

Bou  Chretien  d'Espagne     ....  418 

Bon  Chretien  Turc 418 

Bon  Chretien  d'Ete 424 

Bon  Chretien  Flemish  .        .        .        .418 

Bon  Chretien  Fondante       .        .        .        .333 
Bon  Chretien  Spanish         .        .        .        .418 

Bon  Guxtave 369 

Bon  d'Ezee 368 

Bonne  d'Ezee 368 

Bonne  des  Haies 368 

Bonne  Charlotte 369 

Bonne  de  JIalines 355 

Bonne  Rouge 384 

Bordenave 343 

BoscSire 337 

Bosc'a  Flaschenbirne         ....  329 

Bosch 337 

BoBche  Nouvelle 337 


PAGH 

Boston        .......  404 

Boston  Epargne 389 

Boucquia 419 

Boutello .363 

Bouvier  Bourgerm^tre  ....  369 
Braddick's  Field  Marshal  .  .  .  .398 
Brande'sSt.  Germain        .        .        .        .369 

Brandywine 328 

Bretagne  Cour    .        .                ...  346 

Brielmont 369 

Bringeivood 369 

Broca's  Bergamot 384 

Broom  Park 419 

Brougham 419 

Brown  St.  Germain    .                ...  348 

Buffum       ...                ...  333 

Bujaleuf      ...                 ...  425 

Burgermeister 418 

Burgomaster 418 

Burlingame 419 

Burlinghame 419 

Burnett 419 

Butter  Pear 336,  391 

Bymont 363 

Cabot 419 

Cadillac 419 

Caen  du  France 369 

Caillot  Rosat 424 

Caillot  Rosat  d'Eto 424 

Calabasse  Bosc 329.  345 

Calebasse 419 

Calebasse  Delvinge 419 

Calebasse  Double  Extra      ....  419 

Calelxisse  d'Ete 370 

Calebasse  Grosse 419 

Calebasse  d'Holland 419 

Calhoun 369 

Cambridge  Sugar  Pear        .        .        .        .389 

Camerling  ..,...,  371 

Camerlyn 370 

Canandaigua 370 

Canning 3.31 

Capiawmont 369 

Capsheaf 370 

Caj)tif  de  St.  Helena 379 

Capucin 419 

Cassante  de  Mars 370 

Catherine 370 

Catherine  Gardette 370 

Catillac 419 

Catinka 370 

Celestin 413 

Cellite 403 

Chambers'  Large       ....  346 

Chambrette 425 

Chancellor 371 

Cliapin 378 

Chapman 419 

Chapman's 403 

Chaptal 371 

CJiarlotte  de  Brmver 372 

Charles  of  Austria 419 

Charles  d'Autriche 419 

Charles  Van  Hoogten  .                 ...  371 

Charles  Van  Mons 371 

Chaumontel 372 

Chaumontel  d'Eto 421 

Chaumontel  tres  gros         ....  331 

Chelmsford 420 

Choice  d'un  AmcUeur         ....  371 

Christmas 371 

Church 372 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


617 


PAGE 

Citron 372 

Citron  of  Bohemia 419 

Citron  des  Carmes 343 

Clara 419 

Claire 419 

Clinton 419 

ClioQ 354 

Cluster  Pear        ....                .  387 

Coflan's  Virgalieu 420 

Collins       ^ 372 

Colmar 420 

Colmar  d'Alost 372 

Colmar  d'Aremberg 420 

Colmar  des  Champs  .        .        .        .        .  326 

Colmar  Charnay 417 

Colmar  Dore       .        .        .        .        .    403,  420 

Colmar  Epine 372 

Colmar  Gris 403 

Colmar  Hardenpoint 403 

Colmar  d'Hlver 339,  403 

Colmar  Jaminette 392 

Colmar  de  Meesier 420 

Colmar  Ndll 373 

Colmar  Preule 403 

Colmar  de  Sille 403 

Colmar  Souveraine 403 

Colmar  Van  Mons       .        .        .        .352,  403 

Colniac  Bosc 330 

Columbia 373 

Columbian  "Virgalieu 373 

Columbian  Virgalouse        ....  373 

Commodore 420 

Comprette 420 

Compte  de  Flandre 374 

(hmpte  de  Lamy 373 

Compte  de  Michaux 423 

ComteLelieur 373 

Comtesse  d'Alost       ....    372,  379 

Comtesse  de  Lunay 374 

Comtesse  de  Frcnol 382 

Comslock 420 

Comstock  Wilding 420 

Conscilleur  Ranwez 374 

Conseilleur  Ramuez 374 

Conseiller  de  la  Cour 400 

Cooke 372 

Copea 420 

Cornells 375 

Coter 375 

Countess  of  Lunay 374 

Crasanne 420 

Crauford 420 

Cresane                420 

Croft  Castle 420 

Cross 375 

Cumberland 420 

Cushing 375 

Cuvelier 420 

Cyprus  Pear 421 

Dallas 375 

D'Abondanco 405 

D'Ambro 423 

Dana's  iVo.  16 375 

Dana's  No.\9 375 

Dana's  Seedling  No.  1         ....  397 

D'Amour 420 

D'Aremberg  Parfait 326 

D'Auch 420 

D'Austrasie 392 

Dean's 336 

Deacon  Dillen 377 

Dearborn 420 


PAOB 

Dearborn's  Seedling    .        ,  336 

De  Bavay    ....                        .  376 

De  Devxfoix  Lane     ...                .  420 

Dc  Keingheim  • 425 

Dclavoult  de  Clement         ....  324 

Delice  d'Hardinpont  of  Angers  .        .        .  334 

Delices  d'Ardenpont 334 

Delices  de  Charles 376 

Delices  Charles  Van  Mons  ....  376 
Delices  d'Hardenpont          ....  334 
Delices  d'Hardenpont  du  Nord  and  Bel- 
gium      376 

Delies  d'Alost 372 

Delices  d'Alost 379 

Delices  de  Mons 376 

De  Louvain 375 

De  Maune 420 

De  Melon 327 

De  Mott       .        .        .        .        .        .        .410 

DeSorlus 376 

DeVallee 426 

De  Vigne  Pelone 382 

Deschamps          .                 ....  326 

Despoelberg 412 

Desiree  Van  Mons 379 

Des  Nones 376 

Des  Nonnes 376 

Des  Trois  Tours 327 

Desiree  Cornells 376 

Deux  Sceurs 376 

Diamant 384 

Dickerman 376 

Diel 327 

Diel's  Butterbirne 327 

Dikeman 376 

Dillen 377 

Diller 377 

Dillon 377 

Dingier 373 

Dix 334 

Docteur  Trousseau 377 

Docteur  Bouvier 377 

Docteur  Capron 377 

Docteur  Letiern 377 

Done's 336 

Dorathy  Royal 327 

Dorr 421 

Double  Phillipe 334 

Dow 377 

Dowlin 412 

Downham  Seedling 386 

Dovmton 420 

Doyenne 336 

Doyenne  D'Affay 378 

Doyenne  d'Alencoa 336 

Doyenne  d'Automne 336 

Doyenne  Blanc 336 

Doyenne  Boussouck 334 

Doyenne  Boussouck  Nouvelle    .        .        .  334 

Doyenne  du  Cornice 878 

Doyenne  du  Comice  of  Anger     .        .        .  378 

Doyenne  Dillon 377 

Doyenne  Dotoning 378 

Doyenne  d'Ete 334 

Doyenne  de  Fais 378 

Doyenne  Galleux 335 

Doyenne  Gaubalt 378 

Doyenne  Gray 335 

Diiyenne  Oris 335 

Doyenne  Gris  d' Hiver-Nouveau .        .        .  335 

Doyenne  d'Hiver 331 

Doyenne  d'Hiver  D'Ale&con      .  .335 


618 


INDEX    OF   FRUITS. 


Doyenne  de  Juliet 

Doyenne  Musque 

Doyenne  Marbre 

Doyenne  d'Hiver 

Doyenne  du  Printemps 

Doyenne  Robin   . 

Doyenne  Rose 

Doyenne  Rouge  . 

Doyenne  Roux    . 

Doyenne  Santellette 

Doyenne  Sieulle  . 

Doyenne  White  . 

Due  d'Aremberg 

Dug  de  Bordeaux 

X>ttc  de  Brabant 

Due  d'Orleans     . 

Duchess  D'Alost 

Duchesa  of  Berri 

Duchess  de  Berri 

Duchess  de  Berry  d'Ete  of 

Ducliesse  d'Angouleme 

DucTiess  de  Berri  d'Ete 

Ducliess  de  Mars 

Duchesse  d'Alost 

Duchesse  of  Orleans 

Due  d'Orleans 

Dumas 

Dumortier  , 

Dundas 

Dunmore     . 

Du  Patre    . 

Dupuy  Charles 

Duquesne  d'Ete 

Dusuas 

Du  Tonneau 

Early  Bergamot 

Early  Beurre 

Early  Butter  of  Cin 

Early  Catlierine 

Early  Denzelona 

Early  Queen 

Early  Roussellet 

Early  St.  Germain 

Early  Sugar 

Echas&erie 

Echassery    . 

Editnrd's  Elizabeth 

Edward's  Henrietta 

Eliza  d'Heyst      . 

Elizabeth  Van  Mons 

Elizabeth  Mannings 

Ellanrioch  . 

Emerald     . 

Emile  d'Heyst 

Emile  Bivort 

Enfante  Prodige 

English  Autumn  Bergamot 

English  Bergamot 

English  Beurre  . 

English  Red  Cheek 

Epargne 

Epine  Dumas 

Epine  d'Ete 

Epine  d'Ete  Couleur  Rose 

Epine  Rose 

Episcopal    . 

Etourneau  . 

Eyewood 

Excellent^Bsima  . 

Famenga     . 

Feaster 

Ferdinand  de  Meester 


Bivort 


PAGR 

334 
366 
335 
420 
331 
378 
379 
335 
335 
378 
378 


379 
400 
379 
379 
346 
334 
379 
379 
379 
372 
331 
379 
360 
421 
380 
380 
331 
381 
421 
410 
346 
421 
417 
381 
421 
421 
423 
421 
371 
381 


359 
342 
342 
422 
421 
382 
382 
421 
417 
417 
417 
421 
393 
360 
424 
424 
424 
421 
355 
382 
379 
421 
368 
424 


PAGE 

Figve 382 

Figue  de  Naples 382 

Ftffue  of  Naples 382 

Figue  Vert 382 

Fig  Pear  of  Naples 382 

Figd'Alencon 382 

Fine  Gold  of  Summer         ....  421 

Fingals 422 

Fin  Or  d'Ete 421 

Fin  Or  d'Hiver 421 

Flemish  Beauty 337 

Fleur  de  Guines 350 

Fleur  de  JVeige 384 

Florimont  Parent 384 

Foudante 410 

Fondante  d'Automne          ....  325 

Fbndante  Agreeable 383 

Fondante  du  Bois       .        .        .        .    330,  337 

Fondante  du  Cornice 379 

Fondante  des  Charneause  ....  379 

Fmdante  de  Malines 383 

Fondante  de  Malines  (Esperin)  .        .        .  383 

Fondante  de  Mons 403 

Fondante  Musquee 424 

Fondante  de  Noel 359 

Foudante  de  Panisee 403 

Fondante  Pariselle  du  Cornice  Horticule  .  376 
Fondante  Serunier  de  MidUa       .        .        .383 

Fondante  des  Pres 383 

Fondante  Van  Mons 383 

fhrelle 383 

Forellin-birne 383 

Forme  de  Delices 421 

Forme  de  Marie  Louise      ....  398 

Fortunee 421 

Foster's  St.  Michael 421 

Franc  Real 421 

I-Yanc  Real  d'Eto 410 

Franc  Real  d'Hiver 421 

Frankford 384 

Franklin 384 

Franklin 393 

Frederic  de  Wertemburg            .        .        .  383 

Frederic  of  Wertemburg      ....  383 

FrederUca  Bremer 384 

French  Jargonelle 421 

Fulton y38 

Gambler 403 

GanseVs  Ba-gam^t 384 

Gansel's  Late  Bergamot      ....  385 

Gamel's  Seckel 385 

Garde  d'Ecosse 422 

Gendesheim 421 

General  Lamoriciere 395 

General  de  Lourmel 385 

General  Taylor 385 

Gerardin 385 

Germain  Baker 346 

Gideon  Paridante 385 

Gil-ogil 422 

Gile-o-gile .  422 

Glory  of  Combrone 385 

Glout  Morceau 339 

Gloux  Morceaux .        .        .        .        ,        .  339 

Golden  Beurre 360 

Golden  Beurre  of  Bilboa    ....  338 

Gore's  Heathcot 389 

Goulu  Morceau 339 

Gracicuse 417 

Graslin 336 

Grand  Monarque        .                ...  419 

Grand  Soldi      .        .                .        .        ;  386 


INDEX  OF  FRUITS. 


619 


PAGE 

Graves 404 

Gray  Beurre 860 

Gray  Butter  Pear       .        .  .        .  335 

Gray  Deans         ...  .        .  835 

Gray  Doyenne     ...  .        .  335 

Great  Citron  of  Bohemia    .  .        .  419 

Green  Catherine 421 

Green  Chisel        .        .        .        .        .        .422 

Green  Mount  tin  Boy 386 

Green  Pear  q,    Yair 422 

Green  Sugar  422 

Green  Sylvange 425 

Green  Yair 422 

Green's  Germantowu         .        .        .        .371 

Grise  Bonne 422 

Groom's  Princess  Royal     .        .        .        .386 

Groom's  Princess  Royal    ....  406 

Groote  Mogul 419 

Grosse  Calebasse  of  Langlier     .        .        .363 

Grosse  Cuisse  Madame       .  .        .  393 

Grosse  Dorothee         .        .  .        .  327 

Grosse  Marie 386 

Gros  Micet  d'Ete 410 

Gros  Remain 418 

Gros  Rousselet 424 

Gros  Rousselet  d'Aout 386 

Guernsey 351 

Gurle's  Beurre 384 

JTacon's  Inccmparable        ....  386 

Haddington 387 

JIagerman 386 

Hampden's  Bergamot 422 

Hampton 386 

Hampton 387 

Hampton  Virgalieu 388 

Haraus 388 

Hanners 388 

Hanover 388 

Hardenpont  d'Hiver  .        .  .  339 

Hardenpont  du  Printemps  .  361 

Harvest  .  .  424 

Harvest  Pear      .        .  .381 

Harrison's  FaU 422 

Harvard 389 

Haxoe's  Winter '  .  389 

Hazel 422 

Heaihcot 389 

Hebron 404 

Heidelberg 368 

Henkd 390 

Henrietta 390 

Henri  Quatro 390 

Henri  Bivort    • 390 

Henry  the  Fourth 390 

Hericart 390 

Hericart  de  Ihury 390 

Hessd 422 

Holland  Bergamot 417 

Honey         ...  ...  391 

Hooper's  Bilboa .        .  ...  338 

Hosen  Schenck    .        .  ...  391 

Hovey 391 

Howell 340 

Huquenot 422 

Hull  ....  .        .  391 

Huntingfm         ....  .391 

Imperatrice  de  France        .  .  337 

Incomparable     ....  .  420 

Inamnue  Van  Mons 391 

Iron  Pear 333 

Isambert 360 

Isambert  le  Bon 360 


PAGB 

Island 392 

Ives'  Bergamot 384 

Ives'  Bcrgamat 392 

Ives'  Pear 392 

Ives'  Seedling      .        .        .        .        .        .392 

Ives'  Virgaiieu 392 

Jackman's  Melting 394 

Jackson 392 

Jackson  Seedling 392 

Jaquin 390 

Jagdbirne 381 

Jalousie      .        , 422 

Jalousie  de  Fmttmay  Vendee     .        .       .340 

Jaminette 392 

Jargonelle 393 

Jargonelle  (of  the  English)        .        .        .393 

Jean  de  Witte 393 

Jergil's 410 

Jersey  Gratioli 393 

Jilogil 422 

Joanette 381 

John 423 

JoJionnot 393 

Jones 393 

Josephine 392 

Josephine  de  Malines 393 

Julienne 393 

Jules  Bivort 393 

July  Pear 424 

Kattern 421 

King  Edward's 394 

Kingsessing         .        .        .        .        ,        .  394 

Kirtland 341 

Kirtland's  Beurre 341 

Kirtland's  Seedling 341 

Knevctt's  New  Swan's  Egg       .        •        .  423 

Knight's  Monarch 394 

Knight's  Seedling 394 

Knight's  R.  I.  Seedling      .        .        .        .394 

Konge          .        .        .        .        .        .        .  425 

La  Bonne  Malinoise 395 

La  Fortunee  de  Paris 421 

La  Fortunee  de  Parmentier        .        .        .  421 

Laherard 395 

LaJuive 395 

Lamoriciei'e 395 

Large  Rousselet 424 

Large  Seckel 363 

Las  Cartas 395 

Late  Catherine 424 

Laure  de  Glymes 395 

Lawrence 340 

Le  Cure 354 

Leech's  Kingsessing 394 

Lee's  Seedling 395 

Leon  le  Clerc 422 

Leon  le  Clerc  de  Laval       ....  422 

Lecqwld  I. 395 

Lenawee 395 

Lent  St.  Germain 346 

Lewis 342 

Liberale 395 

Lieutenant  Poitevin 396 

Limon 396 

Linden  d'Automne      ....  339 

Little  Muscat       . ' 422 

Little  Musk 422 

Little  Swan's  F.gg 423 

Locke 396 

Locke's  New  Beurre 396 

Lodge 343 

Longue  de  Monkowty        ....  364 


520 


INDEX  OF  FRurrs. 


Longue  de  Nakourto 

Long  Green  of  Coxa 

Lord  Cheeney's 

L'Orphilines 

Louis  Dupont 

Louise  Bosc 

Louise  Bonne 

Louise  Bonne  d'Avranches 

Louise  Bonne  de  Boulogne 

Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey 

Louise  Bonne  Real 

Louise  of  Orleans 

Louise  de  Prusse 

Lycurgus     . 

Madeleine    . 

Madam  Ducar    . 

Madame  Eliza    . 

Madam  Millet     . 

Madotte 

Magdalen    . 

Malconaitre  d'Haspin 

Malcomaitre 

Marcellis     . 

March  Bergamotte 

Marechal  de  la  Cour 

Maria 

Marianne  Nouvello 

Marianne  de  Nancy 

Marie  Chretienne 

Marie  Parent 

Marie  Louise 

Marie  Louise  Nova 

Marie  Louise  Nova 

Marie  I/)uise  the  Second 

Martha  Ann 

Martin  Sec 

Marotte  Sucre  Jaune 

Marulis 

Mather 

Maynard     . 

MclMughlin 

Medaille 

Melon  de  Kops    . 

Merriwether 

Merriam 

Messire  Jean 

Messire  Jean  Blanc 

Messire  Jean  Doree 

Messire  Jean  Gris 

Miel  de  Waterloo 

Mignonne  d'Hiver 

Michaux 

Milanaise  Cuvelier 

Miller's  Early 

Millot  de  Nancy . 

Mitchell's  Russet 

Moccas 

Mollett's  Guernsey  Chaumontelle 

Mon  Dieu    . 

Monsieur  Jean    . 

Monsieur  le  Cure 

Monsigneur  Affre 

Monstrous  Calabash 

Mnor-Fmvl  Egg 

Mouth  Water 

Moyamensing 

Muoille  Bouche 

Mr.  John    . 

Muscat  Fleure 

Muscat  Robert 

Muscat  Petit 

Mviscadinc 


341 
417 


422 
345 
413 
345 
422 
352 
351 
396 
343 


423 
343 


400 
398 
329 
397 
398 


373 
423 
373 


397 
400 
327 
411 
398 
423 
423 
423 
423 
379 
398 
423 
355 
403 


.  420 

.  423 

.  354 

.  399 

.  419 

.  423 

.  341 

.  399 

341,  410 

.  423 

.  341 

.  423 

.  422 


Mv£nngum 

Musk  Robin 

Mush  Summer  Bon  Chretien 

Napoleon     . 

Naumkeag  . 

Neill 

Nellis  d'Hiver    . 

Ne  Plus  Meuris  . 

Ne  Plus  Meuris  . 

New  Autumn 

New  Pear    . 

New  St.  Germain 

New  Swan's  Egg 

New  York  Red  Cheek 

New  Frederick  of  Wurtemburg 

Noel    . 

Nonpareil  . 

Nouvelle 

Nouveau  Poeteau 

No.  8  of  Van  Mons 

No.  1602  of  Van  Mons 

No.  1238  of  Van  Mons 

No.  1482  of  Van  Mons 

No.  1599  of  Van  Mons 

No.  1082  of  Van  Mons 

Oakley  Park 

Oakley  Park  Bergamot 

Ognonet 

Oliver's  Russet    . 

Omer  Pasha 

Onondaga    . 

Onondaga  Seedling 

Ontario 

Orange  Bergamot 

Orange  d'Hiver  . 

Orange  Pear 

Orpheline  d'Engbein 

Orplieline  Colmar 

Osband's  Favorite 

Osband's  Summer 

Osbom 


Oswego  Beurre   . 

Ott      .        .        . 

Oudinot 

Owen 

Oxford  Chaumontel 

Paddock 

Paddington 

Pailleau 

Paquency    . 

Parsonage  . 

Pardus,  No.  2      . 

Paradice  d'Autumne 

Parkinson's  Warden 

Parmeutier 

Passans  du  Portugal , 

Passe  Colmar 

Passe  Colmar  Epineaux 

Passe  Colmar  Gris 

Pater  Noster 

Pater  Noster 

Paul  Thielen 

Payency 

Payenchi  de  Perigord 

Payencbi     . 

Petidleton    . 

Peach  Pear 

Pendleton's  Early  York  Fear 

Penfield 

Pengdhley  . 

Pennsylvania     . 


INDEX  OF   FRUITS. 


621 


PAGE 

Pordrue      ...                ...    421 

Petit  Muscat 

.    422 

Petit  Roiisselct  . 

.    424 

Pelre 

.    404 

Philadelphia  Latch    . 

.    404 

PhiUippe  de  Paques    . 

.    331 

PhilUppe  Goes    . 

.    404 

Pickering  Pear    . 

.    346 

Pine  Pear    . 

.    336 

Pinn&) 

.    404 

Piper  . 

.    346 

Pitt's  Marie  Louise 

.    423 

PitVs  Prolific     . 

.     423 

Pitt's  Surpasse  Marie 

.    423 

Pius  IJT     . 

.    404 

Plait's  Seedling  . 

.     404 

Plombgastel 

.    410 

Ploiigastel  . 

.     410 

Plumbgartel 

.     410 

Plymouth   . 

.     334 

Pocahontas 

.    405 

Poire  d'Abondance     . 

.    405 

Poire  d'AIbert    . 

.    363 

Poire  d'AIbert    . 

.     405 

Poire  d'Ambois  . 

.     360 

Poire  d'Avrile    . 

.    405 

Poire  Ananas      . 

323,  390 

Poire  de  Bavay  . 

.    376 

Poire  de  Boulogne 

.    413 

Poire  de  Cadet    . 

.    366 

Poire  Cheniello  . 

.    403 

Poire  de  Chypre 

.    421 

Poire  Davy 

.    337 

Poire  Glace 

.    425 

Poire  Ritelle 

.    407 

Poire  Gillaume    . 

.    324 

Poire  His    . 

.    357 

Poire  de  Louvain 

.    375 

Poire  des  Nonnes 

.    376 

Poire  Neill 

.    330 

Poire  Prince  Albert    . 

.    363 

Poire  de  Payency 

.    347 

Poire  Prevost     . 

.    405 

Poire  de  Perigorel      . 

.    347 

Poire  Ramean    . 

.    405 

Poire  a  la  Reine  . 

.    423 

Poire  des  Deux  Socers 

.    405 

Poire  de  Rose 

.    424 

Puire  de  Tbngres 

.    405 

Poire  Sans  Peau  . 

.    350 

Poire  de  Printemps    . 

.     409 

Poire  St.  Andre  . 

.     350 

Poire  St.  Menin  . 

.    410 

Poire  de  Tables  des  Prii.ces 

.     393 

Poire  des  Princes 

.    421 

Poire  Truite 

.    383 

PoireaGobert    . 

.    422 

Pope's  Quaker    . 

.    423 

Pope's  Scarlet  Major  . 

.    423 

Pound 

.    346 

Pratt 

.    405 

Precel 

.    403 

Prmost       .... 

.    405 

Present  de  Malines     . 

.    403 

Primitive    . 

.    422 

Priucesse  Coquette     . 

.     423 

Princcsse  d 'Orange    . 

.    423 

Princesso  de  Parrae    , 

.     398 

Princess  of  Orange    . 

.    423 

Pr  indie 

.     411 

Prince  Alltert     . 

.     406 

Princess  Royal  . 

.    406 

PAGR 

Prince's  St.  Germain         ....  348 
Prince's  Green  Sugar          .        .        .        .422 

Prince's  Sugar  Top 424 

Providence 334 

Pulsiper 406 

Queen  Caroline 423 

Queen  of  the  Low  Countries        .        .        .  406 

Queen  of  Pears 423 

Queen's  Pear       .        .        .        .        .  423 

QuiUelleUe .423 

Ealley 406 

Rapalje ,  406 

Rapalje  Seedling         .....  406 

Ravenswood 406 

Raymond 424 

Reading ,  407 

Real  Jargonelle 393 

Red  Cheek 421 

Red  Cheeked  Seckel   ....  347 

Red  Doyenne 335 

Red  Muscadel 421 

Reed's  Seedling 402 

Regintin 403 

Regnier 336 

Reigner 336 

Reine  Caroline 423 

Reine  des  Pays  Bas    ....  406 

Reine  des  Poires         ....  423 

Relour  de  Rome          ....  407 

Richards 407 

Richard's  Beurre 424 

Ridal 421 

Riddle's     ......  407 

Robertson 356 

Robert's  Keeping 417 

Roi  de  Rome 400 

Roi  de  Wurtemberg 339 

Rondolet 407 

Ropes ,  407 

RoscUdme 408 

Ross .  408 

Rose  Bergamotle 407 

Rostiezer 346 

Round  Top 412 

Rousselet 424 

Rousselet 424 

lioussellet  Hatif 42I 

Rousselet  d'Esperin 408 

Rousselet  de  Meester 424 

Rousselet  de  Rheims 424 

Rousselet  Vanderwecken      ....  408 

Rousselet  d'Hiver 398 

Royale 409 

Royal  Tairling 417 

Rushmore  Bon  Chretien    ....  422 

Sabine 392 

Sabine  d'Ete 421 

Sagaret 409 

Salisbury  Seedling 4O8 

Sanspeau 360 

Satin  Vest 424 

Schcnck's  August  Watcrmelfm  .       ,        .891 

Schcnck's  Pear 391 

Seckel 347 

Si'ckel 347 

Seedling  Seckel 341 

Seigneur  d'Esperin 325 

Sigueur  d'Hiver 331 

Selleck 408 

Scmtilet 378 

Serrurier  d'Automne         ....  383 

Sheppard 408 


622 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


SJteldon 347 

Short's  St.  Germain 424 

Shurtleff .408 

Shurtleff'sSeedlwg  .        .  .408 

Sickle  .        .        .        .347 

Sieulle                                  ....  378 

Siffnoret                       409 

Skinless 350 

Smith's  Bordenave 343 

Smith's  Haddington 887 

Smith's  Moyamensing       ....  399 

Smokehouse 391 

Snow  Flower 384 

Snow  Pear 336 

Soldat  Labourer  of  some    ....  326 

Soldat  Labourer  d^Esperin          .        .        .  349 

Souveraine  d'Ete 379 

Souveraine 403 

Souveraine  de  Printemps    ....  409 

Spice  Butter        ......  368 

Spice  or  Musk  Pear 424 

Spina 418 

St.  Andre 350 

St.  Dorcthee 409 

St.  Galen 409 

St.  Uerblain  d'Hiver 410 

St.  Germain  de  Martin       ....  424 

St.  Germain  Blanc 422 

St.  Germain  d'Ete 42^ 

St.  Ghislain 409 

St.  Vincent  de  Paul 410 

St.  Jean 381 

St.  Jean  Bapiiste 410 

St.  Jean  Musquee  Gros       ....  423 

St.  John's  Pear 381 

St.  Kimbert 393 

St.  Marc 352 

St.  Menin 410 

St.  Mesmin 410 

St.  Michael 336 

St.  Michael  d'Hiver    ....    335,  364 

St.  Michael  Archange          ....  410 

St.  Michael  Doro 335 

St.  Nicolas 331 

St.  Sampson 393 

Staunton 384 

Stephen's  Genesseo 351 

Steven's  Genessee 351 

Sterling 410 

Stone 420 

Styre 410 

Styria7i        , 424 

Sucre^  Je  Hoyerswerda       ....  424 

Sugar 422 

Sug".:  2f  Hoyersworda       ....  424 

Su^'ar  l\}ar 381 

Sugar  Tbp 424 

Sullivan 424 

Summer  Beauty 421 

Summer  Belle 425 

Summer  Bergamot 422 

Summer  Bon  Chretien        ....  424 

Summer  Calebasse 370 

Summer  Doyenne 334 

Summer  Franc  Real 410 

Summer  Good  Christian     .        •      ,  •        •  424 

Summer  Rose      .        .        .        .       \        .  424 

Summer  St.  Germain 424 

Summer  Thorn 424 

Summer  Virgalieu      .        .        .     334, 402, 404 

Supreme     ....                .        .  421 

Supreme  de  Quimper  .       .  411 


PAGH 

Surpasse  Virgalieu     .....  362 

Sur})asse  Vigilouse 352 

Suzette  de  Bevay 411 

Suzette  de  Bevay  Esperin  ....  411 

Swan's  Egg 424 

Swan's  Orange    .        .        .        .        .        .  401 

Sweet  Summer 393 

Siidss  Bergamot 424 

^yele 347 

Sylvange 425 

Tarquin 425 

Taylor  Pear 411 

Tea 411 

Terling 417 

Theodore  Van  Mom 411 

Ihmnpson's 353 

Thorny  Rose 424 

Thorp 411 

Ihuerlinck 411 

Tilton 417 

Tollen's  Seedling 411 

Triomph  de  Nord 363 

Triomph  de  Hasselt 363 

Triomphe  de  Jodoigne  ....  412 

Trompe  Valet 417 

Trout  Pear 383 

Trouve  de  Montigny 366 

'lyier 412 

Tyson 351 

Union 346 

Ujyper  Crust 412- 

Urbaniste 362 

Uvedale's  St.  Germain       ....  348 

Uvedale's  Warden 346 

Uwchlan 412 

Vallee  Franche 425 

Vauasse 353 

Van  Asshe 353 

Van  Assche 353 

Van  Assene 363 

Van  Buren 426 

Van  Mons  Leon  le  Clerc     ....  413 

Van  Mons,  No.  154 342 

Van  Mons,  No.  1,218 420 

Vermilion  d'Ete 421 

Verte  I^ngui 341 

Verte  Ixtngui  de  la  Mayenne      .        .    341,  382 

Vezouziere 412 

Vicar  of  Wakefield 854 

Vicar  of  Winkfield 354 

Vicompte  de  Spoelberch       ....  412 

Vicompte  de  Spoelberg      ....  412 

Virgalieu 336,  384 

Virgaloo 836 

Virgouleuse 425 

Walker       ....  ,  412 

Warwick  Bergamot 336 

Washington        ....  .  356 

Watertown 372 

Wayne .^47 

Wendell 414 

WeslcoU 415 

Wharton's  Early 414 

Wheeler's  New  St.  Michael        .        .        .  336 

White  Autumn  Beurre       ....  336 

White  Beurre 336 

White  Dean 336 

Whitfield 425 

Wiedow       ....  ,        .  415 

Wilbur        ....  .        .  415 

Wilhelmine         ...  .        .  392 

Wilkinson  ....  .        .  415 


INDEX   OF   FRUITS. 


523 


PAGR 

WiUermoz  ....  .        .  415 

William  (Edward's)  .        .  .        .  425 

"William's    ....  .        .  324 

William's  Bon  Chretien      .  .        .  324 

William^s  Early         .        .  .        .  415 

Williamson 415 

William  the  Fourth 345 

Wilmington 416 

Windsor 425 

Winship 416 

Winship's  Seedling 416 

Winter  Bell 346 

Winter  Bergamot 417 

Winter  Beurre    ......  372 

Winter  Cross 375 

Winter  Nelis 355 

Winter  Orange 425 

Winter  Seckel 416 

Woodstock 416 

Wredow 415 

Wurzur 425 

"Wurzur  d'Automne 425 

Yat 425 

Yellow  Butter 336 

York  Bergamot 417 

Yutte 425 

Zepherine  Gregoire 416 

Zepherine  Louis  Gregoire    ....  416 

Zoar  Beauty 356 

ZoarFlat 425 

Zoar  Seedling 366 


Abricotee    . 

Abricotee  de  Tours 
Abricotee  Sageret 
Admiral 
Agen  Datte  . 
Albany  Beauty    . 
Amber  Primordial! 
American  Wheai 
American  Yellow  Gage 
Angelina  Burdete 
Apricot 
Apricot  Plum  of  Tours 
Apple  Plum 
Askew's  Golden  Egg 
Askew 's  Purple  Egg 
Autumn  Compote 
Autumn  Gage    . 
Azure  Hative 
Battle  Monument 
Beach  Plum 
Beekman's  Scarlet 
Belgian  Purple  . 
Belle  de  Septembre 
Bingham    . 
Black  Damask    . 
Black  Morocco    . 
Black  Perdrigon 
Bleeker's  Gage    . 
Blocker's  Scarlet 
Blue  Gage  . 
Blue  Holland 
Blue  Imperatrice 
Blue  Perdrigom  . 
Blue  Plum . 
Bolmar 

Bolmar's  Washington 
Bradford  Gage    . 
Brevoort's  Purple 


453 
453 
439 
453 
449 
439 
446 
453 
437 
439 
453 
453 
439 
452 
450 
439 
433 
453 
453 
453 
436 
439 
440 
440 
437 
437 
453 
433 
436 
453 
454 
434 
453 
440 
438 
438 
435 
453 


Brevoort's  Purple  Bolmar . 

Brevoort's  Purple  Washington 

Bradshaw  . 

Bricetla 

Brignole 

Brignole  Violette 

Brugnon's  Gage  . 

Bruyn  Gage 

Buel's  Favorite  . 

Burgundy  Prune 

Bury  Seedling    . 

Burretle's    . 

Byfield 

Catalonian  . 

Caledonian  . 

Chapin's  Early  . 

Chapman's  Prince  of  Wales 

Cherry 

ChesUm 

Cheston  Matchless 

Cloth  of  Gold  d'Esperin 

Coe's  Fine  Late  Red 

Coe's  Late  Red   . 

Coe's  Golden  Drop 

Coe's  Imperial    . 

Columbia    . 

Columbian  Gage 

Col.  Young's  Seedling 

Common  Damson 

Common  Quetsche 

Cooper's 

Cooper's  Large  American 

Cooper's  Large  Red 

Cooper's  Red 

Copper 

Corse's  Admiral . 

Corse's  Field  Marshal 

Corse's  Nota  Bene 

Croft's  Early 

Cruger's 

Cruger's  Scarlet  . 

Cruger's  Scarlet  Gage 

Cruger's  Seedling 

D'Agen 

D'Amerique  Rouge 

D'Avoine    . 

Damask 

Damas  d'ltalie    . 

Damas  Violet 

Dame  Ambert     . 

Dame  Ambert  Blanche 

Dame  Ambert  Jaune 

Dainson 

Dana's  Yellow  Gage 

De  Ddice    . 

De  Monffort 

Denniston's  Albany  Beauty 

Denniston  Red    . 

Denniston's  Superb 

Denyer's  Victoria 

Der  Virginia 

Diamxmd     . 

Diapree  Rouge    . 

Dictator 

Dictator 

Die  Violette  Koning  Qaudie 

Domine  Dull 

Doioning's  Early 

Doumton  Imperatrice 

Drapd'Or  . 

Drap  d'Or  d'Esperin 

Duane's  Purple  . 


524 


INDEX  OF  FEtnrs. 


Duane's  Purple  French 

Dunmore     . 

Dutch  Quetzea    . 

Dutch  Prune 

Early  Black  Morocco 

Early  Cross 

Early  Damask     . 

Early  Damson    . 

Early  Forcing     . 

Early  Morocco    . 

Early  Orleans    . 

Early  Purple 

Early  Royal  of  NUceia, 

Early  Scarlet 

Early  Yellow  Prune 

Egg  Plum   . 

Elfrey 

Elfrey's  Prune    . 

Emerald  Drop    . 

English  Wheat    . 

English  Pond's  Seedling 

Fair's  Golden  Drop 

Fellenberg    . 

Field  Marshal     . 

Florence     . 

Flushing  Gage    . 

Fotheringlvam,     . 

Franklin 

French  Copper    . 

Frost  Gage  , 

FuUm 

GaJbraith    . 

General  Hand    . 

German  Gage     . 

German  Prune    . 

German  Prune  . 

Ghiston's  Early  . 

Gifford's  Lafayette 

Golden  Cherry    . 

Golden  Gage 

Goliath 

Gonne's  Green  Gage 

Green  Gage 

Gundaker  Plum . 

Gundaker  Prune 

Guthrie's  Late  Green 

Guthrie's  Topaz  . 

Guthrie's  Ihy  Bank 

Guthrie's  Apricot 

Guthrie's  Apricot  Plum 

Grimwood's  Early  Orleans 

Groundacre 

Grosse  Luisanto . 

Grosse  Reine 

Grosse  Reine  Claude 

Grove  House  Purple  . 

Gwaish       ... 

Hampton  Court  .       . 

Harvest  Gage      . 

Hartvnss  Fellow  Pruna 

Henry  Clay 

Highlander 

Holland 

Holland  Prune    . 

Horse  Plum 

Howard's  Fawrite 

HoweVs  Early     . 

Howel's  Large    . 

How's  Amber 

Hudson  Gage 

Huling's  Superb  . 

Jckworth  Imperatrice 


PACK 

434 
442 
442 
442 
437 
442 
437 
453 
455 
437 
435 
442 
442 
440 
442 
452 
443 
443 
443 
443 
434 
434 
435 
454 
450 
435 
454 
438 
453 
443 
443 
443 
443 
433 
442 
443 
454 
454 
440 
434 
454 
455 
435 
443 
444 
444 
444 
444 
454 
454 
435 
444 
452 
435 
435 
454 
454 
435 
437 
444 
444 
444 
454 
454 
454 
444 
444 
455 
445 
445 
445 
445 


Ida  Green  Gage  . 

Imperatrice 

Imperatrice  Blanche 

Imperatrice  Violettei 

Imperial  Diadem 

Imperial  Gage    . 

Imperial  de  Milan 

Imperial  of  AliUm 

Imperial  Ottoman 

Imperial  Rouge  . 

Irving's  Bolmar  . 

Isabella 

Isleworth  Green  Gage 

Italian  Damask  . 

Italian  Damask  . 

Italian  Prune 

Ives'  Seedling    . 

Ives'  Washington 

Jaune  de  Catalogue 

Jaune  Ilalive 

Jefferson 

Jenkinson  Imperial 

Judson 

King  of  Plums    . 

Kirke's 

Knight's  Large  Green  Drying 

Knight's  No.  6    . 

Lady  Plum 

La  Dtilicieuse 

La  Royale  . 

Langdon's  Seedling 

I^rge  Early  Damson 

Large  Green  Drying 

Largo  Black  Imperial 

Large  Long  Blue 

Late  Bohner 

Late  Yellow  Damson 

Lawrence's  Favorite 

Lawrence's  Gage 

Leipzic 

Lewiston  Egg 

Little  Blue  Gage 

Little  Queen  Claude 

Lombard     . 

Long  Scarlet 

Lucerne's  Nonesuch 

Madison 

Maitre  Claude     . 

Mamelonne 

Mamelonne  Sogerat 

Manning's  Long  Blue 

Manning's  Long  Blue  Prune 

Manning's  Prune 

Martin's  Seedling 

Matchless    . 

McLaughlin 

Mediterranean 

Meigs  . 

Mimm's 

Mirable 

Mirabelle  Double 

Mirabelle  Tardive 

Mirabelle  Grosse 

Mirabelle  Jaune 

Mirabelle  Petite 

Mirabelle  D' October 

Miriam 

Miser  Plum 

Montgomery 

Monsieur     . 

Monsieur  Hatif 

Monsieur  Ordinaire 


IKDEX   OF   FKUITS. 


625 


PAGE 

Monsieur  Tardif 466 

Montgomery  Prune 436 

Monroe        . 447 

Monroe  Egg 447 

Morocco 437 

Mulberry 447 

Muscle 465 

Myrobolan 440 

Nectarine 455 

New  Green  Gage 435 

New  Golden  Drop 434 

New  Early  Orleans 435 

New  Orleans 435 

New  Washington 438 

New  York  Purple       .        .        .        .        .  453 

Nota  Bene 447 

October  Green  Gage 447 

Old  Orleans 448 

Orange 447 

Orange  Gage 447 

Orleans 448 

Parker's  Mammoth 438 

Parsonage 448 

Peach  Plum 448 

Penobscot 448 

Peoly^s  Early  Blue 456 

Perdrigron  Blanc 456 

Perdrigon  Rouge 455 

Perdrigon  Violet 463 

Peter's  Yellow  Gage 448 

Petite  Reine  Claude 455 

Picket's  July 446 

Pigeon's  Heart 455 

Plum  de  I'Inde 448 

Plum  of  Louvain 449 

Pond's  Purple 448 

Pond's  Seedling 448 

Preeoce  de  Bergthold 448 

Prince  of  Wales 449 

Prince  EnjUbert 449 

Prince's  Yellow  Gage         ....  437 

Pnnce's  Orange  Gage         ....  455 

Prince's  Imperial  Gage       ....  435 

Prince's  Orange  Egg 449 

Prune  d'Agen 449 

Prune  d'Allemagen 443 

Prune  of  Agen 449 

Prune  d'Altesse 456 

Prune  de  Brignole 449 

Prune  d'Ast 449 

Prune  de  Burgoyne 440 

Prune  Peche 448 

Prune  de  St.  Barnabe         ....  446 

Prune  de  St.  Jean 455 

Prune  de  Louvain 449 

Prune  Suisse 435,456 

Prunier  de  St.  Martin         ....  450 

Prunus  Cerasifera 440 

Prunus  Myrobolana 440 

Purple  Egg 450 

Purple  lUvorite 437 

Purple  Gage 437 

Purple  Damson 453 

Purple  Magnum  Bonum     ....  450 

QuackeTiboss 449 

Queen  Mother 455 

Queen  Victoria   ....                .  452 

Quetsche 443 

Quetsche  Grosse 443 

Beagle's  Ancient  City  .        .                .        .  449 

Beagle's  Gage 449 

Beagle's  Union  PurpU       ....  449 


TAGK 

Red  Apricot       .                ....  463 

Red  Damask 448 

Bed  Diaper 450 

BedEgg 450 

Bed  Gage    .      ' 438 

Red  Imperial 460 

Bed  Imperial 455 

Red  Magnum  Bonum 450 

Bed  Perdrigon 455 

Red  Queen  Mother 455 

Bed  Saint  Martin 4.50 

Reina  Nova 450 

Reine  Claude 435 

Beine  Claude  Diaphane      ....  450 

Beine  Claude  de  Bavay       ....  438 

Reine  Claude  Blanche         ....  455 

Beine  Claude  Bouge  of  September       .        .  450 

Reine  Claude  d'Octobre      ....  447 
Beine  Claude  d' October       .        .        .        .450 

Beine  Claude  Tardive         ....  447 

Reine  Claude  Violet 437 

Bhinebeck  Yellow  Gage       ....  455 

Rennselaer  Gage 435 

Biver's  Favorite 451 

River's  Early,  No.  1 451 

River's  Early,  No.  2, 461 

Robe  de  Sergrut 449 

Roche  Corbon 460 

Biver's  Prolific 461 

Roe's  Autumn  Gage 433 

Beizenstein's  Yellow  Prune        .        .        .  450 

Boyale 451 

Boyale  de  Iburs 451 

Royale  Tours 461 

Boyal  Hative 451 

Saint  Catherine 451 

Saint  Cloud 464 

Saint  Martin 450 

Saint  Martin  Rouge 450 

Saint  Martin's 438 

Saint  Martin's  Quetsche     ....  438 

Scarlet  Gage 446 

Schenectady 451 

Schenectady  Catherine      ....  451 

Schuyler's  Gage 435 

Schuyler's  Gage 451 

Sea 442 

Semiana  of  Boston 455 


Shailer's  White  Damson 

.    452 

Sharp's  Emperor 

.        .        .    452 

Sheen 

.    454 

Siamese 

.    455 

Simiana      . 

.        .    466 

Small  Green  Gage      . 

.    455 

Smith's  Orleans 

.        .    438 

Stabeler's  Seedling    . 

.        .    466 

Steer's  Emperor 

.    454 

St.  John's    . 

.    465 

St.  Maurin  . 

.    449 

Suisse . 

.    456 

Superior  Green  Gage 

.    435 

Sweet  Damson    . 

.    454 

Sweet  Prune 

.    443 

Swiss  Plum 

.    456 

Thomas 

.    462 

Trouvee  de  Vouclae 

.    452 

True  German  Prune  . 

.    443 

Turkish  Quetsche 

.    443 

Veritable  Imperatrice 

.    434 

Violet  Diaper 

.    453 

Violet  Perdrigon 

.    453 

Violet  Queen  Claude  . 

.        .        .    437 

626 


INDEX   OF  FRUITS. 


PAGE 

Violette 434 

Virgin 456 

Virginale 456 

Virginian  Cherry 440 

Waterloo 434,  43S 

Wax  Plum 452 

Washington 438 

Wentworth 452 

"White  Damascene 452 

White  Apricot 456 

IVhite  Damson 452 

Wliite  Egg .452 

White  Empress 456 

White  Gage        .        .        .        .465, 435, 437 

White  Holland 452 

White  Imperatrice 456 

Wiiite  Imperial 452 

White  Magnum  Bonum      ....  452 

White  Mogul 452 

White  Perdrigon 456 

White  Primordian      .....  446 

White  Prune  Damson         ....  452 

Wilde's 456 

WiDcinson 452 

Wilmot's  Early  Orleans      .        .        .        .435 

Wilmot's  Green  Gage         ....  435 

Wilmot's  Late  Green  Gage         ...  435 

Wilmot's  Late  Orleans       ....  454 

Woolston's  Black  Gage       ....  452 

Yellow  Apricot 453 

Yellow  Egg 4o2 

Yellow  Magnum  Bonum     ....  452 

Yellow  Perdrigon 434 

Yellow  Gage 455 

QtjmcBS. 

Angers 460 

Apple  Quince 460 

Apple-Shaped  Quince          ....  460 

Cydonia  Lusitanica 461 

Cydonia  v.  Malformis         ....  460 
Cydonia  Sub.  V.  Pyriform.        .        .        .462 

JVew  Upright 460 

Oblong  Quince 462 

Orange  Quince 460 

Paris  de  P'outenay 460 

Pear-Shaped  Quince 462 

Pear  Quince 462 

Portugal  Quince 461 

Pyriform  Quince 462 

Hea's  Seedling 462 

VanSlyke 462 

RASPBERRIES. 

Allen 467 

American  Black 465 

American  Red 465 

American  White 470 

Antwerp 466 

Bamet 470 

Belle  de  Fontenay 465 

Black  Raspberry 465 

Brentford  Cane 470 

Burley 470 

Catawissa 465 

Colonel  Wilder 466 

Common  Black  Cup    .        .        .        .        .  465 

Common  Rod 465 

Cope 466 

Cornwall's  Prolific 470 


Cornwall's  Red  ....  470 

Cornwall's  Seedling    ....  470 

Cox's  Honey 470 

Cretan  Red 470 

Cushing 466 

Double  Bearing 470 

Double  Bearing  Yellow      ....  469 

Emily 467 

English  Red  Cane 467 

English  Red,  of  some         ....  465 

Palse  Red  Antwerp    ....  467 

Fastolf 467 

Framboisier  a  Gros  Fruit  ....  470 

Franconia 467 

French 468 

FuUon 468 

General  Patterson 468 

Howland's  Red  Antwerp    ....  470 

Kncvett's  Antwerp 470 

Knevett's  Giant 468 

Large  Fruited  Monthly      .        .        .        .468 

Large  Red 470 

Late  Cane 470 

Lord  Fjcmouth's 470 

Magnum  Bonum 468 

Monthly 468 

Merveille  de  Quartre  Saisons      .        .        .  468 

3Irs.  Wilder 469 

New  Red  Antwerp     ....  486 

Northumberland  FilWasket         .        .        .  469 

Nottingham  Scarlet    ....  470 

Ohio  Raspberry 469 

Ohio  Ecer-bearing       ....  469 

01<i  Rod  Antwerp       ....  470 

Orange 469 

Perpetual  Bearing 470 

Red  Antwerp 470 

Red  Double  Bearing   .        .        .        .  470 

River's  Large  Fruited  Monthly  .        .        .  468 

Siberian 470 

Thimble  Berry 466 

Ihunderer 469 

True  Red  Antwerp      ....  466 

Vice  President  French       .        .        .  468 

Victoria 470 

Walker 459 

White  Antwerp 469 

White  Thimbleberry 470 

Wilmot's  Early  Red  ....  470' 

Woodunrd's  Red  Globe       ....  470 

Woodward 469 

Yellow  Antwerp 439 

STRAWBERRIK3. 


Aberdeen  Bee-Hive 

488 

Admiral  Dundas 

.    482 

Ajax   . 

482 

Alice  Maude 

482 

American  Scarlet 

479 

Atkinson's  Scarlet 

489 

Austrian  Scarlet 

484 

Bain's  Extra  Early    . 

488 

Bath  Scarlet 

490 

Bicton  Pine 

482 

Bishop's  New     . 

482 

Bishop's  Orange 

482 

Black  Imperial    . 

482 

Black  Prince 

482 

Boxtock 

488 

Boston  Pine 

478 

Brewer's  Emperor 

482 

INDEX  OF  FEurrs. 


627 


PAGE 

BrigUon  Pine 482 

BHlliant 482 

Brilish  Queen 483 

Buist's  Prize 488 

Burr's  New  Pine       ...                .  473 

Burr's  Old  Seedling 483 

Burr's  Seedling 483 

Burr's  Rival  Hudson 487 

Burr's  Stamenate  Seedling        .        .        .  483 

Caldb  Cope 483 

Caperon  Royal 481 

Captain  Cook 483 

Charlotte 483 

Cleveland .  433 

Climax 483 

Climax  Scarlet 483 

Cole's  Late  Scarlet 488 

Cole's  Prolific 488 

Conical  Hautbois        .....  481 

Columbus 489 

Cornucopia 483 

Cox's  Seedling 489 

Crescent  Seedling         .....  483 

Crimson  Cone 483 

Crimson  Pine 489 

Cashing 484 

Deptford  Pine 489 

Double  Bearing 481 

Downton 489 

Duchess  de  Trevisse 484 

Duke  of  Kent 484 

Duke  of  Kent's  Scarlet        .        .        .        .484 

Duncan's  Seedling 484 

Dundee 484 

Dutch  Berry 483 

Early  Prolific  Scarlet 484 

Early  Virginia 480 

Eherleine's  Seedling 489 

Ellon 489 

Elton  Pine 489 

English  Red  Wood 486 

Fillbasket 484 

Genesee 478 

Germanlown 484 

Giant  Alpine 489 

Globe  Hautbois 489 

Goliath 489 

Green  Alpine 484 

Green  Pine 484 

Green  Strau)berry        .....  484 

Green  Wood .484 

Greenwell's  New  Giant      ....  490 

Grcenwell's  French 490 

Grove  End  Scarlet 489 

Hooker 478 

Hooper's  Seedling 485 

Hovey's  Seedling 478 

Hovey's  Seedling 485 

Hudson       ...                ...  479 

Hudson's  Bay 479 

Hautbois  Seedling 484 

Huntsman's 489 

loiva  Male 485 

Jenny  Lind 485 

Jenny's  Seedling 479 

Keen's  Seedling 485 

Keene's  Seedling 489 

Knight's  Seedling 489 

Lafayette  (of  some) 481 

La  Grange 481 

La  Liegoise 489 

Large  Early  ScarUt 480 


Late  Prolific 

Late  Scarlet 

Lizzie  Randolph 

Longworth's  Prolific 

Magnifique . 

Marshall's  Seedling 

McAvoy's  Extra  Red 

Mc Amy's  Superior 

McAvoy's  No.  1  . 

McAvryy's  No.  12— Synonym 

Melon 

Methven  Castle  . 

Methven  ScarM  . 

Methven — Synonym 

Monroe  Scarlet    . 

Montevideo  Pine 

Mottier's  Seedling 

Moyam^nsing 

Musk  Hautbois   . 

Myatt's  British  Queen 

Myatt's  Deptford  Pine 

Myatt's  Eleanor  . 

Myatt's  Eliza 

Myatt's  Globe 

Myall's  Mammoth 

Myatt's  Pine 

Myatt's  Prince  Albert 

Myatt's  ProlifM  . 

Necked  Pine 

Newland's  Mammoth 

Ohio  Mammoth  . 

Old  Hudson 

Old  Pine,  or  Caroline 

Old  Scarlet  Pine         ^ 

Omar  Pacha 

Orange  Hudson's  Bay 

Orange  Prolific  . 

Patagonia    . 

Peabody  Seedling 

Pennsylvania 

Pine  Apple  . 

Primate 

Privrwrdian 

Prince  of  Orleans 

Prince  of  Wales 

Princess'  Alice  Maud 

Profuse  ScarM  . 

Profusion  . 

Prolific  Hautbois 

Prolific  Hudson  . 

Prolific  Swainstone 

Red  Alpine 

Red  Wood  . 

Refulgent    . 

Richardson's  Early 

Ricliardson's  Late 

Rival  Hudson 

Rosdjeny    . 

Ross  Phoenix 

Rostock 

Ruby  . 

Salter's  Versaillaise 

Scarlet  Melting    . 

Scarlet  Nonpareil 

Schneike's  Seedling 

Scif>to  . 

St'otch  Pine  Apple 

iScott's  Seedling   . 

Sir  C.  Napier     . 

Sir  Harry  . 

Southborougk 

Southborough  Seedling 


52S 


INDEX   OF  FRUITS. 


PAGE 

Southampton  Scarlet 485 

Stafford's  Washington  Alpine    .        .        .486 

Stoddard's  Seedling 485 

SwainsUme  Seedling 488 

Ihylor's  Seedling 490 

Trollope's  Victoria 488 

True  Chtli 490 

Unique  Prairie 486 

Unique  Scarlet 488 

Victoria 488 

Walker's  Seedling  .        .        .        .480 

Washingtou        .  «...    486 


'  PAGB 

Western  Qiieen *81 

White  Alpine 488 

White  Bush  Alpine    ....  488 

Wiley 481 

Willey 481 

William  Henry  Harrison  ....  490 
WilmoVs  New  Scarlet         .        .        •        .490 

WilmoVs  Superb 490 

Wilson's  Albany 481 

Yellow  Chili 490 

Young's  Seedling               .       ...  484 


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